Special Lines and Centres in a Triangle

(三角形的特殊線和中心 )

Part 1: Concept and Example

1. Special Lines in a Triangle

In a triangle, there are some special lines that are related to its sides or angles.
Studying these lines will help us understand the properties of triangles better.

1.1. Angle bisector

An angle bisector (角平分線) is a line that divides the angle into two equal parts.

Refer to the figure, if ∠AOC =∠BOC, then OC is the angle bisector of ∠AOB.

In a triangle, the angle bisector is a straight line that divides an interior angle in the
triangle into two equal angles, i.e. it bisects an interior angle in a triangle. For
example, in the figure, if ∠BAD =∠CAD, then AD is the angle bisector of∠BAC
in △ABC.

Page 1 of 61
Properties of Angle Bisector
(1) An angle bisector divides an angle into two equal parts.
(2) Any point on the angle bisector is equidistant from the arms of the angle.
(3) An angle bisector can be drawn to any angle, such as acute, obtuse, or right angle.

Angle Bisector Property

If a point lies on the angle bisector, then this point
is equidistant from the two arms of the angle.

i.e. If AD is the angle bisector of ∠BAC,

DB ⊥ AB and DC ⊥ AC,
then DB = DC.

[Reference : ∠ bisector property ]

Converse of Angle Bisector Property

If a point lies on the interior of an angle and is
equidistant from the two arms of the angle, then
this point lies on the angle bisector.

i.e. If DB = DC, DB ⊥ AB and DC ⊥ AC,

then AD is the angle bisector of ∠BAC.

[Reference : Converse of ∠ bisector property ]

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Example: In the figure, BAD = CAD . Find the length of CD.

B
10 cm
D

C A

Solution
∵ BAD = CAD
∴ AD is the angle bisector of BAC.
∴ CD = BD (∠ bisector property)
= 10 cm

Example: In the figure, DB = DC, DB ⊥ AB and DC ⊥ AC. Find the value of p .

20 D
A
p

Solution
∵ DB = DC, DB ⊥ AB and DC ⊥ AC
∴ AD is the angle bisector of BAC. (converse of  bisector property)

∵ CAD = BAD
= 20°

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Example: In the figure, CAB= DAB. AC ⊥ BC, AD ⊥ BD, AC = 16 cm and
DB = 6 cm.
(a) Find the length of CB.
(b) Find the length of AB. (correct to 4 significant figures)
A

C D

Solution
(a) ∵ CAB= DAB
∴ AB is the angle bisector of CAD
∴ CB = DB (∠ bisector property)
= 6 cm

(b) In △ACB,
AB2 = CB2 + AC 2 (Pyth. theorem)
AB2 = 62 + 162
AB = 17.09 cm (cor. to 4 sig. fig.)

Page 4 of 61
1.2 Perpendicular bisector

A perpendicular bisector (垂直平分線) is a line that divides a given line segment

exactly into two equal parts and makes an angle of 90° at the intersection point. Thus,
we can say, a perpendicular bisector always passes through the midpoint of a line
segment.

Refer to the figure, if AB ⊥ PQ and PS = QS, then AB is the perpendicular bisector

of PQ.

In a triangle, the perpendicular bisector is a straight line that is perpendicular to and

bisects one side of the triangle, i.e. it is perpendicular at the midpoint of the sides of
the triangle. For example, in the figure, MN is the perpendicular bisector of BC in △
ABC.

B C

The perpendicular bisector is not necessary that it should pass through the vertex of a
triangle but passes through the midpoint of the sides.

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Properties of Perpendicular Bisector
(1) It divides a line segment into two equal parts or bisects a line segment .
(2) It divides the side of a triangle into equal parts or bisects the sides of a triangle .
(3) It makes an angle of 90° with the line (or the side of a triangle) that is being
bisected.
(4) It intersects the line segment exactly at the midpoint of the line segment.
(5) There is only one perpendicular bisector in number for a given line segment.

Perpendicular Bisector Theorem

If a point lies on the perpendicular bisector of
a line segment, then this point is equidistant
from the two end points of the line segment.

i.e. If CD is the perpendicular bisector of AB,

then CA = CB.

[Reference : ⊥ bisector property ]

D

Remarks: Refer to the figure below, if QP is the perpendicular bisector of MN,

then QM = QN, RM = RN, SM = SN and TM = TN.

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Converse of Perpendicular Bisector Theorem
If a point is equidistant from the two end points of a
line segment, then this point lies on the perpendicular
bisector of the line segment.

i.e. If CA = CB , then point C lies on the

perpendicular bisector of AB.

[Reference : Converse of ⊥ bisector property ]

D

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Example: In the figure, ABC is a straight line. AC ⊥ BD and AB = CB.
Find the length AD.

B D
20 cm
C

Solution
∵ AC ⊥ BD and AB = CB
∴ BD is the perpendicular bisector of AC.
∴ AD = CD (⊥ bisector property)
= 20 cm

Example: In the figure, ADC is a straight line. AD = CD. ADB= 6p. Find the value
of p.

