FDSANTIAGO-BPED 1020 Module

BPED 1020-ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN MOVEMENT
Central Luzon State University

Institute of Sports, Physical Education and Recreation
Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija
H.Y.P.E.
“Home Yoked Physical Education”
(Strategies in Teaching Physical Education during Pandemic)
Module in BPED 1020- Anatomy and Physiology of Human
Movement
FELODY D. SANTIAGO
Instructor I
This H.Y.P.E. Strategy is for CLSU use only. No part of this material may be reproduced i
“Excellent service to humanity is our commitment.”
Philosophy
The ultimate measure of the effectiveness of Central Luzon State University
as an institution of higher learning is its contribution to and impact on the
educational, economic, social, cultural, political and moral well-being
and environmental consciousness of the peoples it serves.
Vision
Central Luzon State University (CLSU) as a world-class National Research University
for science and technology in agriculture and allied fields.
Mission
CLSU shall develop globally competitive, work-ready, socially-responsible
and empowered human resources who value life-long learning;
and to generate, disseminate, and apply knowledge and
technologies for poverty alleviation, environmental
protection, and sustainable development.
Quality Policy Statement

“Excellent service to humanity is our commitment.”
“We are committed to develop globally-competent and empowered human resources, and
to generate knowledge and technologies for inclusive societal development.”
“We are dedicated to uphold CLSU's core values and principles, comply with statutory and
regulatory standards and to continuously improve the effectiveness of our quality
management system.”
“Mahalaga ang inyong tinig upang higit na mapahusay ang kalidad ng aming paglilingkod.”
This H.Y.P.E. Strategy is for CLSU use only. No part of this material may be reproduced i
Vision
To make the ISPEAR as a Center of Learning and Excellence in Sports,
Physical Education, and Recreation in the province of
Nueva Ecija and in Region III.
Mission
To serve as an implementing arm of the University to become a Center of
Learning and Excellence within its scope of concern specifically
in the fields of Sports, Physical Education, and Recreation.
Goal
At the end of five (5) years, it is expected that ISPEAR will become a center of Learning and
Excellence in the fields of Sports, Physical Education, and Recreation in Region III.
General Objectives
“To make the Institute of Sports, Physical Education, and Recreation (ISPEAR) as a
Center of learning in the fields of sports, physical education, and
recreation in Nueva Ecija, and in Region III.”
“To serve as a ground for harnessing the potential talents and skills of students, faculty
and staff members in the area of Sports, PE and Recreation and imbuing
in them with such carry over values: sportsmanship,
honesty, respect for others etc.”
“To develop the Institute as a Center of Excellence in the conduct of regional/national

sports clinics and workshops for the government/private agencies in
Nueva Ecija, Region III and in the national level.”
“For the Institute to be the responsible Center for Sports, Recreational

and Cultural Development Programs of the university.”
This H.Y.P.E. Strategy is for CLSU use only. No part of this material may be reproduced ii
Specific Objectives
“To produce competent PE teachers with sound pedagogical theories and techniques
geared toward teaching physical education in the elementary,
high school and at the tertiary level.”
“To come up with graduates who possess professional qualities capable of performing
tasks such as: training, coaching and officiating various activities in the
fields of sports PE, and recreation.”
“To produce athletes of high caliber.”
“To produce dance performers/dance directors/ trainers together with students who
are endowed with musical talents to promote and enhance cultural
awareness in the university and in the country in general.”
“To cater the sports, recreational and cultural needs of our faculty, staff and the
community through their participation and involvement in the given
programs of the Institute/University.”
This H.Y.P.E. Strategy is for CLSU use only. No part of this material may be reproduced iii
Table of Contents
Title Page
HYPE Strategies
CLSU Policy, Vision, Mission, Quality Statement i
ISPEAR’s Mission, Vision, Goals, General Objectives ii
ISPEAR’s Specific Objectives iii
Table of Contents lV
Introduction VI
Module 1-The Human Body Organs 1
Key Terms 2
Integumentary System 3
Skeletal System 3
Muscular System 4
Nervous System 4
Endocrine System 5
Cardiovascular System 5
Lymphatic System 6
Respiratory System 6
Immune System 7
Digestive System 7
Urinary System 8
Reproductive System 8
Stretch Your Mind: Activity 1 9
Module 2: Musculoskeletal System 10
Lesson 1: The Skeletal System 10
Key words 11
Regional Terms of Skeletal System 11
Diagram of Axial and Appendicular Skeletons 13
Types of Bones and Cartilages 14
Joints 15
Synovial Joints 16
The Structure of Synovial Joints 17
Types of Synovial joints 18
Planes of Movements 18
This H.Y.P.E. Strategy is for CLSU use only. No part of this material may be reproduced iv
Anatomical Directions 20
Main Movements 22
Other Movements 25
Summary of Movements of the Major Joints of the Body 28
Lesson 2 : The Muscular System 33
The Major Muscular System of the Human Body 34
Muscle Information 35
Different Types of Muscle 42
Types of Muscular Contraction 43
Muscles in Action 45
Antagonist Muscle Pairs 45
Movement Analysis of Physical Activity 46
The Muscle Fibers 46
Key Words 46
Responses of Muscular System to Exercise 48
Adaptation of Muscular System to Exercise 49
References 56
This H.Y.P.E. Strategy is for CLSU use only. No part of this material may be reproduced v
HYPE Introduction
H.Y.P.E. Strategy or Home Yoked Physical Education strategies is an innovation of the

Institute of Sports, Physical Education, and Recreation or the ISPEAR in Central Luzon State
University to support Physical Education classes during the time of pandemic. HYPE
strategies are approaches in the modules painstakingly studied and produced by ISPEAR
faculty to deliver and transfer learning in their Physical Education classes. This kind of
strategy were formed and conceptualized especially during this trying times where people
are mostly staying at home. Inspired by and anchored in the World Health’s Organizations’
“Stay Physically Active during Self-Quarantine”, this idea is a collaboration of the ISPEAR
Faculty whose goal is to transfer physical education learnings at the comfort of each
students own homes. This strategy considers activities using different available resources
common to the student’s settings/localities.
This H.Y.P.E. Strategy is for CLSU use only. No part of this material may be reproduced vi
MODULE 1
The Human Body Organs
Overview
Of all the living things, the human body in particular has been has been a source of
curiosity by most of us. Why we look the way we do? Why we do the things we do like
walking, running, jumping, feeling, seeing, hearing and a lot more that fascinate us. No
doubt, the field of biology, anatomy and physiology provide us a clear venue to explore and
understand it.
Every movement we make, and every new day that we live to see, is the result of a
collection of systems working together to function properly. We will spend a lots of time
studying ourselves so that we can better understand the human body and the amazing
things it can do.
The human body is incredibly complex, comprised of different kinds of tissues

arranged to form a wide variety of organs and systems. What are these structures, what are
they made of precisely, and how do they work?
In this module, we will move through the human body focusing on anatomy, or
biological form, as well as physiology, or biological function, and we will slowly build
towards a complete understanding of how the organ systems work together to produce a
viable human being. Each organ systems serves a critical function in maintain our health, so
we have to know how they work.
I Objectives
On successful completion of the module, the student’s will be able to...
1. Differentiate anatomy and physiology of the human body.

