4- SAFETY PERSONNEL TRAINING &
INDUCTION
“Safety first, because accidents last”
INTRODUCTION
SAFETY PERSONNEL TRAINING & Department Order. No. 56, Series of 2005
INDUCTION
Safety personnel training is conducted in order
to equip employees with the needed
knowledge and skill that will allow him to
perform his task in the right way, and
consequently, be able to comply with the set of
standards and procedures.
A safety induction is conducted to welcome
new employees to the company and prepare
them for their new role. It ensures workers are
fully informed about the organization and are
aware of their work and responsibilities, along
with the risks and hazards that may come with
their job.
SAFETY PERSONEL TRAINING
The training of safety personnel is regulated by
the Department of Labor and Employment
(DOLE) through the Occupational Safety and
Health Standards (OSHS). The OSHS
specifies the qualifications, training
requirements, and duties of safety officers in
workplaces.
According to the OSHS, employers are
required to designate a safety officer or safety
personnel depending on the number of
employees and the nature of the workplace.
The safety officer must undergo training as
specified by DOLE, which includes the
completion of the Basic Occupational Safety
and Health (BOSH) Training Course.
Department Order No. 198 series of 2018
IMPLEMENTING RULES AND
REGULATIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT
NO. 11058 ENTITLED “AN ACT
STRENTHENING COMPLIANCE
WITH OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND
HEALTH STANDARDS AND PROVIDING
PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS THEREOF”
Under the OSHS, employers are required to
provide their employees with safety and health
training programs that are relevant to their
work activities. These programs should cover
topics such as general occupational safety and
health principles, workplace hazards and
controls, emergency response procedures,
and the proper use of personal protective
equipment (PPE).
Guidelines for the Implementation of DOLE D.
O. No. 13, Series of 1998,
On Occupational Safety and Health in the
Construction Industry
Section 3: Methodology
a. Construction Safety and Health Program
(CSHP).
Section 5 of DOLE D.O. No. 13 - provides
that every construction project shall have a
suitable Construction Safety and Health
Program (CSHP).
f. Safety and Health Training
Section 13 of DOLE D.O. No. 13 - requires
that the contractor shall provide continuing
construction safety and health training to all
technical personnel under his employ.
Section 4: Costing
f. Safety and Health Training - Cost
associated for the provision of basic and
continuing construction safety and health
training to all safety and technical personnel
shall be made part of the indirect/overhead
cost of the project.
Examples of Safety Personnel Training
Safety Seminars and Orientations
Safety seminars and orientations are
conducted to educate individuals about
various aspects of occupational safety and
health. These seminars and orientations are
typically organized by employers, industry
associations, government agencies, and
training providers to promote a culture of
safety in the workplace and in the community.
Environmental Safety
Training on environmental safety covers topics
such as waste management, pollution
prevention, and conservation of natural
resources.
Emergency Procedures
Training on emergency procedures covers
how to respond to different types of
emergencies, such as fires, earthquakes, and
medical emergencies.
Rule 1030 (Occupational Safety and
Health Training) of the OSHS
SAFETY INDUCTION
- Serves as a starting point for an organization
to introduce a culture of safety in the
workplace
- Ensures that new workers are introduced to
the hazards and safe work practices in their
workplace
- Major resource for helping prevent an injury
or accident from happening in the workplace.
What is the purpose of Safety Induction?
Safety Awareness: Ensure all personnel
understand the importance of safety and are
aware of potential hazards and risks in the
workplace.
Compliance: Educate personnel on safety
regulations, standards, and procedures to
ensure compliance with laws and industry best
practices.
Risk Reduction: Equip personnel with skills to
identify, assess, and mitigate workplace
hazards effectively, reducing accidents and
injuries.
Emergency Response: Train personnel on
emergency procedures, including evacuation
plans and first aid, to ensure swift and effective
response to incidents, minimizing harm to
individuals and property.
WHO DELIVERS SAFETY TRAINING &
INDUCTION?
In most organizations, HR (Human
Resources) is responsible for coordinating and
delivering the induction program. However, the
responsibility for induction may also be shared
by other departments, such as health and
safety, operations, or management.
WHO NEEDS TO ATTEND A SAFETY
INDUCTION?
Ideally, any person who is new to a workplace
needs to attend a safety induction
PERSONNEL INVOLVED:
Employees
Contractors
Safety Officer
HR Representative
Site Manager
HOW LONG DOES SAFETY INDUCTION
LAST?
Up to 3 hours or It could last a day or two or
even a week, depending on what area of work
they will be in
WHAT ARE DISCUSSED IN A SAFETY
INDUCTION MEETING?
- Important information about hazards, safety
risks, procedures, policies, and all site-specific
information that they need to know about the
construction site they are working at.
- Making sure that all workers on a
construction site are fully aware and prepared
to report new and unknown hazards they
encounter.
- Everyone should be aware of how to work
safely with known hazards.
- Discuss how to report safety incidents, and
how to respond in an emergency.
- Discuss the safety procedures, safe work
practices, safety policies, site access, site
protocols, contracting requirements, and
general safety and procedure-based
requirements for working on a construction site
OVERVIEW OF SAFETY PERSONNEL
TRAINING & INDUCTION
1. Preparation
2. Welcome and Introduction
3. Overview of Safety Policies and Procedures
4. Identification of Hazards
5. Training on Safety Equipment and Personal
Protective Gear
6. Emergency Procedures
7. Demonstrations and Practical Exercises
8. Interactive Learning
9. Assessment and Evaluation
10. Documentation and Record-Keeping
TOPICS DISCUSSED IN SAFETY
PERSONNEL TRAINING & INDUCTION
Health Safety Environment Policy
Electrical Safety
Safe Gate Entry Procedure
Confined Space Entry
Emergency Procedure
Excavation Safety Manual Handling
General Safety Instructions
Safety Lifting
Safety Signages
Painting & Fire Safety
Site Traffic Rules
Scaffolding Personal
Incident Reporting
Protective Equipment (PPE)
Housekeeping
WHY IS SAFETY PERSONNEL TRAINING &
INDUCTION IMPORTANT?
All companies have an obligation to educate
employees on the importance of their health
and safety. Health and Safety Induction is an
important part of this process, because it
ensures that all new employees understand
the risks they are exposed to in the workplace
and how to minimize them.

WHY IS SAFETY PERSONNEL TRAINING &

INDUCTION IMPORTANT?
New employees are particularly prone to
accidents and ill health from work-related
activity, especially if they are young and
inexperienced. This is likely due to a number
of factors, including:
- A lack of familiarity with the working
environment;
- Reduced risk perception (a lack knowledge
or awareness leading new employees to
underestimate risks); and/or
- Issues with training (a lack of on-the-job
training, or in some cases no training at all).

OUTCOMES OF SAFETY PERSONNEL

TRAINING & INDUCTION
Help and encourage employees to work
safely.
Familiarize employees with the workplace
and their responsibilities.
Reduce accidents and injuries within the
workplace.
Improve safety awareness among
employees.
Demonstrate the commitment of the
employer to safety.
Help new employees transition into the
workplace.
Inform workers of their work responsibilities
and limitations when in the workplace.
Introduce employees to company policies.
Improve productivity and quality of work
among employees