A D
C

10 cm 10 cm

Solution
∵ AB = BC and AD = CD
∴ BD is the perpendicular bisector of AC. (converse of ⊥ bisector property)
∴ ADB = 90°
6p = 90°
p = 15°

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Example: In the figure, ADC is a straight line. AC = 26 cm. Find the length of AD.
B

20 cm 20 cm

A C
y cm
D

Solution
∵ AB = BC and BD ⊥ AC
∴ BD is the perpendicular bisector of AC. (converse of ⊥ bisector property)
∴ AD = CD
= ½ AC
= ½ x 26
= 13 cm

Example: In the figure, BDC is a straight line. AD ⊥ BC. B = C.

Prove that BD = CD.
A

C
B
D

Solution
∵B = C (given)
∴ AB = AC (sides opp. equal ∠s)
∵ AB = AC and AD ⊥ BC
∴ AD is the perpendicular bisector of BC. (converse of ⊥ bisector property)
∴ BD = CD

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Example. In the figure, APQ and BQC are straight lines. AQ is the perpendicular
bisector of BC. AB = 2m + 7n, AC = 17m - 9, PB=3m+9, PC=2n + 9.
Find the values of m and n.
A

B C
Q

Solution
∵ AQ is the perpendicular bisector of BC.

∴ AB = AC (⊥ bisector property)
2m + 7n = 17m - 9
15m – 7n – 9 =0 … (1)

PB = PC (⊥ bisector property)
3m+9 =2n + 9
3m-2n = 0
n = 3m/2 …(2)

By substituting (2) into (1), we have

15m – 7(3m/2) – 9 = 0
30m – 21m – 18 = 0
9m = 18
m=2

By substituting m = 2 into (2), we have

n = 3(2)/2
=3
∴ m = 2, n = 2

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1.3. Median

In a triangle, the median (中線) is a line segment that joins a vertex of the triangle to
the mid-point of its opposite side.

For example, in the figure, if BD = CD, then AD is the median of △ABC.

Properties of Median of a Triangle

(1) The median of a triangle bisects the opposite side, dividing it into two equal
parts.
(2) The median of a triangle divides the triangle into two triangles having the same
area.
(3) Every triangle has three medians, one from each vertex. The three medians
always meet at a single point, no matter what the shape of the triangle is.
(4) In fact, the three medians in a triangle divide the triangle into six smaller
triangles of equal area.

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Example: In the figure, BDC is a straight line. AD is a median of △ABC.
AD = 5 cm and DC = 5.5 cm. Find the length of BD.

5 cm

B D 5.5 cm C

Solution
∵ AD is a median of △ABC.
∴ BD = CD
= 5.5 cm

Example: In the figure, BD is a median of △ABC. BC = 30 cm and BD = 50 cm.

Find the length AD.

A C
D

Solution
In △BCD,
CD2 + BC 2 = BD2 (Pyth. theorem)
CD2 + 302 = 502
CD = 40 cm

∵ BD is a median of △ABC
∴ AD = CD
= 40 cm

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Example: In the figure, O is the centroid of ABC. ADB , BEC, AOE and DOC are
straight lines. AD= 12 cm, BE = 25 cm and ABC = 90°.
(a) Find the length of AB and BC
(b) Find the length of AC. (Give your answers correct to 2 decimal places.)

D
O

B C
E

Solution
(a) ∵ O is the centroid of ABC.
∴ CD and AE are medians of ABC.
∴ AD = BD
i.e. AB = 2AD
= 2  12
= 24 cm

and BE = CE
i.e. BC = 2BE
= 2  25
= 50 cm
(b) In ABC,
AC 2 = AB2 + BC 2 (Pyth. theorem)
= 242 + 502
= 3076
AC = 55.46 cm (cor. to 2 d.p.)

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1.4. Altitude

In a triangle, the altitude (高線) is a line segment that is drawn from a vertex of the
triangle and meets its opposite side at right angle.

For example, in the figure, if ADC = 90, then AD is the altitude of △ABC.

In the following figures, we can see that altitudes may lie inside or outside or
along the side of a triangle.
D

E F

AD is an altitude of △ DE is an altitude of
AD is an altitude of △ABC
ABC △DEF

Properties of Altitude of a Triangle

(1) Every triangle has three altitudes, one from each vertex.
(2) The altitude is the shortest distance from the vertex to its opposite side.
(3) The three altitudes always meet at a single point, no matter what the shape of the
triangle is.