2. Identify the different human body system and its function.
3. Synthesize the connection of one body system to another.
II Learning Activities
An overview of Human Anatomy and Physiology
The relationship between anatomy and physiology are that they always correlate
with each other. Because function can never be separated from structure; these studied
together. Each structure of the body is designed for a specific function. The term anatomy is
derived from the Greek words “ana” means apart and “tomy” means to cut. Anatomy
This H.Y.P.E. Strategy is for CLSU use only. No part of this material may be reproduced 1
being the study of the actual physical organs and their structure as well as their relationship
to each other. While physiology is the branch of biology that deals with the internal
workings of living things, including functions such as metabolism, respiration, and
production.
Key Words:
Anatomy – the study of the structure and relationship between body parts.
Physiology- the study of functioning of living things.
Atom- the smallest part of an element; indivisible by ordinary chemical means.
Molecule- particle consisting of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.
Cellular- the basic unit of structure and function of an organism.
Tissue - a group of similar cells specialized to perform a specific function.
Organ- a part of the body formed of two or more tissues that performs a specialized
function.
Organ System – a system consist of related organs that have a common function.
Organism – an individual living thing.
Human movement science- defined as scientific study of how the human body works, with
a, particular focus on improving the workings of the human body for sports, fitness and well
being. (Frank Stuart, 2012)
Structural Organization
All multicellular organisms are organized at different levels, starting with the cell and
ending with the entire organism.
The Organ System
The human body is a machine that does many things. To do these things, it needs
many parts. All these parts together are what we are.
Integumentary System
The human body’s largest organ is the integumentary system, which includes the
skin, hair, nails, glands and nerve receptors.
The Human Skin
● External cover of the body (skin)
● Protects deeper tissues from injury
● Site of cutaneous (pain, pressure,

etc.), receptors,
sweat and oil glands.
● Synthesizes vitamin D.
Skeletal System
The human skeletal system consist of all bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments in
the body. Altogether, the skeleton makes up about 20 percent of a person’s body weight.
Cartilages
● Support the body.
● Attachment of muscles.
Joints
● Protection of internal organs.
● Acts as levers for movement.
● Production of blood cells

Bones
● Gives stability and shape to the body.
● Stores minerals.
Muscular System
An organ system composed of the skeletal muscles, especialized mainly for

maintaining postural supportand producing movements of the bones. The muscular system
is made up of over 600 muscles.
● Allows manipulation of environment.
● Locomotion.
● Facial expression.
● Maintains posture.
● Produce heat.
Skeletal
muscles
Nervous System
The nervous system is a complex collection of nervous and specialized cells known as
neurons that transmit signals between different body parts of the body. It is essenstially the
body’s electrical wiring.
Sensory
Brain
receptors
● Maintains body homeostasis with

electrical signals. Spinal cord
● Provides for sensation, higher

mental functioning, and emotional
response.
● Activates muscles and glands. Nerves
Endocrine System
According to Mayo Clinic, the word endocrine derives from the Greek words “endo,”
meaning within, and “crinis,” meaning to secrete, according to Health Mentor Online. The
endocrine system is made up of pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal
glands, pancreas, ovaries(in females) and testicles (in males).
● Coordinates together with the

nervous system, the activities of the
body.
● Glands secrete hormones that

regulate
• Growth
•Reproduction
• Nutrients use
Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is a vast network of organs and vessels that is responsible
for the flow of bblood, nutrients, hormones, oxygen and othe gases to and from cells.
Without the cardiovascular system, the body would not be able to fight disease or maintain
a stable internal environment such as proper temparature.
● Heart pumps blood through blood

vessels. Heart
● Blood vessels transport blood.
● Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide.
● Also carries nutrients and wastes.

Blood
● Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
vessels.
Lymphatic System
There hundreds of lymph nodes in the human body. They are located deep inside
the body, such as around the lungs and the heart, or closer to the surface, such as under the
arm or groin, according to the American Cancer Society. The lymph nodes are found from
the head to around the kness area.
Right
● Picks up fluid leaked from blood lymphatic
Subclavian
vessels. duct
vein
● Disposes of debris in the lymphatic

system.
Internal jugular vein
● Houses white blood cells
Lymph
(lymphocytes). nodes
Thoracic duct
● Mouths attack against foreign Spleen
substances in the body.
Lymphatic
vessels
Respiratory System
Organ system that carries out gas exchange; includes the nose, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
● Supplies the body with oxygen Nasal cavity

Nosetril
and dispose of carbon dioxide.
● Filters inspired air. Oral cavity
Larynx
● Produces sound.
Trachea
● Contains receptors for smell. Left Lung
● Rids the body of some excess

water and heat.
Bronchial Tree
● Helps regulates blood.
Diaphragm
Immune System
The role of the immune system- a collection of structures and processes within the
body- is to protect against diseases or other potentially damaging foreign bodies. When
functioning properly, the immune system identifies a variety of threats, including viruses,
bacteria and parasites, and distinguishes them from the body’s own healthy tissue,
according to Merck Manuals.
● To fight against invading

Tonsil
pathogens to defend the body.
● Immune surveillance Thymus

(inspection). Spleen
● Get rid of worn-out body cells.

Lymph Bone
nodes Marrow
Lymphatic
vessels
Digestive System
A system that process food into absorbable units and eliminates ingestible wastes.
Oral cavity
● Ingeston of food.
● Breaking down of complex Esophagus

substance (food) into simple
forms (nutrients).
Liver Stomach
● Absorption of digested food.
● Egestion of excretion of Small Large

undigested food. intestine intestine
Rectum
Urinary System/ Excretory System
A excretory system primarily responsible for water, electrolytes, and acid base
balance and the removal of nitrogenous wastes from the blood.
● To get rid of wastes.

Kidney
● Eliminate useless by products
Ureter
excreted from cells.
● Eradicate harmful chemical Bladder

buildups.
Urethra
● Maintain a steady, balanced

chemical concentration in the body.
Reproductive System
The reproductive system functions to ensure the continuity of the species by

producing offspring.
Uterus
Uterine tube Seminal
vesicles
Fallopian Bladder
Tube
Ovary Prostate Vas
deferens
Cervix
Vagina Penis
Testis
Female Reproductive Organ Male Reproductive Organ
● Overall function is to produce offspring.
●Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones.
● Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones.
● Mammary glands produce milk.
Stretch Your Mind
Name: ___________________________________________________ Date: __________________
Course/Year/Section:__________________________________ Instructor: ____________________
ACTIVITY I
ESSAY: Answer the following questions.
1. How do the skeletal system and muscular system work together to help the
body? 5 pts.
2. How does the muscular system relies on the respiratory system? 5 pts.
3. Give the 3 systems that involved in moving our body and explain how? 30 pts.
MODULE II
THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
Overview
The skeletal and muscular systems are very closely linked and are often referred to
as the musculoskeletal system. All sporting techniques, from the powerful executions to the
smooth elegance performances require the skeletal and muscular systems of our bodies to
work together effectively and efficiently.
Our skeleton provides the framework that allows movement to take place and our
skeletal muscles provide the energy to pull our bones and joints into the correct positions
needed for different types of physical activity. In this module, we will look at the structure
and function of both of these body systems, which will help us understand how we move
our bodies during physical activity. We will learn to describe anatomically the movements
that occur at the joints and to explain how these movements take place in terms of the
muscles in action and the type of contraction occurring. We can then use this knowledge to
carry out a full movement analysis for specific sporting techniques.
I Objectives
1. Understand an overview the skeletal system to include its functions, the axial and
appendicular skeletons as well as type of bone and cartilage.
2. Described and give examples of the different types of joint found in the body.
3. Use a variety of anatomical terms to describe a moving body during physical