SUMMARY/CONCLUSION
Safety Personnel Training & Induction serves
as a cornerstone in creating a workplace
where safety is ingrained in every aspect of
operations. By ensuring that all personnel
understand the importance of safety and are
aware of potential hazards and risks,
organizations can safeguard the well-being of
their employees, enhance productivity, and
uphold their commitment to creating a safe
and thriving work environment.
5- PROMARY CAUSES OF ACCIDENT AND
CASE ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVE: to identify recurring patterns,
contributing factors, and potential root causes,
ultimately aiming to establish a
comprehensive understanding of accident
prevention strategies and best practices in the
construction industry
FALLS FROM HEIGHTS
Fall is one of the major causes of injuries and
fatalities on construction sites. Workers may
fall from ladders, scaffolding, roofs, or other
elevated structures. Factors that contribute to
falls from heights include lack of fall protection,
poor safety equipment, inadequate training,
and poor housekeeping.
What were the contributing factors?
-lack of fall protection, poor safety equipment,
and inadequate training.
What are or could be the outcome?
-Fatalities, Severe Injuries, Permanent
Disabilities.
To prevent workers from falling, contractors
and construction managers must provide
guardrails, safety nets, and fall arrest systems.
Workers should be well-trained in using fall
protection equipment. Moreover, it is
everyone’s responsibility to ensure ladders
and scaffolding are in good condition.
STRUCK BY OBJECTS / FALLING
OBJECTS
These accidents occur when workers are
struck by moving objects, such as vehicles,
cranes, or falling debris. These accidents can
result in serious injuries, such as fractures,
traumatic brain injuries, or even death.
What were the contributing factors?
-Unsecured Tools and Equipment, Lack of
Barricades or Warning Signs, Unsafe Work
Practices, inadequate Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE).
What are or could be the outcome?
-Minor Injuries, Serious Injuries,
Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI), Fatalities
To prevent struck-by accidents, construction
companies must implement safety protocols,
such as traffic control plans, to separate
workers from moving equipment. Workers
must also wear highvisibility clothing and hard
hats and ensure that equipment and materials
are secured to prevent them from falling.
CAUGHT IN / BETWEEN
Caught-in/between accidents occur when
workers are caught between two objects or
caught in machinery. These accidents can
cause serious injuries or fatalities.
What were the contributing factors?
- Unsafe Work Practices, Lack of Training,
Inadequate Machine Guarding, Poorly
Maintained Equipment.
What are or could be the outcome?
- Fatalities, Serious Injuries, Permanent
Disabilities, Psychological Trauma
To prevent caught-in/between accidents,
construction companies must ensure that
workers are adequately trained on how to
operate machinery safely and follow lockout
procedures when performing maintenance or
repair work. Workers must also ensure that
they are aware of their surroundings and keep
a safe distance from machinery and
equipment in operation.
ELECTROCUTION
These accidents are the result of negligence
and undermined electrical standards.
Unprotected live wires or unsafe and faulty
electrical equipment can result in severe
injuries and fatalities in the form of electrical
shocks, burns, or current-induced fire.
What were the contributing factors?
- Contact with Live Electrical Sources, Lack of
Training, Improper Use of Tools and
Equipment, Poorly Maintained Equipment.
What are or could be the outcome?
- Fatalities, Cardiac Arrest, Burn Injuries,
Internal Injuries.
To prevent electrical accidents, workers must
receive proper training on how to work with
electrical equipment and follow safety
protocols, such as de-energizing equipment
before performing maintenance or repair work.
Electrical equipment must also be inspected
regularly to ensure that it is in good working
condition.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Construction is a vital industry, but inherent
risks exist. Understanding the primary causes
of accidents, the "Fatal Four" of falls from
heights, struck-by objects, caught-in/between,
and electrocutions, is crucial for creating a
safer work environment. Additionally,
addressing contributing factors like
inadequate training, unsafe practices, and
pressure is essential.
6- TOOLBOX/SAFTEY PRESTART
MEETINGS
OBJECTIVES
- To be able to explain the meaning of Toolbox
or Safety Prestart Meeting
- To be able to demonstrate how to conduct a
toolbox/safety prestart meeting
INTRODUCTION
- Toolbox meetings are small discussion to
understand safety that is conducted before
shift starts at the jobsite.
- Also known as safety briefings or pre-start
- Lead by the crew Project Leaders or Site
Managers
- Held daily prior to task
- Held anywhere
- Usually done for about 5-10 minutes
- Not only for Construction Industry
- A Company does not have to conduct many
toolbox meetings
- Attendance must be recorded
IMPORTANCE OF TOOLBOX MEETINGS
1. Reduce workplaace incidents
2. Keep all workers alert
3. Improve team communication and
productivity
4. Serve as a reminder of workers' duties and
responsibilities
5. Function as an updated record of hazards
and action plan
PURPOSE OF TOOLBOX MEETINGS
1. Raise awareness
2. Promote safe work practices
3. Encourage active participation
WHY SHOULD WE HAVE TOOLBOX TALKS
IF WE ALREADY HAVE SAFETY
TRAINING?
Safety compliance training, like defensive
driving, fall protection, or hazardous
materials handling is vital, important and
required. But at best, that compliance
training will be provided to employees only
once year or less often. Toolbox talks provide
an easy way to keep safety on every team
member’s mind, every day, every week. The
goal of toolbox talks is to provide safety
reminders, brief refreshers and quick lessons
on safety topics that might not get covered
in the longer safety training courses.
HOW TO CONDUCT TOOLBOX MEETING?
- Should be organized by Project
- Leaders or Site Managers
- Choose a current subject
- Draw up a schedule
- Keep it Short
- Document the meeting
CONTENT OF A TOOLBOX MEETING?
- Mention different job stages
- Talk about the tools and materials
- Talk about the hazards involved in
each of the stage
- Mention control measures
- Mention PPE requirements
- Consider other on-going job in the
area
- Ask and answer questions
TOOLBOX TALK TOPICS FOR SAFETY
MEETINGS
- Protective Equipment
- Electrical Safety
- Workplace Hazards
- Ladder Safety
- Forklift Safety
- Emergency Preparedness
- Wood Dust
- General Safety Reminders
- Construction Toolbox meeting
- Slips Trips and Falls Toolbox meeting
- Working at heights Toolbox Meeting
- Confined Space Safety Toolbox Meeting
- Accident Reporting Toolbox meeting
- Asbestos Awareness Toolbox Meeting
- COSH Toolbox Meeting
- Excavation Toolbox Meeting
- Fire Extinguisher Toolbox Meeting
- Fire Safety
- First Aid

SUMMARY
Effective Communication is a tool for
incident and accident prevention
1- CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY and HEALTH (COSH)
CONSTRUCTION SAFETY
involves implementing rules, regulations, and
safeguards at construction sites to keep
workers safe from injury and harm. There are
countless hazards that could cause serious
injury or death unless the proper precautions
are taken.
The DOLE is the lead agency of the
government in charge in the administration
and enforcement of laws, policies, and
programs on occupational safety and health.
(Legal basis: Presidential Decree No. 442)
LABOR CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
As embodied in Article 162, Chapter 2 of Book
Four o f the Labor Code of the Philippines,
“The Secretary of Labor and Employment
shall by appropriate orders set and enforce
mandatory occupational safety and health
standards to eliminate or reduce
occupational safety and health hazards in
all work places and institute new and
update existing programs to ensure safe
and healthful working conditions in all
places of employment.”
Constitutional mandate to safeguard the
worker’s social and economic well-being as
well as his physical safety and health.
Policy and Framework:
Labor Code of the Philippines
Art. 162 – Mandatory OSH Standards
Art. 164 – OSH Trainings
Art. 165 – Administration and enforcement
Art. 128 – Visitorial and enforcement power
Article 162 of the Labor Code of the Phil.
Secretary of Labor should:
• set mandatory standards;
• enforce such standards.
Article 164 of the Labor Code of the Phil.
Secretary of Labor should:
• develop and implement training programs;
• increase no. & competence of OSH
personnel.
Article 165 of the Labor Code of the Phil.
• DOLE solely responsible for administration
and enforcement of OSH laws, regulations,
and standards
• But, chartered cities may conduct industrial
safety inspections
Article 128 of the Labor Code of the Phil.
1. Inspectors have access to employer records
and premises
• at any time when work is undertaken
• can copy such records
• can question workers
2. Can order compliance of labor laws (after
due notice and hearing)
3. Secretary can order stoppage of work or 1040 Health & Safety Committee
suspension of operations in imminent danger 1050 Notification & Keeping of Records of
cases Accidents and/or Occupational Illnesses
4. Presidential Decree 626 – created the 1060 Premises of Establishments
Employee’s Compensation Commission in 1070 Occupational Health and Environmental
1975Sanitation Code of the Philippines Control
5. R.A. 8504 – HIV/AIDS Prevention Act – 1080 Personal Protective Equipment and
signed in February 13, 1998 Devices
6. R.A. 9165 – Comprehensive Dangerous 1090 Hazardous Materials
Drugs Act of 2002 1100 Gas and Electric Welding and Cutting
7. R.A. 6969 – Nuclear and Other Hazardous Operations
Substance s and Chemicals Act 1120 Hazardous Work Processes
8. Local Government Act – decentralized 1140 Explosives
some national government functions to LGUs. 1150 Materials Handling and Storage
Ex. Inspection of buildings, health care 1160 Boiler
provisions, etc. 1170 Unfired Pressure Vessels
9. E.O. 307 – created OSHC as national focal 1180 Internal Combustion Engine
point on: 1200 Machine Guarding
• training 1210 Electrical Safety
• research 1220 Elevators and Related Equipment
• information 1230 Identification of Piping System
• technical services/assistance on OSH 1240 Power Piping Lines
matters. 1410 Construction Safety
1420 Logging
OSHC – Occupational Safety and Health 1940 Fire Protection and Control
1950 Pesticides and Fertilizers
1960 Occupational Health Services
1970 Fees1980 Authority of Local
Government
1990 Final Provision

International Labor Organization (ILO)