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Example: In the figure, BDC is a straight line. AD is an altitude of △ABC.
Find BAD .

x
35

60
B C
D

Solution
∵ AD is an altitude of △ABC
∴ ADC = 90
In △ABD,
∠ADC =∠BAD +∠B (ext. ∠of △)
90 =∠BAD +60°
∠BAD = 30°

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Example: In the figure, AB is an altitude of △ABC. AD is a median of △ABC.
AC = 50 cm and AB = 30 cm. Find the length of CD.
A

C B
D

Solution
∵ AB is an altitude of △ABC.
∴ ABC = 90
In △ABC,
AB2 + BC 2 = AC 2 (Pyth. theorem)
302 + BC 2 = 502
BC = 40 cm

∵ AD is a median of △ABC.
∴ CD= ½ BC
= ½ x 40
= 20 cm

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Example: In the figure, ADC is a straight line. BD is an altitude of △ABC.
CA = CB and A = 78.
(a) Find ABD.
(b) Find CBD.
A D

C
78

Solution
(a) ∵ BD is an altitude of △ABC.
∴ BDC = 90
In △ABD,
∠BDC =∠A +∠ABD (ext. ∠of △)
90 = 78° + ∠ABD
∠ABD = 12°

(b) ∵ CA = CB
∴ A = CBA (base ∠s, isos. △)
∴ CBA =78°
CBD = CBA -ABD
= 78° - 12°
= 66°

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2. Concurrent Property

2.1 Point of intersection

If two lines AB and CD intersect at E, E is called the point of intersection (交點) of
AB and CD.

A D
E

C B

point of
intersection

2.2 Concurrent
If three lines intersect at a point, the point is also called the point of intersection.
At the same time, we say that these three lines are concurrent (共點). They are
concurrent lines (共點線).

In other words, when three lines intersect at a single point, we say these three lines
are concurrent, and these lines are called concurrent lines.

In the figure given below, you can see the three lines are all crossing point O. Hence,
they are concurrent.

point of
intersection

Three concurrent lines

Based on studies, we find the three angle bisectors, the three perpendicular bisectors,
the three medians and the three altitudes of a triangle are concurrent respectively.

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3. Centres of a Triangle

3.1 Incentre

There can be three angle bisectors in every triangle, one for each vertex.

Incentre (内心) is the point of intersection of the three angle bisectors in a triangle.

Refer to the figure below, AD, BE and CF are the angle bisectors of ∠BAC, ∠ABC
and ∠ACB respectively, and they interest at a point I. Point I is the incentre of
△ABC.

incentre

Position of the incentre (I) of different kinds of triangles.

Acute-angled triangle Right-angled triangle Obtuse-angled triangle

The incentre always lies inside a triangle.

Page 19 of 61
Consider △ABC with incentre I below.

inscribed circle

When we construct a circle inside the triangle using the incentre such that the circle
touches each side of the triangle at only one point, then the circle drawn is called the
inscribed circle (內切圓) of the triangle. The inscribed circle of a triangle is the
largest circle that can be drawn inside the triangle. The incentre of the triangle is the
centre of the inscribed circle.

Properties of Incentre

If I is the incentre of △ABC , then

(i) the incentre is equidistant to the sides of the triangle, i.e., EI = FI = GI .
(ii) with this distance (i.e. EI or FI or GI) as radius and the incentre as centre, a circle
can be constructed and fit into the triangle.

Remarks: In the above figure, if I is the incentre of △ABC, then,

(i) ∠ABI = ∠CBI , ∠BAI = ∠CAI and ∠BCI = ∠ACI.
(ii) EI = FI = GI = R, where R is the radius of the inscribed circle.
(iii) AE = AG, BE=BF and CF = CG.
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Example: In the figure, ADB and AEC are straight lines. I is the incentre of △ABC.
EI = 10 cm. Find the length of DI

A
E

B C

Solution
∵ I is the incentre of △ABC, ID ⊥ AB and IE ⊥ AC.
∴ DI = EI
= 10 cm

Example: In the figure, I is the incentre of △ABC. Find p, q and r.

p 38

I
22 r
q 30
B C

Solution
∵ I is the incentre of △ABC.

∴ AI, BI and CI are the angle bisectors of BAC, ABC and ACB respectively.
∴ BAI = CAI
p = 32°

CBI = ABI
q = 22°

ACI = BCI
r = 30°

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Example: In the figure, I is the incentre of △ABC. BAI = 20 and BCI = 15.
(a) Find AIC.
(b) Find B.

A C
20 15
I

Solution
(a) ∵ I is the incentre of △ABC.
∴ AI and CI are the angle bisectors of BAC and ACB respectively.
∴ CAI = BAI = 20
ACI = BCI = 15
In △ACI,
∠AIC +∠CAI +∠ACI = 180° (∠ sum of △)
∠AIC + 20° + 15° = 180°
∠AIC = 145°

(b) In △ABC,
∠B +∠ACB +∠BAC = 180° (∠ sum of △)
∠B + (15° + 15° ) + (20° + 20° ) = 180°
∠B= 110°

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3.2 Circumcentre

There can be three perpendicular bisectors in every triangle, one for each side.

Circumcentre (外心) is the point of intersection of the three perpendicular bisectors

in a triangle.

Refer to the figure below, PD, QE and RF are the perpendicular bisectors of BC,
AC and AB respectively, and they interest at a point O. Point O is the circumcentre
of △ABC .

F P

Q R

B C

Position of the circumcentre (O) of different kinds of triangles.

Acute-angled triangle Right-angled triangle Obtuse-angled triangle

The circumcentre may lie inside or outside the triangle, or on the side (at the
midpoint of the hypotenuse side).