activity.
4. Analyze a range of sporting techniques in terms of joint movements.
Lesson 1 : The Skeletal System
The human skeletal system consist of all of the bones, cartilage, tendons and
ligaments in the body. Twenty percent (20%) of a person’s body weight are the skeleton.
The skeleton system is the structure that gives us our shape, provides protection for our
internal organs and offers a supportive framework for the attachment of muscles therefore
facilitating the movements. Our bones also act as a site for the production of blood cells and
a store of minerals particularly calcium. The five main functions: Support, Protection,
Movement, Blood cell production and mineral store.
Children’s skeletons actually contain more bones because some of them, including
those of the skull, fuse together as they grow up. There are also some diffrences in the male
and female skeleton. Usually, the male skeleton is longer and has a high bone mass while
the female skeleton has a broader pelvis to accomodate for the pregnancy and child birth.
Regardless of sex or age, the skeletal system is divided by two (2) parts, known as the axial
skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
Key Words:
Appendicular Skeleton – The bones of the upper and lower limbs and their girdles that join
to the axial skeleton.
Axial Skeleton – This forms the long axis of the body and includes the bones of the skull,
spine and rib cage.
Bone – are solid framework of living cells and protein fibers that are surrounded by deposits
of calcium salts.
Cartilage – A dense connective tissue that consist of fibers embedded in a strong gel-like
substance.
Joint – A place on the body where two or more bones meet.
Ligament – A tough band of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches one bone
to another. It binds the ends of the bones together to prevent dislocation.
Skeleton – The bony framework upon which the rest of the body is built. It provides
attachments for the muscular system and carries and protects the cardiovascular and
respiratory systems.
Skeletal Muscle – This attaches to and moves the skeleton. It is often termed striated
muscle because it has obvious stripes on it caused by the long muscle fibers of which it is
composed. It is also called voluntary muscle because it is the only type of muscle under our
conscious control.
Tendon – A very strong connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bone.
Regional Terms of Skeletal System
The average human adult has 206 bones. Regardless of sex or age, the skeletal
system is divided by two (2) parts, known as the axial skeleton and the appendicular
skeleton.
Axial Skeleton – The adult axial skeleton consist of 80 bones. It’s made up of the
bones that form the vertical axis of the body, such as the bones of the head, neck, chest and
spine.
● Skull bones- 22 bones

•cranial bones - the eight (8) cranial bones form bulk of your skull.
• facial bones- there are fourteen (14) facial bones which found in the front
of the skull and make up the face.
●Auditory ossicles- there are six (6) small bones found within the inner ear canal of
the skull.
●Hydroid- The U-shaped bone found at the base of the jaw.
●Thoracic girdle / Thoracic cage- 25 bones

• sternum- one (1) bone which known as breastbone.
• ribs- 12 pairs of ribs.
● Vertebral column - 26 bones

• cervical vertebrae – consist seven (7) bones which are found in the head
and neck.
• Thoracic vertebrae= consist of twelve (12) bones that are found in the
upper back.
• Lumbar vertebrae= consist of five (5) bones that are found in the lower
back.
• Sacrum and coccyx are both made up of several fused vertebrae.
Appendicular Skeleton – The bones of the upper and lower limbs and their girdles that join
to the axial skeleton. It consist of 126 bones.
● Pectoral girdle/Shoulder girdle is where the arms attach to axial skeleton.

• clavicle- it’s made up two (2) collarbone(left and right)
•scapula- it’s made up of two (2) shoulder blade (left and right)
● Upper limbs - 60 bones (30 for each arms)

•Humerus- the long bone of the upper arm.
• Radius – one of the two long bones of the forearm, found on the thumb
side.
• Ulna – the second long bone of the forearm, found on the pinky finger side.
• Carpals- are group of eight (8) bones found in the wrist area.
• Metacarpals – are five (5) bones found in the middle area of the hand.
• Phalanges- are fourteen (14) bones that make up the fingers.
● Pelvic girdle (2 pelvis bone/ hip bones)

• Ilium- the top portion of each hip bone.
• Ischium – a curved bone that makes up the base of each hip bone.
• Pubis – located in the front part of the hip bone.
● Lower limbs 60 bones (30 for each legs)

• femur – the large bone of the upper leg.
• tibia – the main bone of the lower leg. It forms the shin.
• fibula – the second long bone in the lower leg, found in the outer leg.
• patella – also known as kneecap.
• tarsals – are the seven (7) bones that make up the ankle
• metatarsals -the five (5) bones that make up the middle area of the foot
•phalanges- the fourteen (14) bones that comprise the toes.
Diagram of the axial and appendicular skeletons
Image by: Pearson Education Inc.
Types of Bones and Cartilage
Bone is made of collagen fibers filled with minerals, mainly calcium salts. There are
different types of bone that are classified according to their shape.
Flat bone (sternum)
Long bone (humerous)
Irregular bone (vertebrae),

left lateral view
Sesamoid
(patella)
Short bone (trapezoid)
● Long Bones – The long bones have greater lenght than width and consist os a shaft and a
variable number of ends. They are usually somewhat curved for strenght. Long bones
include those in the thigh (femur), leg (tibia and fibula), arm (humerus), forearm (ulna and
radius), and fingers and toes (phalanges).
● Short Bones – Short bones are somewhat cube-shaped and nearly equal in lenght and
width. Short bones include most wrist and ankle bones.
● Flat Bones – Flat bones are generally thin , afford considerable protection, and provide
extensive surfaces for muscle attachment. Bones classified as flat bones include the cranial
bones, which protect the brain, the sternum (breastbone) and ribs, which protect organs in
the thorax; and the scapulae (shoulder blades).
● Irregular Bones- Irregular bones have complex shapes and cannot be grouped into any of
the previous categories. Such bones include the vertebrae and some facial bones.
● Sesamoid – Sesamoid are small and round bones.
• Diaphysis – the shaft or the

middle part of a long bone.
• Epiphysis – the end portion of

a long bone.
• Bone marrow – connective

tissue found in the spaces
inside bone that is the site of
blood cell production and fat
storage.
• Growth Plate- the area of

growing tissue near the end of
long bones in children and
adolescents, often referred to
as the epiphyseal plate. When
physical maturity is reached,
Image by: Pearson Educatio
the growth plate is replaced by
solid bone.
• Articular cartilage- a thin

layer of glassy- smooth
cartilage that is quite spongy
and covers the end of bones at
a joint.
Note to remember: The bones on the limbs, except the patella and the bones of the wrist
and ankle are long bones. The bones in your hand and feet (metacarpals, metatarsals and
phalanges) are long bones too.
Joints
Joints are links between the bones of the skeleton. They act to allow movement but
also work to stabilize areas of the body. Consider the action of kicking a futsal. The knee of
one leg is allowing the lower part of the limb to swing freely while the knee of the
supporting limb is keeping the leg stable to maintain balance during the execution of the
skill.
Joints are classified in three ways according to the balance that allow between
stability and mobility.
Class of Mobility Stabilit Examples Diagram