CODE OF PRACTICE
Chapters
Center 1 General Provisions
2 General Duties
3 Safety at Workplace
OSH STANDARDS 4 Scaffolds and Ladders
Purpose and Scope 5 Lifting Appliances and Gears
The objective of this issuance is to protect 6 Transport, earth-moving and materials-
every workingman against the dangers of handling equipment
injury, sickness or death through safe and 7 Plant, machinery, equipment and hand tools
healthful working conditions, thereby assuring 8 Work at heights including roof work
the conservation of valuable manpower 9 Excavation, shafts, earthworks,
resources and the prevention of loss or underground works and tunnels
damage to lives and properties, consistent 10 Cofferdams, caissons, and work in
with national development goals and with the compressed air
State’s commitment for the total development 11 Structural frames, and concrete work
of every worker as a complete human being. 12 Pile-driving
13 Work over water
Rules of OSHS 14 Demolition
1000 General Provisions 15 Electricity
1010 Other Safety Rules 16 Explosives
1020 Registration 17 Health hazards, first aid and occupational
1030 Training of Personnel in OSH health services
18 Personal protective equipment and
protective clothing
19 Welfare
20 Information and training
21 Reporting of accidents and diseases
Department Order No. 13
Guidelines Governing Occupational Safety
and Health in the Construction Industry
Objectives
• To ensure the protection and welfare of
workers employed in the construction industry
• To ensure protection and welfare of the
general public within and around the
immediate vicinity of any construction worksite
as w ell as the promotion of harmonious
employer-employee relationships
• To take into consideration industry practices
and applicable government requirements
Department Order No. 13 Objectives
Guidelines Governing Occupational Safety
and Health in the Construction Industry
Effectivity – signed July 23, 1998
Accredited Organization - any organization
duly accredited by DOLE delegated or
authorized to perform functions related to
improvement of OSH in the form of training,
testing certification, SH auditing or any other
similar activity.
Construction SH Committee - the general
SH committee for a construction project site
that shall be the overall coordinator in
implementing OSH program
Construction SH Officer - any
employee/worker trained and, in addition to
the regular duties and responsibilities, tasked
by his employer to implement OSH programs
in accordance with the provisions of the OSH
Standards
Construction SH Program - a set of detailed
rules to cover the processes and practices that
shall be utilized in a specific construction site
in conformity with the OSHS including the
personnel responsible and the penalties for
violation thereof.
• Executed and verified by the construction
project manager or project manager
• Shall be submitted to BWC for approval or
modification
• Cost shall be integrated into the project cost,
provided it shall be a separate pay item.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
STUDY AND UNDERSTAND ALL
DEFINITION OFTERMS UNDER DEPT.
ORDER 13
Personal Protective Equipment
• Employer shall provide adequate and
approved type PPE within the construction
site.
• Construction workers who are working from
unguarded surfaces six (6) meters or more
above water or ground must be provided with
harness and life lines
• For Specialty Construction Workers
• For all other persons authorized or allowed
within the construction site
• Free of charge
Safety Personnel
General constructor must provide for a full-
time general construction safety and health
officer
Additional construction SH Officer
depending on the number of workers
Subcontractor’s safety officer
Construction Safety Signages
• Danger of contact with electrical/facility
equipment
• Danger of contact with moving parts of
machineries
• Location of fire alarm and fire fighting
equipment
• Instructional signs• Periodic updating of man-
hour lost
“Low risk establishment” refers to a
workplace where there is low level of danger
or exposure to safety and health hazards and
not likely or with low probability to result in
accident, harm or injury, or illness.
“Medium risk establishment” refers to a
workplace where there is moderate exposure
to safety and health hazards and with
probability of an accident, injury or illness, if no
preventive or control measures are in place.
“High risk establishment” refers to a
workplace wherein the presence of hazard or
potential hazard within the company may
affect the safety and/or health of workers not
only within but also persons outside the
premises of the workplace (e.g. construction,
mining, petrochemical, etc.)
“Safety officer”–refers to any employee or
officer of the company trained by the DOLE or
DOLE Accredited Training Organization and
tasked by the employer to implement an OSH
program in accordance to OSHS
“Worker” refers to any member of the labor
force, regardless of employment status.
“Workers’ OSH Seminar” refers to the
mandatory eight (8)-hour module conducted
by the safety officer of the establishment or
any certified OSH practitioner or consultant, as
prescribed by the OSH standards (shall
include a portion on joint employer-employee
orientation).
R.A. 11058
An act strengthening compliance with
occupational safety and health standards and
providing penalties for violations thereof.
The OSH Law has a matrix indicating the
administrative fines that may be imposed for
willful non-compliance of said law and its
Implementing Rules and Regulations(IRR)
under DOLE Department Order No. 198, S.
2018.
Pursuant to DO No. 198, the DOLE
Secretary and his representatives (through
the Bureau of Working Conditions) is
empowered to conduct spot audits and can
enter workplaces (which include
production sites) at any time of the day or
night where work is being performed to
examine records and investigate facts,
conditions or matters necessary to determine
compliance with OSH rules and regulations,
and in the case of the Safe Filming, to the
FDCP-DOLE Joint Memorandum
Circular(JMC). DOLE may order a stoppage
of work or suspension of operations of any
unitor department when non-compliance
poses grave and imminent danger to the
safety and health of workers in the
workplace.
Prohibited Acts and It’s Corresponding
Penalties
Any willful failure or refusal of an employer,
contractor or subcontractor to comply with the
following OSH standards below or with a
compliance order issued by the Secretary of
Labor and Employment or his/her authorized
representative shall be penalized of the
administrative fines as follows:
NOTE:
SOP- Service Operating Permit
WSO- Work Stoppage Order
Requirements in the Practice of OSH
Completion of the Bureau Prescribed Training
Course On OSH conducted by DOLE
Accredited Safety Training Organization
Basic Occupational Safety and Health
Training (BOSH) – an 8 hour OSH orientation
plus 2-hour training of Trainers designed to
impart knowledge and skills on basic concepts
and principles of occupational safety and
health to enable potential safety officers (SO1-
certification) to implement their company
safety and health program.
Basic Occupational Safety and Health
Training (BOSH) – mandatory 40 hours
training for all industries (except construction
and maritime) for safety officers whose work
involves OSH. Qualified as Safety Officer 2
(SO2).
Construction Occupational Safety and
Health Training (COSH) – mandatory40
hours training for those in the construction
industry, for safety officers whose work
involves OSH. Qualified as Safety Officer 2
(SO2).
BWC Accreditation as OSH
practitioner/consultant. Includes PNRC first
aid training to qualify as SO3.
CONCLUSION
Every safety officer and worker must undergo SECTION 18. MISCELLANEOUS
safety training and seminar in order to be fully SECTION 19. VIOLATIONS AND PENALTIES
aware of the hazards and risks in construction. SECTION 20. EFFECTIVITY
Standards set by the Government in terms of
safety requires every construction project to
have at least a fulltime safety officer and shall
vary depending on the magnitude of the works.
Any project not following the DOLE safety
guidelines shall be penalized according to the
gravity of the situation.

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND

HEALTHSTANDARDS
OBJECTIVES: To protect the employee or
workers from risk and hazards or other words
prevention for work accidents.
PROJECT SAFETY REQUIREMENTS AND
COVERAGE: Applicable to all employment
STANDARDS, OSH SYSTEM AND
EXCEPT:
LEGISLATION IN THE PHILIPPINES, IRR-
- mining industry
RA 11058
- Establishments engaged in land, sea,
and air transportation except their
DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 13 SERIES OF
garages, docks, port hangars,
1998: GUIDELINES GOVERNING
maintenance and repair shops.
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH IN
DOLE's Response on OSH in Construction
THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
- Decentralized Evaluation/Approval of CSHP
SECTION 3: DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY
(AO152 dated April 26, 2011)
AND ACCREDITATION
- Training and Accreditation of OSH
SECTION 4: COVERAGE
Practitioners (D.O. 16 s 2001)
SECTION 5: CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND
- Prioritized inspection of construction sites
HEALTH PROGRAM
-Inter-agency collaboration (MOA-JAO-DOLE
SECTION 6: PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
DTI-CMDF, DPWH, DILG-BFP)
EQUIPMENT
INTER-AGENCY MOA-JAO ON
SECTION 7: SAFETY PERSONNEL
CONSTRUCTION SAFETY
SECTION 8: EMERGENCY OCCUPATIONAL
MOA SIGNED: APRIL 7, 2011
HEALTH PERSONNELAND FACILITIES
JAO SIGNED: APRIL 29, 2011
SECTION 9: CONSTRUCTION SAFETY
- DOLE
SIGNAGES
- DPWHDTI - PCAB &CMDF
SECTION 10: SAFETY ON CONSTRUCTION
- DILG
HEAVY EQUIPMENT
- PRC
SECTION 11. CONSTRUCTION SAFETY
AND HEALTH COMMITTEE
PURPOSE AND COVERAGE
SECTION 12. SAFETY AND HEALTH
- Harmonization of policies and programs to
INFORMATION
ensure safety and health of workers in the
SECTION 13. CONSTRUCTION SAFETY
construction industry.
AND HEALTH TRAINING
- Strengthen coordination and linkages among
SECTION 14. CONSTRUCTION SAFETY
concerned agencies to promote welfare of
AND HEALTH REPORTS
construction workers and growth of
SECTION 15. CONSTRUCTION WORKERS
construction industry.
SKILLS CERTIFICATES
SECTION 16. WORKERS’ WELFARE
DOLE ISSUANCES ON CONSTRUCTION
FACILITIES
- D. O. 128-2013 - Amending Rule 1414 on
SECTION 17. COST OF CONSTRUCTION
Scaffoldings of the 1989 OSH Standards, As
SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM
Amended
- Issued Memo to DOLE-ROS
- Strict observance of the prescribed PCT of 5
working days in the processing of CSHP
- Adherence to the forged DOLE-DPWH Joint
MOA
- D.O. 131-B - Revised Rules on Labor Laws
Compliance System (LLCS)
- Hazardous Establishments

D.O 198: IRR OF RA 11058 "AN ACT

STRENGTHENING COMPLIANCE WITH
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
STANDARDS AND PROVIDING PENALTIES
FOR VIOLATIONS THEREOF”
Signed Dec 6, 2018
Published Jan 9, 2019 (Phil. Star)
Effective: Jan. 25, 2019
Coverage:
1. Establishments located inside special
economic zones and other investment
promotion agencies
2.Utilities engaged in air, sea, and land
transportation
3.Industries such as mining, fishing,
construction, agriculture, and maritime
DEFINITION OF TERMS
CLASSIFICATION OF ESTABLISHMENTS
1. High-risk establishment- refers to a
workplace wherein the presence of a hazard
or potential hazard within the company may
affect the safety and/or health of workers
2. Medium risk establishment - a workplace
where there is moderate exposure to safety
and health hazards and with probability of an
accident, injury, or illness.
3. Low-risk establishment - a workplace
where there is a low level of danger or
exposure to safety and health hazards and not
likely or with low probability to result in
accident, harm, or illness.