Page 23 of 61
Consider △ABC with circumcentre O below.

When we construct a circle to enclose the triangle using the circumcentre such that
the vertices of the triangle lie on the circle, then the circle drawn is called the
circumscribed circle (外接圓) of the triangle. The circumscribed circle of a triangle is
the smallest circle that encloses a triangle. The circumcentre of the triangle is the
centre of the circumscribed circle.

Properties of Circumcentre

If O is the circumcentre of △ABC , then

(i) the distances between the circumcentre and the three vertices of a triangle are
equal, i.e., AO = BO = CO.
(ii) with this distance (i.e. AO or BO or CO) as radius and the circumcentre as centre,
a circle passing through the three vertices of the triangle can be constructed.

Remarks:
In the above figure, if O is the circumcentre of △ABC, then,
(i) AO = BO = CO = R, where R is the radius of the circumscribed circle.
(ii) All the new triangles formed by joining circumcenter to the vertices are isosceles
triangles. △AOB, △BOC and △COA are isosceles triangles.

Page 24 of 61
Example: In the figure, O is the circumcentre of △ABC. CO = 15 cm.
Find the length of AO.
A

O
15 cm
B C

Solution
∵ O is the circumcentre of △ABC.
∴ AO = OC
= 15 cm

Example: In the figure, ADE and AEC are straight lines. AD = BD. OE ⊥ EC.
O is the circumcentre of △ABC.
(a) Find BDO.
(b) Find AE.
A

D E

O 18 cm

B C

Solution
(a) ∵ O is the circumcentre of △ABC and AD = BD.
∴ OD is the perpendicular bisector of AB.
∴ BDO = 90°

(b) ∵ O is the circumcentre of △ABC and OE ⊥ EC.

∴ OE is the perpendicular bisector of AC.
∴ AE = CE
= 18 cm
Page 25 of 61
Example: In the figure, ADC and BEC are straight lines. DOE = 140°.
AD = CD and BE = CE . O is the circumcentre of △PQR. Find C.

O
B C
E

Solution
∵ O is the circumcentre of △ABC, AD = CD and BE = CE.
∴ OD and OE are the perpendicular bisectors of AC and BE respectively.
∴ ODC = OEC = 90

In polygon OECD,
C + ODC + OEC + DOE = (4-2) x 180° ( sum of polygon)
C + 90+ 90+ 140= 360°
C = 40

Page 26 of 61
3.3 Centroid

There can be three medians in every triangle, one for each vertex.

Centroid (形心) is the point of intersection of the three medians in a triangle.

Refer to the figure below, AE, BF and CD are the medians of BC, AC and AB
respectively, and they interest at a point G. Point G is the centroid of △ABC .

The centroid G divides each median in the ratio 2 : 1,

i.e. AG : GE = BG : GF = CG : GD = 2 : 1
2 2 2
i.e. AG = AE , BG = BF and CG = CD
3 3 3

Position of the centroid (G) of different kinds of triangles.

Acute-angled triangle Right-angled triangle Obtuse-angled triangle

The centroid always lies inside a triangle.

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Example: In the figure, G is the centroid of △ABC. AE = 25 cm.
Find the length of CE.

Solution
∵ G is the centroid of △ABC.
∴ CE = AE
= 25 cm

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Example: In the figure, G is the centroid of ABC. ABC = ACB,
DB = 15 cm and BE = 18 cm. Find the perimeter of ABC.

D
G

B C
E

Solution
∵ G is the centroid of ABC.
∴ AB = 2DB
= 2 x 15
= 30 cm
and BC =2 BE
= 2 x 18
= 36 cm
∵ ABC = ACB
∴ AC = AB (sides opp. equal s)
= 30 cm

Perimeter of ABC
= AB + BC + AC
= 30 + 36 + 30
= 96 cm

Page 29 of 61
Example: In the figure, G is the centroid of △ABC. BDC and AGD are straight lines.
ACB = 90. AC = 50 cm and AB = 116 cm .
(a) Find the length of BC
(b) Find the length of DC.
(c) Find the length of AD.
(Give your answers correct to 2 decimal places.)
A

B D C

Solution
(a) In △ABC,
AC 2 + BC 2 = AB2 (Pyth. theorem)
502 + BC 2 = 1162
BC 2 = 10956
BC = 10956
≈ 104.6709
= 104.67 cm (cor. to 2 d.p.)

(b) ∵ G is the centroid of △ABC.

∴ DC = ½ BC
≈ ½ x 104.6709
= 52.3355
= 52.34 cm (cor. to 2 d.p.)
(c) In △ACD,
AC 2 + DC 2 = AD2 (Pyth. theorem)
502 + 52.33552 = AD2
AD = 72.38 cm (cor. to 2 d.p.)

Page 30 of 61
3.4 Orthocentre

There can be three altitudes in every triangle, one for each vertex.

Orthocentre (垂心) is the point of intersection of the three altitudes in a triangle.

Refer to the figure below, AE, BF and CD are the altitudes of BC, AC and AB
respectively, and they interest at a point H. Point H is the orthocentre of △ABC .