Joint y (Skeleton) ( images by: Pearson Education Inc.)
Joints
No Most between the
Fibrous Movement Stable bones of the
skull and
between the
fused of the
sacrum and
coccyx.
Joints
between the
Little Stable bodies of
Cartilaginous Movement adjacent
vertebrae in
the cervical,
thoracic and
part of the
lumbar spine.
Joints
between the
Free Least bones of the
Synovial Movement stable arms and
legs.
Note to remember: The immovable and slightly movable joints are more commonly found in the axial
skeleton while the freely movable joints are located in the limbs of the appendicular skeleton.
The Synovial Joints
The most common type of joint in the body. It characterized by the presence of joint
cavity. Joint cavity is a space within the synovial joint that contains synovial fluid. The knee
joint is the largest synovial joint in the body.
● Femur ●
● Patella ●
● Tibia ●
● Fibula ●
Anterior view Knee Joint Lateral view
The Structure of Synovial Joints
Feature Structure Function
A band of a To connect bone

Ligaments strong fibrous to bone.
tissue.
A slippery fluid To reduce friction
the consistency between the
Synovial of egg-whites articular cartilage
fluid that contained in the joint.
within the joint
cavity.
Articular Glassy-smooth To absorp shock

cartilage cartilage that is and to prevent
spongy and friction between
covers the the ends of the
ends of the bones in the joint.
joint.
The fibrous
Joint A tough firous capsule helps to
capsule tissue that has strenghten the
two capsule joint, while the
lying outside synovial
the synovial membrane lines
membrane. the joint and
secretes synovial
Image by: Pearson Education Icp. fluid.
Note to remember: The synovial fluid is also found within the articular cartilage. When the joint is moved or
compressed it seeps out to reduce friction between the cartilages. When movement stops, the synovial fluid is
reabsorbed into the articular cartilage. This is called the weeping lubrication theory, it suggest that the
articular cartilage acts a little like a sponge in water.
Shoulder Joint Ankle Joint

The bursa in shoulder joint is a flattened fibrous sac lines with synovial fluid that contains a
thin film of synovial fluid. It’s function is to prevent friction at sites in the body where
ligaments, muscles, tendons or bones might rub together. The pad of fat in the ankle joint
is a fatty pad that provides cushioning between the fibrous capsule and a bone or muscle.
Types of Synovial Joints
Synovial joint have many common structural characteristic. However, the shapes of
the articulating surfaces within the joint capsules vary considerably and this determines how
much movement is allowed at a particular joint.
Types of Synovial Examples from the Description Mobility

Joint Skeleton
Shoulder (head of A ball shaped head Movement can
● Ball and Socket humerous with glenoid of one bone occur in three
fossa of scapula) articulates with a planes. This joint
Hip ( head of femur with
cup od an adjacent allows the greatest
acetabulum of pelvis).
bone. range of movement.
A cylindrical Movement is
● Hinge Elbow protusion of one restricted to one
Knee bone articulates plane. This joint
Ankle with a trough- allows bending and
shaped depression streghtening only.
of an adjacent bone.
A rounded or Movement is
● Pivot Radio-ular Spine pointed structure of restricted to one
( atlas/axis joint of one bone articulates plane. This joint
the top. with a ring-shaped allows rotation
structure of an about its
adjacent bone. longitudinal axis
only.
Similar to a ball and Movement can

● Condyloid Wrist socket joint but with occur in two planes.
much flatter This joint allows the
articulating surfaces second greatest
forming a much range of movement.
shallower joint.
Spine ( between the Articulating surfaces Gilding allows

● Gliding bony processes of the are almost flat and movement in three
vertebrae in the of a similar size. planes. But it is
cervical, throracic and severely limited.
part of the lumbar
regions).
Articulates the Movement can
● Saddle Base of the thumb reciprocal reception occur in two planes.
(trapezium and This joint allow your
metacarpal). Both the thumb to spread
bones have out wide to help
concave- convex grasp large
articuler surfaces object,while also
which interlockthe allowing it to move
two saddles oppose inward, to tightly
to one another. touch each of other
finger.
Planes of Movement
A flat surface running through the body within which different types of movement
can take place about different types of synovial joint.
Frontal plane
Median (midsagittal) plane
Transverse plane
Transverse section
Frontal section through torso.
Median (midsagittal)
through torso (superior view)
section
Image by: Dr. A. Ebnesshahidi
● Sagittal Plane – divides the body into left and right sections.
● Mid sagittal plane- divides the body into equal halves at midline.
● Frontal (coronal) Plane- divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.
● Transverse (horizontal)Plane – divides the body into superior and inferior sections.
Anatomical Direction
The movements at any particular joint are possible because of its structure and the
skeletal muscles that contract to pull the bone into a different position. Now we must
understand that every skeletal muscle is attached to bone at a minimum of two points. On
opposite sides of a minimum of two points on opposites sides of a joint. When the muscle
contracts across a joint, one point of attachment is pulled towards the other, causing joint
movement.
To allow us to describe the movements of synovial joints during physical activity, it is

essential that we have a knowledge of the universally accepted initial reference position.
This is the anatomical position, which is the upright standing position with the arms by the
sides and palms facing forwards. Movement can occur away from or back towards the
anatomical position. Therefore, most movements have an accompanying movement that
moves the same joint in the opposite direction and are therefore best listed in pairs. There
are many types of movement in anatomy that apply to many joints, but the one described
are relevant as a future Physical Educator. They have been divided into ‘main movements’,
that can occur at more than one joint and ‘other movements’ that occur at specific joints.
Superior
Proximal
Anterior
Posterior
(ventral)
(dorsal)
Distal
Medial
Lateral
Inferior
Key Terms
● Anatomical Position – An upright standing position with head, shoulders, chest, palms of
hands, hips, knees and toes facing forwards.
● Anterior – Towards the front of the body.

vs.
● Posterior – Towards the back of the body.
● Superior – Towards the head or upper part of the body.

vs.
● Inferior – Towards the feet or the lower part of the body.
● Medial – Towards the middle of the body

vs.
● Lateral – Towards the outside of the body.
● Proximal – Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body.
vs.
● Distal – Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body.
Main Movements
● Flexion and Extension
Movements that take place within the

sagittal plane and involve anterior or
posterior movements of the body or limbs.
Flexion
Flexion of a joint makes a body
part move in a forwards direction from
the anatomical position.
Extension
Extension of a joint makes a body
part move in a backwards direction.
NOTE: The knee joint is the only exception to

this rule where flexion moves the lower leg
backwards and extension moves the lower
legs forwards.
Image by: Mohammed Subhi El- Lulu
● Horizontal Flexion and Horizontal Extension
Horizontal flexion and horizontal extension are movements of ball and socket joints,
but tend to only be observable in the shoulder joint during sporting techniques.
Horizontal flexion
Occurs when the shoulder is
already flexed with the arm parallel to
the ground and the shoulder joint moves
towards the middle of the body.
Horizontal extension
Occurs when the shoulder joint

with the arm parallel to the ground
moves away from the middle of the
body.
● Abduction and Adduction
Motions of the limbs, hands, fingers or toes in the coronal plane of movement.
Abduction
A joint makes a body
part move away from the
middle of the body in the
anatomical position.
Adduction
A joint makes a body
part move towards the midline
of the body.
● Rotation
Occur within the vertebral column, at a pivot, or at a ball-and-socket joint
Rotation
A joint is when a body part