Exception:
1. Public Sector

EMPLOYER’S DUTIES AND

REQUIREMENTS:
- Register establishment to DOLE and comply
with OSH Standards
- Provide hazard free and safe work
environment
- Use approved equipment and devices
- Workers welfare facility
- Budget Safety and Health Program
- OSH reports .Micro and Small Enterprises (MSES) -
- Payment during work stoppage due to establishments employing less than 10
imminent danger employees and establishments employing
less than 100 employees, respectively,
WORKER’S RIGHTS: regardless
- Right to refuse unsafe work
- Right to Free PPE
- Right to know
- Right to report accidents.
Imminent danger - a situation caused by a
condition or practice in any place of
employment that could reasonably be
expected to lead to death or serious physical
harm.
Employee/ Employer Responsibilities
Project Safety Team/Committee
Responsibilities
Employer Responsibilities
- Provide a Safe Work Environment:
Employers are responsible for making sure
construction sites are safe and comply to
safety standards.
- Implement Safety Programs and Training:
Employers should establish comprehensive
safety programs and provide adequate
training to employees on topics such as
hazard recognition, fall protection, and proper
equipment usage.
- Provide Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE):
Employers are responsible for providing and
ensuring the proper use of PPE such as hard
hats, safety glasses, gloves, and respiratory
protection where necessary.
- Maintain Machinery and Equipment:
Employers are responsible for making sure
that all machinery and equipment on the job
site is safely operated, maintained, and
inspected on a regular basis.
- Emergency Preparedness:
Employers should have procedures in place Review corrective measures. Make written
for responding to emergencies such as fires, recommendation to correct the hazard, and
accidents, and medical emergencies. submit it to management for timely response.
- Accident/Incident Investigations:
Employee Responsibilities They must establish procedures for reviewing
- Compliance with Safety Procedures: reports completed for all safety incidents,
Employees must follow all safety procedures including injury accidents, illnesses and
and guidelines established by the employer, deaths.
including wearing PPE and using equipment They should review these reports so that
properly. recommendations can be made for
- Participate in Training: appropriate corrective action to prevent
In order to improve their understanding of recurrence.
safety procedures and hazard identification, - Safety/Health Planning:
employees should actively participate in safety They must establish procedures to review
training programs offered by the employer. inspection reports and make appropriate
-Report Hazards and Incidents: implementation of new safety/health rules and
Workers have an obligation to notify their work practices.
supervisors or safety officers as soon as they - Accountability:
become aware of any hazardous situations, They should make recommendations to
near misses, or incidents. implement supervisor and employee
- Wear Personal Protective Equipment accountability for safety and health.
(PPE): - Safety and Health Training for Committee
Employees must wear and properly use the Members:
required PPE provided by the employer to The committee must provide specific training
protect themselves from hazards present on on their type of business activity. Include at a
the construction site. minimum, hazard identification of the
- Use Equipment Safely: workplace and how to perform effective
Workers should operate tools and construction accident incident investigation.
equipment in accordance with safety Identify the location of safety procedures
regulations and manufacturer instructions. provided with appropriate equipment and
- Cooperate with Safety Inspections: inform employees of their location.
Employees should cooperate with safety
inspections conducted by regulatory agencies
or internal safety teams and provide necessary
information to ensure compliance.
- Management Commitment to Workplace
Safety and Health:
The committee must evaluate employers
safety/health policies and procedures, submit
written recommendations for safety
improvement and changes, and review
corrective actions taken by the management.
- Committee Meetings and Employee
Involvement:
The committee must hold regular meetings
and establish safety protocols from
suggestions, hazard reports, and other safety
information.
- Hazard Assessment and Control:
The committee must establish workplace
inspection procedures to identify safety and
health hazards.
They must also assist the employer in
evaluating the accident and illness prevention
program.

IMPORTANCE OFCOSH IN CONSTUCTION
SITES
WHY COSH IS NEEDED FOR YOU
- A COSH certificate holder is not only eligible
to become an approved safety practitioner by
fulfilling compliance and accreditation
requirements. Gaining knowledge and
expertise about the requirements of the
Occupational Safety and Health Standards,
including RA 11058 and other relevant laws
and legislation, is another crucial aspect of this
course.
- Completing the COSH program is a
requirement for safety officers working in the
construction industry under Rule 1030 of the
Occupational Safety and Health Standards
(OSHS)and the DOLE Department Order
No.13, s. 1998: Guidelines Governing Safety
and Health in the Construction Industry.
WHO SHOULD TAKE THECOSH TRAINING
COURSE?
- Safety Officers/engineers
- Members of safety and health committees
- Supervisors, mangers, and executives
- HR personnel
- Members of productivity councils
- Workers and union members/officers
COSH IS IMPORTANT FOR
THEFOLLOWING REASONS:
- Legal & Social
- Financial & Economic
- Moral & Ethical
LEGAL & SOCIAL
- The legal justification for managing health
and safety is based on the framework of
international and national regulations that
govern business and organization operations.
- In 1981 the International Labor Organization
(ILO) adopted the Occupational Safety and
Health Convention (C155). Later (R164)
supplements C155 and provides more
detailed guidance on how to comply with the
policies of C155. It identifies obligations that
might be placed on employers and employees
to achieve the basic goal of a safe and healthy
place of work.
- The Occupational Safety and Health
Standards Act, or the Republic Act (RA)
11058.Once enacted, this substantial
legislation will assist in reducing the rising
number of workplace injuries and illness in the
country.
FINANCIAL & ECONOMIC
- When an accident or ill-health occurs, there
will be direct and indirect costs associated with
that event.
- Accidents and ill health can significantly
affect the financial resources of an
organization and, in some cases, can put an
organization out of business.
- Direct Costs - the measurable costs arising
directly from the accident.
- Indirect Costs - those which arise indirectly
as a consequence of the event. are often
difficult to quantify precisely and may be hard
to identify.
MORAL & ETHICAL
- It is all about a duty that every person owes
to protect the lives of others.
- This includes ensuring that the workplace is
safe.
- The moral reason can be summarized as.
“it’s the right thing to do”. It is proper that
workers go to work to earn a living and return
home in the same state, not suffering from ill
health or physical injury.
- Managing health and safety in the workplace
protects employees. It is immoral to enable
them to labor in hazardous situations.
ISSUES AND CONCERNS
- Low Compliance Rate
- Limited Coverage of the Standard
- Absence of Strict Penalties
- Fragmented Administration
- Outdated Standard
RECOMMENDATIONS
- Enforcement and Compliance with OSHS,
RA 11058 & DO 198-2018
- Implementation of reporting mechanism and
revision of forms
- Continuous development of Construction
Safety Training NUMBER OF SAFETY OFFICERIN A
- Provision of adequate Training and CONSTRUCTION SITE
Information
- Conduct of Accident Investigation LOW RISK
- 10 TO 50 WORKERSONE (1) SO1
LEVELS OF SAFETY OFFICER - 100 TO 199 WORKERSONE (1) SO2
Safety Officer - 251 TO 500 WORKERSTWO (2) SO2 AND
refers to any employee/worker trained and ONE (1) SO3
tasked to implement occupational safety and - 751 TO 1000 WORKERSTWO (2) SO3
health programs in the workplace in
accordance with the provisions of the OSHS. MEDIUM RISK
- 10 TO 50 WORKERSONE (1) SO3
Safety Officer 1 - 100 TO 199 WORKERSONE (1) SO2 AND
refers to an employee who has completed the ONE (1) SO3
mandatory eight (8)-hour OSH orientation - 251 TO 500 WORKERSONE (1) SO2 AND
course as prescribed in the OSH Standards TWO (2) SO3
and two (2)-hour trainers' training. - 751 TO 1000 WORKERSONE (1) SO2 AND
TWO (2) SO3
Safety Officer 2
refers to an employee who has completed the HIGH RISK
mandatory forty (40)-hour OSH training course - 10 TO 50 WORKERSONE (1) SO2
applicable to the industry as prescribed in the - 100 TO 199 WORKERSONE (1) SO2 AND
OSH Standards. ONE (1) SO3
- 251 TO 500 WORKERSTWO (2) SO3
Safety Officer 3 - 751 TO 1000 WORKERSTWO (2) SO3
refers to an employee who has fulfilled the
following requirements: at least two (2) years SUMMARY POINTS & CONCLUSION
of relevant experience in occupational safety - Construction's health and safety
and health (OSH); completion of the performance has improved throughout the
mandatory forty (40) hour OSH training course years, but this does not imply that we should
applicable to the industry; and an additional be complacent; instead, we should be aware
forty-eight (48) hours of advanced/specialized that continuous improvement is possible and
occupational safety training course relevant to that we must reach the excellence level that
the industry. A qualified SO3 is qualified to be has establish for our industry.
certified as an OSH practitioner. - Workplace safety training is essential for
ensuring a safe and productive work
Safety Officer 4 environment. It entails providing staff with the
refers to an employee who has completed the knowledge and skills required to recognize
mandatory forty (40)-hour OSH training course possible hazards, manage risks, and respond
applicable to the industry, an additional eighty effectively in emergencies. Safety training
(80)hours of advanced/specialized covers a wide range of themes and practices,
occupational safety training course relevant to including danger recognition, correct
the industry, a total of three hundred twenty equipment use, emergency response
(320) hours of OSH related training or methods, and encouraging a safe culture
experience, at least four (4) years of actual among personnel. This safeguards
SO3experience, and other requirements as employees' health and safety while also
prescribed by the OSH standards and reducing financial losses, legal
Qualified SO4s will be eligible for certification responsibilities, and damage to reputation.
as OSH consultants.
9-10 COSH with Covid-19 Prevention and
Control
Measures & Job Hazard Assessment
COVID-19
- A highly transmittable virus and can be
spread from person to person by aerosolized
particles that are released when an infected
individual talks, sings, breathes, sneezes, or
coughs.
PHILIPPINE DOMESTIC CONSTRUTION
BOARD (PDCB)
- TECHINCAL WORKING GROUP (TWG)
“Construction Guidelines for Project
Implementation during the period of Public
Health Emergency”
4 M’s
- MATERIAL
- MANPOWER
- MACHINERY
- MONEY
THE GENERAL GUIDELINES IN
RESPONDING TO COVID-19
1. The contractor will assign a focal point to
implement and monitor prevention measures.
2. Restrict entry to all visitors during the
epidemic, until further instruction.
3. If a worker or any other individual feels ill,
they must stay home.
4. Hold briefings at the beginning of the
workday to discuss COVID-19.
5. Take the temperature of all personnel and
ensure that they wash their hands before
entering the site or the project office.
6. Upon arrival at the construction site, the
following preventive guidelines must be
maintained:
- Avoid handshakes, hugs and any other forms
of close contact on the job.
- Maintain a minimum distance of 1 meter at all
times
- Wash hands before eating and drinking and
do not share food or drinks with colleagues.
- Do not share or exchange your personal
protection equipment (PPE).
7. The proper disposable of used gloves and
face mask will be mandatory.
PREVENTIVE MEASURES IN
CONSTRUCTION SITES
- Disinfect the areas at least twice a day
- Frequent Handwashing of all personnel on
the site.
- Promote good respiratory hygiene
- Create a record of employees with long-term
conditions like diabetes, hypertension, heart
issues, allergies, asthma, cancer, etc.
WHAT TO DO DURING COVID-19?
AVOID THE THREE C’S:
- Crowded places
- Closed-contact settings
- Confined and enclosed spaces
WHAT IS JHA/ JOB HAZARD
ASSESSMENT?
- Is a tool to help analyze the hazards
associated with each step of a project so that
the proper controls are implemented to
eliminate or reduce any hazardous
consequences.
WHAT JOB ARE APPLICABLE TO JOB
HAZARD ASSESSMENT?
Jobs:
- With highest injury or illness rates.
- With potential to cause severe or disabling
injuries or illness,
- Jobs in which one simple human error could
lead to severe accident or injury.
- That undergone changes in processes and
procedures.
STEPS IN CONDUCTING JHA
1. Identify the hazard
2. Assess the risk
3. Evaluate the existing controls
4. Implement additional risk controls
5. Monitor and review
HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS
1 . Elimination- It makes sures to vanish the
hazard or hazard are no longer exists in all
areas.
2. Substitution- It means to alter or modify the
material or process to minimize the hazard.
3. Engineering Controls- The use or
replacement of engineered machinery or
equipment to remove or reduce exposure to
any hazards from coming to contact with
workers.
4. Administrative Controls- To reduce the
duration, frequency and intensity of exposure
to dangerous
chemicals or situations, changes in work
procedures such as written safety policies,
rules, supervision, schedules and training are
made.
5. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)- A
equipment worn to minimize exposure to
hazards that causes serious workplace
injuries and illness.
Examples:
- Safety Glasses
- Hard hats
- Hearing Protection
- Protective Clothing, etc.