F
D

Position of the orthocentre (H) of different kinds of triangles.

Acute-angled triangle Right-angled triangle Obtuse-angled triangle

The orthocentre may lie inside or outside the triangle, or on one of its vertices.

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Example: In the figure, AHP and BHQ are straight lines. AHB = 130.
H is the orthocentre of △ABC. Find QAH.

Solution
∵ H is the orthocentre of △ABC.
∴ HQA = 90
In △AHQ,
∠AHB =∠QAH +∠HQA (ext. ∠of △)
130 =∠QAH + 90
∠QAH = 40

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Example: In the figure, AHP and BHQ are straight lines. H is the orthocentre of
△ABC. The area of △ABC is 1170 cm2 . AP= 45 cm and CP = 35 cm.
Find the length of BP.

Solution
∵ H is the orthocentre of △ABC.
∴ AP ⊥ BC
∵ Area of △ABC = 1170 cm2
1
∴  BC  AP = 1170
2
1
 ( BP + 35)  45 = 1170
2
BP + 35 = 52
BP = 17 cm

Page 33 of 61
Example: In the figure, AHD and CHE are straight lines. BCE = 20.
H is the orthocentre of △ABC.
(a) Find B.
(b) Find BAD.

E
H

B C
D

Solution
(a) ∵ H is the orthocentre of ABC.
∴ AEC = 90
In △BCE,
∠AEC =∠B +∠BCE (ext. ∠of △)
90 =∠B + 20
∠B = 70

(b) ∵ H is the orthocentre of ABC.

∴ ADC = 90
In △ABD,
∠ADC =∠BAD +∠B (ext. ∠of △)
90 =∠BAD + 70
∠BAD = 20

Page 34 of 61
4. References (參考資料) : The Euler Line of a Triangle
4.1 The circumcentre (O), centroid (G) and orthocentre (H) in any non-equilateral
triangle always lie on a straight line (i.e. collinear ). The straight line is called the
Euler Line (歐拉線).

Euler Line

4.2 For an isosceles triangle, the incentre also lies on the Euler Line. That is: the four
centres (incentre I, circumcentre O, centroid G and orthocentre H ) of an isosceles
triangle all lie on the Euler Line.

Euler Line
I

4.3 For an equilateral triangle, all the four centres (incentre I, circumcentre O,
centroid G and orthocentre H ) meet in a single point, so there’s no Euler Line.

I, O, G, H

Page 35 of 61
Part 2: Quiz (1)

1. In the figure, BAD = CAD. Find the value of p.

3(p + 2) cm

(4p − 3) cm

C A

Solution
∵ BAD = CAD
∴ AD is the angle bisector of BAC.
∴ BD = CD (∠ bisector property)
3(p+2) = 4p-3
3p + 6 = 4p – 3
p=9

Page 36 of 61
2. In the figure, BD is the angle bisector of ADC. BA ⊥ AD and BC ⊥ CD.
(a) Find the value of p.
(b) Find the length of BC.

(5p − 10) cm

B
10p

(p +27)
C D

Solution
(a) ∵ BD is the angle bisector of ADC.
∴ ADB = CDB
10p = (p + 27)
9p = 27
p = 3

(b) ∵ BD is the angle bisector of ADC.

∴ BC = BA (∠ bisector property)
= 5p-10
=5(3) -10
= 5 cm

Page 37 of 61
3. In the figure, ABC is a straight line. DE = DC, ABE = 140.
DE ⊥ BE and DC ⊥ BC
(a) Find DBC.
(b) Find BDE.

140
A B C

Solution
(a) ∵ DE = DC, DE ⊥ BE and DC ⊥ BC
∴ BD is the angle bisector of CBE. (converse of  bisector property)
∴ DBE = DBC
∠ABE +DBE + DBC = 180° (adj. ∠s on st. line)
140 + DBC + DBC = 180°
2 DBC = 180° - 140
DBC = 20°
(b) From (a), DBE = DBC = 20°
In △BDE, ∠BDE +∠DBE +∠BED = 180° (∠ sum of △)
∠BDE + 20° + 90° = 180°
∠BDE = 70°

Page 38 of 61
4. Refer to the figure. PR= 250 cm. PS⊥RS.
Prove that PR is the angle bisector of QPS.

240 cm

S
Q

70 cm 70 cm
R

Solution
In △PQR,
PQ2 + QR2 = 2402 + 702
= 62 500 𝑐𝑚2
PR2 = 2502
= 62 500 𝑐𝑚2
∵ PQ2 + QR2 = PR2
∴ PQR = 90 converse of Pyth. theorem

∵QR = RS, QR ⊥ PQ and RS ⊥ PS

∴PR is the angle bisector of QPS. converse of  bisector property

Page 39 of 61
5. In the figure, ADC is a straight line. BD is the angle bisector of ABC.
(a) Find ∠CBD
(b) Prove that D lies on the perpendicular bisector of BC.