turns about its long axis from the
anatomical position. Rotation is
occurring at the shoulder joint as
the arm turns about an axis that
travels straight through the arm
from the shoulder to the wrist.
Rotation does not have a separate
opposite movement because it can
be a medial or lateral, which are
opposite movements.
● Circumduction
The movement of a body region in a circular manner, in which one end of the body
region being moved stays relatively stationary while the other end describes a circle.
Circumduction of a joint makes

a body part move from the
anatomical position, describing
a cone shape. The joint
performing circumduction stays
still while the furthest end of
the body parts moves in a
circle.
Note to remember: To help recognize the difference between rotation and circumduction movements, identify
the long axis of the moving body parts and imagine there is a pen being held at the end. If the body part is
rotating, the pen will draw a dot. It is circumduction, if the pen will draw a circle.
Other Movements
● Pronation and Supination
An anatomical terms that’s unique to the radio-ulnar joint and are separate terms
describe rotation of the forearm. In the anatomical position the radio-ulnar joint is
supinated. Radio-ulnar is a synovial joint that connects the proximal ends of the radius and
ulna.
Pronation
The radio-ulnar joint
makes the palm move to face
backwards or downwards.
Supination
The radio-ulnar joint is
with the palm facing forwards or
upwards.
Note to remember: To help recognize the difference between pronation and supination by thinking on how you
would carry a bowl of soup (‘sup’ination) in the palm of your hand.
● Lateral Flexion and Lateral Extension
Lateral Flexion
A anatomical term unique to
the spine. It involves bending the
spine sideways as you might do as
part of a warm up to mobilize your
body.
Lateral Extension
Returning the body to
anatomical position.
● Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion

Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion are anatomical terms unique to the ankle joint.
Dorsiflexion
The ankle joint makes the
foot move towards the shin as
when you walk on your heels.
Plantar flexion
The ankle joint makes the
foot move away from the shin as
when you walk on your tiptoes.
Note to remember: Plantar flexion of the ankle occurs when you point your toes, so remember ‘P’ for point and
for plantar flexion.
● Elevation and Depression

The downward and upward movements of the scapula and mandible.
Elevation
The upward movement of the
scapula and shoulder.
Depression
The downward movement of
the scapula and the shoulder.
Image by: Mohammed Subhi El-

Lulu
● Protraction and Retraction
The anterior-posterior movements of the scapula or mandible.
Protraction
Occurs when the shoulder is
moved, as when pushing against
something or throwing a ball.
Retraction
The opposite motion of
protraction. The scapula being
pulled posteriorly and medially
toward the vertebral column.
● Inversion and Eversion

Complex movements that involve the multiple plane joints among the tarsal bones
of the posterior foot ( intertarsal joints) and thus are not motions that take place at the
ankle joint.
Inversion
The turning of the foot to
angle the bottom of the foot
toward the midline.
Eversion
Turns the bottom of the
foot away from the midline.
Summary of the Movements of the Major Joints of the Body
Joints Movements Possible

Wrist ● Flexion and Extension
Radio-ulnar ● Pronation and Supination
Elbow ● Flexion and Extension
● Flexion and Extension
Shoulder ● Horizontal flexion and Horizontal extension
● Abduction and adduction
● Rotation
● Circumduction
Spine ● Flexion and Extension
● Lateral flexion
Hip ● Flexion and Extension
● Abduction and Adduction
● Rotation
Knee ● Flexion and Extension
Ankle ● Dorsiflexion and Plantar flexion
Stretch Your Mind
Name: ___________________________________________________ Date: __________________
Course/Year/Section:__________________________________ Instructor: ____________________
ACTIVITY 2
Classification of joints: Identify the joints numbered 1-8 in the diagram above and list the
bones that articulate to form each of the joints you have identified. Record your answers in
a table similar to the one below: (60 points)
Joint Joint Bone that Helpful

number name articulate hints
1 List three bones

2 This is an easy one
3 List three bones
4 List only two bones- find
the names of the bony
features that articulate.
5 Name the bones that

make up the spine – find
out the five areas of the
spine and the names of
the 2 bones at the top of
the spine.
6 List only two bones – find out

the names of the bony
features that articulate
7 Be careful here! List only two

bones
8 Tricky! List three bones, but

not the tarsal
Stretch Your Mind
Name:___________________________________________________Date:_____________
Course/Year/Section________________________ Instructor: ____________________
ACTIVITY 3-Movement Analysis
1. Take at least five (5) pictures of any household chores that you are doing.
For each picture, identify what movement it is. For example, trunk rotation
occurs in loading the washing machine.
Household Chores Picture of Household Movement Analysis

Chores
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Stretch Your Mind
Name:___________________________________________________Date:_____________
ACTIVITY 4- Essay
1. What is the main structural difference between synovial joint, cartilaginous

joints and fibrous joints? (15)
2. Explain how the bones and joints transfer the forces passing from your feet,
through the lower limb and pectoral girdle, and to the axial skeleton when
kicking a football ball. (60pts.)
MODULE II
THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
(The Muscular System)
Overview
The skeletal and muscular systems are very closely linked and are often referred to
as the musculoskeletal system. All sporting techniques, from the powerful executions to the
smooth elegance performances require the skeletal and muscular systems of our bodies to
work together effectively and efficiently.
Our skeleton provides the framework that allows movement to take place and our
skeletal muscles provide the energy to pull our bones and joints into the correct positions
needed for different types of physical activity. In this module, we will look at the structure
and function of both of these body systems, which will help us understand how we move
our bodies during physical activity. We will learn to describe anatomically the movements
that occur at the joints and to explain how these movements take place in terms of the
muscles in action and the type of contraction occurring. We can then use this knowledge to
carry out a full movement analysis for specific sporting techniques.
I Objectives
1. Identify and explain the major muscle that related to the main joints of the human
body.
2. Differentiate the concentric, eccentric and isometric contraction.
3. Recognize the three types of skeletal muscle fiber in the body.
4. Described the responses and adaptation of muscular system to exercise.
Lesson 2: The Muscular System
Did you know that more than 50% of our body weights are muscles. There are over
600 active muscles in our body and we have 240 muscles that have specific jobs (but don’t
worry you don’t need to know all of them!). These muscles in our body not only support
movement that do our daily functions ( talking, eating, controlling walking, etc.) that we
consciously perform but it also help to maintain posture and circulate blood and other
substances throughout the body among other functions. According to the National Institute
of Health (NIH), muscles are often related with activities of the legs, arms and other
appendages, but muscles also produce more subtle movements such as facial expression,
eye movements and respiration.
Based on our understanding from the skeletal system, we all know that muscles are
attached to the bones by tendons. These points of attachment at either end of the muscles
form the origin and the insertion. Muscles are bundles of cells and fibers. Always remember
that muscles can only pull, it can never push. When a muscles contracts, the pulling of one
bone towards another across a movable joint causes movement. Movements are go
together in pairs. As skeletal muscles are responsible for these movements, it makes sense
that muscles are also arranged in pairs. Whatever one muscle can do, there is another
muscle that can undo it to return the body to the original position. In addition, muscles are
also needed to provide support and stability to the body.
The Major Muscular System of the Human Body
Anterior View Posterior View

Trapezius
Deltoid
Biceps
Triceps
Pectorals
Obliques Latissimus Dorsi
Wrist
Extensors
Supinators Erector Spinae
Pronators
Gluteals
Wrist Flexors ● Gluteus