ADVANTAGES OF JHA
- Set performance standards
- Standardize operations based on acceptable
safe practices and Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE)
- Provides a form of training documentation
- Reduces injuries
- Reduces absenteeism
- Increases productivity
- Increases morale
- Protects employees

TIPS IN CONDUCTING JOB HAZARD

ASSESSMENT
- Be sure to record enough information.
- Get input from other workers.
- Point out that you are evaluating the job itself,
not the employee’s job performance.
- Include the employee in all phases of the
analysis.
- Photograph the worker performing the job.
11- Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment
and Control (HIRAC)
HIRAC MEANING
HIRAC. Short for Hazard Identification, Risk
Assessment, and Control. HIRAC is a
systematic approach to identifying and
minimizing potential hazards in the workplace.
By carefully analyzing and evaluation risks,
employers can take proactive measures to
create a safe and secure environment
for their employees.
Why is it important to work safely?
- By implementing HIRAC, employers can
systematically identify and address potential
hazards, reducing the risk of incidents and
creating a safer working environment.
HIRAC Process
- The Hazard Identification Risk Assessment
and Control process consists of three steps:
hazards identification, risk assessment, and
risk control. Each step plays a crucial role in
ensuring workplace safety and reducing risks.
Step1: Hazard Identification
The first step in the HIRAC process is to
identify potential
hazards in the workplace.
Step2: Risk Assessment
Once the hazards have been identified, the
next step is to assess the level of risk
associated with each hazard.
Step3: Risk Control
The final step in the HIRAC process is to
implement controls to manage and reduce the
identified risks.
How to identify hazard
- Observing how work tasks are being
performed
- Assessing the equipment workers are using,
and
considering how that equipment is being used
- Analyzing the design and layout of the work
areas
- The physical work environment
- Equipment, materials, and substances used
at the workplace
- Work tasks and how they are performed
- Work design and management
What is Risk Assessment
- 3 C's - Collaboration, Context, and
Communication - are fundamental to the
success of an Integrated Risk Management
approach.
How to mitigate Risk
- Substitution
- Isolation
- Engineering controls
- Reduce the risk using administrative controls
- Reduce the risk using personal protective
equipment (PPE)
Long-term Benefits of HIRAC for
Workplace Safety
The long-term benefits of implementing
HIRAC are numerous. By proactively
addressing potential hazards, organization
can prevent incidents from occurring, thereby
minimizing downtime, worker compensation
costs, and potential legal liabilities.
Additionally, a safe and healthy work
environment leads to higher employee morale,
job satisfaction, and productivity.
Regulatory Requirements and Standards
1. Occupational Safety and Health Standards
(OSHS)
2. Republic Act No. 11058 (RA 11058),
otherwise known as the "Occupational Safety
and Health Standards Act
3. Department of Labor and Employment
(DOLE) Guidelines and Issuances
4. DOLE Department Order No. 198-18
5. DOLE Department Order No. 16-01 (Series
of 2001)
6. Philippine National Standards (PNS)
Training and Communication
Effective training and communication are
fundamental for ensuring that employees
understand and adhere to hazard
identification, risk assessment, and control
measures.
1. Safety Training Programs
2. Toolbox Talks and Safety Meetings
3. Online Training Modules
4. Safety Committees and Peer Mentoring
Case Studies/ Examples/ Scenarios
Case studies and examples play a crucial role
in illustrating the practical application of
HIRAC principles and highlighting the
effectiveness of risk management strategies in activities, processes, or operations.
various workplace settings.
1. Chemical Spill Response Procedure Technology and Automation- Utilize
2. Fall Prevention Measures technology and
3. Machine Guarding in Manufacturing automation tools, such as sensors, monitoring
systems, and data analytics, to proactively
Methods and Techniques of using HIRAC identify and mitigate hazards
Checklists and Forms- Develop in real-time.
comprehensive checklists and forms designed
to systematically identify potential hazards CONCLUSION
across different areas of the workplace. - Through effective hazard identification, risk
assessment, and control measures,
Job Hazard Analysis (JHA)- Break down job organizations can prevent workplace
tasks into specific steps and identify potential accidents and protect the health and well-
hazards associated with each task. being of employees.
- Continuous improvement and commitment to
Safety Walkthroughs and Observations- safety is essential for maintaining a culture of
Conduct regular safety walkthroughs and safety and ensuring that safety remains a top
observations to visually inspect the priority in all aspects of operations.
workplace for potential hazards.

Incident and Near Miss Reporting- Establish

a system for
reporting incidents, accidents, and near
misses in the workplace.

Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP)-

Conduct systematic reviews of processes,
systems, or equipment to identify potential
hazards and deviations from intended
operations.

Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)-

Analyze potential failure modes of systems,
processes, or products to identify potential
hazards and their effects.

Ergonomic Assessments- Evaluate

workstations, tools, and equipment to identify
ergonomic hazards that may contribute to
musculoskeletal disorders or repetitive strain
injuries.

Chemical Management and Material Safety

Data Sheets (MSDS)- Maintain an inventory
of hazardous chemicals used in the workplace
and ensure access to up-to-date Material
Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for each
chemical.

Environmental Risk Assessments- Assess

potential environmental hazards and risks
associated with workplace
8- PROJECT SAFETY INSPECTION & - Take Follow-Up Action
SAMPLE RECORDS
How to create a checklist?
PROJECT SAFETY INSPECTION 1. Identify inspection areas
- A monitoring carried out on-site, identifying all 2. Break down each area
the potential hazards that might endanger the 3. Define inspection area
health and safety of employees in buildings or 4. Create a Checklist
workplaces. 5. Test and Refine
- Ensure that all the materials and procedures
comply to the plan and
requirements/specifications