84 D

32
B C

Solution
(a) ∵BD is the angle bisector of ABC.
∴ ABD = CBD
∠ABC = 2CBD
In △ABC,
∠ABC +∠C +∠A = 180° ∠ sum of △
2∠CBD + 32° + 84° = 180°
2∠CBD = 180° - 32° - 84°
∠CBD = 32°

(b) ∵ CBD = DCB

∴ DB = DC sides opp. equal s
∴ D lies on the perpendicular
bisector of BC. converse of ⊥ bisector property

Page 40 of 61
Part 2: Quiz (2)

1. In the figure, BDC is a straight line. AD ⊥ BC and BD = CD.

Find the value of p.

B D
C

(5p + 1) cm
(6p - 4) cm

Solution
∵ AD ⊥ BC and BD = CD
∴ AD is the perpendicular bisector of BC.
∴ AB = AC (⊥ bisector property)
6p - 4 = 5p + 1
p=5

Page 41 of 61
2. In the figure, AC and BD intersect at E. AE ⊥ BD.
(a) Find the values of p.
(b) Find the values of q.

A (q +9) cm
D

(3p - 6) cm E

B
(2p + 4) cm C

Solution
(a) ∵ AE = CE and BE ⊥ AC
∴ BE is the perpendicular bisector of AC.
∴ AB = BC (⊥ bisector property)
3p - 6 = 2p + 4
p = 10

(b) ∵ BE = DE and AE ⊥ BD
∴ AE is the perpendicular bisector of BD.
∴ AD = AB (⊥ bisector property)
q + 9 = 3p – 6
q + 9 = 3(10) – 6
q = 15

Page 42 of 61
3. In the figure, ADC and BEC are straight lines. AB ⊥ AC and ABD = EBD.
C = p. DE is the perpendicular bisector of BC.
(a) Find ABC in terms of p
(b) Proved that C = 30°
A
D

B E C

Solution
(a) ∵ DE is the perpendicular bisector of BC.
∴ BD = DC (⊥ bisector property)
∴ EBD = ECD (base s, isos. △)
=p
ABD = EBD (given)
ABC = ABD + EBD
= EBD + EBD
= p + p
= 2p
(b) In △ABC,
∠ABC +∠C +∠BAC = 180° (∠ sum of △)
2p + p + 90° = 180°
3p = 90°
p = 30°
∴ ACB = 30°

Page 43 of 61
4. In the figure, AD ⊥ BC and BD = CD.
(a) Find the length of AD.
(b) Find the length of BC. (correct to 2 decimal places.)

(5p − 10) cm 100 cm

2p cm

B D C

Solution
(a) ∵ AD ⊥ BC and BD = CD
∴ AD is the perpendicular bisector of BC.
∴ AB = AC (⊥ bisector property)
5p – 10 = 100
p = 22
AD = 2p
= 2 x 22
= 44 cm
(b) In △ACD,
AD2 + CD2 = AC 2 (Pyth. theorem)
442 + CD2 = 1002
CD2 = 8064
CD = 8064 cm
BC = 2CD
= 2 x 8064
= 179.60 cm (cor. to 2 d.p.)

Page 44 of 61
5. In the figure, AEB is a straight line. BD is the angle bisector of ABC.
DE is the perpendicular bisector of AB. ACB = 39 and DAC = 60.
A

E 60

D 39
B C

(a) Let ABD = m.

(i) Find BAD and ABC in terms of m.
(ii) Find the value of m.
(b) Proved that ABC = 54° .

Solution
(a) (i) ABD = m
∵ DE is the perpendicular bisector of AB.
∴ DA = DB (⊥ bisector property)
∴ BAD =ABD (base s, isos. △)
=m
∵ BD is the angle bisector of ABC.
∴ CBD =ABD
=m
∠ABC = 2CBD
= 2m
(a)(ii) In △ABC,
∠ABC +∠C +∠BAC = 180° (∠ sum of △)
2m + 39° + (m+ 60°) = 180°
3m = 180° - 60° - 39°
m = 27°
(b) ∠ABC = 2m
= 2x27°
= 54°

Page 45 of 61
Part 2: Quiz (3)

1. In the figure, BD is a median of △ABC. Find the length of AD.

(Give your answers correct to 2 decimal places.)

70 cm 30 cm

A C
D

Solution
In △BCD,
CD2 + BC 2 = BD2 (Pyth. theorem)
CD2 + 302 = 702
CD = 63.25 cm
∵ BD is a median of △ABC.
∴ AD = CD
= 63.25 cm

2. In the figure, AB = AC and AD is a median of ABC.

Prove that AD is the perpendicular bisector of BC in ABC.

Solution
∵ AD is a median of ABC.
∴ BD = CD
∵ AB = AC and BD = CD
∴ AD is the perpendicular bisector of BC in ABC. (converse of ⊥ bisector
property)

Page 46 of 61
3. In the figure, AC, BC and CD are altitudes of △ABC. ∠A = 70°
(a) Find ∠B
(b) Find ∠BCD

70
A
D

B
C

Solution
∵ AC and CD are altitudes of △ABC.
∴ ACB= ADC = 90

(a) In △ABC,
∠B +∠A +∠ACB = 180° (∠ sum of △)
∠B + 70 + 90° = 180°
∠B = 20°
(b) In △BCD,
ADC =∠BCD +∠B (ext. ∠of △)
90 =∠BCD + 20°
∠BCD = 70°

Page 47 of 61
4. In the figure, BDC is straight line. AB is an altitude of △ABC.
AD is a median of △ABC.
(a) Find the length of BC.
(b) Find the length of BD.
(Give your answers correct to 2 decimal places.)