Medius
● Gluteus
Hip Flexors Maximus
Abdominals
Hamstring
Quadriceps ● Bicep Femoris
Gastrocnemius
● Vastus ● Semimembranosus
Lateralis
● Semitendinosus
● Rectus
Femoris
● Vastus Tibialis
Interrrmedius Anterior Soleus
● Vastus Medialis
Image by: BTEC revision guide in muscular system
Key Words:
The key terms is based on OCRASPES Student Handbook, 2008.
Agonist Muscle- The muscle that is directly responsible for the movement at a joint.
Antagonist Muscles- The muscle that has an action opposite to that of the agonist and helps
in the production of a coordinated movement.
Antagonistic Muscle Action- As one muscles shorten to produce movement, another muscle
lengthens to allow that movement to take place.
Cardiac Muscle- specialized muscle of the heart of the heart.
Core Stability- The ability or your trunk to support the forces from your arms and legs
during different types of physical activity. It enables joints and muscles to work on their
safest and most efficient position, therefore reducing the risk of injuries.
Fixators –Muscles stop any unwanted throughout the whole body by fixing or stabilizing the
joint or joints involved.
Origin – Attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction.
Insertion- The movable attachment of a muscle as opposed to its origin.
Skeletal Muscle- the principal executor of exercise, also known as voluntary muscle.
Smooth Muscle- muscle consisting of spindle shape, unstriped muscle cell.
Synergist – Muscles that work together to enable the agonist to operate more effectively.
Muscles Information
Joint Muscle Joint Location Activity

Movement
Anterior upper arm Pull-ups;
Biceps Flexion of biceps curl
Elbow the elbow up
biceps
Origin: Scapula
Insertion: Radius
Triceps Extension Press- up;
of the Posterior upper arm Dips.
elbow
Origin: Humerus and Scapula

Insertion: Olecranon Process (tip
of the elbow)
Supination Lateral anterior forearm Backspin in

Supinators of the Racket
radio-ulnar sports.
Radio-
Ulnar
Origin: Humerus
Insertion: Ulna
Pronation Superior anterior forearm Top spin in
Pronators of the racket sports.
radio-ulnar
Origin: Humerus
Insertion: Ulna
Flexion of Front of forearm Bouncing a
Wrist the wrist ball when
Flexor joint dribbling
Wrist
Wrist flexor
Origin: Humerus
Insertion: Metacarpal
Extension Back of forearm. Straightening

Wrist of the wrist of wrist
Extensor joint Wrist extensor (gripping

muscle)
Wrist extensor
Origin: Humerus
Insertion: Metacarpal
Shoulder Horizontal Posterior trunk (Large triangular Shrugging
(muscles Trapezius extension muscle at top of the back) and
associated overhead
with the
trapezius lifting
main
movement)
Origin: Continuous Insertion

along acromion (outer part of
shoulder blade)
Insertion: Occipital bone and all
thoracic vertebrae
Shoulder Anterior: Forms cap of shoulder (shoulder Forward,

(muscles Deltoids Flexion joint cover) Lateral and
associated Back arm
with the
main
Middle: Raises;
movement) Abduction Overhead
Lifting.
Posterior:
extension
Origin: Clavicle, scapula and

acromion (outer part of shoulder
blade)
Insertion: Humerus
Shoulder Horizontal Top of chest (Large chest muscle) All pressing
(muscles Pectorals Flexion movements
associated
with the
main
movement)
pectorals
Origin: Stenum,clavicle and rib

cartilage
Insertion: Humerus
Shoulder Adduction Large muscles covering back of Pulls- up and
(muscles Latissimus lower ribs all rowing
associated Dorsi movements
with the
main
movement) Posterior
Trunk
Origin: Vertebrae and iliac crest

( chest of the upper part of pelvic
bone)
Insertion: Humerus
Lateral Waist Oblique

flexion of curls-ups
Spine Obliques the trunk
Obliques
Origin: Pubic crest ( chest of the

anterior part of the pelvic bone )and
Iliac crest (chest of the upper part of
the pelvic bone)
Insertion: Fleshy strips to lower
eight ribs
Flexion Middle of abdomen (“Six pack” Sit-ups
Spine Abdominals muscles running down abdomen )
Abdominals
Origin: Pubic crest (chest of the

anterior part of the pelvic bone) and
symphisis (fibrocartilaginous joint)
Insertion: Xiphoid process (the
most inferior and smallest part of the
sternum)
Extension Long muscle that covers the Prime mover
Spinae Erector spine. of back
Spinae extension
Origin: Cervical thoracic and

lumbar vertebrae
Insertion: Cervical thoracic and
lumbar vertebrae
Gluteals Extension Posterior pelvis and Lateral hip Knee-
• Gluteus and (Large muscle on buttocks) bending
Hip Maximus Abduction movements;
• Gluteus Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus
minimus
cycling and
squatting.
Gluteus maximus
Origin: Ilium (upper part of pelvic

bone), sacrum and coccyx
Insertion: Femur
Quadriceps Extension Anterior thigh (Front of thigh) Squats, knee

•Rectus bend.
Femoris
Knee •Vastus
Lateralis
•Vastus
Medialis
•Vastus
Intermedius
Origin: Ilium (upper part of pelvic

bone) and femur
Insertion: Tibia and Fibula
Hamstrings Flexion Posterior thigh (Back of thigh) Leg curl;
•Semimembr Staright leg
Knee anosus deadlift
•Semitendin
osus
•Biceps
Femoris
Origin: Ishium (posterior part of the

pelvic bone) and femur
Insertion: Tibia and Fibula
Anterior pelvis (Lumbar region of Knee raises;
Hip Hip Flexor Flexion spine to top of spine) Lunges;
Squats
Pelvic bone Activation
Origin: Lumbar vertebrae (lower

back vertebrae)
Insertion: Femur
Dorsiflexion Front of tibia on lower leg All running

Tibialis and jumping
Anterior exercises
Ankle
Origin: Lateral condyle (the outer

side of the lower extremity of the of
the femur)
Insertion: By tendon to surface
of medial cuneiform
Plantar Deep to gactrocnemius Running and
Soleus flexion jumping
Ankle
Origin:Fibula and Tibia

Inserrtion: Calcaneous
Gastrocne Plantar Large calf muscle Running,

mius flexion jumping and
Ankle standing on
tip-toe
Origin: Femur
Insertion:Calcaneous
images by: Pearson Education Inc.
Different Types of Muscle
Types of Muscle Characteristics Location Examples

-Consciously controlled
-They fatigue during exercise ●On top of bones Biceps
Skeletal Muscle - Contract by the impulses and connecting Triceps
sent by the brain. them Deltoids
- Skeletal muscles contract
Gluteals
which pull on bones to create
movement.
-Unconsciously controlled
- Does not fatigue ●Heart The walls of the
Cardiac Muscle -Only found In the walls of heart
the hearts
-Helps circulate blood
through and out of the heart.
-Unconsciously controlled
- They are controlled by the ● Digestive and Arteries
Smooth Muscle nervous system. excretive organs Veins
- Control body functions such ● Respiratory Bladder
as the movement of food and Passageways Stomach
blood. Intestines
Cardiac Muscle
Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Image by: ADAM
Types of Muscular Contraction