TYPES OF INSPECTIONS
- General Inspections- checks on matters
such as housekeeping, chemical use,
handling techniques, use of personal
protective equipment, machine guarding and
noise exposure
- Technical inspections- more specific and The construction safety checklist should
often of a more technical nature than general be comprehensive, covering the following
inspections. Used to check cranes, lifting Topics at a minimum:
devices, electrical systems, noise levels, - Permits
explosives handling, chemical storage, lighting - Previous inspection
levels - PPE
- Tools and equipment
How Often Should You Conduct Safety - Fall protection method
Inspections? - Protective devices and signs
OSHA divides its regulations into two - Electrical concerns
categories: construction and general - Scaffolding
industries. Construction safety inspections, or - Fire safety
self-inspections as OSHA refers to them, are - Emergency evacuation
recommended to cover the entire worksite and - First aid facilities
be done weekly. - General site and building safety
- Hoardings, safety barriers, and temporary
Who should conduct Safety Inspections? stairs
- Safety Officers - Clinical safety and infection control
- Frontline supervisors
- Contractors and Subcontractors Significance of Project Safety Inspections
- Supervisor 1. Quality control - inspections ensure the
quality of your construction project is up to
REASONS FOR SAFETY INSPECTION scratch.
- Identification of Hazards 2. Safety assurance - Regular inspections
- Assess the possible losses that these play a crucial role in ensuring the safety of
hazards might cause. workers and, eventually, the people who will
- Select corrective action to minimize or use the building.
eliminate these hazards. 3. Risk mitigation - helping identify potential
- Monitor the effectiveness of the control issues before they become major problems.
procedures 4. Saving time and costs - regular
- Review compliance with the OSH standards inspections can save you both time and money
in the long run.
INSPECTION STEPS
- Preparation Tools Necessary During Inspections
- Inspection - Clipboard or Notebook
- Develop Remedial Action - Flashlight
- Documentation - PPE
- Camera
- Checklist
Inside of a Safety Inspection Checklist
- Categories
- YES, NO, N/A
- Priority Level (1-4) (Low-High)
- Location(s)
- Hazard Rating (A-C)
- Corrective Action (Who/When/Where)
CONCLUSION:
Inspections of construction sites offer an
approach that enables teams to handle
unforeseen changes and human error that
arise during the project, which helps to reduce
some of that risk.
Ensuring safety on a project site is paramount,
and creating an effective inspection checklist
is crucial in achieving that goal. A well-crafted
checklist for inspecting construction sites will
facilitate the project's successful completion
and highlight areas in need of improvement.
Teams are able to get ahead of safety
concerns and eliminate risk in this way.
PROJECT SAFETY AND RISK
MANAGEMENT
WHY SAFETY AND RISK MANAGEMENT
ARE CRITICAL IN PROJECT EXECUTION?
WHAT IS SAFETY?
- Safety is the state of being safe; freedom
from the occurrence or risk of injury, danger, or
loss.
- Safety is one of the most important aspects
of a construction project, as construction
workers are often exposed to activities with
potentially serious hazards. OSHA guidelines
recommend a proactive approach to
managing workplace safety and health and
recommend developing a plan to identify and
select options for eliminating, preventing, or
controlling workplace hazards.
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
- Construction industry sites are one of the
most hazardous
workplace environments to work in with regard
to health and safety of employees.
- Construction site safety is a very important
requirement in the construction industry that is
often neglected on project sites. Without
proper safety regulations employees are
prone to minor and major accidents on a
regular basis because of the dangerous and
dynamic environment of the construction
industry.
IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY IN THE
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Public Protection: Construction safety
management systems in such places can
prevent any harm that may be caused to the
public due to construction processes.
Efficient usage of Time and Money:
Construction safety aids in saving excess time
and money that has to be spent in case of any
unwanted situations.
Promote Compliance: Abiding by the
regulatory compliances not only protects the
employees but also the organization on the
whole.
Safe Site Management: In order to promote
site safety, the safety manager must build a
strong relationship with the employees so that
they follow the safety manager.
SAFETY AND RISK MANAGEMENT
Risk management is the process of evaluating
and implementing procedures to reduce the
impact of risks in construction projects. This
risk management process involves thorough
planning to create a risk management plan
that allows project managers to identify,
monitor and mitigate risks as they arise.
RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS
Managing risks on projects is a process that
includes risk
assessment and a mitigation strategy for those
risks. Risk
assessment includes both the identification of
potential risk and the evaluation of the
potential impact of the risk.
These measures can be utilized for risk
management:
- Risk Identification
- Risk Analysis
- Risk Assessment and Evaluation
- Risk Mitigation
- Risk Monitoring
RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS
Risk Identification
- Potential risks are defined, such as work site
hazards
- Process involves using checklists of potential
risks and evaluating the likelihood that those
events might happen on
the project.
Risk Analysis
- Risks are then reviewed in order to determine
the probability of leading to negative
outcomes, their potential
consequences.
Risk Assessment and Evaluation
- After the potential risks have been identified,
the project team then evaluates each risk
based on the probability that a
risk event will occur and the potential loss
associated with it.
- Evaluating the risk for probability of
occurrence
Risk Mitigation
- This step is conducted in order to assess and
prioritize risks, as well as develop plans to
mitigate them using specific risk controls.
During this step, actions to address the risk
and drive improvement through interventions
occur.
Risk Mitigation
The project team mitigates risks in various
ways:
- Risk avoidance: usually involves developing
an alternative strategy that has a higher
probability of success but usually at a higher
cost associated with accomplishing a project
task
- Risk sharing: involves partnering with others
to share
responsibility for the risky activities.
- Risk reduction: is an investment of funds to
reduce the risk on a project.
- Risk transfer: a risk reduction method that
shifts the risk from the project to another party.
Risk Monitoring
- Part of the mitigation plan includes following
up on both the risks and assessing the
effectiveness of any controls in place that were
designed to eliminate or mitigate this risk(s).
A risk mitigation plan is designed to eliminate
or minimize the impact of the risk events—
occurrences that have a negative impact on
the project.
RISK MANAGEMENT FOR SAFETY IN
CONSTRUCTION
Risk management procedures for
occupational site health and safety can be
roughly categorized as in four simple steps,
that are:
Plan– The safety policies and procedures
must be planned as per risk assessment report
Check– In order to check for relevance,
effectiveness and
efficiency of implementation, the safety
performance is measured.
Do– Enforcements of policies and procedures.
Act– Proper remedial measures must be
adopted in order to
prevent safety and health issues.
CONCLUSION
Safety and risk management are integral
components of
successful project execution. By identifying,
assessing,
mitigating, and monitoring risks effectively.
Project Managers, Employers, and Safety
Officers can protect people, resources, project
objectives and safety within the project team
and continuously strive for improvement in
safety and risk management practices.
Additionally, proactive management of risks
not only ensures project success but also
enhances overall organizational resilience and
reputation.
 ROOT
CAUSE ANALYSIS
Root cause analysis is a method used to
identify the underlying reasons or fundamental
factors that contribute to a problem, issue, or
event. It involves systematically investigating
the chain of events leading up to the problem
to determine the primary cause or causes,
rather than just addressing the symptoms.
WHY CONDUCT AN RCA?
- Root cause analysis is a crucial tool in
preventing recurrent accidents in the
workplace. By identifying and eliminating the
underlying cause of an issue, organizations
can create a
safer work environment for their employees.
- Conducting a thorough investigation that
identifies root causes will help to prevent
similar events from happening again. In this
way, employers will reduce the risk of death
and/or injury to workers or the community or
environmental damage.
- Root cause analysis fosters a culture of
continuous improvement within an
organization, promoting efficiency and
productivity.
- Investing time and resources in root cause
analysis can lead to long-term benefits by
mitigating risks and enhancing overall
workplace safety.
THREE BASIC TYPES OF CAUSES:
Physical causes
- Tangible, material items failed in some way
(for example, a car's brakes stopped working).
Human causes
- People did something wrong or did not do
something that was needed. Human causes
typically lead to physical causes (for example,
no one filled the brake fluid, which led to the
brakes failing).
Organizational causes
- A system, process, or policy that people use
to make decisions or do their work is faulty (for
example, no one person was responsible for
vehicle maintenance, and everyone assumed
someone else had filled the brake fluid).
SYMPTOM APPROACH VS ROOT CAUSES
Symptom Approach
- The symptom approach is a method of
problem-solving or
analysis that focuses on addressing the visible
signs or manifestations of a problem rather
than identifying and
addressing its underlying causes.
Root Cause Analysis
- Root cause analysis is a method used to
identify the
underlying reasons or fundamental factors that
contribute to a problem, issue, or event.
How to Conduct Root Cause Analysis
1. Define the problem
2. Collect all the relative data
3. Identify and map events
4. Identify the root cause
5. Implement a solution
Tips for Root Cause Analysis
There are a few things to keep in mind so that
you get the most out of a root cause analysis:
- Address all root causes instead of focusing
on just one.
- Focus on systemic answers, not personal
ones.
- Back up claims with evidence of a casual
relationship.
- Fix "symptoms" of the root cause as well.
Several Tools used Root Cause Analysis
1. Fishbone Analysis
2. 5 Whys Technique
3. Pareto Analysis
4. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
5. Root Cause Tree Analysis
6. Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)
FISHBONE DIAGRAM
This visual tool helps identify potential causes
of a problem by categorizing them into major
categories like people, process, equipment,
 environment, their potential effects and causes. It helps
and proactively
identify and address potential issues before
they
occur.

ROOT CAUSE TREE ANALYSIS

management. It helps teams brainstorm and

organize potential root causes.

5 WHYS TECHNIQUE
This technique involves
asking
"why" repeatedly (usually
five times) to trace back from
the symptoms of a problem
to its root cause. It helps This tool uses a hierarchical structure to
uncover deeper layers of causation beyond systematically identify potential root causes of
the initial symptoms. a problem and their relationships. It helps
visualize the interconnections between
different factors contributing to the problem.
PARETO ANALYSIS

This technique involves identifying the most

significant contributing factors to a problem by
analyzing which factors are responsible for the
majority (80%) of the effects. It helps prioritize
the most impactful root causes for further
investigation.

FAULT TREE ANALYSIS (FTA)

FAILURE MODE AND EFFECTS ANALYSIS This tool is used to analyze potential causes of
(FMEA) a
This structured approach helps identify and specific event by creating a graphical
prioritize representation of the various combinations of
potential failure modes within a system, along events that could lead to the problem.
with
CONTROL CHARTS

These statistical tools are used to monitor and

analyze process performance over time,
helping identify unusual patterns or trends that
may indicate underlying causes of variation or
problems.

Summary and Conclusion

Root Cause Analysis is a valuable tool in the
construction industry to identify and address
the underlying factors contributing to project
issues. By conducting thorough analyses,
construction professionals can improve project
quality, reduce costs, and enhance overall
efficiency.
Implementing the recommended solutions
based on RCA findings can lead to successful
project outcomes and client satisfaction.
Hazards Evaluation
Methods & Tools of Evaluation
Introduction
Hazard evaluation or assessment is a process
designed to identify, assess, and manage
health risks and safety hazards in the
workplace. It is a widely used industry practice
that allows facility owners or operators to
develop a complete understanding of potential
hazards and the response actions necessary
to address these hazards.
Definitions
Hazard- A source, situation, or act with a
potential
for harm in terms of human injury or ill health,
or combination of these.
Risk- The combination of the likelihood of an
occurrence of a hazardous event or exposure
and severity of injury or ill health that can be
caused by the event or exposure
Acceptable Risk- Risk that has been reduced
to a level that can be tolerated by the
organization having regard to its legal
obligations and its own Occupational Health &
Safety policy.
Risk Assessment- The process of evaluating
the risk(s)
arising from a hazards, taking into account the
adequacy of any existing controls, and
deciding whether or not the risks is acceptable.
Common Types of Construction Hazards
• Physical hazards: Falls from heights,
tripping hazards, and electrical hazards
• Chemical hazards: Exposure to toxic
substances, gases, and fumes
• Biological hazards: Exposure to infectious
agents, bacteria, and viruses
• Ergonomic hazards: Repetitive motion
injuries and improper lifting techniques
Importance of Evaluating Construction
Hazards
Prevention of Accidents- Evaluating hazards
helps in identifying potential risks, preventing
accidents, and ensuring a safer work
environment.
Protecting Worker Health- Understanding
hazards safeguards the physical and mental
well-being of workers
by minimizing exposure to dangerous
conditions.
Legal Compliance- Evaluation is crucial for
compliance with safety regulations, avoiding
penalties, and maintaining a positive
reputation.
Two Types of Hazard Assessment
Formal Hazard Assessments
This type of assessment takes a look at
individual tasks involved in carrying out every
job within an organization, from office work to
front line labor.
Includes
• Identifying each position
• Breaking it down into discrete tasks
• Noting the hazards encountered in carrying
out each task
• Assessing the risks associated with each
hazard
• Recommending control methods for each
hazard
• Overseeing the implementation of these
control measures
• Periodically re-evaluating the hazards, risks,
and controls
• Regularly updating documents
Site-specific Hazard Assessments
Also known as field-level hazard assessment
(FLHA). Sitespecific hazard assessments are
more localized than its
formal counterpart. They are concerned with
identifying
hazards in a particular area, at a particular
moment.
Hazard Controls
• Elimination
• Substitution
• Engineering controls
• Administrative controls
• Personal protective equipment (PPE)
Methods and Tools for Evaluating Hazards
Hazard Identification & Assessment- It
involves a systematic approach to
understanding the risks
associated with various construction activities,
materials, and environmental factors. By
conducting a thorough hazard
assessment, construction teams can prioritize
and mitigate the most significant hazards.
Job Safety Analysis (JSA)- Job Safety
Analysis is a proactive tool used to examine
specific tasks or job procedures to identify
potential hazards and control
measures. It involves breaking down tasks into
steps and analyzing each step for potential
risks.
Site Inspections and Audits- Regular site
inspections
and audits are essential tools for evaluating
hazards in construction. These activities
involve thorough examinations of the site,
equipment, materials, and work processes to
identify any deviations from safety standards
and regulations.
Hazard Identification and Assessment
One of the "root causes" of workplace injuries,
illnesses, and incidents is the failure to identify
or recognize hazards that are present, or that
could have been anticipated. A critical element
of any effective safety and health program is a
proactive, ongoing process to identify and
assess such hazards.
Hazard Identification and Assessment
1. Collect existing information about workplace
hazards
2. Inspect the workplace for safety hazards
3. Identify health hazards
4. Conduct incident investigations
5. Identify hazards associated with emergency
and nonroutine situations
6. Characterize the nature of identified
hazards, identify interim control measures,
and prioritize the hazards for control
Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
A tried and true method to identify and reduce
the risk of workplace hazards is a job safety
analysis (JSA). In a JSA,
each basic step of the job is analyzed to
identify potential hazards and to recommend
the safest way to do the job. Other terms used
to describe this procedure are job hazard
analysis (JHA) and job hazard breakdown.
Where it should be conducted?
• Jobs with the highest injury or illness rates
• Jobs with the potential to cause severe or
disabling injuries
or illness even if there is no history of previous
accidents
• Jobs in which simple human error could lead
to a severe
accident or injury
• Unusual jobs/use of new tools or machinery
• Any task in which an employee/supervisor
has safety concerns.
Who should conduct JSA?
➢ Initially JSA’s are often conducted with a
small team such as a Safety Technician,
Production Lead or Supervisor, and a
Production Worker. However, as the process
is better understood through experience and
training, many organizations rely on their front-
line production workers to perform JSA’s.
The Four Basic Steps for Conducting JSA
1. Selecting the job to be analyzed
2. Breaking the job down into a sequence of
steps
3. Identifying potential hazards
4. Determining preventive measures to
overcome these hazards
Hazard Evaluation Tool
Hazard evaluation (HE) can be defined as the
systematic identification and analysis of
hazards associated with a given product,
machine, or process. It involves identifying the
hazards and the failure modes that allow these
hazards to cause injury, in addition to
determining the exposure of the hazards and
the severity of the hazard consequences. The
deliverables resulting from HE are a definition
of the system, a list of hazards, and a list of
failure modes with the associated hazard,
exposure, and consequences.
Hazard Evaluation Steps
1. Establish boundaries
2. Identify hazards
3. Identify failure modes
4. Evaluate exposure
5. Identify consequences
Conclusion and Key Takeaways
Hazard Evaluation is Essential
After comprehensively evaluating the hazards,
one of the primary conclusions is the
recognition that hazard evaluation is a
continuous process that requires ongoing
attention and adaptability. This means that
construction teams should regularly review
and update their hazard identification and risk
management strategies to address new
challenges and evolving work conditions.
Additionally, the importance of proactive
hazard evaluation, focusing on prevention
rather than reaction.

Hazard Evaluation is Always Beneficial

Furthermore, it is crucial to emphasize the
significance of incorporating hazard evaluation
into all phases of construction, from planning
and design to project completion. This
comprehensive approach ensures that
potential risks are identified and mitigated from
the initial stages, reducing potential
disruptions and enhancing overall project
success.
15- ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
CONSTRUCTION
ENVIRONEMNTAL SAFETY
- It is defined by the guidance, policies, and
practices enforced in order to ensure that the
surrounding environment is free from hazards
that will warrant the safety and well-being of
workers and employees, hazardous materials,
as well as the prevention of accidental
environmental damage.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN
CONSTRUCTION
- Provide effective, site-specific procedures
and mitigation measures to monitor and
control environmental impacts throughout the
construction phase of the project.
IN ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE
CERTIFICATE (ECC)
- Document issued by DENR
- It certifies that a proposed project or activity
has been reviewed and found to comply with
the country's environmental laws and
regulations and that all management plans are
in place as part of the Environmental Impact
Assessment.
DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 136 - SERIES
OF 2014
- Otherwise known as the Guidelines for the
Implementation of Globally Harmonized
System in Chemical Safety Program in the
Workplace, governs the handling and use of
hazardous substances and chemicals in the
workplace.

COMMON ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY DOLE DEPARTMENT ORDER NUMBER

CONCERNS: 136-14
- Habitat Destruction - Implementation of DO No.136
- Noise Pollution
- Soil Erosion
- Water Pollution GLOBALLY HARMONIZED SYSTEM (GHS)
- Air Pollution - The GHS is a system for standardizing and
- Waste Generation harmonizing the classification and labeling of
- Energy Consumption chemicals. It is a logical and comprehensive
- Hazardous Materials approach in:
- Defining health, physical and environmental
ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH AND SAFETY hazards of chemicals
(EHS) - Creating classification processes that use
- An interdisciplinary field focused on the study available data on chemicals for comparison
and implementation of practical aspects with the defined hazard criteria; and
environmental protection and safeguard of - Communicating hazard information, as well
people's health and safety as protective measures, on labels and Safety
Data Sheets (SDS).
LAWS AND REGULATIONS:
- Presidential Decree 1096 building code of the
Philippines
- Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC)
- Department Order No. 136 - Series of 2014
- DOLE Department Order Number 136-14

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 1096 BUILDING

CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
- The Philippine Green Building Code seeks to
improve the efficiency of building performance
by adopting measures that promote resource
management efficiency and site sustainability
while minimizing the negative impact of
buildings on human health and the
environment. Also known as “Philippine Green ESSENTIAL WAYS TO PROTECT
Building Code”. ENVIRONMENT DURING CONSTRUCTION
- Use of Energy-efficient machine
- Optimize Transportation
- Implement waste management plan
- Waste Conservation
- Control of Air & Noise Pollution
- Utilize Renewable Energy
16- WORKER’S ALERTNESS TO HAZARDS ANSI accredits standards development
organizations
Hazard Awareness (SDOs) that demonstrate compliance with
- Hazard awareness means paying attention rigorous
and being aware of what’s going on around criteria for openness, balance, transparency,
you that could be dangerous. and due process in the standardization
1. Promoting Safety process.
2. Minimizing Risks
3. Successful Project Completion - NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION
ASSOCIATION (NFPA)
Types of Hazards Offers training programs, seminars,
- Physical conferences, and
- Chemical certification courses for fire service
- Biological professionals, building
- Ergonomic inspectors, fire protection engineers, and other
- Psychosocial stakeholders involved in fire safety.