80 cm
20 cm

B C
D

Solution
(a) ∵ AB is an altitude of △ABC.
∴ B = 90
In △ABC,

AB2 + BC 2 = AC 2 (Pyth. theorem)

202 + BC 2 = 802
BC = 802 − 202
= 6000
= 77.46 cm (cor. to 2 d.p.)

(b) ∵ AD is a median of △ABC.

∴ BD = ½ BC
=1/2 x 6000
= 38.73 (cor. to 2 d.p.)

Page 48 of 61
5. In the figure, BMC is a straight line. AM is a median of ABC and BM = AM .
(a) Prove that MAC = MCA
(b) Prove that BA is an altitude of ABC.

Solution
(a) ∵ BM = AM (given)
∴ MAB =MBA (base s, isos. )
∵ AM is a median of ABC. (given)
∴ BM = CM
∴ AM = CM
∴ MAC = MCA (base s, isos. )

(b) In △ABC,
∠B +∠C +∠BAC = 180° (∠ sum of △)
i.e. ∠ABM +∠MCA +∠BAC = 180°
i.e. ∠MAB +∠MAC +∠BAC = 180° [from (a) ]
∵ ∠BAC = ∠MAB +∠MAC
∴ ∠BAC +∠BAC = 180°
2∠BAC = 180°
∠BAC = 90°
∴ BA is an altitude of ABC.

Page 49 of 61
Part 2: Quiz (4)

1. In the figure, I is the incentre of △ABC. AEC and ADB are straight lines.
ID ⊥ AB and IE ⊥ AC. IC = 35 cm and EC = 32 cm.
(a) Find the length of IE.
(b) Find the length of ID.
(Give your answers correct to 2 decimal places.)

E
A C

I
D

Solution
(a) In △ICE,
EC 2 + IE 2 = IC 2 (Pyth. theorem)
322 + IE 2 = 352
IE = 352 − 302
= 325

= 18.28 cm (cor. to 2 d.p.)

(b) ∵ I is the incentre of △ABC. ID ⊥ AB and IE ⊥ AC

∴ ID = IE
= 18.28 cm (cor. to 2 d.p.)

Page 50 of 61
2. In the figure, I is the incentre of △ABC.

I
27
17
B C

(a) Find CBI.

(b) Find BIC.
(c) Find reflex BIC.

Solution
(a) ∵ I is the incentre of △ABC.
∴ BI is the angle bisector of ABC.
∴ ∠CBI = ∠ABI
= 27°

(b) In △IBC,
∠BIC +∠CBI +∠BCI = 180° (∠ sum of △)
∠BIC + 27° +17° = 180°
∠BIC = 136°

(c) reflex BIC + BIC = 360° (∠s at a pt. )

reflex BIC + 136°= 360°
reflex BIC = 224°

Page 51 of 61
3. In the figure, I is the incentre of △ABC. BCI = 35 and reflex BIC = 245.
A

245
I

B 35 C

(a) Find BIC.

(b) Find CBI.
(c) Find BAC.

Solution
(a) reflex BIC + BIC = 360° (∠s at a pt. )
245° + BIC = 360°
BIC = 115°

(b) In △IBC,
∠BIC +∠CBI +∠BCI = 180° (∠ sum of △)
115° +∠CBI + 35° = 180°
∠CBI = 30°

(c) ∵ I is the incentre of △ABC.

∴ IB and IC are the angle bisectors of ABC and ACB respectively.
∴ ABI = CBI = 30
ACI = BCI = 35

In △ABC,
∠ABC +∠ACB +∠BAC = 180° (∠ sum of △)
(30° + 30° ) + (35° + 35° ) + ∠BAC = 180°
∠BAC = 50°

Page 52 of 61
4. In the figure, O is the circumcentre of △ABC. AOB is a straight line.
OC = 20 cm.
(a) Find the length of OA and OB.
(b) Find the length of AB.
A

O
20 cm

B C

Solution
(a) ∵ O is the circumcentre of △ABC.
∴ OA = OB = OC
= 20 cm
(b) ∴ AB = 2 OA
= 2 x 20
= 40 cm

Page 53 of 61
5. In the figure, O is the circumcentre of △BC. AD = BD and AE = CE.
(a) Find A.
(b) Find DOE.
A

D E

O
54 75
B C

Solution
(a) In △ABC,
∠A +∠B +∠C = 180° (∠ sum of △)
∠A + 54° + 75° = 180°
∠A = 51°

(b) ∵ O is the circumcentre of △ABC, AD = BD and AE = CE.