We can classified all muscular contraction either isometric or isotonic contraction.
Key Words:
These key words are based on the definition of Pearson Education Inc.
Concentric Contraction- A type of isotonic contraction that involves the muscle shortening
while producing tension.
Eccentric Contraction- A type of isotonic contraction that involves the muscle lengthening
while producing tension.
Isometric Contraction – Tension is produced in the muscle but there is no change in muscle
length. It is a static contraction because the joint will stay in the same position.
Isotonic Contraction- Tension is produced in the muscle while there is a change in muscle
length. It is dynamic contraction because the joint will move.
Muscle Contraction- occurs when stimulus being sent to a muscle to produce tension.
Types of Contraction Characteristic Examples

-Muscle contracts and • Triceps on the
Concentric shorten. upward phase of a
Contraction - The positive phase of push up.
Isotonic muscle contraction.
Contraction -Muscle contracts and • Triceps on the
Eccentric Contraction lengthens. downward phase of
- This often occurs when push-up.
the muscle is controlling a
movement due to a load or
gravity.
- The negative phase of
muscle contraction.
Isometric Contraction -There is a little movement • Abdominals when
or no movement when the a plank position.
muscle contracts.
- Muscles does not shorten
or lengthen.
Example:
Holding the push up position.
When the triceps is holding the

weight (body weight), the triceps
occurs in isometric contraction.
Downward phase of the push-up.
When the triceps, produces tension and

lengthens, the triceps occurs in
eccentric contraction.
Upward phase of the push-up
When the triceps, produces tension

and shorten, the triceps occurs in
concentric contraction.
Note to Remember: The term muscle contraction can be confusing because the muscle is always shortening,
but there are some types of contraction when producing tension, the muscle will stay the same length or even
get longer. Remember that the movement cause by joint movement. It’s either control joint movement or stop
joint movement during muscular contraction.
Muscles in Actions
To produce movement, muscle perform a specific role as a member of a group. We
should understand the role of agonist and antagonist in producing a coordinated
movement.
Whatever movement that one muscle can do, there is another muscles that can reverse the
movement. Always remember that muscles are arranged in pairs. When a muscle contracts,
one will remains stationary (origin) and the opposite muscle will move (insertion). Many
muscle are work in pairs, an example of this the biceps and the triceps. They work together
to make one movement.
• The biceps contracts when we bend

the elbow (flexion) while the triceps is
relax. Agonist is the bicep and the
antagonist is the triceps.
Biceps
• The triceps contracts when we
straighten the elbow (extension) while
the biceps is relax. In this movement, Triceps
the triceps is the agonist and the
biceps is the antagonist.

Antagonist Muscle Pairs
► Biceps - Triceps
► Quadriceps - Hamstring
►Gluteals – Hip Flexors
► Gastrocnemius – Tibialis Anterior
► Wrist Flexors – Wrist Extensors
► Pronators –Supinators
► Abdominals – Erector Spinae

Movement Analysis of Physical Activity
A movement analysis of physical activity allows you to identify the joints, movement
and muscles that are involved in carrying out a sporting technique. It requires knowledge on
the joint type; type of movement produced; the muscles in action and the type of muscle
contraction take place.
Example:
A
B
C
Image by: Pali Rao
Joint Joint Type Joint Agonist Antagonist Type of muscle

Movement contraction
A. Hip Ball and Extension Gluteals Hip Flexor Eccentric
Socket
B. Knee Hinge Flexion Hamstring Quadricep Eccentric
C. Ankle Hinge Plantar Gastrocnemius Tibialis Eccentric
Flexion Anterior
The Muscle Fibers Type
Have you ever notice that athletes in a different sports can have much different
physique. For example, a shotput thrower and the triathlete. This is largely due to the type
of muscle fibers they have naturally and have developed through training. Thera are two
main types of muscle fibers: the slow twitch muscle fiber and the fast twitch muscle fiber.
Key Words:
Aerobic Exercises – performed in the presence of oxygen at a submaximal intensity over

prolonged period of time. The energy is released from glucose. Aerobic activities are
generally low intensity and endurance like rowing.
Anaerobic Exercises – performed in the absence of the oxygen at a maximal intensity that
can be only be sustained for a short period of time due to the build of lactic acid. Anaerobic
activities involves high intensity and power like sprinting.
Mitochondria - found in the muscle and is the part of the cell were aerobic exercise take
place.
Muscle Fibers – a muscle cell that is cylindrical long. This muscle fibers are held together in
bundles to make an individual skeletal muscle.
tendon
muscle
bundle
Image by: Pearson
bone
muscle fiber
myofibriis
Fast Twitch Muscle Fiber – One of the type of muscle fiber that is linked in aerobic work. It
produces a small force over a long period of time.
Fast Twitch Muscle fiber - Another type of muscle fiber that linked in anaerobic work. It
produces a large force over a short period of time.
Type Characteristic Examples

Type I Slow Twitch • Contract slowly Endurance events
• Low force of contraction ( marathon; long distance
• Aerobic rowing.
• High resistance to fatigue
Type 2a Fast Twitch • Fast contract Middle distance events
• Medium force of ( 400m; combination
contraction punches;)
• Aerobic and anaerobic
• Medium resistance to
fatigue
Type 2b Fast Twitch • Contract very fast Power events

• High force of contraction ( shot-put; Javelin; Power
• Anaerobic lifting)
• Low resistance to fatigue
Responses of Muscular System to Exercise
Responses Interpretation
When we are doing an exercise, our muscle
Increased Blood Supply demands an increase for oxygen and glucose which
we get by increasing our blood supply. Oxygen is
carries by the blood and oxygen is needed for
energy. The blood vessels expand to accommodate
more blood to enter in our muscles. This is called
vasodilation. Increases the blood flow is important
to ensure that our working muscles are supplied
with the oxygen. It is also help to remove waste
product such as carbon dioxide.
Increase in Muscle Temperature When we exercise we produce energy and it creates

heat. The more we exercise or the harder we train
the more energy we needed. The result is more heat
being produced. The amount of heat in our muscles
produce is in direct relation to the amount of work
when we are perform. This principle is happen in
warm up phase which prepares our muscles for
exercise by gradually increase its temperature.
Increased muscle Pliability Warming our muscle during physical activity makes
our muscle more pliable and flexible. The pliable
muscle are less likely to endure injuries like muscle
strain. Increasing our muscle pliability will improve
our joint flexibility as warm and the pliable muscles
can stretch further.
Lactate Accumulation During high intensity exercise, we may experience an

unbearable burning sensation in our muscle due to
the build-up of lactic acid. Lactic acid is a waste
product produced during anaerobic exercise. This
acid will build-up in muscle tissue which can result in
rapid fatigue and will delay muscular contractions if
it not remove quickly.
Micro-tears
Our muscle can experience stress during resistance
training like weight training, in which our muscle
fiber can experience a tiny tears. These micro tears
can cause swelling in the muscle tissue which gives
pressure on the nerve ending pain. Training
improvement will occur if we rest our body and give
time to repair these micro-tears. It will make our
muscle a little bit stronger than it was before.
before after
Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness The pain we felt in the muscle within 24-48 after the
(DOMS) strenuous exercise is called the Delayed Onset of
Muscle Soreness (DOMS). Usually the soreness
occurs at least a day after the exercise and can last
up to 3 days. DOMS is started by the micro fiber that
occurs when we exercise particularly when we do
unusual intensity exercise These DOMS is usually
related when we exercise eccentric muscle
contraction.
Adaptations of the Muscular System to the Exercise
Response Interpretation
Hypertrophy When the muscles are overloaded, it will

increase muscle size and strenght, this
thing occurs in regular resistance training.
The increase of muscle size because of
the muscle fibres becoming larger due to
the increases in protein in the muscle
cells this is known as hypertrophy.
Increasing the size of muscle fibers in
over time will contract greater force.
Increase Tendon Strenght Tendons are tough bands of fibrous
connective tissue designed to withstand

tension. Tendons are like muscles, it
adapts the overloading regular exercise.
The increase of flexibility and strenght of
ligaments and tendons will achived
through regular exercise. Ligaments and
tendons are connective structure around
joints.
Increase in Mitochodria Mitochondria are tiny structures in

muscle fibres which are responsible for
aerobic energy production. When fiber
size increase, there are room for more
and larger mitochodria, which makes the
muscles being able to produce more
aerobic energy which will improve
aerobic performance.
Increase in Myoglobin Myoglobin is totally found in the muscles.