Consequences of Ignoring Hazards - AMERICAN SOCIETY OF SAFETY

- Workplace accidents and injuries PROFESSIONALS (ASSP)
- Health impacts ASSP provides guidance and assistance to
- Financial costs construction
- Legal repercussions companies in understanding and complying
with these
Factors Affecting Alertness regulations, helping them avoid penalties,
- Fatigue and Lack of Sleep fines, and legal
- Noise and Distractions liabilities associated with non-compliance.
- Complacency
- Lack of training Risk Assessment Techniques
- PPE non-compliance Identifying potential hazards, evaluating risks,
- Task Complexity and Repetition and implementing appropriate control
- Environmental Conditions: measures to mitigate those risks.
1. Job Hazard Analysis (JHA)
Strategies for Enhancing Alertness Workers and supervisors collaboratively
- Training programs assess the risks involved and develop control
- Safety meetings measures to eliminate or minimize those
- Reporting systems hazards.
- Protocols and procedures 2. Safety Inspections
- PPE provision Regular safety inspections of construction
sites help workers identify hazards and unsafe
Regulatory Compliance conditions before they lead to accidents or
OSHA Regulations: injuries.
The Occupational Safety and Health 3. Toolbox Talks
Administration (OSHA) sets and enforces Toolbox talks provide an opportunity for
workplace safety and health regulations in the workers to share their experiences, raise
United States. OSHA regulations cover safety concerns, and reinforce safety
various aspects of construction work, including awareness among the team.
fall protection, scaffolding, electrical safety, 4. Safety Data Sheets (SDS) Review
hazard communication, and personal By reviewing SDS, workers can assess the
protective equipment (PPE). risks associated with the substances they are
working with and take appropriate precautions
INDUSTRY STANDARDS to prevent exposure.
Specific Industry Standards: 5. Observational Risk Assessment
- AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS Workers and supervisors pay close attention
INSTITUTE (ANSI) to how tasks are performed, looking for
deviations from safe work procedures,
improper use of equipment, and other
indicators of risk.
6. Pre-Task Planning
Before starting a new task or activity, workers
engage in pre-task planning to assess
potential hazards, establish safety
procedures, and allocate resources effectively.
7. Near-Miss Reporting
By learning from near-misses, workers can
proactively address underlying safety issues
and prevent accidents before they occur.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, promoting worker's alertness to
hazards is not only a legal and regulatory
requirement but also a moral obligation to
ensure that every worker returns home safely
at the end of the day. By embracing a proactive
approach to safety and fostering a
collaborative culture of risk awareness and
mitigation, the construction industry can
achieve its goal of zero incidents and create
safer work environments for all.
WORKERS ALERTNESS TO HAZARDS
• Workplace safety and health affect the
overall productivity of every
organization. Workers are expected to
safeguard everyone's welfare but this
sometimes is not the case. Some
employees may even sabotage the
work of others that result to potential
risks and hazards.
• Safety consciousness may be
defined as awareness of hazards and
alertness to danger. It could reduce the
risk of accidents. A culture of alertness
is the way people do things to maintain
a high level of awareness to enhance
worker safety and health.
5 Common Office Hazards to Prevent
1. Slips, Trips and Falls
- Universal slip, trip and fall culprits include
unattended spills, wet floors, exposed cords,
unstable work surfaces, uneven floors, loose
rugs and cluttered areas.
2. Ergonomic Injuries
- Office workers spend many hours a day
seated at a desk, working on a computer,
resulting in ergonomic strains and other
injuries related to posture and repetitive
movement.
3. Eye Strain
- Spending a large portion of your workday at
the computer can cause eyestrain.
4. Fire Safety
- Cords should never overloaded outlets. The
most common causes of fires started by
extension cords are improper use and
overloading.
5. Indoor Air Quality
- The office’s air quality can be greatly
improved by proper maintenance, cleaning
and filtration of the ventilation, heating and air
conditioning system.
Ways you can work to stay safe on the job
1. Be Aware
- Always be alert to what’s happening in your
surroundings.
2. Maintain Correct Posture
- Use correct posture to protect your back
while at work.
3. Take Breaks Regularly
- Regular breaks help you stay fresh and alert
on the job.
4. Use Equipment Properly
- Always take the proper precautions when
operating machinery or using tools.
5. Locate Emergency Exits
- Always know where emergency exits are
located and keep the path to them clear.
6. Report Safety Concerns
- If you notice a potential safety hazard or risk,
report it to your supervisor immediately so they
can address the situation.
7. Practice Effective Housekeeping
- Maintain a clean and organized workplace
environment.
8. Make Use of Mechanical Aids
- Take the extra time to obtain a wheelbarrow,
crank, etc. to assist you in lifting heavy objects.
9. Reduce Workplace Stress
- Stress can contribute to difficulty
concentrating, which make it hard to be alert at
work.
10. Use Appropriate Safet Equipment
- Use the proper safety equipment for a task to
help protect yourself from injury.
How to Develop the Culture of Alertness
1. Promoting work-life balance
- Change the way organization views work-life
balance. There should be less pressure on
workers to work for longer hours.
2. Continuous training
- Regular training will enable workers to know
the new issues that they should look out for.
3. Changing the management style to be
more safety-focused.
- As a leader, inspire your subordinates to take
ownership of the overall safety of the
organization. Communicate any changes to
safety protocols and hold regular discussions
on the safety issues that arise.
How to Develop Safety Consciousness
1. Know the job and be thoroughly familiar with
the work plan.
2. Make, revise and utilize Job Safety Analysis
for tasks to be done.
3. Perform our own work in such a way that will
not create or leave hazard which may cause
accidents involving other employees.
4. Obtain training in first aid and become
thoroughly familiar with knowing hot to give
artificial respiration.
5. Take an active part in safety meetings.
6. Report all hazards, unsafe practices, and
accidents. Correct all hazards we observe and
are capable of correcting safety.
7. Accept responsibility for using safety
protective equipment on the job.
8. Teach our own families, co-workers and
others about accident prevention.

What Compromises the Culture of

Alertness
1. Complacency
- When your work is dangerous to a certain
extent, chances are that you will try to ignore
your fears to do your job properly.
2. Stress
- It is a major occupational health and safety
issue. Workers are more likely to deal with
weight gain, comprised immune system, and
less likely to have self-control.
3. Lack of enough sleep
- Sleep deprivation is another issue that
greatly compromises the culture of alertness in
the workplace. This may lead to the
development acute insomnia.
4. Leadership
- If you want workers withing your organization
to feel a sense of ownership concerning safety
policies, then you must lead by example.

Conclusion
Hazards may not be sometimes eradicated but
workers should be alert at all times and must
follow the safety policies and guidelines. It is
complex, tough and needs team effort.

“Workplace safety and health are the

responsibility of everyone. You need to be
proactive in safeguarding not just your welfare
but also that of your colleagues.”
Safety
Safety in the workplace is a concern that
should be considered strictly and closely
observed.
No matter in which occupation you are, safety
at work is of vital importance. Employers
should always ensure that all safety
advantages for their workers and workers
should obey all the safety laws and guidelines.
Awareness and Alertness
“Awareness and alertness help us spot
dangers, find quick solutions to problems and,
of course, answer difficult questions with
confidence.” – Dr. Prem Jagyasi
“We must be alert, our eyes must be opened
and our ears must be very attentive” -Sunday
Adelaja
Common Issues Identifies Affecting
Alertness
1. Injuries
2. Confusion
3. Memory Failure
4. Conditions in Environment
Injuries- affect workers alertness at site.
1. Head injury
2. Infections
3. HIV/Disease
4. Epilepsy
5. Brain tumors
6. Covid 19 virus
Confusion or Decreased Alertness
Confusion or decrease alertness is the first
symptom of a serious health illness particularly
in older adults.
- Infections (ex: urinary tract infection,
respiratory infection, etc.)
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Asthma
- Cardiac problem (heart failure)
- Diabetes
- Kidney failure
- Alcohol
- Malnutrition or vitamin deficiency
- Depression
- Thyroid problems
Memory Loss- that begins suddenly or that
significantly interferes with the ability function
daily may mean a more serious problem.
1. Dementia is a slow decline in memory,
problem solving-ability, learning ability, and
judgement.
2. Delirium is a sudden change on how well a
person’s brain is working. Can cause
confusion, change in sleep-wake cycles, and
cause unusual behavior.
3. Amnesia is a memory loss caused by head
injury, a stroke, substance abuse, or a severe
emotional event such as from combat or an
equipment vehicle accident.
Conditions in the Environment affecting
worker alertness
1. Cold temperature, leading to hypothermia.
2. High temperature, leading to heatstroke.
3. Hospitalization. This especially affects
older adults when their environment and
routines are changed.
4. Decreased oxygen in the blood (hypoxia)
from high altitude.
5. Exposure to toxins (poison), such as
carbon monoxide.
6. Exposure to viruses
- A decrease in alertness may progress to loss
of consciousness.
Conclusion
Worker’s alertness to the job is very vital in a
day-to-day basis. Workers must be conscious
all the time about the activities that are going
on around them. A decrease in alertness may
progress to loss of consciousness may result
to accidents and injuries in the job. It is also a
must that workers are required to have a
regular medical check up to identify their
health status and fitness to do the job.
How to stay alert at work?
1. Stay healthy, eat well.
2. Be in good condition before going to work.
3. Exercise daily.
4. Stay focus at work.
5. Stay away from distractions.
6. Rest during activity breaks to rest memory.
7. Drink enough water.
8. Go for a short walk before work to stay
awake.
9. Sleep at least 8 hours at night.
10. Reduce sugar intake.
11. Splash yourself with cold water.
12. Go for medical check-up regularly.