∴ OD and OE are the perpendicular bisectors of AB and AC respectively.
∴ ADO = AEO = 90

In polygon ADOE,
A + ADO + DOE + AEO = (4-2) x 180° ( sum of polygon)
51+ 90+ DOE + 90= 360°
DOE = 129

Page 54 of 61
6. In the figure, O is the circumcentre of △ABC. BOC is a straight line.
AB = 65 cm, AC = 25 cm and BAC = 90.
(a) Find the length of BC.
(b) Find the length of OA.
(Give your answers correct to 2 decimal places.)

65 cm 25 cm

B O C

Solution
(a) In △ABC,

AB2 + AC 2 = BC 2 (Pyth. theorem)

652 + 252 = BC 2
BC = 652 + 252
= 4850
= 69.64 cm (cor. to 2 d.p.)

(b) ∵ O is the circumcentre of △ABC.

∴ OA = OB = OC
∴ OA = OB
= ½ BC
= ½ x 4850
= 34.82 cm (cor. to 2 d.p.)

Page 55 of 61
7. In the figure, G is the centroid of △ABC. AE = 25 cm, CD= 30 cm and
BF= 18 cm. Find the perimeter of △ABC.

Solution
∵ G is the centroid of △ABC.

∴ AC = 2AE = 2 x 25 = 50 cm
BC = 2CD = 2 x 30 = 60 cm
AB = 2BF = 2 x 18 = 36 cm

Perimeter of △ABC = AC + BC +AB

= 50 + 60 +36
=146 cm

Page 56 of 61
8. In the figure, H is the orthocentre of ABC. AHD and BHE are straight lines.
ACB =62.
(a) Find EAH.
(b) Find AHB.

E
H

62
B D C

Solution
(a) ∵ H is the orthocentre of ABC.
∴ ADB = 90
In △ACD,
∠ADB =∠CAD +∠C (ext. ∠of △)
90 =∠CAD + 62
∠CAD = 28
i.e. EAH = 28

(b) ∵ H is the orthocentre of ABC.

∴ AEH = 90
In △AEH,
∠AHB = ∠AEH +∠EAH (ext. ∠of △)
= 90 + 28
= 118

Page 57 of 61
Part 3: Challenging Questions (思考題)
(*=Level 1, **=Level 2, ***=Level 3)

**1. In the figure, ADE and BEC are straight lines. DE is the perpendicular bisector
of BC. CD is the angle bisector of ACB. BAC = 60.
A

60
D

B
C
E

(a) Proved that ACD = ABC

(b) Proved that ∠ACB =2ABC
(c) Proved that ABC = 40°

**2. In the figure, AEB, ADC, EFC and DFB are straight lines. BD is the
perpendicular bisector of AC. BF = CF and ABD = ACE.
A

E D

B C

(a) Prove that ∠CAE = 90 -∠ABD

(b) Proved that AEC = 90°
(c) Prove that CE is the perpendicular bisector of AB.

Page 58 of 61
**3. In the figure, ADB and AEC are straight lines. DC is the angle bisector of
ACB. DE ⊥ AC. AD = 29 cm, AE = 20 cm and B = 90.

A
E

B C

(a) Prove that △ABC  △AED.

(b) Find the length of DE.
(c) Find the length of DB.
(d) Find the length of BC.
(e) Find the area of △ABC.

**4. In the figure, I is the incentre of △PQR. PCR, PAQ and RBQ are straight lines.
IA ⊥ PQ, IB ⊥ RQ and IC ⊥ PR. PQ = 42 cm, QR = 48 cm and PR = 60 cm.
The area of △PQR is 375 cm2. Find the length of IA+IB+IC.

P C
R

A
B

Page 59 of 61
**5. In the figure, I is the incentre of △ABC. ADB, AEC, EIB and DIC are straight
lines. CBI = BCI and BAC = 80.
(a) Find IBC.
(b) Proved that Is ID = IE.

D E

I
B C

**6. In the figure, O is the circumcentre of △ABC. AOD and BDC are straight
lines. . CAD = 58 and ADB = 130.
A

58

130
C
B D

(a) Find ACO.

(b) Find BCO.
(c) Find DBO .
(d) Find AOB.

Page 60 of 61
**7. In the figure, O is the circumcentre of △ABC. ABO = 30 and CBO = 20.
A

O
30
20
B C

(a) Find BAO.

(b) Find BCO.
(c) Find AOB.
(d) Find BOC.
(e) Find AOC.

**8. In the figure, B is the orthocentre of △ABC. ADC is a straight line. BD ⊥ AC.
(a) Prove that △BCD  △ACB.
(b) If CD = 55 cm and AC = 65 cm, find the length of BC. (Give your answers
correct to 2 decimal places.)
A D

B C

***9. In the figure, ABCD is a parallelogram. ∠BAE=∠DAE.

(a) Prove that BE=CD.
(b) Given that BF⊥AE，∠AEB=60° and AB=4 cm,
(i) find the length of BF. (Leave your answer in surd form.)
(ii) prove that △ADF≌△ECF.
(iii) find the area of parallelogram ABCD. (Leave your answer in surd form.)

Page 61 of 61