It is a type of hemoglobin. We can
increase the amount of myoglobin stored
in our muscle. This is vital as myoglobin
will transport oxygen to mitochondria in
which will turn to release energy. The
energy of our muscle is depend on the
available myoglobin that we have. More
myoglobin, more energy for our muscles.
Increase in Glycogen Storage When our body adapts a long-term

exercise, our muscles can store more
glycogen. It means that we can train at
more intensities for longer as muscle
glycogen does not require oxygen to
produce energy. The stores Adenosine
triphospate (ATP) will also increase. ATP is
a cellular energy.
Improved Use of Energy Sources Well-trained athletes can use these fats
more efficiently, breaking them down into
fatty acids and turn into energy using
oxygen. When carbohydrates becomes
scarce, the fats use as energy sources.
Also muscle gets better at breaking down
glycogen so you can exercise at high
intensity level for a longer time.
Increase Tolerance to Lactate Anaerobic exercise stimulates the

muscles to become better able to tolerate
lactic acid, and clear it away more
efficiently. This increasing the body ability
to work harder for longer without
fatiguing. The next results is an increase
in the body’s maximal oxygen
consumption. This is mainly due to the
aerobic adaptations which allow you to
work aerobically for longer therefore not
producing lactic acid.
Warm up and Cool down
Warm ups and cool downs play a vital role in any sports. A warm up will help to increase the
performance quality on the day by preparing the body for exercise and to reduce the risk of injury
and a cool down will increase performance quality on following days by limiting muscle soreness
after exercise.
Stretch Your Mind
Name:___________________________________________________Date:_____________
ACTIVITY 5- Muscular System
Direction:
Label the muscle in the diagram (10 pts.)
5 6
1
7
2
8
3 9
10
4
1. ____________________ 6. _______________________
2. ____________________ 7. _______________________
3. ____________________ 8. _______________________
4. ____________________ 9. _______________________
5. ____________________ 10. ______________________
Stretch Your Mind
Name:___________________________________________________Date:_____________
ACTIVITY 6- MUSCLE FIBERS
IDENTIFICATION:
Identify what types of muscle fiber are in the following sports activities.
1. Rhythmic gymnastic 6. Parkour
2. Triathlon 7. Cycling
3. 100m dash 8. Boxing
4. Weightlifting 9. Zumba
5. Badminton rally 10.High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)
Stretch Your Mind
Name:___________________________________________________Date:_____________
ACTIVITY 7- REFLECTION PAPER
Choose any of the following topics and explain the effect on musculoskeletal system.
1. Impact of resistance training among children.
2. Impact of plyometric training.
3. Factors that contribute to fatigue and muscle soreness.
Stretch Your Mind
Name:___________________________________________________Date:_____________
ACTIVITY 8-Movement Analysis
1. Look and attach any sporting activity then identify the movement.
2. Please follow the pattern below.
Sample only.
C. B
.
Joint Joint Joint Origin Insertion Agonist Antagonist Type of

Type Movement muscle
contraction
A. Ball Extension Pelvic Top of Gluteals Hip Flexor Eccentric
Hip and Femur
Socket
References
Marieb, Elaine, N. 2009, Pearson Education Inc. ,Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9 th
edition.
Saladin, Ken. 2007, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form
and Function, 4th edition.
Aaberg, Everett. 2006, Human Kinetics, Muscle Mechanics, 2nd edition.
https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/mohdlulu/skeletal-system-12737472
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sunqY-ap1/chapter/types-of-bodymovements/
https://www.pearsonschoolsandfecolleges.co.uk/FEAndVocational/SportsStudies/ALevel/
OCRALevelPE2008/Samples/SamplepagesfromOCRASPEStudentBook/chapter1_sample.pdf
https://stgeorges-school.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/document/BTEC-Sport-Level-3-
Revision-Guide-Muscular-System.pdf?t=1581594809?ts=1581594809

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BPED 1020-ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN MOVEMENT

Central Luzon State University

“Excellent service to humanity is our commitment.”

Quality Policy Statement

“To develop the Institute as a Center of Excellence in the conduct of regional/national

“For the Institute to be the responsible Center for Sports, Recreational

“To produce athletes of high caliber.”

H.Y.P.E. Strategy or Home Yoked Physical Education strategies is an innovation of the

The human body is incredibly complex, comprised of different kinds of tissues

On successful completion of the module, the student’s will be able to...

1. Differentiate anatomy and physiology of the human body.

An overview of Human Anatomy and Physiology

Physiology- the study of functioning of living things.

Atom- the smallest part of an element; indivisible by ordinary chemical means.

Cellular- the basic unit of structure and function of an organism.

Tissue - a group of similar cells specialized to perform a specific function.

Organism – an individual living thing.

The Organ System

The Human Skin

● External cover of the body (skin)

● Protects deeper tissues from injury

● Site of cutaneous (pain, pressure,

sweat and oil glands.

● Acts as levers for movement.

● Production of blood cells

An organ system composed of the skeletal muscles, especialized mainly for

● Allows manipulation of environment.

● Maintains body homeostasis with

● Provides for sensation, higher

● Activates muscles and glands. Nerves

● Coordinates together with the

● Glands secrete hormones that

● Heart pumps blood through blood

● Blood vessels transport blood.

● Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide.

● Also carries nutrients and wastes.

● Disposes of debris in the lymphatic

● Supplies the body with oxygen Nasal cavity

● Filters inspired air. Oral cavity

● Rids the body of some excess

● To fight against invading

● Immune surveillance Thymus

● Get rid of worn-out body cells.

● Breaking down of complex Esophagus

● Egestion of excretion of Small Large

Urinary System/ Excretory System

● To get rid of wastes.

● Eradicate harmful chemical Bladder

● Maintain a steady, balanced

The reproductive system functions to ensure the continuity of the species by

Female Reproductive Organ Male Reproductive Organ

● Overall function is to produce offspring.

●Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones.

● Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones.

● Mammary glands produce milk.

Stretch Your Mind

Name: ___________________________________________________ Date: __________________

Course/Year/Section:__________________________________ Instructor: ____________________

ESSAY: Answer the following questions.

On successful completion of the module, the student’s will be able to...

3. Use a variety of anatomical terms to describe a moving body during physical

Lesson 1 : The Skeletal System

Joint – A place on the body where two or more bones meet.

Name: _________________________________ Date:

Course/Year/Section:______________ Instructor:

Name: _________________________________ Date: