FOR THE PEOPLE

FOR EDVCATION
FOR SCIENCE

LIBRARY
OF
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM
OF
NATURAL HISTORY

LIBRARY
DEPARTMENT OF BIRDS
•AM-N-H*
 William F. Goultas

Whitney South Sea Expedition

November 1930 to February 193 2

Period dealing with the

Caroline Islands
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 Itinerary and Contents

1930

October 2i>. Arrive Ponape, Caroline Islands. 'France'

anchored Ponape Harbor.

November 1-3 0. Hunting carried on from vessel in Ponape

Harbor and environs.

November 30-December 10. Hunting party from the vessel

collecting at Bonkiti and mountains of the
interior.

December 10-13. Coultas, Ponaoe. Party remains at Bon-

kiti.

December 13-18. Bonkiti and mountains.

December 19. Hunting party returns Ponape.

December 20. Coultas returns Bonkiti alone. Riddall and

party collecting at Ponape.

December 21-29. Coultas collecting mountains interior

Ponape Island.

December 30-31. Ponape Harbor.

1931

January 1-5. Ponape Harbor preparing vessel for sea.

January 6-14. Snroute Kusaie Island.

January 15-19. 'Prance' anchored Lele Harbor. Securing

collecting permits making preliminary survey
of island.

January 19-February 28. Biddall collecting. Grew engaged

overhauling and repairing main hold of vessel.
Coultas blood-poisoning in left hand.

February 28. J. B. Riddall leaves expedition.

March 1-3. Collecting Lele Island and environs.

March 4-8. Temshal and Defayiat.

March 9-14. Fenkohl

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March 15-18. Lele' Harbor and Island.

March 19-April 2. Port lottin and mountains.

April 3-4. Lele Island.

April 5-21. Port Lottin and mountains.

April 16. Ascent Mount Grozier.

April 22-26. lavs a.

April 27-May 3. Port Lottin and mountains.

May 3- June 11. Lele Harbor and environs.

June 11-24. 'Prance' enroute Guam.

June 24-July 14. Engaged with 'Prance', Port Anra, Guam.

July 14. 'Prance' sails for Manila.

July 14- August 8. Goultas hospital Guam.

August 9-24. Collecting Taraque, north end of island.

August 24-30. Agana and Port Apra.

August 31. Enroute, Saipan, Marianne Islands.

September 1. Arrive Saipan Island.

September 2-6. No collecting, engaged with govt.

September 6. To Tinian Island.

September 7-14. Collecting Tinian Island.

September 15. Return Saipan.

Septem ber 17. One day collecting Saipan by native.

September 18-26. Saipan, no collecting.

SeDtember 26-Cctober 2. s/s Omi Maru, enroute Palau, Caroline

Islands

October 2-5. Korror Island, Palau Group.

October 6-8. Eyri ,

Babaulthaup Island.

October 9-November 9. Korror and small islands collecting.

November 10-30. Marakeok, Babaulthaup Island and interior is-

land.
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December 2. Korror Island.

December 3-4. Ngeanges Islands.

December 5-8. Korror Island.
December 9-16. Imaliek, Babaulthaup Island.

December 15. ’France' arrives from Manila.

December 16, Korror, moved aboard 'France.'

December 17-18. Peleleul Islands and return.

December 19-26. Korror Island.
December 26-31. Enroute Pabaul, New Guinea.

1932.

January 1-5. Enroute Rabaul.

January 5-11. Manakwari, Dutch New Guinea. 'France' put in

in di stress.

January 11-17. Enroute Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea.

January 17-19. At Hollandia.

January 19-28. Enroute Rabaul.

January 28- February 1. Anchored Lamassa Bay, New Ireland.

February 1. Enroute Rabaul, New Guinea.

1. 15
o nape Collections- 198-234

2. Kusaie Collections 235-247

3. Guam Collections 248-255

4. Tinian Collections 256-261

5. Palau Collections 262-290

6. Caroline Island Price List 291-292

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 1

Journal and Letters

Vol. II

1930.

Ootober 26 (Sunday). Ponape, Carolines.

Standing in toward the land all morning with a light breeze

from the E/s/E. Rounded the end of Kankenperbaram reef at

noon, and steered for the entrance to the harbor which we

reached but could not enter without an engine because of

the direction of the wind.

Hove to and hoisted call letters for a tug.

M/V Tokio-Maru took us in tow, hauled us well into the inner

harbor and anchored the ’France' in the boat channel fairway,

in 5 fathoms of water near Not Point.

Just at the moment we didn' t realize it but we

were placed in such a position that the Police headquarters

could, from their station on the hill, watch us every hour
of the day and night. ,7e also realized that we couldn't

sail out of the harbor, from our position if we tried for

donkey's years.

Droves of Japanese officials, each with their

none too clean uniforms, monkey hats, medals, short swords,

halitosis and bundles of papers boarded the ship as soon as

we dropped anchor. First came the doctor and assistants

who inspected us thoroughly, but would not issue us a

"Pratique." Next came the Police master, customs officials

and their attendants. They asked questions and repeated

them, then asked again; others pried into every nook and
corner possible, every drawer and every container. The
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 2

scene was a perfect replica--it only lacked the yellow tu-

meric paint and we would have been right back in dear old

Pennell Island.

Not content with prying into everything each and

every one of them wanted tea and biscuits, cocoa, coffee,

whiskey, tobacco, anything they set their eyes on, wanted

those things as a gift.

Our patience gave out finally. ,7e told them to

please leave the ship. I informed the horde that I would

come ashore the following morning to interview the Governor,

Strange to say, they did as they were told.

The police master, in parting, informed us that

we were under arrest for the Dresent and must not leave the

vessel. I don't think any of us cared to after the ex-

perience on board.

October 27 (Monday). Penape . Police boat along-

side at daylight, informing us to remain on board until af-

ternoon. The Governor had granted us an interview at 2 P.M.

Engaged with the crew unbending sails and stowing

them in the main hold. The Captain clans to commence work

immediately on new jibs.

To the Governor of Panape, whose realm also in-

cludes Xusaie and adjoining islands. He and his assistants

none Of whom would sneak English explained with notes of

parer written in English that we could not collect birds

until he had received permission from the Governor- General

in Palau. 7e must return to the ship and await a reply from

his cable.
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Ootober 28 (Tuesday), panane. Still in quaran-

tine. Several engineers and the captain frdra the 'Kasuga

Maru* Japanese "N.Y.X." mail steamer aboard to look at our

engine. They were not successful in starting the same.

The Port doctor and chief of Police aboard; the

former to examine the crew again and the latter, with pages

o" typewritten questions to make a chronological study of

our lives.

Grew engaged washing paint work preparatory to

painting vessel. The Master of the 'Kasuga Maru' very

kindly offered to bring us American tinned goods on his

next voyage.

October 29 (Wednesday). Panape. Engineers again

onboard, but failed to start the engine. They refused any

form of nay for their services, except generous samples of

our rapidly vanishing supply of whiskey. The chief engi-

neer advised us to go to American Gaum, as soon as expe-

dient, where we would find engineering work shops.

Grew engaged painting after part of the ship.

October 30 (Thursday). Penape. The Gan tain and I

were escorted ashore again, this morning, to the Governor's

office by the chief of Police and nine of his cohorts. These

formal entries of ours have developed into State occasions;

hordes of natives gathered along the way side to gaze

solemnly at our party as we passed along the middle of the

road--carefully flanked and covered by the Japanese gendar-

merie.

The Governor, Mr. Koda, informed us that the Palau

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 4

office would permit rae to collect specimens in the vicinity

of Panape only. He stated that I could not hope to work in

the mountains because the natives of the interior were far
too excitable and dangerous for safety.

He also insisted that I engage a Japanese guide at

3 yen per day to show me around the country. I refused to

hire a guide at that price, which meant that the man would
receive one yen per day and the lovernor two yen of the

salary. The matter was soon dropped.

The GrOvernraent would not permit me to issue fire-

arms to the natives or allow my own boys to hunt for me.

The Police master was told to make our hunting permits.

The 'Prance' was delegated to remain at her an-

chorage and was not to be taken to some other harbor on the

island.

,Ve were told that we could not visit the island

of Xusaie. I retaliated by informing the Governor that per-

mission had been granted me, through the Japanese Ambassador

in /ashington, D. 0., Mr. Matsudaira, to work all of the is-

lands of the Carolines. He agreed to cable Palau again.

Considerably more English was spoken by the Japa-

nese at the second interview than at the first.

Following the interview I was invited to referee a

base ball game between two Japanese ball teams.

Dinner in the evening with Mr. and Mrs. Etscheit

and Albert Xrau3S, the only white merchants on the island.

October 31 (Friday). Panape. Ashore this morning

early to obtain hunting permits from chief of Police. These

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5

were issued to me and Riddall only.

7ent into the question of banks with the Govern-

ment. I learned that money must be telegraphed to Panape

from the Yokohama Specie Bank in Kobe, Japan. Telegraphed

the bank at Kobe.

Later in the morning to Langar Island, hunting.

This is a low sandy island in the middle of the harbor,

planted with coconuts and a few trees. About 100 natives

inhabit the island.

I learned, soon after my arrival, that this par-

ticular island is a coal storage base for the Imperial Navy;

and is under the direct jurisdiction of the Navy and not the

Civil Government. Uneonsciously, I had blundered into the

very situation I had wished to keep away from: naval affairs.

Three Japanese escorted me over the island and

helped me collect a few Aplonis , Trichoglossus and Yy zone la .

Bird life was very sparse on the island, not the least en-
to
couraging. Netumed^the ship and gave the crew their first
real lesson in bird preparation.

November 1 (Saturday). Panape. Riddall and I

ashore to Not Point near the ship where we obtained a fair

collection of birds including the midgec Jephras , Phlpidur

and Monarcha besides those taken on the previous day.

He found this narrow neck of land difficult to

work over because of the profusion of underbrush and broken

coral stones which lay in all manner of jumbled profusion.

Walking any distance in the bush required a great length of

time and retarded us terribly.

 r ;

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 6

Often, though we saw a bird at some distance, be-

fore we could pick our way to within gun range, the specimen
had flown,
"Returned to the vessel afternoon and rrepared

specimens.

The Japanese four-masted bark 'Nippon Maru,' a

training ship of the merchant service, arrived in port and

began discharging sightseeing sailors. Scores of them came

on board until we had to ask them to leave.

Captain Lang, engaged with the crew, sending down

the outer jib stay and replacing same with a new one.

November 2 (Sunday). Ponape. No collecting. A

two-day celebration of the Mikado's birthday got underway

ashore this morning.

November 3 (Monday). Ponape. A continuation of

the previous day. We were honor bound to go ashore and par-

take of the refreshments, liquid and otherwise. I was dele-

gated to umpire two more base ball games.

November 4 (Tuesday). Ponape. The Governor, not

satisfied with the festivities, continued the celebrations

one lay longer. I concluded to eliminate more headaches

and scent the day in the bush with but mediocre results.

Most of the specimens obtained were Trichoglossus . This

species is very common in the coconut trees on this spit

of land east of Ponane village. I did see one Zosterops

which is encouraging.

November 5 (Wednesday). Ponape. Very stormy

night with frequent but irregular sharp westerly squalls.

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 7

le were up most of the night being afraid that the ship

would drag her anchor and put us on a reef.

Ashore hunting on the mainland again despite the

rain. Je added a flying-fox to the collections.
November 6 (Thursday). Ponaoe. Another very bad
.

night. The barometer dropped to 29:70 which is very low for

the tropics. The 'Prance' dragger her anchor and backed so

close to the reef astern that we could stand on the poop,

reach at arm's lergtb and touch the beacon on the reef. The

Japanese nearly lost their fine sailing ship which swung

broadside to the wind and pushed ashore. luckily for them,

they kedged her off before she had damaged herself. We had
been cautioned previously about the sharp destructive squalls

encountered in this part of the world and now fully agree

with all reports.

;7ent ashore early to Nambo Company and ordered

two 300 pound anchors and -30 fathoms more chain for the

ship. Our present ground gear is not adequate.

Hiddall and I hunting all day. 7a added Lai age

to the collections. Birds are indeed scarce here. The few

natives dwelling on this neck of land live in old wooden

houses left over from the german occupation. They are of

no help to us and insist that they cannot snare birds. They

also informed us that there are no rails on the island.

I

November 7 (Friday). Ponape. Niddall and I

hunting as usual to the spur of land near the ship. We
have cut trails in several places well into the back of the

spur and over the top of the 200 foot hill.

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 8

Returning to the ship with native Belleu, Riddall

got caught in the tide rips and overturned the small boat

with the subsequent loss of his double barrel gun. 7/as

necessary to send him to the Police master and report this

loss.

November 8 (Saturday ) . Ponape. Engaged two

Ponape natives at 30 yen per month each to help aboard, ship.

Both of them, Joseph and Cornelius, had been sailors aboard

the old 'Germania' in German time and oan sew canvas. I
j

took them before the Japanese officials and signed the fol-

lowing agreement as made out by the Government:

"Sir:

In the case of the sickness about the sailer, you

ought to cure for the sickness.

And in the case of death you must to send for office

of Caroline and ought to pay a solatium of 100 yen.

xoid you must prevent from querrel the natives each

other.

Signed.

0. Shoji.

W. F. Coultas"

Riddall with Belleu and Charley to dive for his

lost gun. Captain with his assistants at work on the new

outer jib. He has completed the new jib stay.

Myself to Takatik Island to collect Collocalia

(swifts) and Halcyon as additions to our collections.

Put the cook to work skinning birds much against

his scruples. He surprised me with his speed.

I
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a, . . us-. :oirso' oldr/ofi aid to ueoX Jcospasdse erii n'5iw

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 n
November 9 (Sunday). Ponape. '.Tent to Takatik,
another rocky island, in quest of swifts again but had no

success because of rain and wind.

Mr. Krauss, a German from the colony, off to din-

ner again. He urged me to put more pressure to bear on the
Government regarding the trips into the interior.

November 10 (Monday). Ponape. Collecting on Not

Point and environs all day. !

.Ve succeeded in adding

losterons to our series. Natives Charley and Tommy have

been shifted to bird skinning permanently. These two with

the Chinese cook can help Hiddall and me with birds and at

the same time have their mornings free to help aboard ship.

November 11 (Tuesday). Ponape. Kasuga Maru in

port enroute to Yokohama. The engineers aboard again at

the engine, but without success. Managed to get a letter

away to the Museum.

Hunting in the afternoon and procured a number of

flying foxe3. These are quite common in the mangrove
swamps, which surround the small islands of Langar-Auwak,

Takatik and Nantolemal Point.

November 12 (Wednesday). Ponape. Hiddall all day

at the engine, trying to put it back together after the

Japanese engineers had finished their survey. A number of

new parts, ordered months ago by Hamlin from the factory

in Germany, have been delivered but are of no use in our

present condition.

Crew and Captain epgaged with the new jib sail.

Myself to langar Island again and obtained a

 03 iriai . eqB.aaf . • vphaat 0 ledrsvov:

&mf :ts sdllae So taecp nl .Ihelai ^ooi led3 ©a*

• Iniw £)m nisi to eei/eo&cf eaeoowa

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 10

rather large eolleetion including Acrocephalus for the first

time.

November 13 (Thursday). Ponape. Vith old native

David in a canoe to Param Island, which is raised coral and

very rugged like Not Point. 7e obtained specimens of our

first Ptillnopus to-day. These appear to be quite numerous

on this island. A Japanese official of the police accom-

panied me all day.

There were a number of fine houses on Param in the

I
German times, but those have been allowed to decay while the

coconut plantations have returned to thick underbrush. Param

is about 300 feet high. The birds are more numerous on this

island than any place so far visited.

November 14 (Friday). Ponape. Hunting at Not

Point again. This is the only area where we are not mo-

lested by Japanese officials. I imagine that the going is

.

too rough in the bush for these people.

Obtained a creditable series of Halcyon and also

more Ptilinop us among our collections. The doves were en-

countered in high trees well back on the hill. They are

very wary here and are found alone, not in flocks.

November 15 (Saturday). Ponape. To Not Point

again. Riddall and I spent hours in the bush but unearthed

nothing new. .7e simply must be permitted to work a new area.

Captain and crew making progress on the new sail.

The bird skinners are doing well except on doves

.

which are too tender for them.

November 16 (Sunday). Ponape. Pain all day. Re-

 ;

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 11

mained on board labelling specimens. Made out a day by day

report of our hunting areas and results as required by law.

This sort of thing is a terrible nuisance but in keeping

with the Governmental methods.

November 17 (Monday). Ponape. To Not Point with

Riddall. I fell over the side of a 50 foot cliff that had

been overgrown with vines and shrubs. The unexpected fall

gave me a fearful shaking up but fortunately I sustained

only scratches and loss of dignity.

After the episode I returned to the ship, arrayed

myself in my best and visited the Governor.

Three hours of wrangling brought the desired re-

sults: permission to work behind the colony and into the

interior of Ponape Island.

November 18 (Tuesday). Ponape. Riddall to Ipuak

to the eastward where he obtained a good series of small

birds and more Ptilinopus .

Myself to the Government to obtain written per-

mits for our new collecting area back of the colony.

I cannot understand why the bank in Kobe does not

telegraph me money to Ponape. The officials are very stupid

about this business. None of them appear as though they

had ever heard of a telegraphic transfer before. In money

matters, these people are hard cash addicts. They do not

understand credit. Fortunately, for us, we have a good sup-

ply of commest ibles aboard the ship. ;7h at we do lack is

ready cash with which to purchase fresh vegetables and sun-

dries.
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. B(JO.OZlltt r? 8 to: . .508 Bill d

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3 03

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,ee ini)
 12

The Japanese do not permit us to trade with the

natives, with any goods other than those which we can pur-

chase from their stores. Our good .American trade tobacco

would be taxed 350 o/o if we gave them any indication that

we had a supply aboard.

November 19 (Wednesday). Ponape. .71 1h native

Charley to the area back of Ponape village. There in the
large flat swampy area of dense secondary bush and shrub we

found bird life far more prolific than on the small islands

and spits of land worked previously. A wealth of native

trails and roads crisscrossed the area but very few native

houses were encountered. Natives either live in the village

of Ponape or else farther west on Joka-j island.
J

Practically no one visits this area except

transients passing along the main trails to and from the

villages. An occasional Japanese dove and pigeon hunter

comes into this back land for specimens which he sells by

door to door canvas in the village.

There were no garden areas here. The smooth even

soil was indeed a relief after our days of torturous

climbing over rocks in our former hunting grounds.

'.7e returned with a fair collection including a

new Zosterops ( Hhamphozosterops ) and an example of the en-

demic jungle fowl Grail ua .

Aboard ship. -I started the Chinaman Ho Tack and

Jimmie making up bird skins. Those two are the only careful

preparators aboard the ship.

November 20 (Thursday). Ponape. Charley and I

I
 f

©r. j Jit x -a J oj ew t impel jOi,

dot:. edt
eesflBgB^ ©rfl
o£ eeeaBCfst

-r - use 3v deiiiw s&odJ asad Ted?® 8J5o® 6 ^ns ri^i w ,8©vl?sa

T " '
9 i' 6 T ;v r 0 ?
'

Q tots do S ui'~ : . .

j 60 id soil -
r i v;ns msd? svbj e>v: ti o\o OSf ;
ijexetf sd X Iwo?/

.AtboIb b bsd ov

. eqe to? . ( v.e

1
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« psi i

©s cfw xd& : cb dswd 'xta&.toosb ©« i©i to $ais ygmama ?Blt egisl

.
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ev i?en to ri^Ipsw A *ijIauoivem J&e^iojr Jbrsel to aSiqe 6ns

?v ."c <J iw d joeie erf? .ftesaoTOseiTc eJdBO v has &IisTJ

s\b :f.iv exit iii evil -sec tie Bevtdr' .hesBtdsto one ere a eeswori
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i ; ;‘ae;: ••) eeis Bid : ei?8i\ 3 x0 0:1 xilaoltoa t?

ori? do t •'? 2 1 1 st? uis ed? -.-Ole fcr;i ees q e?fl&i 6 j ot?

Ts?r;.i :
svofi aserfoqpd lend bsoco xiA .bssbIIIv

vd t. ioe 9 :
.to i rfw snesjlo'earB Tot Insi -load aid? o?nl e< ^00
r
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nave .i$oo « odS ea©ifc : /'T^£ cv. *T 9«r stsxiT

e . ov 3 to 5 to ai{sj& too lei Soil ex f Jdoa.oni sew lion

. : . t aiti.ud torso T: two ni sdooT two gnidx ilo

0 Tfliiwlorl no i doe XI 00 Tlfit b rf?i*r J&armrteT el,

»
nri? -to -••
> pre its .nrre o -.-s o i'u^.p .ir ,
sao’rs^Cu won

, b; ' I0X . £• »t :ir.oi)

r.w :-‘obX 0!. [BiwniriU ed? X©?tb?s I— . i ri a &TsgdA

futoTso vino 'end stb ow? 930.15 . eni>l-:. Mid qv %£:ld&at 9 i v.il.

. ids ed? I'xeodf: srotsie asq

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 1

to the area back of the colony again. Je obtained a good

aeries of specimens but nothing new.

Sent Riddall to Jokaj.a high rocky island some

2l/4 miles long by 1 l/2 miles wide lying to the westward

of Ponape village. This island reaches a height of over 800

feet. Its percipitous cliffs are reported to harbor. Petrels I

at night and also Collocalia . Hundreds of thatched native

houses are found along the foreshore. The inhabitants are a I

mixture of all the eastern Caroline races who were brought

here during German times. Most of them have served jail

sentences.

Biddall returned rather late from his excursion re-

porting that he could find no natives who would guide him to

the top of the mountain. The natives, so he said, held the

mountain in great reverence and preferred to remain on the

sea beach. Biddall did think he could obtain Collocalia by

camping overnight on the island. I suspect that this is an

excuse of his to get out of bird skinning, a task he despises.

I met Mrs. Anna Kubary, a dear old lady of 70 years'

and the wife of the late Austrian naturalist who collected

in the Caroline Islands and New Guinea. Mrs. Kubary, though

a native of Ponape, had been in Europe before the war and

could speak excellent English and proved a gold mine of lo-
cal information. She accompanied me to the ship and enjoyed
a very full meal of highly desired European food.

November 21 (Friday). Ponape. To Ponape to hunt

up a number of Japanese pigeon hunters and engage their

services to collect owls, rails, ground birds, etc. for me

 r i
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1)0 og s Ben is 3 do v.co lo o eri3 to- li'&ed 'B&ie 9o3 ct •:

. ... M3c- v M r
:o DMtaa $

p ; f.fc' M OT£ ’
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f,.^rnser e 3 oJ g, 1 *1 sM:. selln S'. I I \d gnol eelis &Vl ft

"

[eJt aid'. .©§bI£1v eq3no r

toqsi {j*r r: ettilo aooJiqic-

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•{'.Sri .TO’t e2 X?i It'd'., f”:. i- eniy 3e*s L.LX: £• i.:.

03 ::i id e.MjJS Hue .v odw e >vi -Jan on bull LIssoc ©G Mri? gaiJioq.

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opt 3 rr |fj *1
03 .bfi'S'JTSt S'XCf IrfB 9O.rl0i&VST 3 S @13 Kj£» *I 0 Ofii

»fg fiiisoo £ioQ trifled- Mo 00 on’ sfnidd bib lb d 617 .dosed i?©a -

n? ai a i dd 3 b di 3 seres 2 I .finfilci ed* no drigiinevo Sfllqinso

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qs si) ed os’!, •

•job l Jiesc , jui i

8160V )V t - £0 3 ob ,
i- '.:ii .<-*!£ d»r: i
.

Jn,iosf £00 our, Jeilniudfur hb ftui Mu *-’3 to sri * - aB

hna ti ! O'M sio^ed 9qo*fdS /; ni naed ,oc(Bno to evid-.-n a

-oX j. 1
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. ot o-aqovnx f5Sil8ed glfigir to Item Hot pev B

3niff. 3d eqr::0<r cl .ecwro- .lyysi 1M 1

IS -o.qsvovl

if 9n 3 egsgns nns e-iedddd noesUcr ee©x.-£qet to laditsoxi £ qn

-
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: ,s[;"C rvrlloo 0,7 box '•
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 14

at a fixed rate of one yen per bird if these are delivered

in good condition. The possibility of cooperation wi th

these hunters is remote as all of them spoke in terms of 5

and 10 yen per specimen, yet there is always a possibility

of something coming to light.

Hiddall with native Charley to Jokaj for petrels

and swifts. Charley to return with specimens to-night and

Hiddall tomorrow.

Myself hours with the Government trying to find

out where my telegraphic money transfer had gone to. I sus-

pect that there is not enough money in the treasury to meet

the 1000 yen draft.

Charley returned late at night with kingfishers

and a few small birds. Mr. Hiddall has not proved trust-

worthy when sent off alone.

. .

November 22 (Saturday). Ponape. Away early to

Jokaj where I met Hiddall and continued on to the caves.

There we obtained 18 swifts, 7 Ptilinopus . an example of

Gallicolumba and also one black knob Digeon, Duo ula Pacifica . 1

These latter have been practically exterminated by Japa-

nese game hunters who retail them in the village at 35

sen each.

The natives, apparently, have no intentions of

showing us the road up the side of the cliffs to the petrel

roosts if such a one is in existence.

November 23 (Sunday). Ponape. I was called be-

fore the chief of police "Shoji" this morning and forcefully

reprimanded for collecting on Jokaj without permission. My

 rtoi.i'- I
r
©iv asriJ fold ieq ottv an o’ "
o
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; e. : ’:i ©fffti .fcexf: e

•.. Iif ijoj-isisrrooe 'to \;ff il icf J fi *?oq iiri’l' .rio i3IJ&ncfa j&ooji ni

c *-o s.rxe.y ci arioqe aiedff lo I Lb jb effo^ex ei ax offroad eaec-ff

r
. -
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;• . : -j r ,n- li.e-.T 8 - . , nev OX Xne-

11 04 £• . into & Vj- 2 f; ff 8 SIC 8 !©•

xo! .>31 >0 03 \;©Ii «rfO erilM dttfr IXeJ&j&lH

rcmoirtcff II«J& 61K

nx 11 off >. iv/: ' 3/-- ..Ti'itTo; »i1 3 : 3 i r axnon llaav .

-ana I . o3 quo: f*J3t( isls mm t:. aou oidqox^eleff y,& sxed» luo

4eS iV off vxneesiff s 3 ni vecro.fi tii jone ;oa si err eh J fferiff dt>(*n

. ffl£T& ris% COOL ehff

alone il-vri -

dff 0 4b effel be&fmi&t ^©IrtariO

•
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'...£.• -

3 :
e vo 'to $o Br[ llB&bi" .i 1 .efv. cu Hen* vel * ute

. fv:ol- > da ee aen’r; senior?

o 0 .
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.89,730 9 ri 4 03 i o 1 oortiffnoo X " XXe.r. iS del: I exerie &B3ioli

to wXqnnxe i.
, lUJqofxjl 14" •'
t affiles 81 boa iBffcfo ear cietiT"

.Boilion-'f aiuoifG ,fl 06 ^f ? dond ?lon i erto osle i::a sdimlooills!)

-BtTfiX. ”*'d Jbeffi-jii ’igffxo xXinoiffoBxq need ©vnd leffffsl taeriT

r
an •: lI iv ©riff ni roerfff I is Sex ode vr&ffiKjcf one* ©sen

dose n©a

: '.X' ,\.'ff.. ,
x.v.Xrx s;".

Jsifftvr 9fi3 off 3 •

i lo erfff lo obis eriff on Xsox ariff Bn gciieoria

.noise I rare -
ffuo.fflT Xb 3Io& no 511 iff cellos xol i>efcnemlxq 9 X
only retort was to inform that gentleman that we had collec-

ted all of the kinds of species around Ponape and that now we

must go farther afield for material. He wished to know how

much longer I would remain on Ponape. To this question I

replied no longer than necessary to complete our series. I

begged the cooperation of the Government to help me complete

the task and get away. This conversation, as with all

others, was carefully recorded by the office clerks. ||

Returned to the vessel and labeled specimens.

November 24 (Monday). Ponape. Riddall to Joka;j

again and returned late with good material. Myself south

of Ponape to the region of the Tawenjokola River. There I

found considerable swampy ground, plenty of secondary bush,

some true forest and rough broken Basaltic stones which

made walking tedious. My marksmanship for the day was ex-

cellent with 21 birds in 21 shots.

The C a r)tain aboard is making splendid progress

with his new sail and has also sandpapered the spars and

masts ready for varnishing. With Lang's constant efforTs

we have a fine looking vessel.

Considerable fresh fish have found their way

aboard ship these last mornings. The crew have found means

of getting ashore during the night and pilfering the Japa-

nese fish traps scattered indiscriminately about the harbor.

One never asks his native assistants where things

come from but should always reimburse them with a little

tobacco or additional rice on such occasions. *0f course,

one can not tolerate stealing or pilfering of native gar-

 ; . ' 1

-oslioo JbBd ew S&tii M.&c:el$ileg dBad *cotni o 3 sbs 3to3et ^Xno

,, --/on 3b 3 bus e-qaiio'- tt-utn* ee ioeoc to sJtnlsi arid to lie Jb&t

•xoci ?oayl c3 bedel* ©H .Ifli'retfBc ioi j&XeitB ledtfTct os sea at

l no i3;-.s. p Bid? o3 o i/ ;3»*f ‘

I.oo: X isgaol rio-x

I .g -itea two e3 elqtx o 03 ijiBesesen r»;:? ire«BxvoI on al.ciS'i

oled ns dnemimv f3 to uoi?fi*©3©Go srii X&sbM

Cle n'3 iir er f
••-
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Jf steV/i ot> a rn’T .^aws 3 9% >'sb 3 erirf

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d?0. oe t rsB'-’i . Ir .tied a />oo§ i; S lr\ e: el bmiufei baa n iesjc

I eiedi .tsvlf £• coaJo^fleTBX '

-.is to aoj%ei.,t;\$ '02 gqenci Xo

" ©XdBrtBiiBi C£
£q . Q_*X T/Hfiew-i. •
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rioj; :j)3-r ,‘>!o J 007 X.- 3e©7 t : 113 SCC08

-xs ©ew y^eir-ari? 'rol . « •

.eto;, IS j.;i si 'id IS t

n3U cfaeXIeo

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yjB 7 ' 1 SfucS : V£ . : ; 8 il

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:• nr - .'
:0cS evt-.’ v.'-vt o Sx ,8fii later; 3 s el -eee'rfd or ids lie ode

-jp i-S . ; oi‘ >.

! ' f ; -
Xt.b 'fil'd n 6 2 Iiub tvoryr jni?2ej to

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:
rSrtl 1 s tei Jcu sc? .: s

•;
: •'
: ; •serirr eS £?s; b,::c r*.r sicrolso isvfer eaO

eX? 311 e rid Irr xersti set- d is*x s-'.^^Xa Isons 3xr o xtott enroo

arid r to s i' ecXls ' -i i - 9?0telo? 3oa asc e:-o

 16

dens at any time- -anywhere . My Solomon islanders understand

that law pretty well.

November 25 (Tuesday). Ponape. Riddall to Jokaj

and returned with a fine bag of birds, including 11

Ptilinopus . He has found their feeding grounds in high

fruit trees.

Myself south of the colony again where I obtained

a nice series of Zosterops from the secondary bush.

A few Lalages from the true forest and another

Gallicolumba .

Received a belated cable from the Yokohama

Specie Bank in Kobe, advising me that they were forwarding

my money by mail steamer to reach here December 9. .Thy

this procedure and the length of time taken to inform me is

more than I can fathom.

leather was fine all day, permitting the Captain

to varnish the masts and spars.

November 26 (Tednesday). Ponane. To the Govern-
c
ment and made a formal application to collect at Rankiti on

the southern side of the island; also the mountain behind.

It was also necessary to deposit with the police the usual

weekly report of our collecting areas and activities.

Rain hampered hunting but Riddall returned from

back of the colony with a few birds. One Japanese turned

in a Grallicolumba which was in good condition.

I engaged the services of the chief of police, Mr.

Sijoji who accompanied me t o numerous local stores and helped

me establish credit until such time as my funds arrive from

 ins:}?:' -afcajj eieimslsl non clot. - '
,'t;v dfycx -e-'W \;n\3 de easS>

. . ait ,dd©'iri rjBl deri:

tcoo'. c3 JTIf/XMf .eaen o' . ysfce©»T ) cJS ledmevoft.

c
30 XfcuXoni lid *o ©Git i? ridir X>©m£!d9i Lz&

rigid ni ecnuoi?:- g£ &nai . aggogjlldT -

. 896 ld dlfllt

Xsusdtfo T
aierir yrcloo erid to ddGOS tlse • ;M

, iea d yxeSnooce add oil egcisdeoX to aeiiea eoin b

•
tendons iiiie daeiot ©Bid erfd roit eegfiXel ret j,

* ~ d. XT X O 1 X-jB-.

snariorio erid rooit efdeo i>ed Bled e XsvieoaF

'.liXiiv. -
nos," Cf id t yai t. iv ‘u- , edoi. ni oneS eioeqS

. .In. si od lenscJe ll&m yd y er osn V*

|

i 9i:i -motni od aerie d c ild , d^n&I arid ruts siyfieo 01-7 Bind

.mo ride t nac j ob rid eiom

/ t£d bO 6 d gnidd Ipti XXe « ix it acr lerideeV.

.siBoa I ;ib adaer. erid riai/nsv od

- iievot : .it o ,e tino :r

. ;
jetnenr ;.v . dS iedmevoft

no#id Jfatne?: di doeIXoe on :

noilqq© Lsmol a ©Jb> t* d i< 3 ,<nj

ins' n iytfnnofl] ©rid otfjB ; inn lei odd to ©file rneriduoe ©rid ,

Xjb08g arid ©©Hoi add rid iw iieoqad _>d yieeaeoon osXb bbt? di

.saidiviJo© *
e v^ca yili os Coe mo to di o nrx yXjleor

raoit J&a -
1. J 6i I led ; i dnd ^xiUrajri J&eieqmBri flieK

ieataS ©Beneqau anJ . .sJ&iid wet © rid ir >;:oloo ©rid l o ricno

. no i d 1 inn pc .60 .)% ni eew o iri w cd . in I 0 - ii liS b ai

1
.ix ,
9 SiXoq to teido ©rid to gooivi&B arid fiegega© I

denied fin© asioda Lc o . £ uaezoma od s f.eir q ooc© oriv. x^erfr.

noit ©vine e'nu t an 90 id dous li dew diieio riailriede© 90

L 7
17

Kobe. There are a number of commodities which we need, such

as Japanese biscuits, cigarettes for the crew, potatoes,

onions, rice, trade goods for the natives, etc.

There are over a hundred small match box-like

stores scattered about Ponape village. None of them have

more than a dozen tins each of various edibles and a few

yards of calico. The owners of these establishments live a

hand-to-mouth existence and are quite content to earn a few ;

sen profit per day from the natives and the government of-

ficials. Of the latter there are over 60 in various capa-

cities.

These merchants do not have a variety of commes-

tibles. They cater to the native who purchases calicos,

tinned fish, fishhooks, tobacco, sugar, tea, salt and candy

in minute quantities. The prices, though, were found to be

very reasonable after our experiences in the Solomon Islands.

In the evening I made a long trip to the west of

Ponape village to a large grass land area where I had been

told I could find the large owl As o

;
flame us flying at night [

No owls were sighted but I di d observe the grass-

land finch Krythruva which was encouraging.

Returning I met Oliver Nanpei ,

a half-caste Por-

tuguese-Ponape native who told me I should come to his sta-

tion at P.onkiti and there I would find not only the owl but

other good species. He also offered us passage on his boat

leaving Sunday.

November 27 (Thursday). Ponape. This being

Thanksgiving Pay I declared a holiday and spent my time

 n«
T7-

fleas f
i)esfi 97 riolriw B&iistm oo to leton b &ib eisriT .*«*?£

a9 0^Br <*; ( 7T9*i to " BQiie'XBglo ,

s^li/osid
, ,

m ijf-3 t
BS ViiBH 9 do 10 1 BflOOg OiSTi ,90ll ,8fl0^i-0

©iiX-xod dodem lie e bvttcad 3 zsvo ©ib eisrit jgS

eviMi ns ': to sno .esfiXXiv eosnot fc/otfB BeieiJcos e9io3e

to dos9 8 fl 13 nesoB b a ^oss

wst b a i 6 © eaorii? v

evil Bdriti'dalldBass eeert to aiei ao e.dT .oollfco to BbinX

&

p x;
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b -.} ; sj op 9 jxL'f- 01 © vile ec .e3 six© d3 no n-oi -irB

one cevxJBn ©ri3 moil y.ci> i©q 3 It oiq iAee

-to Srisrnnisvoi or: 3

saoiiov ni Co is\’0 si. oisot ieJ3Bi “ri3 tO .e eioit

-B-fiu

. c i 3i2

-asjrrro o to ' ;o?i v s sveri 3on oX- BJaerioieja eeerit

odw eviJten enj o3 isJeo \;ed- .e-Xditf

.esoiXBO e©8£ ioyirq

wr oe .edoorfrieit .rieit B©
Xbz 3 i> B-i b rlBS ,roi , ?e ,
:;*-cio3

isw asoii erit. .se.c J id nfiap ©3afilfli at

e ,j 0 t .ri^x;od3 , ?

b el iio :oiol erfj r. i ;©o sii&oxr *coo e?ts ©Idcv.osfiei

?ee: e 3 o3 0113 gnol b s.tai I gainsve or 3 nl

>o

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, sk i aB uxeoa© as w do in w bv iia 3 \r/xt don it BnpX

o3 <>o e-tlsf: b i Border ie"v iiv 3eia 1 yxlwtts ief.

-io' r ,

Bid o3 ©nop BXtfOria

*
or Xod o u r. eviJBB ©qacov - ease gt-

Tjino 3on Bn it BXbov eisdi Xns idirino. 3b no 13

3x; d I wo er:3

jpoa -it no ©geeejsr an Beislto oals e #e©ioeqe Boog rtsnao

.yfiBanE gnlvBSl

-.His X eiu’i . exerio ~

.(yet aiwot. 7S lednsevo .

amid insqe Bob -.oBiXori b. BaifiXc b 1 tjbC sttiTigtdUBdS.

Yt ffl

m
 18

labeling specimens. Mr. Krauss brought 3 chickens and

helped us prepare a good dinner.

November 28 (Friday). Ponape. Considerable rain

again to-day. Riddall and I to Not Point where we obtained

a fair representation including Zosterops and Ptilinopus .

For the first time since our arrival, the Japanese

in canoes were not observed circling the vessel after dark.

They have apparently given us up as harmless bird collectors.

November 29 (Saturday). Ponape. Called ashore to

the chief of police, Shoji , again, who asked me any number

of foolish questions. These periodic visits are a waste of

valuable time, but I believe carefully engendered to inter-

rupt our collecting activities. The chief ended up by

giving me permission to go to Ronkiti with Nanpei.

Riddall to Jokaj where he obtained another Ducula

among his collections.

Myself arranging for a two weeks' camp at the

other end of the island. 'That a pity we cannot take the

ship with us. That would not be so easy though without the

engine.

November 30 (Sunday). To Ronkiti. Cot away in

Nanpei's boat, the 'Aroma,' at noon, with Riddall, Chinaman

Tommy and Jimmie. 7e had a nice trip down the inside of the
reef to Ronkiti which we reached at 4 P.M.
Nanpei has a very fine settlement here in conjunc-

tion with his large plantation holdings. There are a dozen

European buildings besides about a hundred native thatched

houses. Nanpei formerly owned the Ant Islands and most of

 - i : : . n'-'-r .rXoa -c sn i " 9 del

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 19

the southern end of Ponape. More recently the Japanese

have forced him into debt until he owes various firms some

93,000 yen. This is partly due to the fact that a Japanese

married Nanpei's oldest daughter and is now the plantation
overseer.

•Ve were given a 5-room luropean house on a hill over-

looking the harbor where we oould work. A native, Roalik n'

Shoalik, was turned over to me as a guide at a few yen per

week wages. Reported to sub-police officer, Fukawatasse,

and explained through an interpreter where I wished to work.
December 1 (Monday). Rdnkiti. tfith native guide
into the bush where we found some good material including
the Mountain starling and the finch, Rrythruva . The large

fruit pigeon, Ducula . was found to be relatively common here.

The country around Ronkiti is moderately flat with

swamps, grassland and secondary bush predominating. There

is very little heavy forest standing except toward the in-

terior on the mountain slopes.

The Japanese are opening up the interior behind

Ronkiti station and are planting large areas in gardens.

The natives throughout this area are far more primi-

tive than at Ponape. They live in a rather good type of grass

and leaf house and cultivate taro and banana, pineapple, yams, j

and other truck. Unlike their relations near Ponane, they do

not depend so much upon the stores for their food. There is

quite a good store at Nanpei's place from which we could ob-

tain supplies as needed.

The police officer followed us in the bush

all day
 I i b

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.19681670

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 20

but became very tired toward afternoon. I think a few ex-

cursions in the hot sun even over this fairly smooth ground

will soon discourage him.

Riddall discovered a cave and obtained a nice

series of Oollocalia .

December 2 (Tuesday). Ronkiti. Into the moun-

tains this morning with the guide. TJe found the climb a
rather steep one, up the side of an almost perpendicular

cliff. The police r aster left us before we reached the top.

After we massed above the cliffs we were confronted

with a large plateau of about 2000 feet elevation which

oovers this whole section of the island. Grassland and

secondary b ush are everywhere with isolated patches of good

heavy mountain forest. The soil is volcanic, plenty of red

oxide of iron outcroppings and occasional rocky areas. For

the most part walking was not difficult.

There are only a few natives living in the moun-

tains. These are a remnant of a large race who were killed
off or exported to the phosphate mines on Angaur Island fol-

lowing a massacre of the whites in lerrnan times (1908).

'.Ve spent most of the day in the grassland chasing
the finch, Hry thruva . They are very shy and will fly off
into the forests from the grassy areas at the slightest

provocation. The Japanese in former years snared thousands

of them for the markets in Japan until now only a few iso-

lated flocks remain. Other bird life ap neared to be quite

prolific. The pigeons were in such numbers that we collec-

ted a few for our own consumption, a much anticipated deli-

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 a
21

cacy.

J. B. Riddall brought together a collection of

small birds near the coast. After he had. hunted up a quan-

tity of garden truck: from the natives. Nanpei has consented

to keep us supplied with firewood and essentials.

I tried to induce the Japanese police to grant the

Chinaman a hunting permit, but did not get away with it.

December 3 (Wednesday). Selabuk. Vith Jimmie

and guide into the mountains to a place called Selabuk where

I will establish a camp and collect material needed for our

series. Jimmie will return with surplus material for the

rest of the party to work on down below.

Camp was established in a nice 3-room house be-

longing to some old people who have just been returned from
the phosphate mines. They agreed to furnish garden truck if

I would supply them with pigeons for their food.

Into the bush and located a flowering tree where

the new Zosterops ( Rhamohozosterops ) comes to feed. The na-
tives could give me no information about this species except

that it comes to this particular tree once each year and

then disappears in the forest again.

There are numerous jungle fowl in the forests also

but these have interbred badly with the domestic strains.

December 4 (Thursday). Selabuk. Rained hard all

day. I managed to find enough specimens near camp to fill

in my time including 3 Due ul which are difficult to make up

at best.

December 5 (Rriday). Selabuk. Riddall joined me

 d

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 22

first thing in the morning and the two of us systematically

hunted the finch, Lrythruva . with remarkable results. Later

we spent an hour under the Zosterops tree and gave him a

good bag of specimens to take to the coast.

3uide Poalik and I cleaned off an area in the
grasslands and were fortunate in obtaining a specimen of

Asio flammeus . the large Ponape owl, just at dark. This

stroke of fortune repaid us for the hours we have spent in

the grassland at night hunting this species.

December 6 (Saturday). Selabuk. A very busy day

in the bush after Zosterops, mountain starlings, Lalage, and

others. A fine clear day without rain to hamper our activi-

ties. Broke camp and returned to the coast in the evening

to find that Piddall had added to our series with terns,

kingfishers and small birds.

December 7 (Sunday). Honkiti. To police officer, j

Fukawatasse, who gave me a diplomatic dressing down and in-

sisted that I should not shoot in or near the plantation as

the noise disturbed the school children. This gave me an

excellent excuse to work the interior.

Nanpei called together a- group of old men and

gave me the native naves of all Ponape birds and their con-

nection with Ponape culture.

Labeled birds in the afternoon. In the evening

to the grasslands for owls but obtained none.
December 8 (Monday). Honkiti. Into the swamos
this morning for rails and species of this type. Natives
insist that there are no rails on the island. Pain hamoered
 111 1
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 .

23

us somewhat, but we brought together a fair series of every-

thing including larger noddy terns and white- tailed tropic-

birds which are nesting in the tops of ivory nut trees

growing in the swamps.

All hands out for owls again to-night, but none

were obtained. This species hunts over the grasslands after

dark:, but is timid enough to run away at the slightest sound.

One often sees them at some distance but cannot obtain a

specimen

December 9 (Tuesday). To Ponape. ,/ith Jimmie

and guide to the mountains where I obtained a few specimens
for Jimmie to take back and thence across the mountains to

Ponape where I want to meet the steamer coming from Japan.

Siddall to pack all specimens and forward them with the fan-

pei boat going to Ponape.

Shoalik and I had a rough trip; after passing the

top of the mountain at 2300 feet we encountered the same old

rought broken stone on the Ponape side. In attempting to

follow the old (Jarman telephone line we became lost and were

forced to spend the night in the bush. There we built a

lean-to of leaves, lathered huge arm loads of ferns for a

bed and spent a passable night except for the sandflies

which nibbled at us continuously. ',7e roasted pigeons over

the fire for our frugal meals.

December 10 (Wednesday). Ponape. Up at daylight,

floundered in a swamp for another hour before we found a road!

to Ponape which we reached at 10 A.M.

The denizens of the city were fearfully upset to

 ss

-\riav e >0 Beinee lie't b noddfe^od d.iji/ond ©« dud

-o iorond bellBi-etldv .one eaned negnal -aflifialoni g.nltfd

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 24

learn that I had found my may across their mountain.

Reached the ship to find that Captain Lang had

finished the outer jib and set it and was well along with

the new inner jib also. The masts have been oiled and the

main rigging set up again.

Found my box of birds on board from Riddal but

knocked about badly in transit. I spent most of the day

rewrapping them, much to my chagrin. There is nothing that

annoys a person more than to have specimens mutilated by

others after hours have been suent obtaining them.

December 11 (Thursday). Ponane. s/3 Yawata Maru

in port from Yokohama . Yith the caotain aboard ship to
check our chronometer we found it losing badly.

Ashore and tried to get our money (registered

mail) from the post office but could not. I staged a bit-

ter brawl for all concerned but lost out and was told to re-

turn tomorrow.

December 12 (Friday). Ponape. Ashore and got

my money. Settled all small bills around town and purchased

a few things including some rice for the vessel.

Sent a cable to :orthey, sailmaker in Sydney,

asking him if he could make us a mainsail.

Mr. and Mrs. Ctscheit off to dinner. This was a

courtesy call, though we had a pleasant evening.

Lang will systematically work the town pricing

lists of stores until he can find the cheapest dispenser.

Competition is very keen among the merchants here. They

appear willing to undersell one another.
 ; b I r

.ni j3Jii0Ofli ilerid se o-*roi3 ye ? yjv baa of .ben I Jedd ureal

bed gaed clsJctflO Jb!:' 3 Jbnil od rid b exid loros 6®

ritljp XI»w eojr liHfi 3i ?sa dns cfife 19 too ©rid Jberfalxtil

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 .

25

December 13 (Saturday). Do Selabuk. dot away

with the guide at 9 A.!', for Ronkiti across the mountai ns.

,7e found the rocks just as sharp as ever and didn't reach
Selabuk in the mountains until 2 hours after dark. During
the journey I shot a wild pig and wounded it. The pig

charged me but I beat him over the side of a 20-foot cliff.

The fall finished the pig and saved me a hospital bill as

I had only an aux cartridge in the other barrel.

Upon reaching Selabuk we interrupted a big feast.

I was presented with the hind leg of a dog which I ate

without appreciable relish. There are other forms of diet

more savory.
The broken country through which we passed to-day

coming from Ponape is not nearly as abundant in bird life

as the plateau on top. There is much more mountain forest

in the former area and considerably more Duoula feeding.

Smaller birds and even jungle fowl are rarely encountered.

I believe the old supposition that birds congre-

gate around human habitations is a pretty good one in all

parts of the islands.

December 14 (Sunday). Ronkiti. Got away at day-

light and reached Ronkiti before 9 A.M. A Gallicolumba and

several lalage which I obtained yesterday came though in
good order and were promptly taken care of.

Pound that Riddall and cohorts had prepared 60

specimens during my absence including some rather desirable

species

Nanpei outdid himself with a dinner for us to-night

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 26

December 15 (Monday). F.onkiti. A day of con-

tinuous rain. 7e didn't leave the house. Engaged my time

labelling specimens while the boys strung new labels for

me. Riddall down with a touch of fever. We have been ex-

ceptionally free of this curse to date.

December 16 (Tuesday). Ronkiti. Out all day with

Riddall and boys scouring the grasslands and the bush in

the vicinity in search of roosting owls, but without suc-

cess. We remained in the grassland until almost midnight

without so much as seeing an owl.

The police have taken our Chinaman into custody

for impertinence. The latter became very impatient with

the police when they pried him with questions regarding the

expedition. He told them to mind their own business. I

learned about this upon reaching home and got the cook re-

leased on the understandi ng that the cook could go back to

the ship with the first available transport.

December 17 ('Vednesday ) . Ronkiti. With the

guide and Riddall in a small canoe to the small islands off

Honkiti village. There we obtained a fine series of the

lesser noddy terns. These nest on the small outlying is-

lands while the larger representative lives and nests on

the mainland.

The police were rather hostile upon our return.

Nanpei tells me that the main office in Ponape has been very
angry with the official here because he has not followed us

everywhere in the bush.

I concluded that it would be best for all of us to

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e^nlonoo I
 27

return to the ship and let this poor official alone for a
few days.

December 18 (Thursday), To Ponape. Put every-

thing on board the pinnace and departed for Ponape. Reached
the ship at 7 P.T 1
, All of our gear came through in good
shape this time including the bi rds,-- thanks to careful
handling.

December 19 (Priday). Ponape. In our absence the

Captain has been getting on nicely with the inner jib. He
has discovered though that the iron work around the bowsprit
has rusted badly and must be replaced at once. If the local
blacksmith cannot fix the same, then we must revert to a

steel cable band until we reach Guam.

The Captain informs me that he must have until

the first of the year to put the ship in condition for the

long beat to Kusaie. We will be forced to sail into a

head sea and wind all of the way.

A Japanese blacksmith ashore has fixed the galley
pump for us; it will never work again.

Cable from Northey, sailraaker; he has the measure-

ments of the mainsail for the 'Prance' and can make us a new
one. Sent instructions to him to make a new mainsail and
forward same to Guam.

Had a recurrence of fever, my first here, but

labeled a number of specimens from the last trip.
Riddall with Charley to go over the engine and
clean it. Any sort of metal rusts very quickly in this part

of the world and must be constantly covered with

oil or
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 28

grease.

December 20 (Saturday). To Ronkiti. Took pas-

sage with Nanpei's pinnace to Ronkiti, where I place to go

into the mountains and live for a few days with my guide

Roalik.

I thought it best to leave Riddall and the others

on the ship to help the Captain get the 'France' ready for

sea. Riddall can hunt around the colony where the Japanese

can watch him, giving me the opportunity to work unmolested.

I took no gear nor food except a blanket, rubber

poncho, skinning tools and cotton.

Most of the species are well represented. 7e need

badly owls, petrels, rails and ground birds if they are
present.

Forwarded a letter to the Museum. Reached Ronkiti

at 5:30 B.M. after a hectic day. The engine broke down en

route. Snent the night with Aflague.a runaway Cuam boy.

December 21 (Sunday). Selabuk. Took off before

daylight with Roalik for the mountains. Ve were held up by

a flooded river which necessitated our building a raft to

ferry ourselves and effects across the swollen stream.

Reached the mountain village a little before dusk, in time

to eat and go to the grasslands for owls.

December 22 (Monday). Mountains. Back into the

mountains with the guide. I obtained 2 good bush fowl and

several small birds for the day desoite the continuous rain

but found nothing new.

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 29

December 23 (Tuesday). Mountains. The guide and

I packed our sleeping gear Tor a trip to the eastward around

Toloeolme Peak which rises to an elevation of 2570 feet.

There we hope to find some trace of roosting petrels. The

old natives insist that petrels were taken in this area in
olden days and used for ceremonial purposes.

Guide Poalik and I reached a high overhanging

cliff toward evening after a strenuous day in the rain. Most
of our time enroute was spent in good heavy forest which

grows in abundance here. There was, though, a noticeable

lack of birds with the exception of Duoula paoif ica and the
mountain starling which we did encounter in abundance.

The starlings seemed to work in pairs but were

encountered everywhere from the tops of trees to small

shrubs near the ground.

,7e built ourselves a leaf house and made beds of

fern fronds. This gave us a dry place to sleep but unfor-
tunately the sandflies were most troublesome. One always
encounters sandflies under dry ledges of rocks and at the

mouth of caves. There is a theory developing in medical

circles in the tropics that sandflies propagate in the ex-

crement of bats, lizards and other animals.

The countxy around our camp is very rugged with

steep ravines in all directions. There is a beautiful 300-

foot waterfall near canp with a corresponding narrow gorge

which the water has cut through the sandstone cliffs.

Though we lay awake most of the night we were not
 3

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 .

30

rewarded by the orles of petrels, which we hoped to hear

and could use as a guide to the roosting grounds.

December 24 ('.Vednesday ) . '"ountains. After

searching the neighborhood for stray feathers and signs of

petrels we returned to Selabuk, partook of a hasty meal of

rice and pigeon and set off in a southeasterly for the moun-

tains back of I.Tetalanim on the eastern side of the island.

Just at dark we found another cave in which we

could sleep. thousands of small bats inhabit this place.

I will say that we were so tired we did not notice their

continuous entrance and exi ts through the mouth of the cave

during the night

The country through which we passed was practi-

cally the same as that through which we progressed Tuesday.

Talking was not as difficult as on the northern slope of the

mountains near Ponape. There is considerably more red clay

soil and a much denser vegetation over the whole of the area.

Two deer were sighted during the day's journey

but neither of them could be obtained. Deer were imported

by the Spaniards years ago.

Neither did we hear our highly soig’nt after petrels

Poalik seems to feel that these have transferred their

roosting ground to the top of Jokaj peak. He suggested,

though, that we continue on to the eastward.

It was in this mountainous country that the na-

tives of Ponape congregated after they had killed the Ger-

man Governor in 1908. They were subsequently hunted out by

3-errnan blue jackets from the men-o'-war and either killed

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.0001

Cell id tod 3 is Qua *rs? -

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srii moc't sJsivs-, 00 id OBfiief
or transported to Angaur to work in the phosphate mines.

December 25 (Thursday). Mountains. Continued

on along the ridge this morning to within sight of Metala-

nim. Moss was encountered down to 2000 feet elevation here

which might be due to constant rains. The heights of the

peaks draw rain every day, no matter the direction of the

wind.

Roalik built a leaf house while I prepared a num-

ber of specimens. Bird skinning on a trip like this is not

much of a success. The specimens get pushed out of shape

badly when wrapped in a blanket and are always in danger of
being eaten by ants and dermestes. I had only mountain star-
lings to prepare and lalages which are not difficult soecies.

The arsenic was carried in a small tobacco tin. I used any-

thing I could get for bird meal.

December 26 (Friday). Mountains. After an unsuc-

cessful night of listening, Roalik and I returned to Selabuk

which we reached in the evening. He were favored with a fine

clear day which gave us ample occasion to watch carefully

for new species. I was able to add a few more new Zosterops

to our collections.

Upon reaching Selabuk we learned that the youth-

ful owner of the house where we had been living had carried

our effects out of the house and dumped them on the veranda

of a neighbor's house.

Rather than have any trouble over this unhospitable

move, guide Roalik gave our friend a very forceful lesson in

the art of self-defense prior to moving into new quarters.

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I believe I rewarded Hoalik with a 2 yen bonus.

The natives of the area invited us to a late feast

after another evening spent in a fruitless search for owls.

These people pound the roots of a small shrub and extract a

juice which acts as an intoxicant. I was not taken with

their liquor but luckily suffered no after effects.

December 27 (Saturday). Selabuk. Another day in

the bush around camp where I obtained another bush fowl and

small birds. Owl hunting again at night, but missed the

only specimen observed. This species is the most tantalizing

bird in the world. No wonder they are rare in collections.

One becomes most discouraged after nights of patient waiting

and wishing.

December 28 (Sunday). Selabuk. Spent the whole

day in the grassland searching for owls, nests, finches and

anything else that might come to hand. The natives tell me

that this owl builds several nests near one another and then

makes a runway between each. The male of the species is

supposed to tear up the unused ones after the female has

commenced laying. They were not able to show me any by the

same token.

Hard rains in the evening kept me in my abode.

December 29 (Monday). Selabuk. The young nan who

chased us out of his house apologized for his actions by

stating that the police had told him to drive me out. I

hardly believe him. Undoubtedly his threshing and subsequent

loss of face in the eyes of his neighbors has humiliated this

youthful tyrant.
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 1

With Roalik to Ronkiti where Oliver Nanpei is

giving a big feast for all of the tribes of Ponape. In Ron-

kiti we found Riddall, who had left the ship against the

Oaptdin's wishes. This means that those two are at logger-

heads. Fortunately for me, both of them are of one

nationality and can fight it out an ong themselves.

Nanpei gave me a room in his bouse and assured me

of a passage to Ponaoe on the morrow. Later I met the Gov-

ernor and his staff, who had come down for the festivities.

The oldman insisted that I ride back on the government

launch with him.

I learned also that Riddall has made application

to Nanpei for an overseer's job on his plantation. This
means that our new associate is contemplating a less ar-

duous livelihood in the near future.

December 30 (Tuesday). Ronkiti. This was a big

day of feasting and celebrating with speeches and general

hubbub thrown in. Over 3000 natives attended and helped

devour 350 hogs, 150 dogs, 80 cattle and tons of vegetable

foods.

The Guam boy, Aflague , and Nanpei's Japanese son-

in-law, enlightened the ceremonies by staging a beautiful

free-for-all fight. The American got the Jap down on the

ground and pounded the daylights out of him before the po-

lice intervened. Far be it from me to interfere in such

proceeding though I was pleased to see the Guam boy uphold

the supremacy of the race.

Left Ronkiti at 4 P.M. in the Governor's launch

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and arrived at the 'France ' in the late evening.

The Captain reports that bad weather has hampered

him somewhat. Sharp squalls, which ushered in the northeast

season, have necessitated his keeping both anchors down most

of the time. The inner jib has been finished and set. A
strong cable has been rove around the bowsprit clamp. New
running gear has been rove off. Fresh water and firewood
have been put on board and the ship made ready for sea. Cap-
tain Lang informed me that Riddall let down badly in my ab-

sence. 7e agreed to dispense with latter's services at the

first apportunity. The natives also told me, on the side,

that they thought Mr. Riddall was not going to be a help any
longer. Natives are pretty shrewd judges of human nature and
can often pick a man better than a white can.

We h^ve now to purchase rice and comme st ibles , pay

our bills ashore and wangle a jjermit to go to Kusaie before
we leave port.
December 31 (Wednesday). Ponape . Snent the day
ashore procuring supplies from the stores. Lang and I made

out a list of necessities and got quotes on prices from

every storekeeper. Taiyo Shouten gave us the best prices

and received the order.

The two new 300-pound anchors and 15 fathom of

chain arrived and were sent off to the 3 hip. This is only

half the chain ordered; the rest will have to be sent to us

at Kusaie.

Mr. Riddall ashore collecting and returned late

wi th a few Ptilinopus .
 s

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 .

The orew at work on the big boat painting and

patching the same, fe are badly in need of a new boat as

this one has her bottom just about eaten out with Teredo
worm. Big boats are expensive. 7e will have to wait until
funds accumulate before we acquire another.
To the Governor to announce our intention of

sailing to Kusaie, also requested a clearance from this

port. The Governor, though anxious to get rid of us, hesi-
tated about letting us go to Kusaie. He informed us that
we must wait until after the new year's celebrations before

proceeding. I suspect complications.

1931
January 1-4 ( Thursday- 3 unday ) . Ponape. These
four days were given over to celebrations in all manner and
form. I must say that the Japanese bring their new year

into being in a formal liquid manner, le , on the ship,

dressed the vessel with flags and made our presence felt
ashore at intervals. Tie still had time to attend odd|jobs
about the ship getting her ready for sea, the new 300-pound

anchor set and many specimens labeled.

January 5 (Monday). Ponape. Ashore for a hun-
dred and one purposes. The Governor cane through with his

permit for Kusaie after threat leal of questioning. I

spent the whole morning making out lists of hunting areas,

lists of birds and amount taken, quantity of ammunition
aboard and amount expended. Then came a questionnaire on
kusaie, toe length of time we would be there, where we would
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Last of all the police made out a complete new set

of hunting licenses and permits for Kusaie.

I made a formal application to the governor asking

for a Japanese university student to join the expedition in

Palau and act as a general laison officer for us.

In the afternoon cabled the museum that we were

leaving for Kusaie. The little inter-island steamer Heiyei
Maru i 3 in port. Je tried to get that ship to tow us out of

the harbor but their master insisted upon a 100 yen towing

fee so we gave up the idea and decided to kedge out of the

h arbor.

Native Joseph refused to go to Kusaie so paid him

off in full and hired native Isreal in his place. Trans-
ferred Belleu from the cook house to the deck and made Isreal
cabin boy.
January 6 (Tuesday). Sailed from Ponape. Had a
devil's own job trying to kedge the ship around the reef.
The northeast wind hampered our operations and the soft mud
bottom acted as a poor holding ground for the anchors. A
hundred or more natives came out t o gi ve us a hand. About
8:30 the police boat came along and gave us a tow.
Once around the reef we got the sails up and flew

out of the harbor right into the teeth of a nasty northeast

storm. 7e swamped our big beat getting it pulled in but
saved it after a great deal of trouble.

The storm hit us just out of Ponape, tore out the

head of the old mainsail and a reef kringle in the stay sail.
 £

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 17

This forced us to heave to for the night.

The crew are worn out from the constant pulling

on the kedge ropes. How we do feel the need of an engine.

January 7 (Wednesday). At sea. We are north of

Ponape somewhere; in a creditable storm with accompanying

monstruous seas.

Captain is in his bunk with sunstroke from running

around yesterday without a hat.

All of us engaged repairing sail. This task com-

pleted by 11 A.M. We hoisted them and continued to the

north'ard to get to a position where we can run down on the

starboard tack to Kusaie.

Starboard jib boom guy carried away in the P.M.,

but repaired that with the main boom tackle.

The old 'France' needs a lot of new gear before

she can stand up to good sailing weather.

January 8 (Thursday). To Kusaie. Another event-

ful day. 2 sheets of copper washed off up forward allowing

water to enter the hold which has flooded badly and requires

constant pumping. One strand of thejport fore rigging carried

away in the splice in the dead eye. ,7e repaired the rigging

as best we could; double reefed all sails and proceeded.

leather much the same as formerly--so hove to for

the night.

January 9 (Friday). To Kusaie. ./eather moderated

considerably. Sot up as much sail as we could and proceeded

in a southeasterly direction. Examined the birds and found 1

them all dry.

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 38

January 10 (Saturday). To Kusaie. Fresh breeze

to-day which has carried us down to 4° IT. on the edge of the

equatorial doldrums.

I feel now, more than ever, that we should not

have attempted the Caroline Islands in our present state of

dis-repair. ,Ve should have gone to New Caledonia first and

put the ship in order.

Captain swung the ship to the north'ard in hopes

of making Kusaie on this tack.

January 11 (Sunday). To Kusaie. Continued under

reefed sail with fresh N/E trade winds and fine weather.
Myself labelling birds.
January 12 (Monday). To Kusaie. Reefed the fore

and mainsails at 8 A.M., furled the inner Jib and wore the

ship to E/s/E. Sigh ted Kusaie at 1:45 P.M. Fresh breeze

all day. Close up to the island at 10 P.M. but couldn't

pass to the windward of it. Wore ship to the northward

again for the night.

January 13 (Tuesday). To Kusaie. Wore ship at

4 A.M. ,
came down the weather side of the island, sailed

through the passage into Chabrol Harbor at noon and anchored

in 10 fathoms off the police office,

The Japanese police master came off at once and

granted us a pratique. He informed us that we could not

shift the vessel out of the harbor. 7e know that with the

wind blowing straight into the mouth of the channel.

Mr. Hermann, the American resident, came off to

the ship in the afternoon and discussed Kusaie

with us.
 e

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 39

Hermann was born in San Francisco but has lived here a

number of years. He speaks the native language and promised

to help us with the collecting.

January 14 (Wednesday). Kusaie. Vessel is rolling

badly in the swell. Mr. Hermann brought his outboard motor

and helped us shift the vessel to the inner harbor. Hay

Meyer, Hermann's assistant, came off to the ship.

Grew engaged in unbending sails and stowing them
{

in the main hold.

Myself with Lang to the police master where we made
out the usual long list of questionnaires.

Hermann has the remains of a number of old sailing

ships which were wrecked in this harbor or on the reefs out-

side. He has agreed to let us have material with which to

give the 'France' a general overhaul.

January 15 (Thursday). Kusaie. To police; they

will require several days before they can issue hungin.4 per-
mits made out in Ponape???
Back to the ship and labeled birds.
Land and I decided to gut the ship, take out the

ballast and give the thing a general survey throughout. Lang

will paint the hold as well.

Crew engaged painting the small boat and commenced

calking the main deck with oakum and putty. This will be a

long arduous task--but a very necessary one.

I engaged a local carpenter to make me some new

bird racks and also a number of tin-lined cases with which to

forward birds to the Museum. Mr. Riddall to work on the

 $07 if e& Jod otiR .i onfifif oec ci mad ebw atw.

.
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 40

engine again.

January 16 (Friday). Kusaie. Crew at work over-

hauling steering gear, —2 hands calking deck; Hiddall at en-

gineering work.

Hard squall in the morning but the new big anchor

held without any trouble. '.7e now have good ground gear, I

am pleased to say.
Left with Mr. Hermann, in his large canoe with

outboard motor , for Sawakusa on the opposite side of the is-

land to have a look at the country. le passed around the

north end of the island inside the reefs to reach our desti-

nation about 4 P.M.

Put up with a half-caste Kusaie- Afri can native

called "Kavis" who is 73 years old and accredited the smartest

man on Kusaie.

Our host knew of a rail which he called "Nay tai'

mai not" (This word translated from the Kusaie language

means "to land in the taro gardens"), but added that he had
never seen the bird. Hermann told me that the rail was a
native god and despite heavy Qhri stianizat i on on the island,

the natives still held to their old beliefs.

January 17 (Saturday). Kusaie. Made a short

jaunt into the bush with Hermann who is after the pigeon,

Lucula . which he uses for food. On this side of the island

Duoula is found in abundance everywhere. Flocks of them
congregate in every tree. No other birds were present ex-
cept starlings which were also abundant.

The bush behind Sawokusa is very awampy, covered

 1 e

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 41

with impassable scrub and vines but with an abundance of

good heavy trees of fair height. The natives plant small

gardens of taro and yams in the swamps but depend more upon

fish, coconuts and breadfruit for their provender. They

have also learned to make copra which they exchange to with

Hermann for rice, tea, coffee, flour and other commest ibles.

Their houses are what one would call half cast

European, part sawn lumber and part leaf. Nearly everyone
includes a tin roof and a water tank for catching rain

water.

Two dear old ladies from the Foreign Board of

Missions of Boston, the Misses Baldwin, have a station,

school, church and seminary up the coast a few miles.

After collecting pigeons, Hermann and I started

back for Kusaie. His idea of a large outboard motor at-

tached to the stern of a big canoe equipped with a heavy

long outrigger is an excellent one when the engine works.

Unfortunately, this one refused to function shortly after

we started and we had a long slow trip home with natives

paddling the canoe.

7e reached the ship near midnight.

One point in favor of the natives, --a former race,

before these people, built canoe channels of stone all

around the island inside the reefs. One can make a journey

anywhere regardless of weather or tide.

January 18 (Sunday). Kusaie. At odd jobs about

the ship. Hermann has found me an old Christian, named

 :

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 George, who is reputed to be a good pig hunter and knows

the interior of the island thoroughly. This individual will

/ act as my guide in the future.

I am having trouble with my left hand itching all

of the time. There is a poisonous shrub here on the island

which I must have brushed against yesterday.

January 19 (Monday). Kusaie. To the police and

received our hunting permits. I was urged to hire a Japa-

nese guide at 5 yen per day (this time) but declined the

offer with thanks.

The little finger on my left hand has swollen

terribly. Though I have poulticed it, there is no relief

from the pain. Hermann tells me that I am in for several

weeks of agony, following which the poison should run its

course (if I am lucky).

Hiddall with native Jeorge to Tahonsaku for small

swifts, Collocalia , which inhabit a large cave. They re-

turned in the evening without specimens reporting that the

mouth of the oave was too big. The mud and ooze inside pro-

hibited them from stationing themselves where they could

swing small bushy twigs and knock the specimens down as they

flew past.

Crew engaged calking deck, painting ship and

cutting firewood.

January SO (Tuesday). Kusaie. High winds from

the southwest with deluge of rain. Hiddall got ashore to

Lele for a short time and returned with a few Myzomela,

Aolonis and some sea birds. Riddall went away again with
 a

BWon$ kns toii'.ad Hq I'oo>. e ed od fiedx/qerr si crfar .©g'xcof

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 43

native George to the north end of the island, where he will

sleep and see what sort of material he can find. There are

large svrampy areas in that locality and also cliffs around

Mount Buache where petrels are supposed to roost.

Myself making out lists of ammunition, supplies,

etc., for the police office.

My left hand is swelling larger all of the time.

Very little work accomplished on deck because of the

rain.

January 21 (Wednesday). Kusaie. Mr. Hiddall still

away hunting. Fair weather to-day. Hauled the ship along-

side Mr. Hermann’s cement wharf at 1 P.M. There we secured

the vessel with an anchor forward and kedge anchors aft to

keep the vessel from chafing her sides against the cement

siding of the wharf, fe have rented storage space ashore to

stow all sails and gear while we are renovating the main hold.

Grew at work all afternoon carrying sails and

gear ashore.
January 22 (Thursday). Kusaie. Mr. Riddall re-

turned to the ship with a few specimens. He reported a rainy

trip with its accompanying discomforts. There are, according

to him, very few birds in the interior, '"either did he and

George hear or see rails or petrels. George, by the way, is

very teticent about discussing the rail. He does and doesn’t

seem to know whether he has ever seen one.

Hiddall packed up enough gear and food for himself

and George to tide them over a two weeks’ period while they
 "

£11* ed s*«ri» oriBlst sd? *o l no di’ioc e d-1 of s$ioe€ erif^L

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 44

undertake a survey of the south end of the Island. Bis-

cuits, tea, butter, salt, pepper, sugar, milk and jam were

packed for edibles. The two of them will depend on native

foods and pigeons for their main diet. This was plenty
of supplies as native foods and pigeons are abundant every-

where. leorge can erect a leaf house if necessary. If he

doesn't know how he can learn.

Down in the main hold Lang and I began to under-

stand why things haven't been going well there when we met

with a rough sea.

The big water tank was taken out and landed

ashore. It was found to have corroded through on the bot-

tom in several places and will have to be repaired. Meyer
agreed to undertake that task.
Underneath the water tank and forward of the
same, the floor boarding was found to have rotten through.

<7e removed all of it and discovered that some one in pre-

vious years had poured fine gravel down next to the skin of

the ship in place of the usual large nigger head boulders

used elsewhere on the vessel as ballast.

The fine closely packed gravel, not having a chance

to dry as a circulation of air could not oass through it,

had remained sodden and wet and had rotted some of the ribs,
the keelson and few places on the skin of the vessel under-

neath .

January 23 (Friday). Kusaie. My finger is three

times its normal size and so painful that I get no sleep.

 l

-8 . 'br.&I.zi 5:1 to ins rfl 00 e srfl to v.evxna s er-faln^' r.n

anew ins vli .

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^laelor :.-.3v sir ; . ? ei£ xiism 'liedl 10 % exioeglet J>cjb kt.ooo'1

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 .

45

Captain Lang, hy piling all of the forehold bal-

last on the after poop deck of the ship, has broight the bow

of the boat far enough out of the water to expose the 2 bare

spots where the copper sheathing washed off. The Chinaman

Belleu, and Charley with "plenty of advice" from me covered

the bare spots with tar and replaced the copper.

The rest of the crew were employed washing down

the hold and cleaning ballast. All the gravel will be jet-

tisoned. Four ribs, two on either side of the keelson must

be cut out and replaced. This misfortune will weaken the

ship perceptibly.

January 24 (Saturday). Kusaie. Captain and crew

at work chopping out soft parts as previously specified and

replacing the same with new heavy timbers purchased ashore.

Cornelius and the Chinaman, who are both good carpenters,

are modelling the new timbers to fit snugly into the old

beams. They are clinching the timbers with long copper

spikes

Some of the skin or outside planking will be found

in bad condition when the vessel is next on the slip and

should be replaced. ,7e are now scraping away the rotted

areas and covering them with hot pitch and Stockholm tar.

January 25 (Sunday). Kusaie. To the Japanese

doctor with my swollen arm. That individual covered the'

festered area with 100 o/o powdered Icthyol and sent me home

to bed.

Rain most of the day, no work aboard ship.

 — = — — -

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 46

January 26 (Monday). Kusaie. To the doctor again

The same resorted to the most primitive sort of surgical

methods. He simply took a scalpel, cut into the flesh the

full length of my small finger, then reverted to a pair of

forceps and picked out all of the green matter. He followed

this by scraping the bone with his scalpel. All of this

took place without an anesthesia of any kind. Following

the operation, I got back to the ship under my own power and

went to bed at once.

The Captain and crew engaged in the hold fitting

new timbers to the ribs and keelson. Lang has also purchased

a number of 12 x 2 Oregon pine planks with which to refloor

the main hold

Up forward near the stem of the ship the wood is

becoming soggy. «7e should cut holes in the deck near the

windlass and place removable ventilators there which would

give us a circulation of air in the main hold and help keep

the stem dry. Unfortunately, we have no means of effecting

this improvement here.

January 27 (Tuesday). Kusaie. To the doctor again

who repeated his performance of yesterday. I nearly fainted

on him but managed to get back to the ship with the aid of

Charley and Tommy who accompanied me especially for that pur-

pose. In the afternoon I enjoyed my first sound sleep in

a week's time.

The Captain and crew engaged in the hold. 2 boys

calking decks.

January 28 (Wednesday). Kusaie. To the doctor

 I 9 ,

3X

l&e rsnce To in oe 9vxilminq lac a arii oi deinosen ©me© <

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dns i‘ : wc-i 'VO v n -ii eida erf? >3 'oeo ,tog. I t n©2 isief . si.r

• eor.o 3 a £sd or r.. •

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fed if: r- •

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 47

again who treated me more kindly. The worst of the pain is

gone now. It is just a problem of letting nature take its

course until the member is healed. The two hard lumps under
my left armpit have gone down considerably which is a good

sign.

Captain and crew engaged as previously.

Hiddall must be having a rough time of it with all

of the rain we have been having here. No word from him yet.

January 29 (Thursday). Kusaie. My daily trip to

the hospital where the Japanese doctor dresses the wound and

covers the same with Icthyol powder. This performance will

continue many days.

Crew employed fitting new woodwork in the hold and

shifting the cleaned nigger head ballast from the poop after

to the forward hold.

Engaged two natives to collect nigger heads for

ballast from along the reefs and the interior.

January 30 (Friday). Kusaie. Crew began removing

ballast from the center of the ship and to the port side of

the engine room. Although this is dirty, oily and messy, we

have learned that the oil and waste from the engine has pre-

served the flooring ribs and keelson very well. I should

like to recommend a heavy coating of tar and oil for the in-

terior of a ship if one is ever; used again.

Two leaks on the starboard side a^t of the fore-

mast, whichjwere brought on by rusting plank spikes, have been

plugged and covered with munz letal strips. These are now

proved water-tight
 3

hi nls i e-di da-row edT .-.I''. L snots on r-ednsnid OfJ w

Gv.i • 'yi' J fei-c?Bn v.ii dial lc r ud&rq .8 d qsj (. a.i Jl . wo.

"tQ&r'j s 'im:i jdt d o wd eru . els an ei nedraeor edd Xld/ui aenuc;

ai doldr, .^IdeneJ&iiRaos awoJs 3<rog svsa diqfln© 3

larroivoTq sb Jfcsj^^ae 7,’anc Xcjb alaiqe f'

LL& rid ir Ji ic ©:. i a ritual e giilVBd ed saarr. XlapbM

nor. o .8130 gaiVBd aasci ovsci en

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fiita brows add 8eassn.fi no do or ose bobL add eneriw Xj&diqaori or

. e v;©Jb |BS/a ©iifi 13 no c

£r« XIo.; ©rid :.f :nawloo» wen en Id 21 J&e^oXqme wsnC

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-snq bb*. ©algae ©rid too nit ©da© r b.-s 11 o arid ifliij ©vp.ri

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 w
Intermittent rains have hampered the calking of

the decks.

January 31 (Saturday). Kusaie. Grew at work half

a day as previously, though Charley and Jimmie were able to

calk the decks.

Riddall returned from the south with 63 specimens.

Some of his skins were good, others poor. He obtained a few

bush fowlwhloh show pronounced intergradation with domestic
strains. A few starlings, Collocalia , Ptilinopus ,
Ducula ,

Myzomela and Jephra3 were included in the collection with the

balance made up of terns and sea birds. I am afraid Riddall

didn't get far from the sea beach in his encounters with na-

ture. At least he was not able to tell me much about the

b us h

February 1 (Sunday). Kusaie. The wind shifted to

the westward during the night, pushing the ship up against

the cement wharf. 7e had some difficulty pulling her^ off

again but got out of it without damaging the sides of the

vessel

Continued wet and rainy all day . Riddall down

with a light dose of fever. I am afraid that he doctors

himself with quinine and aspirin too much. A great deal

more than is good for hita.

Spent the evening with Mr. Hermann and Meyers.

They have a 14-room modern house ashore with electric

lights and running water. Unfortunately, for the peace of

mind of Hermann, he has taken a native woman to live with

him and is cursed with the support of all of her relatives,

 49

who too feel that they must have European food.

February 2 (Monday). Kusaie. Hiddall and George

got away about 11 A.M. for Sawokusu and Inshiappu on the

southwestern oorner of the island. There they will establish

oamp in one of the houses belonging to Kavis and collect un-

til such time as I join them or Lang comes down to see them.

Hiddall took: all of the necessities in way of food and col-

lecting gear. He has the advantage of George and the canoe

who can return to the ship at any time for more provender.

deorge is not an expensive item. His services with

canoe amount to ^4 per week and George finds his own food.

Prices in the Caroline Islands fluctuate. The

Government does not have a fixed scale of pay. On Ponape my

guide cost me from 2 to 3 dollars per week. There are cases

where Japanese work for natives at 10 to 15 yen per month.

Crew were employed in the hold as previously and

calking decks. Tommy has gone to the hospital with an in-

fected arm, --probably from the same leaf that gave me my dis-

comfiture. Tommy with his thick skin shouldn't have the

trouble I am having.

My hand is improving very slowly as most infections

do in tropical climates.

February 3 (Tuesday). Kusaie. Crew employed in

the hold sh ifting b al last and scraping the sides preparatory

to painting same. We will give it several coats of white to

improve the lighting facilities.

February 4 (Wednesday). Kusaie. Crew employed as

previously. Captain and I have fitted a brass counter around

 J

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sg*xo©T' .bns IIjpM i> .slseifS . {v.BtocM) £ xsc.u'yd?/'

am 3 no a rtf} in s-t; ns >!u? . -xot A .A II oda ??•.

-au teelloo Bflf a /.xsJ o3 sni'gnolsd eeaoori ©d3 '

o Qito a> qateo

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tocoia i©3r>uoo aeai cf fi £633 21 svsri I tos nit: iq&C .vXaooiv©

 50

the whole base of the jib boom and windlass frame. We intend

to fill the under side with hot pitch.

February 5 (Thursday). Kusaie. Helped the Caotain

pour in two doses of hot pitch around base of jib boom to

stop the leak: there if possible. Grew at the hold and

calking decks.

I tried to engage natives to trap or snare birds

for me but could find no one with sufficient interest to try

it.

February 6 (Friday). Kusaie. Grew finished

scraping the hold and started fitting the cross beams and

flooring over the ballast. Cornelius especially has done a

splendid piece of carpenter work.

The Chinaman is b usy making bird drying racks for

the ship hold. ,7e hope to have stout, rat-free cases when
we are finished.
Crew have broken out with an epidemic of boils whicl

must have come from the mango pears they obtained ashore.

I purchased a quantity of pau-pau, sweet potatoes, bananas,

yams and bread fruit and put the boys on this diet. They
will get no meat or rice for some days.

The Captain got away at 3 T?.M. in the small boat

and the outboard motor to visit Kiddall and see how that

individual is getting on; reports have it that he is not

doing anything.

Hermann killed a bullock in preparation for a big

native wedding. The Boston Baptist mission, long ago,

erected a fine large stone church on Lele Island in which

 h ood edd sac
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.riadiq dori ridiw 9 die kJ&ic arid

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. lode© Xanioddo ^eci? aiseq ogncn odd no it ©::oo ovnri d&v

, eefranad ,*eod*door 3 sew* .csq-nm to y . «iaq

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. ,b am <>b lot eoii io deem on d*r>. XlfBjfg

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dor ei eri dr rid dl ©vori ed io qei ; -o g/:ldde> «i XscMvix . .1

iridy.r ..ici-

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gi / it ©
 51

the local inhabitants hold Sunday services, weddings,

burials, mid-week prayer meetings, Friday afternoon sewing

circles and all. It is quite an up-to-date arrangement, so

much so that the natives have long ago ceased to work for a

living. They are by far the most sophisticated and worthless

group we have encountered. One can get no information about

bird life out of them. It is true that there are full-grown

men living on lele Island who have never been into the moun-
tains.

February 7 (Saturday). Kusaie. Crew finished the

ballast and planking in the main hold and began painting

there beginning with the bolt studs which will require many

coats of paint.
The fresh beef has given me diarrhea which with

my present weakened condition put me to bed.

February 8 (Sunday). Kusaie. The finger isn't

improving as rapidly as I should like. Perhaps I am too im-

patient about it. The doctor is still using Icthyol powder

as a medicant. I pay him 10 sen or 5 cents each morning

after each survey . Tommy is receiving the same treatment

to a lesser degree, but pays only 5 sen or 2 l/2 cents per

day. There is no free medical service in the territory for

either white, yellow or black.

Lang returned at 7 P.F. with a few birds from Pid-

dall.

February 9 (Monday). Kusaie. Unpacked Piddall.'s

birds and found them in atrocious condition. Such work is

most discouraging when I am unable to get into the bush my-

 ' .

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 52

self. Visited the chief of police and. asked for a permit

for the Chinaman, but was refused that --without ,
a special
permit from Ponape. I also asked for a Japanese but found

none willing to assist me.

Crew engaged calking decks and painting hold.

Two boys to work taking ballast out of the lazaret aft and

cleaning same. We found the planking and ribs under the

flooring and ballast of the lazaret in good order and dry.

Tin-lined bird cases arrived from shore so began

packing birds

Captain kedged the ship away from the wharf just

far enough to allow for swinging room and play during squalls

February 10 (Tuesday). Kusaie. 7ith the cook

packing birds most of the day. Crew employed painting hold

and calking decks.

A note reached me from Miss 3. Baldwin that Rid-

dall had tried to join her mission. Possibly to instruct

in the girls' seminar who knows. I visited the police of-
fice and N. Y. K's representative who told me that a ship

would be going to Jabuit in the Marshall Islands shortly

which would connect with a schooner going to Tarawa in the

Gilbert Islands.

Since Riddall's agreement with me calls for a

passage to the nearest English port, I can get him to

Tarawa for 30 yen or yl5. I well believe Riddall is plan-
ning on pulling out at the first opportunity, but expects a
long passage to Hong Kong. This lack of geographical

knowledge on his part will upset him when he finds out

 - —
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sad iifsnc edit I ru: v-n tfoalq ©rfd x>xfDoS ©V .©suss i.

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. f -I cel o IftS'

-j&if dsrid fiiwMBu aa.-i.i -ssoiS era X,e closets c< ion »
;

tef^seo . £ : lot

) ©olloq- add 6ed ielv I .8w4js: •

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^Idtsorie 8fiae. r 8l II b dates 1 ©rid oi diwdsC od gufor. ed I ••/ow

erft ni BKG’XZ'x OJ tfcil2©$ 1 S O' 0 0 ilo { Ji [JJ "io i tflT

..eiamlfl di&dliv

s ioS elloo nd 2 ?. du&ereoi^jE a fXeJbl IV! ’ eoni-

od (Bid dar* ;.so I ,2 too nsilsfiii deft? fie.; e.'-d oj eg^Sesq

-n.'-l •< el IIbIIaH s veiled IIst? I .dly tto OS tsat e faisi

;
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j or. j i; :sjo £m uo gain

IfioirfqBtts©©* ‘lo yu. ?I aid! .gaol. rs:c . od ©geret p\] 'fpQl

t'jo eon 25: Bri ns •

- •
where the Gilbert Islands are.

Sent Hiddall his notice that one month fromjdate

I would be prepared to send him to the nearest English colony

February 11 Wednesday). Finished packing 2 and
one half cases of bird skins ready for New York. I do not

dare send then, on with a Japanese ship for ^ear they will

never reach their destination.

Japanese training ship ' Taisai Maru' ,
a four-mast

barque came into port to-day. Hundreds of sailors came

ashore but we managed to keep them off the ship pretty well.
Grew employed all day painting and renovating the

ship.

February 12 (Thursday). Kusaie. Grew employed as

previously. The Captain and I went on board the training

ship and managed to find our way into the chart room without
being observed. We had a high old time until we were dis-

covered; then half the ship's complement were on our necks.

It is not customary to visit ships' chart rooms without per-

mission.

February 13 (Friday). Kusaie. Grew employed with

the ship until noon when they were allowed to visit the

training ship and attend the athletic games ashore.

February 14 ( Saturday) . Kusaie. Chinaman and I

soldered the bird cases, secured the lids and strapped band

iron^them. Later China stencilled them with Museum marks.

These look quite presentable and should be very seaworthy.

Captain got away at daylight for the other side of

the island to visit Hiddall, take him supplies and return

 3

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eiao e to Use to sfleqmnl .-^sfl-od dxo.q o.Ii; i s;io a

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ddiw .lO'iOlq. © aI • 9 le 80 U .{*;•!• ito Kl y.*r* roc.

d die: v o' flevr lie exe., edd noon lid 0 Txr,«

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to 6Ma a&ddo arid ml IrigiXto -

nay d a £• milcrqiia xniri axna .IXsAfll ?iar/ >: fl.ajsXel os

 54

with his specimens.

S/S Yawata Maru arrived in port from Yokohama via
Ponape. I received another disbursement of funds from Kobe.
A cable from the American Consul in Kobe telling me that the

landing of ammunition in Japan is prohibited. Cabled him in

return to forward ammunition to Guam.

Also a second shipment of ammunition is reported

lying in Truk that has been trans-shipped from Sydney by

Burns Phi Ip and Co. I requested the Governor of Truk to
forward same to Palau to await my arrival at the latter port.
Yas able to obtain some potatoes and onions from

the ship as well as a small amount of American tinned goods.

Crew finished up the sides of the hold in the

morning and were given the big boat to journey to the Bald-

win Church for Sunday services.

February 15 (Sunday). Kusaie. Chinaman and I

aboard ship alone all day. That individual went ashore

stole or borrowed a chicken and presented me with a wonder-

ful roast dinner gratis. Such treatment is unparalleled.

He must have found some opium on the steamer r or I can

think of nothing else that would put him in such a frame

of mind.

February 16 (Monday). Kusaie. Belleu, a native

of Malaita, true to form borrowed a Bible from the Baptist

Church yesterday. He has a trunk full of specimens, one
from every kind of service he has ever attended. This
might be termed a cosmopolitan religious influence.

Lang returned from the other end of the island

 . e nasals© as fill

liv nort Si ocr n.r 'vvIttz grift! bSbwbY &V®-

Jjj

scfoS ill f uenoC nsoltanA. on’s iboiS ico

t ailrf J&sfdflD . I si :.; i noiJi f

. -5?a *o jgjj^H

. ineuO oS no'iSIwi '-n: £>t.e r/-; os muf

ei .floiSiojjrTrcs ’to Sr smlrfe fnooea b obIA
'

o isSSc.C er-S So XbvItxb y,r. ? iBwa oi uB r:s^ oS ecraa J5l.«iw

raoi" s. ol o 5ra asoSjsSo^ stioa a led do os eCch.; aef

too I ••
is ;? h ’to '
:aor- IT ns a er Clew &c' aids’ll

-:tii Ji .felod i o'S lo eefi is sdS an Bay el© it

smtfofc oS SbcmJ slid *.>?-•. aevij ' eiew l .

.
Qo ivies "'Bf'fli/c. to r- oitrr'I

I £>rj?. na irii .©iB&rsX .(•••: cur 8 ) SI ri stride^

'

19 Bhow b tf Siw on •
E ©S re a e asq b az if e >' o 1 do b JEowotiocf q o b I©

. se.Ce. '.BtB'ixtii ei rasi SsatS rf©i/t' .aisais tonrrJJ) Sspjt It

.

crt£> 1 to i BOS e erf? no nn/iqo ©noe Bnirot even’ St»©i 6 |

e ••Ail : ioiia ni .sir? Sec I trow Sb i sale *r hi son to jlnl-

r
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syiSsn b t
xj 9 lIeS . eiB .

"0 ';*!' elcfid b Besoitoef into 1

SeiS-'oq irfS JttlS .BSIbIbX 1

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Biri'. . 9 T9SSB levs SBri oci 9 0 1 V *T 9 3 to Inii !

Ol

I90lfui SX/Oisilai CBSilCOCCuBOO B TOi Sm i

 55

He reports that Biddall is sick and has done nothing all

week. I am afraid that we will get no mors birds from him.

Crew engaged put ring the anchor chains through

the fire, chipping them and later covering them with a

heavy coating of tar for preservation. Others calking deck

and two hands painting the hold of the vessel.

February 17 (Tuesday). Kusaie. Lang and I took

ship's chronometer to the Taisai Maru and got a check on it.

The instrument is losing slowly, about 23 seconds in the past

two months.

Crew finished anchor chains and floor of the main

hold, began painting water tanks and scrubbing fore deck

preparatory to painting. Two hands still calking.

Myself to the doctor. --My finger looks like it had

been through a mincing machine and is not healing rapidly

enough. I am worried about it.

On the small island of Lele one encounters con-

siderable swamp and marshy ground in back of the settlement

and the old stone ruins that are located there. Toward the

southern and eastern end of the island a steep hill of 354

feet is situated. Native houses, stoves and government

buildings are found scattered indiscriminately along the

whole foreshore, but not in the interior of the island. There

are almost no native gardens on Lele. The natives do plant

a few things on the mainland across Chabrol harbor but not

sufficient to provide for their needs. Those depend upon

such employment as they can get from Hermann or the Japanese

to supply funds withlshich to purchase foods from the stores.

I
 c

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“J gained XogBgets' #91 €
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-
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. r£|J« l&aeri or<i ; lis 100 ©'

f'sti 71 t vl >r -loo£ •i:?T.rriSt

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- , 10 ?ooft &ds at t

“ iqjsfs gnilaeri Jon ai h .3 en i a b: gflioaM e cfaoo*rdi ::

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’ns- ariav -g htf eevode .aeaxrori 9Vi3s : .1 aiBUltB e 1 Jt

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Me:' ,/v ••£•;' si ed3 to JrsJtff e*iJ ai 5 or ?0d , ; 10 da© ve'’ slbcf#

Jic’I? o . 8 07 *( 3 rf X ... -.0 ;•, •

Mot svirf C 7t 1 ;

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 56

Failing that they live almost entirely on fish and coco-

nuts. Despite a rather large population of 500 natives on

such a small island as this the interior and the swamp are

not frequently visited.

I have been spending odd hours around and in the

marshy ground in hopes that I might encounter a rail or
two. Careful scrutiny of the ground showed any number of

tracks made by birds but these all had the appearances of

having been made by plovers and sandpipers. These species

are found in numbers probing about in the mud and chasing

one another through the rushes.

There is a marked scarcity of other forms except

the common starling, Aplonis opaca. The little midged

Jephras is sometimes encountered on low shrubs and bushes.

Scores of native dcgs run about the place without

apparent excuse for their existence.

February 18 (Wednesday). Xusaie. The Japanese

training ship sailed for Truk this morning. I dispatched

a number of letters via this boat to Government officials

at Truk and Palau regarding ammunition now in Truk and also

a Japanese assistant for the expedition to join us in Palau.

:ie had considerable rain during the dey which stopped work

aboard ship. I put the crew to threading labels, a task

they can always engage in.^t- m^vj-oy.

February 19 (Thursday). Xusaie. Lost of the day

in the interior of Lele Island. I obtained a few starlings

for the Chinaman to work on. Crew engaged calking ship and

scrubbing paint work.

 -ooo-o 3 ao<!!lo ^

' •
•

©10 frissrs sn .? box, lolisifil erf 3 bldt Bfi

'

nolel IlfmB.'.s liove

.idffieiv ^Uset/pel $ tf#s

.

edi ni J&hb iawo'tB su'od J5jbo ^xiXflscre need evori I

to Xiei b retm ooife 3 nl<n I trend e&orod ai JEm/toi?* qrisiBir

lectatm \tiB heworta basso r^

x
irfised© ban bssta eat ni zuode art id >ier aisdas/fl rti x' ri ere

.eerie i/i ©ri3 ri^t; •: : x

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f
. pox go si_ < on erir

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|' "3013 1?: eoiilg ix -f/oote n isi e. sp f. evl;3efl 3o i.aicoL

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eee-iiBqsI. 8/iX .k in at/I . (n,sXa©xiX&\’i 31 ^leoicfe'-v

:-r- '0; . fl iilTOn 8 iff 3 5t0lX 10X i ;

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o G o 13100 ^ftiB.ie&ai oolof 3a

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alio* bert<-(OlQ old?: 'erf 3 y: Irstb dies elvsreb'enoc 6ed e\

syoxv)* -->*=•. ai Q%es%r:e eyerie ueo -;en-:

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,:'*to r 3'Jloc ’
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 57

February 20 (Friday). Kusaie. To the police.

He advised me to go to Ponape on the steamer and catch the

next one coming back in a few days. About twice a year the

two steamer schedules overlap between Ponape and Kusaie. The

policeman would rather I obtained Hiddall's release and

travelling permit from the Governor in Ponape and save the

former any trouble should it arise. Hermann, too, will go

to Ponape to see the Governor as well.

Grew engaged at odd tasks about the ship including

firewood and bringing aboard gear. Native Charley cleaning

firearms.

February 21 (Saturday). Kusaie. Grew employed at

the forerigging, putting preventer lanyards on all shrouds.

The eyes of all of the rigging of the foremast are pretty

well ru3ted through. The two natives finished calking the

fore deck by noon.

Myself ashore to the interior of lele Island and

obtained a few birds for the Oriental to work on.

Captain Lang got away at 7

> P.M. in the small dinghy

and the outboard motor to take supplies to Fiddall and re-

turn with his specimens.

February 22 (Sunday). To Ponaoe. The Cactain,

with Hiddall ,
returned to the ship at 8 A.M. having spent

most of the night en route. Riddall has collected no birds

this past week. He flatly refused to collect in the bush

under the pretext that his general health would not with-

stand blood poisoning, etc. I was very cross with him and

told Hiddall that unless he obtained specimens during these

 5

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 58

next days he would receive no reimbursement for his time on

Kus aie.
There and then, J. B. Riddall recited the old war

cry of the Australian labor unions, "The employee can hold

the employer, but the employer can not hold the employee."
Sailed at noon for Ponape with Hermann on the s/s

Yawata Maru, to get a passage permit for Hiddall aboard a

small Japanese schooner running from Jabut ,

Marshalls, to

Tarawa in the Gilbert Islands.

February 23 (Monday). Ponape. Peached Ponape at

E P.M. ashore with Hermann to live in the Gtschei t residence.

To the Governor who issued me a permit for Piddall

without any questions asked. That gentleman refused to give

me a shooting oermit for the Chinaman, but did promise me a

Japanese living on Hus aie.

Gtsoheit tried to induce me to turn native Cor-

nelius's wages over to him. Gtsoheit claims that Cornelius

owes him over EOO yen for supplies purchased at the former's

store. I refused to enter into the business and told

G tscheit to see the Governor. An old trick in the islands

is this one of getting the native heavily in debt and then

confiscating his land. In fact the same practice is or has

been used extensively in our cwn country. The Japanese use

this means to thwart the league of Nations's ruling against

confiscating native land and now own a great share of it.

February 24-25 ( Tues day- Wednesday ) . Ponape.

Cabled the Govern or- General Palau asking permission to use

my own crew as collectors.

 ©

no or: 13 8 in 10 * in -...a •
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:b >r Jj .f o or ? JBeJioQi I. Bi> o if ,

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f.aoi£VJ ’iQdBL iizil&'i&ev*. eri?

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rro't noon Jb XeflsS

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£~o $
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<- '••£-& .! ?e{3 ni n’.i'x? £0 r;.-. . -romevor erii 90 s, 0; Sle'Joaii

no.:i I-fi':- ideL nl v,Xi vb ri evi3an e r

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 59

Purchased a number of ship's stores, putty,

oakum, paint, etc.

February 26 (Thursday). Ponape. ‘Reply from

Governor- General; he will not pemit my own natives to hunt

specimens, aboard the s/s Kasuga Maru which sailed for

Kusaie at 4 P.M.

February 27 (Friday). To Kusaie. Punching s^kead

sea all day which slowed down the ship considerably. These
Japanese mail boats are old worn out English vessels which

have been purchased very cheaply but are nevertheless quite

seaworthy.

February 28 (Saturday). Kusaie. Peached Kusaie

at 10 A.M. Off/vthe 'France 1
at once and found Riddall ready

to leave. He has collected some 50 specimens during my ab-

r
sence including Erythruya . Oollocalia , Ducula . Ptilinopus .

Myzomela , Jephras . and a series of herons. All of these

were taken at the south end of the island. Riddall sur-

prised me with the quality of his skins. I suspect the

heavy hand of the Captain in this business.

Riddall was paid off in full for his services, re-

ceipts were signed for the same and he was put on board the
'Kasuga I.'aru' which sailed for Jabuit at 4 P.y. Accompanying
him went a letter from the Government in Ponape to the same

in Jabuit refusing Riddall permission to return to the Caro-

lines. I don't want him back here until after he has been in

English territory.

During my absence, the crew have finished the fore

rigging which should hold until we get new material in Guam

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 60

or elsewhere. Also new back ropes for the jib boom were

set. Calking was continued mid-ships on the raised poop.

Firewood was obtained in large quantities.

March 1 (Sunday). Kusaie. To the doctor; he has

given me permission to start hunting if I go about it slowly

at first.

Police turned over Mr. Oschero, a Japanese, to

me. He will act in the capacity of hunter. I engaged him

on trial at SO yen per month. This is the customary rate of

pay for Japanese labor, which, in many instances, is less

than that paid to natives. Oschero will get a shot gun and

ten cartridges per day to start with.

March 2 (Monday). Kusaie. Jith George to the in-

terior of Lele where we obtained a fair bag of common birds

including herons. There is heavy forest on the slopes and

tops of Lele Hill. Also one encounters an abundance of

shrub and bush.

Oschero returned from across the bay late in the

evening with a pair of badly shot Duoulas and all of his

cartridges expended.

Crew were engaged painting water tanks and calking

poop deck.
,7e were able to purchase a quantity of potatoes,

onions and fresh meat from the steamer. These combined with

native foods give us ample for the table.

March 3 (Tuesday). Kusaie. Across the bav with

George to Malim where we found more swamp land, a little

grass area and plenty of good thick true forest. There were
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61

plenty of taro and yam gardens also. This would be an ideal

country for rails. No sign of than during our trip.

I find that I am terribly weak and easily ex-

hausted. Thank heaven the ground is made up of good heavy

soil and not sharp jagged rocks as on Ponape.

Returned to the ship in the afternoon with a num-

y
ber of specimens including 3 ISrythriufa (the finch).

Crew engaged calking and burning paint off the

poop deck.

Lang left in the afternoon on a small Japanese

pinnace to visit Port Lottin at the southern end of the is-

land to ascertain what sort of camping facilities are

available there. 7e will all have to utilize every
available minute from now on.

Oschero returned with one specimen of the common

pigeon and was released from his obligations. I had learned

during the day that he was shooting pigeons and selling them

to the Japanese on Lele Island. He would give his speci-

mens to a native to deliver for him.

George and I went to the big cave in the evening

and obtained a nice series of small swifts ( Coll oc alia )

Those were not difficult to obtain when a dozen

small boys helped us.

March 4 (Tednesday ) . Kusaie. George and I got

away in his canoe for Tern shal near Merents. There we made

a camp under an overhanging ledge to await for petrels.

George tells me that these roost in the 800-foot cliff near

us.
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 62

7/as able to make up a few specimens during the

afternoon.

The whole country is rugged and of an old crumbly-

geological formation. Heavy true forest is abundant every-

where. There are numerous fresh-water streams which contain

3 to 5 foot eels and a bass-like fish. The common Duoula

is abundant everywhere. There is also a form of tuber which

grows on a vine both under and on the ground. .7hen soaked

in fresh water overnight and later boiled in a bamboo it

resembles somewhat in taste our Irish potato.

One could live off the bush very easily here,

without any supplies other than salt, sugar and tea.

leorge has sill of the earmarks of being a very

good bushman. 7e will probably get on very well together.

fe heard the high-pitched nasal whine of the in-

coming petrels shortly after dark and again about 4 o'clock

in the morning. They do congregate and roost in the sides

of the steep cliff and also across the valley in another

cliff. Just how to get them or put ourselves in a position

where we can shoot them is going to be our problem.

March 5 (Thursday). Kusaie. leorge and I cir-

cled the top of the high cliff without finding any place
where we could climb down. 7e hoped to find a sloping por-

tion that would allow one to descend with a rope. Nothing

of this nature presented itself. leorge tells me that we

can descend the cliff at the other end of the valley and
that we might also attempt a climb from below.
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 ti
63

le concluded to return to the ship first and

later make a survey of the valley when camped at the south

end of the island. The mouth of this depression comes out
not far from Port L&ttin.

Began a systemmatic collection of starlings.

There has been no indication of a mountain species so will

take some of every flock I meet with, Oeorge insists that

there is only one species on ICusaie and not two as on Ponape.

Greorge should know something about such things.

There are very few birds in the mountains with the

exception of the Due ula and Aplonis as related previously.

Once in awhile one encounters a stray flock of Jephras or

an occasional i'yzomela . These latter, though, appear more

frequently in the cleared lands and along the seacoast.

Deorge killed a 150-pound pig on the way back to
the ship. This gave all hands two meals of fresh meat with a

contribution for those ashore.

Passed through some wonderful rail country on my

return to the ship. let a native "minister of the uospel"

who toli-e that he had seen a rail in these very swamps

when he was a boy. That was over 50 years ago.

Pound Lang had returned when I reached the ship.

He tells me that every house at the south end of the island

has a tin roof and that there are plenty of native foods to

be had.
Crew have installed the fresh-water tanks and have

filled them. Calking is proceeding on the poop deck.

March 6 (Friday). Kusaie. mross the bay to

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 .

64

Dafeyiat to the aw amp area again where I spent the day and

returned with 18 specimens. Grave George a gun and find that

he ean use it well. George had been a pigeon hunter in the

German times.
This swamp is heavily forested and should be an

excellent place for ground birds of all kinds. There are

plenty of plovers about but nothing of interest.

Grew engaged painting and chipping iron work.

March 7 (Saturday). Kusaie. To the same area

with George. 7e combed the thing from one end to the other
without a sign of ground birds. Returned to the ship with

Ptilinopus ,
Jephra3 ,
Aplonis and Ducula.

Crew engaged as previously.

March 8 (Sunday). Kusaie. Mail boat 'Kasuga Mam'

in port from JaLuit en route to Yokohama. A letter from Rid-

dall; he is bound for Tarawa and in excellent spirits.

I dispatched a number of letters, to the Museum.

American Museum Kobe, Postmaster Guam, and others.

Also cabled the Museum to "deposit April remit-

tance National City Bank New York Kobe Japan."

The police asked me to turn over the account of

Cornelius to him to be forwarded to Btscheit at Ponape

Lang and I decided, rather than be debt collectors,

that we had better dispose of Cornelius. The latter was

bundled aboard the 'Kasuga' and forwarded to Ponape. The po-

lice received the money belonging to Cornelius.

March 9 (Monday). Ren kohl. .7ith George and

Malaita Jimmie to the north end of the island to ^enkohl

 65

where' we established camp in the house of Paulino--a renegade

Phillipino, who deserted a sailing ship in Spanish times.

We will make a systemmatic search of the north end of the

island first and then work toward the southward.

There is an abundance of swamp land along the fore-

shore here and mountains to 2000 feet in the interior. Te

should sight something if it is here.

March 10 (Tuesday). Pen Kohl. These last two

days have netted nothing of interest. We have a few finches

y*

( Srythr ura) to show for our time as well as other more com-

mon material. I have decided to add a quantity of sea birds

to the collection as we go along.

Sent Jim into the bush to set snares for rails. He

also agreed to go into the mountains and listen for petrels.

Malaita Jim is the hardest working boy I have ever used.

Charley is the most willing but hasn't the mentality of Jim.

March 11 (Wednesday). Pen Kohl. Jim remained

away, leorge and I found him in the mountains setting traps.

I left a couple of pigeons for food for him. Jim would just

as soon live off the bush. He complains of the rats that

simply swarm through the bush at night. Jim also found a

Afl.£ .

flying fox which iss rare on th*-st island*. They are scarce

indeed. Since 1927 after an epidemic of measles and dysen-

tery among the native population. The flying foxes of the

island died in thousands so that now it is very doubtful

whether there are a dozen specimens to be found.

This sickness did not affect the rats which have

multiplied into millions.

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 66

March 12 (Thursday). Pen Kohl. Into the mountains again.

I searched diligently for the mountain starling, even shot

numbers of birds, but all of them turned out to be the com-

mon lowland form. leorge and Jim scaled the cliffs looking

for stray feathers or signs of petrels, but found none.

Those probably 3hi ft around from one end of the island to

the other. Jim has had no luck with his snares.

The three of us spent the night in Jim's leaf

house and were afforded the pleasure of hearing netrels

screaming overhead after dark, after they had come in from

the sea. 7e didn't, however, hear them go out to sea in the

morning which is a good indication that they are roosting

farther south of us.
March 13 (Friday). Pen kohl. Returned to the

lowland and spent the whole of a cloudy day in the swamps.

This is a most discouraging task we are engaged in, espe-

cially when the natives hardly know one bird from another.
There are all kinds of gardens both in and back

of the swamps. Surely if there were rails around some one

would see them.
George returned with another wild pig. I dis-

patched portions to Hermann, police master and the ship.

Jim went back into the bush for the night.
March 14 (Saturday). Kusaie. Up before daylight

and to a large limestone cave where I obtained a large

series of swifts, with the aid of a horde of small boys. A

few biscuits were ample reward for the boys and satisfied

them immensely. Jim and George joined me whence all of us

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 67

returned to the ship. Myself to bed dog tired. I haven't

much reserve to fall back on yet. The Chinaman and the crew

took care of the swifts nicely.

March 15 (Sunday). Kusaie. "Rained continuously

all day. Lang during the past week has had more iron work

chipped and most of the upper deck work painted. Consider-

able rain has hampered the work. Charley is getting on well

with the calking.

March 16 (Monday). Kusaie. Day of continuous

rain. Engaged in labeling specimens. Crew stringing labels

and odd jobs around the ship. Rewrapped all of last week's

specimens. It is impossible to take much cargo with one

into the bush as the Kusaie natives will not pack gear.
Maroh 17 (Tuesday). Kusaie. Another day of rain

and wind though I did spend considerable time in the swamps

in the interior of the Lele Island. Hermann tells me that a

German expedition collected birds on Lele prior to the war.

Unfortunately, there is no record of their ornithological

undertakings. I presume they must have been ethnologists

and anthropologists.

Maroh 18 (Wednesday). Kusaie. leather cleared

and crew began transporting sails and gear aboard ship again.
Myself, with the China cook, Charley and George in two

canoes to the south end of Kusaie where we will establish

camp and survey there--thoroughly. Reached Port Lottin and

Vemkohl in the middle of the afternoon and set up camp in

the home of Edmund. The latter is a very large 6 foot na-

tive, with enormous feet, who has spent many years in the
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 68

phosphate mines on Nauru Island. He is the owner of a com-

plete European house, but, unfortunately, is deeply re-

ligious. He, like all other Kusians, is deathly afraid of
work. In all fairness to him we are grateful for the use
of his house which will oost us a dollar a week.

March 19 (Thursday). Lottin. Into the bush

early this morning after I had started the Chinaman along

the beach for shore birds and anything else he can find.
If the lavt will not cooperate with me, I shall have to
take it in ray own hands.
The Oriental, by the way, is afraid of the bush,

but I shall wean him to it in time. This country like a

lot of other parts on the island is ideal for birds. Be-

hind Edmuhd's there are acres and acres of swamp land, na-

tive gardens, small streams and low scrub. Back into the

interior one encounters mountains running up to over 2000

feet elevation. Good heavy virgin forest is found every-

where. On the slopes of the mountains isolated grassland

patches harbor finches and wild jungle fowl. The setting

is perfect, only the birds are lacking.

I spent the whole day in the bush, to return

rather late with only a limited bag of Ttilinopus and small

birds. The Chinaman had had a successful d ay with reef

herons and shore birds which he proceeded to skin and make

up in good order.
Charley and Edmund made a foray into the moun-

tains for breadfruit.

Edmund will supply our table with native foods if

 2

83

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 69

I will contribute pigeons and wild pig for the pot. This
arrangement saves us a great many petty misunderstandings.
March 20 (Friday). Lot tin. Into the swamp all
day, but with the usual results. Chinaman shot aman-o'-

war bird, but ruined it with a second shot at close range.

Continuous rain.
March 21 (Saturday). Lottin. In a canoe with

George out into the ocean this morning in hopes that we

might intercept petrels caning out from their mountain bur-

rows. They kept too high in the air for us so that we

didn't get a shot at them. Hundreds of terns and tropic -

birds did circle low over the water around the canoe. Re-

turned to the swamp and began a continuous tramp up and

down. I must have covered hundreds of acres of land at
this business.
March 22 (Sunday). Lottin. The Oriental with

Charley into the bush. They returned shortly before noon

with a wild pig. Since Edmund and this brother Kusians.

spend their day at church and are not allowed to cook on

Sunday, the cook Charley and I made a mess of the pig.

To continue with these Kusaie people. They cook

their Sunday rations on Saturday night and refrain from
all tasks until Monday morning. I might add that the men
do all of the cooking and housework except washing clothes.

This ie due to the wonderful influence of the Sisters

Baldwin.
What a lovely sight it is to see a big 6-foot,

250-pound man w ashing dishes while his wife sits near him.
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 70

reading the big brute choice verses from the scriptures.

I am losing faith daily, --the Chinaman never had any.

March 23 (Monday). Lottin. Into the interior

with Ceorge and the Chinaman. Charley into the bush to try

his hand with snares for rails. Edmund up the river to dig

out a quantity of bread fruit which he buried over a year

ago. This stuff stinks to the high heavens, but when it is

kneeded like bread dough and baked in leaves over hot stones

it assumes the taste of hard cheese. I have found it to be

very palatable though too generous a quantity gives one gas-

tri tis.

The whole day in the bush but only a few birds.

;/e were forced to cut out own trails through the underbrush

which is plentiful everywhere. Along the creek bottom one

encounters a mass of heavy vegetation that should harbor a

number of species of birds but apparently does not.

The wide valley behind Edmund's runs about two

miles into the interior in the form of a large ampitheatre.

It is undoubtedly a blown-out crater of ages past. After

one leaves the seacoast and its accompanying native houses

and gardens there is nothing but virgin forest, swamp and

heavy bush growing in profusion. Pew, if any, natives ever

come this way. They prefer to use a canoe and follow around

the coast line rather than cut across the island.

After one reaches the head of the valley they find

that the mountains rise abruptly in the form of steep cliff*

which attain a height of 1500 to 2000 feet.

It is in these cliffs that petrels roost and also
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i 31
 .

71

probably nest. Oaohero, the Japanese hunter, showed up

again this evening with the information that the police

had sent him down to shoot for me. I agreed to let him

stay a few days and see what he could do.

March 24 (Tuesday). Lottin. All of us hunting

again. Myself around the edge of the forest and the swamp

land. During the day I set a number of rat traps in likely

places where I thought a runway might be. Built three

small leaf houses where I can sit at intervals and watch

the country. In this manner I shot the first migrant

cuckoo taken here ( Eudynamis tai tensis )

George and Osehero returned late with very poor

material.
March 25 (Wednesday). Lottin. Took Charley with
me and worked the same swamp and mountain area. This is a

most discouraging effort. Nothing to do though, but keep

going.

George and Osehero returned late again with a few

big pigeons for the pot. I wonder whether Osehero isn't a

"practical joke" on the part of the government after all.

Stories have it that Osehero sleeps in the bush

while George does the hunting.

March 26 (Thursday). lottin. Sent Osehero back

to the government with thanks. I can do as well without

him and save myself money and food.

George to take all of our birds back to the ship

and return with a few oommestibles (salt, tea, sigar, rice).

Charley and Edmund into the mountains after bread fruit.
 o }

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 72

Myself in the swamp land and followed in a wes-

terly direction toward Point Lesson.

The Chinaman is doing very well in the bush. He

goes out, shoots a number of specimens and returns to work

them up.
March 27 (Friday). Lottin. Back into the moun-
tains to the north' ard. I found only small birds, also
Ducula . Ptilinopus and the common starling. The going was

unusually tiring with no trails and heavy vines everywhere.

The soil is of heavy clay and crumbling stones. That in
itself was not difficult to get over; it was the heavy

mass of shrub and vines. Heavy forest grows everywhere in

profusion.
March 28 (Saturday). Lottin. Took Charley with
me and followed along the tons of the ridges in the direc-

tion of Mount Crozier. 7e spent the whole day, &ot num-

bers of starlings but found no indication of the mountain

ornis. Ptilinopus is nesting at this time. I can obtain

only males and those keep well to the tops of very high

trees.
March 29 (Sunday). Spent the day in camp checking

and labeling specimens. Our results so far have been

wretched. There are apparently few species on the island.

At night into the bush where I sat and listened

for rails or night calling birds. I encountered nothing

but rats. They were heard squeaking and squealing every-

where. So far we have found one rat's foot in the rat

traps that we set out.

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 73

March 30 (Monday). Lottin. George returned with

a number of supplies and a note from Lang. All of us

hunting; myself into the 8wamp land toward the westward.

March 31 (Tuesday). lottin. I have noticed that

George carries a little notebook around with him in which he

jot 3 down an item or two now and then. Presuming that George

was keeping an exacting record for the police, I never

bothered him. To-day the truth came out. George is a

preacher, who conscientiously keeps a record of his re-

ligious feelings, the better to enlighten his congregation

on Sundays. One must admit that this is unique for this

part of the world.

Edmund, Charley and I to the cliffs in the in-

terior in quest of petrels. George and the Chinaman to

collect around eaup.

Our party tried to climb the face of the cliffs

but without success so we built a leaf house at the base

of the largest one and awaited night time when the birds

put in their appearance. Sure enough the birds did put in

their appearance shortly after dark and spent about an

hour circling and calling before they retired to their bur-

rows high over head. I tried several times to shoot one

but found them out of gun range.

April 1 (Wednesday). Lottin. The petrels came

out of their burrows about 3 A.M. and circled about

screaming and calling before taking off to the sea. I

tried again to shoot them but had no success.

We spent the whole day with the aid of a rope

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and did manage to olimb one cliff where we found one empty-

burrow with feathers and droppings but no birds.

I remained on the side of one cliff until long
after dark but could get no bird within gun shot range.
Charley put out a few snares around what he thought were

roosting sites.
April E (Thursday). lot tin. Our pre-day light

efforts were as discouraging as yesterday. '.Ve decided to

break camp, return to our base and have another go at birds

with the next full moon.
During this trip into the bush we took absolutely

no food of any kind. Our meals consisted of broiled and

smoked pigeons, tubers and fish and eels from the mountain

streams. Xusaie is a very good example of an island where

one dan live entirely off the bush.

Upon reaching camp, found Tommy with a note from

Lang stating that my presence was requested at a big Japa-

nese celebration on the morrow at Lele.

Seorge and the Chinaman have been busy with small

birds including a few sandpipers from the reefs. The

Oriental is death on herons, the bodies of whioh he con-

sumes with relish.

April 3 (Friday). Lele. Up at daylight and

hiked the 5 miles to Lele with Tommy and Paulino. There I

found the Japanese were having a joint celebration of the

anniversary of the coronation of the first Emperor and also

the completion of a big road around Lele Island. Practi-

cally everyone on the island was gathered to partake of

 A ?

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 75

the feast and witness the games.

The police master presided over an eight-course

dinner which preceded contests and canoe races on the part

of the natives. The Japanese feel quite pleased with the

road but the natives are sullen and discontented because

they have had to work two day3 each week for a number of
months without pay. I can’t say that the road will serve

any purpose except as a feather in the cap of the police

master.
April 4 (Saturday). Lele. Spent the day on the

ship going over specimens and questioning varied and sun-

dry natives. They tell me that an epidemic of 1905 killed
off many people including the older ones who knew the in-
terior of the island. They admitted that since Chris-
tianity had destroyed their beliefs few of them bothered

about their old customs which included the worship of the

rail (Nay tai mi not).

The Captain during my absence has been engaged on

board. The deck has been calked throughout. The decks

oiled and painted twice. The sides of the ship scrubbed

and painted. All stores from ashore have been brought on

board and the vessel hauled away from the wharf.
A new starboard after ohain plate has been made
and set in place of the old one which has rusted badly. The

ship now presents a very creditable appearance.

April 5 (Sunday). To lottin. Easter Sunday.
Returned to South Harbor to Edmund's place alone and to

let the rest of the party assemble tomorrow.

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 76

This gave me the afternoon and

evening in the
swamps alone, though, unfortunately,
without much success.
April 6 (Monday). Lottin. To the bush alone.
I had a wonderful day just observing, it looks to me as
though there isn't a hope of finding a rail here.
Mr.Chung Ho Tack, alias "Hakko", alias Kong
Kong, shot another cuckoo. He is as pleased
as punch with
himself.

None of the rest of the party have appeared.

The
Chinaman showed up during my absence from somewhere.
I
know not where he has been.

Spent half the night in the bush again.

April 7 (Tuesday). Lottin, Ceorge, Paulino,
Charley and Edmund showed up this morning. The first two
named had been soundly beaten by the police for not giving
a full report of my activities. Edmund also was repri-
manded for not working on the roads, but because of his
size no one undertook to chastise him.

I remained in camp to prepare specimens, sleep,

and later have another night in the bush.

April 8 (Wednesday). Lottin. George and Ho tack

hunting in the interior. They returned with two large

flying foxes which are valuable additions to our meagre

collections.

Edmund and myself to the swamps and bush land to

the south of VZafcapp where a native told us he had seen a
e

ground bird. I am afraid this young man has been pulling

my leg.
 1

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 77

April 9 (Thursday). Lottin. Into the mountain

area where I built a leaf house. Then at night I set out

2 lanterns about 50 yards equidistant from the house in

hopes that if something passed along the ground I would see

it. As a matter of fact I did observe a number of rats

running around but nothing more.

April 10 (Friday). Lottin. Remained in the bush

all day and in the evening tried the same performance of

the previous night. The rats are so bad at night that they
will run over one's body and will nibble one's fingers if
those members are greasy.
April 11 (Saturday). lottin. Continued on into

the mountains and made another house in a little valley be-

tween two small ridges at about 1500 feet elevation. There

I spent the day and the night. Fortunately we have been

having good weather with only passing showers.

April 12 (Sunday). Lottin. Returned to camp to

find the place deserted. The cook in my absence has made

up a number of birds including terns and white tailed tropic-

birds. He have just about completed our series of birds

from this island.

Chinaman returned in the evening and reported

that he had been to church. This set me back completely

and when I asked his reason for such conduct learned that

a native had killed a pig and had taken the same to the

Sunday worship. The Chinaman has a nose for pig, no doubt

e

about it.

April 13-15 (Monday- Wednesday ) . Lottin.

I
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 78

Sent Charley back to the ship with specimens and told him

to send Jimmie (Malaita) down here. Chinaman to remain near

oamp and do the best he can.

Edmund and I into the mountains again with a twelve

gauge shot gun and one 20 gauge also, fe saw and heard the

petrels every night and morning but were not successful in

obtaining specimens. Edmund and I did succeed in scaling

the perpendicular cliff of some 800 feet height. He were

able to climb by the aid of small bush and shrub roots that
protrude everywhere but the looseness of the soil and earth
(a conglomerate ) made this task dangerous.
/e returned to our base late Wednesday night to
find Jimmie awaiting us.

April 16 (Thursday). Mount Orozier. Edmund,

Jim and I to the top of Mount Crozier in the center of the
island. We had a hard day working our way up to the steep
sides of the mountain. The soil and stones are very loose.

These give way at the least provocation. By pulling our-

selves from tree root to tree root, for the whole mountain is

forested from the base to the very top, we were able to

progress,

I removed my shoes and socks, the better to climb,

and was bitten on feet and ankles countless times by big

blaok ants.
On the flat top of the mountain we found the
dommon starling and a few Duoula . No other birds were ob-
€
served.

The trip down was even more arduous than the

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 79

climb up. Several years ago a Japanese surveyor lost his

life when he fell down the side of this mountain. Beached

our base camp well after dark.

April 17 (Friday). Sawokusa. With George and
Edmund in a canoe to the southwest comer of the island to
see what we could find. Jim into the bush to set more

snares. He will run a line of them and be gone two days.

Chinaman hunting about camp.

April 18 (Saturday). lottin. Sent George off

to the ship with specimens. The Chinaman to the ship to re-

main there. I will continue on for a couple of weeks longer

in the off chance that something will turn up.

There is no hope of our sailing the ship out of

Chabrol Harbor with the northeast wind blowing right in the

mouth of the harbor, fe will have to await the end of the

northeast season which will probably be a month hence. In

the meantime I shall continue in the field, cover every por-

tion of the island thoroughly in hopes that I can locate

the rail and the mountainjs tarling.

April 19 (Sunday). Lottin. Jimmie returned from

the bush very wet and very discouraged. He intimated that

I was crazy (’’long-long”) for continuing any longer. Per-

haps he is right.
Nevertheless I gave Jim a musket and sent him

back into the bush to remain for several days and tend his

traps.

Myself into the bush alone for the day. I oan see

and do more when I am alone. This being a church day there

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 80

are no natives about.

April 20 (Monday). Lottin. Two natives from

the north end of the island showed up this morning with a

petrel which they had captured in a chicken coop outside

of their house. It seems that the domestic fowl crows

before dawn and attracts petrels which come down to fight

it. The wild fowl ( Sal lus ) does not crow before dawn.
It is odd that, after all of the our hunting, the

only specimen of this species should tangle itself up in

a wire cage.

Spent the day in the interior around the grass-

lands where I obtained a few more type Erythruyas and a

number of wild fowl. The fowl have interbred with the do-
mestic strains so badly that it is useless to save them.
To a bush lean-to again to-night with lanterns.

April 21 (Tuesday). lottin. With Edmund and

Greorge moved sleeping effects down the coast to Tavsa not

far from Inshiappu. Jimmie can join us from overland. Here

we will remain a number of days, set out traps and see what
will develop.

April 22 (Wednesday). Tavsa. Into the bush and

low mountains all day. There is plenty of swamp here both

on the mainland and the small bordering islands. Not many

natives live here, but they do have abundant gardens. All

of them are a part of Kavi s retinue. '

The Captain and Belleu called with the small boat

and outboard motor. They brought supplies and a little

quinine which I shall need here with all of these mosquitoes.

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 81

Jimmie showed up overland wi thout any specimens,

j- gave both Jim and ndmund a set of rat traps and sent them

off into the bush again.

April 27 (Thursday), favsa. Obtained an example

of Sul a leuo ogaster this morning. There are 3 of them
roosting on the small spit of land where we are camped.

Spent the day in the swamps,

April 24 (Friday). Another girl has died at the

mission station. This makes the third sinoe we have come to

the island. The dear old ladies Baldwin keep the girls
looked up in a wire cage to protect them from the wicked
boys and as a consequence the girls get no exercise. As a
means of killing off the race I think the old women are pro-

gressing splendidly.

Myself back into the low mountains, not over 1200

feet elevation, which are found at this end of the island.
There I found the common pigeon and starlings in abundance

but not much other material.

April 25 (Saturday). Tavsa. Edmund, George and

Jimmie in the canoe to take our effeots back to Edmund's
house while I will work my way over the mountains. I en-
countered quite a bit of rain during the trip and spent the

night in the bush.

April 26 (Sunday). Lottin. Reached Edmund ' s at

noon and to bed with a touch of fever. George and Edmund

have gone on to Lele, leaving Jimmie here in camp. The lat-
ter cooked up a fi ne pot of pigeon soup for me and took off
to the bush again.
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 April 27 (Monday). Lottin. Remained in bed all

day with fever. Jimmie showed up late in the afternoon wet

and tired from the continuous rain. He produced an unusual

oatch frcm his string of traps; 2 hind legs of rats, one ear

and one well- chewed rat.

I am afraid that the rats have overrun the island

and have exterminated the rails. There is no plausible ex-

cuse for the lack of mountain starlings though.

April 28 (Tuesday). Lottin. With Jimmie into the

mountain again to have one last stab at petrels. ?e camped

in the old spot near the cliffs where we had seen the birds
before. Rain hampered us at night. We heard nothing. Evi-

dently the birds do not cry at night during the rain.

April 29 (Wednesday). Lottin. Heard one petrel

crying about 5 in the morning and that one was miles away.

Jimmie spent the day along the mountain streams catching

3 eels. They make excellent food except that they are full

of small bones.
At night we heard numbers of birds and even saw

two flying in the moonlight but we couldn't get near them

with the diot guns.

April 30 (Thursday). Lottin. Our birds were with

us again before daylight but no luck for us. Jimmie advised

(f

a search on the mountain slopes opposite^which we called 3

mountains'! I thought a visit to that area a good idea so

both of us crossed the valley to those slopes. There we

built a lean-to inside the roots of a big tree and awaited

the night.
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 83

Sure enough we heard petrels after dark and thought

we located their roosting site. Unfortunately, the sides of

the ridges were so steep we couldn't progress very rapidly

after dark.

May 1 (Friday). Lot tin. Jimmie and I to work

along the cliffs hunting for roosting sites. Je found a num-

ber of small ledges with cavities which had been lined with

grasses and in which droppings and an occasional feather were

present. There were egg shells or indications of nesting

bi rds.

Edmund and 14 of his friends showed up on their

way to a wedding. They had learned that we were in the moun-

tains and came up for a look. Now after all of these months,

I was told that the old Kusaie people came to these cliffs

in times past to snare petrels for their ceremonials.

Way in the devil the natives didn't tell me of this

before is beyond me. I shall never understand the workings

of the native mind.

All of the boys scattered themselves along the

sides of the cliffs armed with clubs to await the dusk and

the arrival of petrels.

This was a splendid setting except for the rain.

After dark not one confounded petrel let out a squawk and we

had all of our labor for nothing.

May 2 (Saturday). Lottin. Torrents of rain during

the night. At daylight all of us were so wet and cold we

concluded to get back to Edmund's house.

fhen we reached the river valley we learned that the

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 84

torrents of rain had flooded the rivers and streams to suoh

an extent that we had to wort our way back along the ridges
and spend a whole dey covering a distance we should have

traversed in a few hours.

Heaohed the camp at 5 P.M. to find Tommy with a

note from Lang and also a cable and 2 letters from the Mu-
seum. I concluded to break camp the first thing in the

morning and return to the ship.

May 3 (Sunday). Lele. Broke camp at daylight

and away to the ship which I reached at 9 A.M. Pound the

vessel the cleanest it ha3 ever been since I joined the ex-

pedition.

The Yawata Maru has been in port and out again

for Jabuit in the Marshall Islands.

A cable from the Museum advising me to "oable

telegraph office at Guari regarding date of your arrival and

instructions about mail and freight held there — Murphy.”
I have already cabled and written Guam, but these
instructions have probably been held up somewhere along the

line.

There were also 2 letters from the Museum under

date of January 19, 1931, and February 4, 1931. Apparently

I have missed some letters as I note the following in my

communications received: "As you know from my last commu-

nication it has been decided to wind up the field work during

1931, and you are to make your plans accordingly and also

to see what might be realized from the sale of the schooner

about next January."

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 85

There is nothing to do but wait until we can reach

Guam and see what mall is awaiting us there.

Mrs. Shura Hermann came off to the ship and told me

she had 3een a rail a number of times in the swamps back of

the ruins on Lele. I went with her in the evening and ob-

tained a specimen which she pointed out. The bird was nothin*
but the migrant plover, Gharadri us .

May 4 (Monday). Lele. Remained on the ship

working up notes and packing specimens. Sent the whole

crew off into the swamp on Lele to put out traps and snares.

The ship is now ready for sea — well cleaned and painted
throughout. We have only to wait a ^ift in the wind that

will carry us out of the harbor.

Hermann seems to think that his outboard motors

will pull us out when the time comes, but that is very doubt-
ful.

May 5 (Tuesday). Lele. The crew caught parts of

rats in their traps last night but no signs of rails.

Sent Tommy and Jimmie off across the bay to run a

trap line into the interior along the Innemu River. Those

two, both Malaita boys, are the most promising bird men among

the complement. As long as we are here there is always a

hope of getting specimens.

May 6 (Wednesday). Lele. Captain and part of the

crew finished painting at noon. Every portion of the ship

has two coats now including all of the rigging. The masts

and spar3 likewise have had two coats of varnish.

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 86

lent over all of my accounts with Mr. Hermann

ashore. All of the work; done here has cost me only $400.

That is dirt cheap for what has been accomplished in the

way of putting the vessel in tip-top order.

Edmund and George have gone back into the moun-

tains to make another attempt at getting petrels.

May 7 (Thursday). Lele. Mr. Hermann is plan-

ning on returning to San Francisco via Japan with the next

steamer. This gives me an opportunity to forward a long

letter to Dr. Murphy with an assurance also that that

epistle will reach him. Under date of May 7 I wrote as

follows:

Kusaie- -Carolines
May 7, 1931

My dear Dr. Murphy:

I am in receipt of your message, "Gable

telegraph office at Guam regarding date of your arrival

and instructions about mail and freight held there. Murphy."

The cable, dated April 8th, reached me here May 2nd. Having

previously notified the authorities in Guam by letter of my

intentions, I am presuming that the instructions were mis-

laid in transit. The case is also true of the American

Consul in Kobe.

"Our Little Yellow Brother," though very courteous

and polite, can be deemed obstinate and contrary at times.

My present position doesn't permit me to disclose my inner-

most feelings. Though I will say that more recent events

indicate that he has settled down somewhat and accepts the

 : f

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personnel of the vessel as poor unfortunate "Bug-men,"

who are quite harmless.

I must remind you of my cable of March 8th.,
"Deposit April remittance National Oity Bank of New York—
Kobe Japan." It is imperative that this and future allot-

ments be deposited in the National Gi ty Bank of New York .

Kobe . Japan . There are no banks in the Caroline Islands.

Work must be done by Postal Money Order, with the money in

a central institution. Therefore: The National City Bank

of New York of Kobe Japan. Cable Address: "Citibank

Kobe," will be the recipient.

The expedition will leave Kusaie about the middle

of May and proceed to Guam which we anticipate reaching by

June 1st. I propose to leave the vessel in 3-uam for a short

time to undergo minor repairs and to be slipped while I will

proceed via Saipan to Palau. The schooner will join me in

Palau shortly afterward.

The Governor General of the Japanese Mandate re-
turns from Parliament the later part of May and I wish to
settle once and for all my status here, --the absolute ne-

cessity of working the small islands and the matter of the

Japanese Liaison Officer. Having been in here long enough

to give his subordinate several books full of data including

my "daily report" of places collected etc., my birthright

and my maiden name, I may have created a favorable impres-
sion.

The programme for the future consists of Palau

and environs. Yap, Truk, small islands around Ponape and
 . ; .

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 88

islands between Ponape and Kusaie, etc. I would suggest

that in the future you address your e cram unications to me
Palau Yap Truk , and let them came in.

Mr. A. V. Herman, who is the trader here in

Kusaie, is returning to the States at this time. He has

very kindly agreed to post this letter in San Francisco.

This is a much looked for opportunity as it hastens my re-

port.

Copies of your letter of January 19th and February

4th, reached me here May 1st. I must tell you that this is

the first connection I have had with you since last July,

(1930). Upon my arrival at Ponape, I was told by local

residents that 4 letters addressed to me (and from the Mu-

seum) had been in the Post O^fioe awaiting my arrival. I

asked for these several times and enlisted the aid of the

Chief of Police but learned that none of the postal force

could give me any enlightenment. It is little wonder though

when one sees all foreigner's mail dumped into a huge basket

and shoved out on the front steps for the rank and file to

fight over. I have actually seen letters there addressed to

places in Canada. All this prompted me to have ours with-

held and later transferred to Guam.

The shipment of specimens is another problem. I

fully realize the inadvisability of holding skins for a

length of time when they are anticipated at the museum.

Interest oan quickly lag when material, is not forthcoming.

But in the present oaseja little patience is most expedient.

There will be four cases to ship from Guam upon

 .- 0? 1

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-d5 to file eri3 J>s3a lice Irx a an 13 Istevee ssectt tot leii.e

esnoTt Ib3boq ©ri3 to eiion 3©,rf 3 Aeciael 3ud eoilo r t© ' tu ;

rfg»0‘ : “ t ©All Of 8X3 311 al 31 . 3 i 8£in©urf^lIiX6 \qiB 81H svlg : la f.e

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arrival. These are metal lined, air tight containers which

should assure a safe, satisfactory transit. I make no ex-

cuses for the skins. Some of them are not to my liking but

I believe you will find all of them clearly and carefully

labeled, and in most oases of a good substantial series.

Let me review with you, briefly, the events of

the pa3t months.:

Hamlin left Samarai , Papua, August 8th, for New

York. The Prance sailed August 14th, for Tulagi and reached

that port September 1st, after a stormy passage. One half

of the main rigging carried away.

In Tulagi the main rigging was replaced, as many

stores as possible purchased, 3 men added to the crew, in-

cluding a Chinese cook at 5 pounds per month, "the Chinaman

turned out to be a good bird skinner) and a Chinese engineer

was considered. He was given a trial but proved unsatis-

factory. The above unscrewed the plug of the sea-cock in

the engine room, became excited and dropped that valuable

piece of metal into the bilges, which caused us sundry com-

plications .

The Prance sailed from Tulagi September 17th, with

Captain Lang, myself and John Boyd Riddall in the cabin, a

Chinese cook and 5 men forward. .7e put in at Gower Island

for three days, on the 18th, to obtain fire-wood, trim the

ship, which was down by the head, and give things a last

overhaul. I collected on Gower.

September 24th, we anchored inside Roncador Reef

and gave that a survey but found it disappointing. Ye pro-
 '

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 90

oeeded to Onto ng/ Java, reached there September 27th, and re-

mained two weeks. I collected everything the Atoll had to of-

fer. 22 species.

October 10th, we sailed for Ponape with a fair wind

that carried us all of the way. !Ye had very light breezes at

times but they were always behind. I obtained 6 all black

petrels enroute whioh may be valuable. I can't identify them

from material at hand.

Sunday evening October 26th, we reached Ponape and
began our work in the Northern Hemisphere. There is no need

for me to elaborate on the petty worries and annoyances that

greeted us, the various attempts made to shoo us out. The

fact remains that we established ourselves and were permitted

to do our work. Toward the last everyone brought out the

King's English and the Pseudo-Sherlock Holmes' retired to

their insular duties. The Government appointed a native guide

for me, at my expense of course, but would not and will not
permit the natives to hunt for me. I an required, among other

things, to make out and file a daily report of my activities.

These are slight inconveniences.

Ponape was hard going. There are no reads or trails

in the mountains. <7e out our own. At that we collected every

thing but a male example of the owl and the petrel. Those

blessed petrels or shearwaters will be my undoing.

Birds are scarce. The Duoula, Ptilinopus and the

grass-finch Erythruva are practically extinct. The former

two are taken for food and the later sent to the Aviaries

in Japan and elsewhere. People just will eat everything that

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they oan get their hands on. 4 or 5 professional bird

hunters with their boys formerly averaged 75 to 100 Duoulas

per day eaoh which netted a handsome profit at $0.15 each.

Now they are lucky to average 4 or 5 a day. More recently

the pendulum has swung to starlings and cocoa-nut parrots.

I did gratify your desire for mountain starlings with a

series of 60. That was my best work on Ponape.

Tuesday, January 6th, we sailed for Kusaie,

reaohing there the 13th. The second day after our arrival

I developed blood poisoning in my left hand. (There is a

poisonous plant on the island that I must have come in con-

tact with on my first foray into the bush, not knowing it).

It was six weeks before I was able to resume hunting. Mr.

Hiddall, my assistant, played horse while I was incapaci-

tated and earned his dismissal. Returning to the hunting,

I took my guide and systemmat ioally worked the island. I

covered every range of mountains to the tops of the high

peaks and scoured all of the swamps and middle forest. The

results have been very disappointing. I am fully convinced

that there is no mountain starling unless you oan pick out

a difference in the 50 starlings I am sending you.

The starling is one of the most common of the few

birds on the island and is found everywhere. They travel

in little flocks of 2 to 5 or 6. All have the same call

notes and the same color of iris at sill elevations. I have

found remarkable variation in them from the juvenile plu-

mage to the adult.

As for the rail, I have tried everything. I have

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 98

set traps (rat-traps) in the swamps and taro patches. I

have cleared places and put out lanterns which I oould

watch from a log at night. Have gone alone into the
forest to listen for a call note and have heard nothing

but the activities of bush rats. My Malaita boys have put

out the native grass rope traps that they use on their own

island to catch rails with. I have discovered no tracks,

I have discovered nothing.

The Kusaie natives all say that they have heard

their forefathers speak of the rail but none have seen

one, save the local native pastor who claims that he ob-

served one some 15 years or more ago. On the other hand,

I have learned, only just recently, that the Kusaie rail

is the native devil and everyone was and still is afraid

of it. You know the native, no amount of Christianity can
dislodge his inherited beliefs. He professes anything and

the white man learns only a part of his innermost feelings.

I am going to return to Kusaie with the bird net
and my Japanese assistant. I don't relish the word incom-

plete written against a piece of work any more than you do.

Birds, as a whole, on Kusaie are few. I have a

large series of the endemic species and will in the future

increase the individual series to 50 and 60., because this

is the last chance. Petrels have given me no end of worry

again. I have made 5 trips to different cliffs in hopes

that with ropes, flashlights and shot-guns, I could collect.

But as they are not nesting at this time and appear to change

their roosting site to fit the occasion, I have been awarded

 J ! ^

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 93

with ^ust on9 specimen. This one should prove to be a phase

of the dusky shearwater. I'll master this petrel business

before I'm thru.

The Kusaieian isn't a salt waterman, he isn't a

buafaman. He is a Christian. His only trips into the moun-

tains are for wild pigs and breadfruit. He is lazy and full
of the Gospel. As an assistant, he is worthless.

Kusaie has them all beat for hard traveling. The

bush is a wilderness of shambles and the mountains stand on

end. We olimbed many of them by the tree root method.
You can not imagine my chagrin upon learning that
the expedition will close down at the end of 1931. I had
hoped, at the very least, for several years more. Times are
hard and Nations are unsettled thruout the world but at the

same time prices of commodities are falling. Why now, of all

times, when the work is not completed and actual conditions *

indicate that either the birds must be acquired at this time

or they never can be.

In the Carolines, the expedition is at least 30

years behind schedule. In other groups, though we presume

the toll has not been quite so pronounced as here, the ad-
vent of the white man with hisjolantati ons , etc., plus the

introduction of cats, rats, dogs and the like, have brought

serious changes which grow in magnitude as days lapse one

upon the other.

All of the Japanese Mandate can not be completed

by Deoember. What of the islands off the coast of New

Guinea, the Admiralities and others of that region which are

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thoroughly familiar to the Captain? These must be worked
with a vessel. Choiseul might be visited again with profit,

especially the eastern side which is practically unknown.

Then there are the last islands of the Hebrides, the Loyal-

ties, etc., etc., which must be collected before a thorough

survey of the Pacific can be compiled.

To hesitate now, wind up the expedition, then

start over again in a few years incurs not only additional

waste and expense but also the loss of time over obstacles

that any leader must hurdle in the beginning. Any man

coming to a new field is green and inexperienced. He must
and will make mistakes that only time teaches him to ward

against. I could hold forth at great length on this subject.

To dispose of the vessel and later attempt the

"large islands" as a land unit, as some advocate, isn't all

that the story books credit it to be. The difference between

the two systems is apparent in the final results The kinds

of and the condition of the specimens resting in the museum.

The Prance is now in fairly good condition. By

dint of hard work, the Captain and crew have given the

vessel a good general overhaul from stem to stern, in-

cluding the hold which has been thoroughly emptied out,

cleaned and painted. The decks have been calked thruout

and painted. New forerigging in Guam, plus other minor re-

pairs, will give us a fairly sound vessel to continue the

work wish.

The Captain and I, by the most rigid economy.

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V
95

feel that we can take the expedition thru the year 1932 on

the sum of $9000. If you will deposit that sun in the Bank-

The National City Bank of New York at Kobe, Japan-- January

1st, 1932, you need not think of us again until the speci-

mens come in. 7/e will make our sacrifices and combat our

own difficulties but I can assure you that we will never

encumber you with than.

I should like, only too well, to continue making

a careful systemmatio survey of each island as I come to

it. I do not believe in mass production, or a mad rush

thru a group just to fill boxes and cover ground.

Prom Cuam we will send notes, specimens, accounts

and reports. Don't worry about us- -we are in excellent

spirits and plugging along, --all sails set.

Best wishes,

(Signed) William P. Coultas

P.S. Mr. A. V. Herrman, whose American address is, 3807

Maple Avenue, Oakland, California, is leaving the States

about the middle of July to return thru the Carolines to

Kusaie and if you should have a word for me, he can very

easily bring the same to me.

May 8 (Friday). Lele. To work at labelling

specimens most of the day. Also into the swamps on Lele

to have a look at the boys' traps.

Crew away all day on the mainland cutting fire-

wood. We will fill the ship and get ready for sea. The
 96

northeast is still blowing fresh outside and suoh a swell

is coining in the passage that we haven't a hope of getting

out under these conditions.

May 9 (Saturday). Lele. lith Hermann to go over

the engine bed and take a number of measurements. Since

Hermann is going to San Francisco there is a possibility he

can do something for us in that port, should Guam not be

able to repair our present machine. Hay Meyers has had a

good look at the present engine and has convinced us he can

do nothing with it.

Captain Lang in bed with a large island sore on

his leg.

May 10 (Sunday). Lele. Jimmie and Tommy returned

from the bush with the announcement that they had set a long
line of traps. They can alternate one each day visiting the

traps. Should anything become entangled in these snares there

is always the probability that rats will devour it before

the snares are visited.

Yeather bright and clear. Myself engaged on board

ship.

May 11 (Monday). Lele. The s/s Yaw at a Mar u in

at daylight. Captain and I on board to get a check on the

chronometer which we found to be in good order. Also to

send a cable to Postmaster Guam advising him to hold mail

and supplies for us.

Mr. Hermann got away with the ship for Japan and
the States.

Crew engaged bringing firewood aboard.

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 97

May 12 (Tuesday). lele. Spent the day packing

specimens in the tin-lined cases. I found that a few speci-

mens of Ducula have had their fleshy knobs eaten by ants.

This is one of the very occasions when ants have molested

specimens.

Captain back in bed with his sore leg. He abused

that member too much yesterday.

May 13 ( Wednesday ) . Lele. All day with cases of

birds. 7e have four large cases soldered, sealed and sten-

ciled ready for New York. Put thejpases in the hold under

the main cabin to assure their safety.

Crew engaged scrubbing the hull of the vessel

under water. 7e supplied them with diving glasses and the

outer husk of coconut. Considerable rain to-day.

May 14 (Thursday). Lele. Ceorge and Edmund re-

turned from the mountains. They had no luck with birds.

I paid them off after trying to get Edmund to sign on as

ship's crew. Edmund would not become a member of our staff.

Myself into the river bottom with Jimmie to have

a look at the snares. Obtained a number of pigeons for the

police master and the doctor. A little grease sanetimes

goes a long ways.

May 15 (Friday). Lele. Continuous rain3 all day.

,7e are hoping that this is the break up of the northeast

season. Myself in the swamp back of Lele.

Crew into the bush for long creepers and vines

that we can use for mast hoops.

May 16 (Saturday). Lele. Heavy rains all day

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 98

but no shift in wind. Grew engaged filling water tanks.

May 17 (Sunday). Lele. More rain to-day. The

Caotain still down with his sore leg. Myself composing

bird notes.
May 18 (Monday). Lele. Crew engaged aboard

ship at odd jobs. Captain still in his bunk fretting and

grumbling over his leg.

Vshore to ascertain when Meyers will hitch his

motors up and try to pull us out of the harbor. He is in

the dumps since Hermann left and apparently is doing nothing.

The natives pay no attention to Meyers but take their or-

ders from Hermann's dark wife, which is bad for every one.

Meyers, we know, is a good looking young man who

likes to be coaxed, but at the same time it is like pulling

teeth for me to do it. I suppose I have too much pride for

my own good at times.

May 19 (Tuesday). Lele. After a great deal of

persuasion accompanied by tears in my eyes as big as

Kohinoor diamonds Meyers brought his 7 outboard motors and

>

tried to pull the ship. He did get us well up toward the

mouth of the harbor, but as soon as the swell caught the

vessel we made no progress forward. This was a terrible

humiliation to Meyers who felt confident he could walk the

ship out of the harbor whenever he wanted to.

For us, this meant that we would have to get the

mail steamer to tow us out or else wait until the westerly

winds set in. Should we wait for the latter, there is no

telling how or when we would find our way to Guam.

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 a
99

A proper sailing vessel which is not cut astern to

accommodate a propeller might sail out of the harbor under

the most favorable conditions. The 'France,' though, cannot

beat to windward as she "crabs" too badly. That is she goes

forward and sideways at the same time.

May 20 (Wednesday). Lele. Ashore all day with

the police trying to get them to issue us a clearance and a

health report. They wanted me to go to Fonape and get my

papers there, but I would have none of it. Finally, toward

evening the powers weakened.

I called upon two Japanese who have outboard mo-

tors and enlisted their aid when we have a day of calms. If

we could get out of the harbor mouth we should be able to

make head way along the edge of the reefs to southward.

May 21 (Thursday). Lele. What we thought was

our chance came early this morning with a flat calm. We

rigged up five canoes vith outboard motors and about 50 na-

tive paddlers. We almost got the ship out when the wind
freshened and stopped us. It was neoessary to turn back
and anchor in the same spot.

Myself ashore in the bush all afternoon.

May 22 (Friday). Lele. Wind freshened again.

Sent the crew ashore for more firewood. I shall stock up on

native foods just as fast as I can get them. We are stuck

here so must make the most of it.

Myself across the bay to the river bottoms again.

May 23 (Saturday). Lele. Got hold of Meyers and

took him into the bush with me. Poor man is morbid and
 !

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homesick. He acts like a apanked puppy dog, tells me that

the natives don't appreciate him.

Crew brought their firewood aboard at noon and

finished for the day.

May 24 (Sunday). Lele. Aboard ship working on

Ponape notes. Weather fine with fresh easterly breeze.

May 25 (Monday). Lele. Another week begins and

we have no indication of getting away. Wind still fresh and

easterly. Purchased a quantity of native foods.
Crew ashore hunting bread fruit and tending line

of snares.

May 26 (Tuesday). Lele. Crew employed all day

aboard ship, about the deck and the rigging.

Tommy and I ashore to the mountains south and west

of Lele. I shot any number of starlings and found none dif-

ferent from the common variety.

May 27 (Wednesday). Lele. Up very early and to

Mount Buache where Tommy and I climbed the south slope of

this mountain. The climbing was rather difficult as this

side is very steep. Starlings were again encountered in

numbers but none different. Two wild goats were obtained

near the top of the mountain which gave all of us a nice

meal of fresh meat.

Another fine day with fresh easterly winds.

May 28 (Thursday). Lele. ,Vith Tommy back over

the same ground again to-day. Jimnie along the river tending

his snares.

To date we have had no indication of

a rail no
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tracks, no feathers, call notes, anything. There has been

one here, we know, because the natives have a name for it.

Crew engaged on board ship cleaning and scrubbing

their quarters.

May 29 (Friday). Lele. Crew at work carrying

fresh water from ashore to fill the main water tank, our ob-

ject being to keep both tanks full at all times.

Jimmie and I to the north slopes of Mount Crozier.

Meyers off to dinner.

May 30 (Saturday). Lele. Memorial Day. Lang and

I with Meyers and Mrs. Hermann to the grave yard at Percus-

sic where the natives cleaned and decorated with flowers all

of the graves.

May 31 (Sunday). Lele. A bad day with rain squall

and strong easterly winds. Lang and I are becoming morbid

just sitting here and waiting. Worked on Ponape notes all

day.

June 1 (Monday). Lele. Lang and I in the dinghy

with the outboard motor out the mouth of the passage. There

we encountered a heavy swell with accompanying breakers on

the reefs. 7/e anticipated the arrival of the steamer but

the same did not show up.

June 2 (Tuesday). Lele. Continued winds and

squalls all day. s/s Kasuga Maru arrived at 4:30 P.M. in

a driving squall. I went aboard immediately and asked the

Captain to tow us out with his ship. He informed me that

since he had lost a day at Moji, Japan, he was leaving again

that night for Jafcult but would return on June 10 and take
 ^

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I
102

June 3-9. lele. During this period the 3hip lay

at anchor, awaiting the return of the mail steamer. The crew

were employed aboard at sundry tasks, and also ashore tending

trap lines.

Approximately 2 months' supplies were assembled

aboard including quantities of native foods. All accounts

with Meyer were settled ashore.

I had time to spend many hours in the bush and

work on bird reports.

June 10 (Wednesday). Lele. The S/S Kasuga Maru

arrived in the harbor at daylight. At 9:30 A.M. the little

interisland Heiyei Maru No. 6 arrived and anchored.

The following notations are from the ship's log

for the day:

"Moderate easterly wind and squally, 's/s Kasuga

Maru' arrived from Jabuit at 6 A.M.

10 A.M. hove up and proceeded in tow of Hermann's

canoes (with outboard motors ) to a position astern of the

'Kasuga Maru' and let go anchor. ?a3sed tow line aboard.

II A.M. The steamer and this vessel hove up

anchor and proceeded toward the entrance. Slacked away tow

line leaving 100 fathoms between vessels. .Then 'France'

was just clearing a line between the two reefs, the tow
rope parted close up to the steamer. The foresail had just
been set, the forestay sail was immediately pulled up and

the helm put hard a port; she came round but struck the

reef twice in the breakers and then came before the wind

and we were able to steer clear. Hauled in the broken tow

 - 3

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 103

rope and brought ship to anchor in position facing the en-

trance in 15 fathoms of water.

Made fa3t all sails and inspected well vessel

making no water.

During the evening Mr. Goultas went ashore to

make arrangements with N.B.K. Go's small steamer Heiyei Maru

to tow us out.”

Upon hauling in the broken tow rope we found that

it had parted at the bitts of the mail steamer. Whether it

had been out or not I don't know. The Captain of the mail

steamer should have known better than to steam out of port

at 10 knots per hour if he had any intention of getting us

out safely.

June 11 (Thursday). "To Sea.” Ship's log:

"Light to moderate E/n/E wind. Fine clear weather.

3 P.M. Shifted vessel down the harbor under sail and an-

chored astern of the steamer Heiyei Maru No. 6. Passed our

tow line aboard and waited.

3:45 P.M. Hove up at same time as steamer and

proceeded towards the harbor entrance. 4 P.M. Started to

set sail and got foresail and jibs set when tow line parted.

We were fortunately far enough out from the reef this time

to be able to get an offing under sail, the wind being N/E

we made E/s/E full and stood off the land till 6:15 P.M.

when we tacked ship and steered to pass the end of Kusaie.

8:30 P.M. north end of Kusaie abeam, distance about 3 miles.

Set course NW x W 3/4 77. and trimmed sails accordingly.

Moderate, vessel making 5 knots. Fine till midnight.

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 104

June 12 (Friday). Enroute Suam. Rain for an

hour after mi dnight thenoe fine and clear the rest of the

day. Vessel making 5 knots before an S x N wind. We have

broken up the watches so that all of us stand 4 hours and
sleep four hours. Tommy Belleu and Ulava are with me. While
Jimmie, Israel and Charley are with the Captain. The cook
handles the meals for all and cleans the cabin.

Noon position: latitude 6° 05’ N. , longitude

161° 57' 2.

June 13 (Saturday). Enroute Suara. Rain with

wind variable all day. We were constantly at work the 24

hours shifting and trimming sails to keep the ship on her

course.

No noon position, sky completely overcast.

June 14 (Sunday). To Guam. Weather broke fair in

the morning. Sighted Ponape Island on the port beam at 2:15

P.M. approximately 50 miles distant. Our 250 coconuts which

we brought on board just before leaving are a welcome diver-

sion for the crew who are eating them night and day.
o
Noon position: latitude 7 21* N., longitude

159° 10' E.

June 15 (Monday). To Guam. Wind steady from NE

x E with fine clear weather with vessel making between 5

and 6 knots. Set the oook to work giving the galley a hot

water bath daily to keep down the cockroaches.

Noon position: latitude 8° 24' N. , longitude

157° 20' E.
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 105

June 16 (Tuesday). To Guam. Wind died a little

in the afternoon and shifted, to the eastward with squalls.

Fortunately most of it passed around us.

Noon position: latitude 09° 27’ N. # longitude

155° 22' E.

June 17 (Wednesday). To Guam. Both Ulava and

Belleu have finished their year aboard ship. I offered them
an option of 6 months more with the vessel or a trip back to

Tulagi. They ohose Tulagi , th inking, of course, that I would

pay them more money. 7/hen I agreed to send them back, both

boys hesitated and finally decided to stay on as long as I

wanted them. Charley, on the other hand, wants to stay with

the ship.

Noon position: latitude 10° 24' N. , longitude

153° 37' E.

June 18 (Thursday). To Guam. The leech in the

head of the mainsail gave way during a squall last night.

At daylight, dropped the sail and repaired the same. Had it

repaired and set again by 8 A.M.

Wind moderate and fair during the day. Began

clouding in the westward at sundown but later winds drove

them away.

Noon position: latitude 10° 59' N. , longitude

151° 53' E.

June 19 (Friday). To Guam. Wind freshened during

the night which caused us to overestimate our day's run.

Crew finished their coconuts; tauro and sweet potatoes are

holding out well. Weather remained clear with fair wind.

I
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 106

Crew at work during their watches scrubbing paint

work and touching up the worn spots. 7e must have a clean

orderly vessel when we reach Guam.

Noon position: latitude 11° 42' N. ,

longitude

149° 50' E.

June 20 (Saturday). To Guam. Wind falling very

light. The sea is becoming very smooth with long glassy

swells. We are on the verge of losing the northeast which

means that it will be touch and go with us if we ever reach

Guam. Should we strike the belt of calms or westerly winds

we will be in for it.

Noon position: latitude 12° 13' N., longitude

147° 57' S.

June 21 (Sunday). To Guam. Over the Nero deep

this with the ocean bottom 5 miles away — one of the deepest

parts of the ocean bed.

'find very light all day. Sails flapping con-

tinuously. Han into thick weather with heavy rain during

the night.

June 22 (Monday). To Guam. Squalls with variable

winds until 4 A.M. Kept all hands engaged shifting sails to

keep the vessel on her course, leather cleared in the

morning and sighted Guam at 9:30 A.M.

Rounded the north end of Guam Island at 7 P.M. and

ran into some heavy tide rips. Got out of them and into

calm water on the lee side of the island where we hove to

for the night.

June 23 (Tuesday). Guam. At 3 A.M. fore ship

 a

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I
107

and steered 8/ST7 toward harbor. Made all sail and hoisted

signal for a pilot at daylight. At 8 A.M. a doctor, harbor

master, and naval pilot boarded the vessel. These, accom-

panied by two tugs, brought us in and secured us to a buoy

for the morning. Myself ashore to the (Governor, Captain

E. S. Root, U. S. N. where I explained, my mission. After
some questioning the Governor promised to do everything in

his power to help U3 out of our predicament.

At 3 P.M. a Government tug hauled the 'France*

alongside the U. S. S. R. L. Barnes and secured us there.

Electric lights and running water were extended from the

other vessel giving us additional comfort.

I received a number of communications from the

Museum and elsewhere. This is the first real mail we have

had since leaving the Solomon Islands almost a year ago.

All of these communications, some of them many

months old, gave me to understand that the expedition must

end with the year or early in 1932. It was through a letter

dated October 29, 1930 that I learned of the death of Mr.

Harry Payne Yhitney on October 26th last.

So, too, through a letter of December 1930 as

quoted here, I governed my actions in the following days:

December 17, 1930.

P. S. Since writing the above Dr. Sanford has seen Mr. C.

V. iThitney , son of the late Mr. Harry Payne Yhitney, and I

can now report definitely that field work of the Yhitney

South Sea Expedition will cease about the end of 1931. You

will therefore make your plans toward that end, and I hope
 •aJniorf ccp lisa lie ej&e -
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 108

that the intervening time may prove sufficient for you to

clean up work at the more important islands.

Young Mr. Ihitney will continue his support to our

work in a smaller way, and will supply us for a number of

years with funds to cover the cost of publishing the results

of the Yhitney South Sea Expedition, etc. It will not be

necessary for you to stop actual field work before the very

end of the year; in fact it is desirable to have the collec-

ting pushed as hard as possible to the last ditch. You

should look forward, however, not only to winding up but

also to the sale of the schooner 'France' to best advantage

early in 1932. If we are to realize a fair share of what

the vessel cost, I think it would be well not to advertise

the fact that the expedition is coming to an end but merely

to get the best possible offer for delivery of the vessel

in January 1932.

Dr. Sanford wishes me to remind you that the

greatest prize on the island of Kusai is the wood-rail,

which has not been taken since the early days. This bird is

not a swamp rail but an inhabitant of the forest land,

probably far above the sea. The^est attack would probably

be through night hunting and the use of traps. It is not

unlikely that flashlight work might be of help.

I enclose two forms to be used the case the

schooner i3 laid up during the current year. These will

enable us to obtain rebates on our insurance nremium. Ye

hope to have an early report and the first shipment of ma-

terial from the Carolines and Ontong Java.

 ©

off if o\ tot ffxiej o i^'tos anorcq yen etsiS $cixievT93fli s.

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 109

Yours sincerely,
(Signed) H.C.M.
William P. Coultas, i£sq.

June 24 ( 7ednesday). Crew to work early this

morning sending down the f ore rigging. This will have to be
replaced at once with new material.

Lieutenant Brady and Chief Machinist Mate Gibson

aboard to have a look at the engine. They spent the whole

day with it taking the engine down and examining the same.
Brady reported the engine out of alignment, the parts worn
badly and the engine bed sprung.
Both men agreed to have a talk with the Governor
and see what facilities were available ashore for repairing
the engine.

Ashore and cabled the Solomon Island Government

at Tulagi requesting an extension of six months' time on

crew. With those to be delivered home at the end of that

time.

Cable the Museum as follows: "Announce arrival,

will ship by Wednesday's steameijsases . How much can you re-

mit before the close of the year. Awaiting your answer."

June 25 (Thursday). Guam. Machinist Gibson

aboard with the engine again. Lang and I to the Governor's

office where a number of naval engineers and the harbor mas-

ter were assembled. We learned that there are no harbor

facilities here for a vessel the size of the 'Prance.' A

three-quarter of a mile channel leads from the outer harbor

 © d

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 110

through the reefs to a marine railway on the beach. This

railway is used for hoisting barges of from 10 to 20 tons

weight, while the 'France' is accredited with 54 tons net

displacement. The channel, by the way, is only 6 feet deep

while the 'France' without ballast draws at least 9 feet of

water at a very minimum.

The navy agreed to blast a 9 foot channel out of

the coral sufficient to float the 'France' to the marine

railway but estimated from a month to six weeks of time to

get the channel ready. They could give me no estimate of

the cost of such an undertaking.

Furthermore, July is the beginning of the typhoon

season in Guam (the end of the northeast trade winds) and

the harbor authorities were very skeptical about putting the

'France' on such a small marine railway.

Lang and I had dinner with the Governor, thence

returned to the ship. The machinist has been over the en-

gine again and informed us of the condition of things at

present. To quote his report "It would cost 5© per cent

of the original price of the power plant to rep&ir the

engine. Sven after repairs have been made the plant would
still be unsatisfactory to meet the conditions under which

this schooner operates; inexperienced personnel, far re-

moved from expert repair men. tfith inexperienced personnel

the operation of this engine is actually dangerous.

It is considered that a standard type of gasoline

motor would prove far more satisfactory than the above en-

gine for the use of this schooner.

 C

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 Ill

Heceived the following eable from Dr. Murphy:

"Sending $5000 now Kobe $5000 during October. We desire

you remain in field after sale of the France."

This cable, a reply to mine of yesterday, was

posted in New York 3 hours and 10 minutes prior to the time

I sent my cable yesterday. Such are the workings of the in-

ternational date line.

I replied to Dr. Murphy's cable that I would re-

main.

June E6 (Friday). Guam. With Lang to the Naval

Commissary stores to purchase new wire for rigging, paint,

block, tackles, brushes and sundry gear. Just so long as

we have the ship we will keep her in good condition. Also

visited Atkins Knoll and laid in a number of stores. Prices

are certainly cheap here in comparison.

To the bank and made arrangements. By computation

I should be well in credit now.

The crew now have the rigging well down and ready

to start work on the new material.

June 27 (Saturday). Ashore with the crew in two

boats to load stores. This required all of our time. To

the store sheds where I obtained the ammunition forwarded

from the Museum to Kobe thence back to Honolulu and to Guam.

The Japanese have a law prohibiting the landing

of ammunition in Japan, so they say. The Kobe authorities

demanded payment of $110 storage charges on the ammunition

while that material wasjlying in their port. The cases of

shells were supposed to have been placed on a lighter and

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.;:i£L oJ X'!© :/XxrXoroH od ioeef eonadd at'oS oJ laoeauM edl

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no 1 J irtOiiiM erii no eegiBrio ©gsioJa OXIyto n ©inject A©f>nBta»f

ro ©©sec ©cfT .dice rtSani aX &nlylpBV Jarid eJ

f>ns leJd-iil b no feoeXq a©©d evad oJ .beeoqqca &%: r. bII©<

 112

kept out in the harbor some 46 days. A charge of 3 yen rer

diem was exacted for a watchman. There must have been some

kind of backhanded business in this because laborers as well

as watchmen do not receive more than 1 yen a day for their

services.

The new mainsail from Northey also arrived. This

one cost us $300, but I must say that it is a wonderful piece

of work. Northey had reinforced all ring bolts and kringles

with leather.

A number of supplies, wrapping cotton, thread,

cotton and shooting coats, previously ordered from Williams

Dimond and Company in San Francisco were received in good

order.

A number of visitors were aboard this afternoon,

it being Saturday. The marine corps especially showed up in

numbers.

June 28 (Sunday). Guam. A continuous line of

visitors aboard off and on all day. Our crew have been taken >

ashore and treated to motor oar rides by the natives. This

is a new experience for our boys and am afraid will lead to

trouble when they return to the Solomon Islands.

June 29 (Monday). Guam. Captain at work with

the crew on the new rigging.

Spent considerable time with the Governor re-

garding the ship. He suggested that I better get the vessel

to Manila as quickly as possible before the end of the north

east season, install a gasoline engine and run my chances of

selling the ship in the Carolines or else New Guinea. He

 i£>- ae^T 5 egtsrfo ; .s^sJd d£ ©amMi lodt©' add ni 3 so' da*;;

: as asvd evari dewafitx eisifS .u^Godew e«*to n : fiodooo © si# a»iJ&

?
'ey a -
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*sl«dd id # 53’f I aadd oiom ©vlao©** doxx oft na«rrioO.B« s? f

; .jjev Julb ob Lb y,e iit*ro

,
r cci* lls&al&Bi mma e: IT

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'hBui'tdt ,
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*
,

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••

,
: Ce l&eqe© aqioo ©a Hi

» £ '**- '•-'
' • • - <<

*5:0 ©nil anoxinjfaroo A .m&at .(yafieuS) 8$ emit

jisois -1 need svarl were 10O .igeJ& lie no' X>ae l$o iBoda era “is-

a.tri£ .aavidprr odd yu oaj&Jtrt ir.o ici ; oi j&©3b©i-:J One :•. lotes

o7 ?>&.«£ l£l* bl&t^a ’•& bat ayod ujo *©$ eo.iei'iaqxe ?/©n a el'

.aMfilfil monolog add, od niodei -yerfd add* ^.L'*ro«

ridiw $n* do n is Jew C .ore*?! , iysf cioM) 6S emft

.ga.fegii 7. 3a edJ no weio sd?

-ei rtoxrc«3 *ro£ edd d?iw smli eldsief) isnoo daegE

Is 8-i v> .'?• Or.jlsd I : :: 1 3?so:' ; '-s_ sr. . io’y rr * g.viiiisg

d-T ion o ;j *o .one odd sio^sd ©Id leaog bp YXSoiBp ex; a I }a*P. o#

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eK .asaid© wsT! salt io eoailoteC ©dd til '( Ida add Sffi/Isa
felt that there would be no sale for sueh a oraft in either

Manila or Guam.

I had made a number of inquiries among local mer-

chants and know definitely that there is no hope of a sale

in this port. With the fall in the price of copra there is

no demand for vessels anywhere. Furthermore, Guam is not

big enough nor are there harbors to warrant a vessel of this

size.

June .30 (Tuesday). Guam. Ashore with the four

cases of birds which will go out with the Transport Henderson

tomorrow for San Francisco.

Lang to the Public Work for new pin rails and

lanyards for the rigging.

Myself another conference with Lieutenant Brady

about the engine. He tells me there are no engineers

available who could run this machine were it put in order

here.

To the hospital with a very sore throat and what

I thought were badly swollen tonsils. I have been suffering

from a continuation of colds and a plugged up septum.

July 1 (Wednesday). Guam. The navy transport U.

S. 3. Henderson arrived at daylight. She will load a com-

plement of sailors and marines and sail for the states to-

morrow. We suffered from a continuous day of rain which

hampered our activities considerably . Myself ashore with a

number of matters, getting clearance for the bird skins and

sundry other things. Forwarded a letter to the Museum rela-

tive to shipment of specimens and our work here in Guam.

 ^

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•xasffC so

—*x© 0i Iboox jaftnas eeltlapni to tednaa b «J5bs

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gnlsettaa n©ed ©rsd I .alle'iod nellowfe ©sew ir'sfjcr,:

.mrtqee qn £e?.$a In b Inn. t’- loo to no Jisuai 2.aoo © son"

.U ttoq8'nettf vy&n eriX .BJfissrC . vbM, en.be. 7 ; X vlaT.

j

-moo 6 bool Cliw 9n£ .srf>lXw Jb XeYis-rs noeteineH .1 .1

-o? aeiede arid tot EIbs .ib eenltc fcoe ssoXIbb to tfaoraeXa

.;•.•• .: . >j i 1 Jj-ou •• .. ost e.tntt •. .rotten

b ddiw toriaB tx©8\, . Tildes olFlen oo eeXJitiJoB spe i)«se<j(RfJj

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-Biot s» 6 «rM srit o2 tsJdal e .agnlri* radio tlnne

. ni 9*1 ©rf :>io»tuo nne snerrioeq© to S. snqide oj £ vii

 114

July 2 (Thursday). Guam. I am now faced with a

difficult decision with the expedition drawing to a close,

the vessel to be sold or disposed of and the engine broken

down. '.That course is best to pursue?

Lang and I set ourselves to the task of going over

every possible move we could make that would be to our ulti-

mate advantage.

Financially we are solvent at this moment with

$10,000 In the banks at Kobe, Japan and Sydney, Australia.

This means that we do not have to worry on that meat impor-

tant score.

The vessel with the exception of the engine Is in

good shape, now that we have repaired the damage to the ribs

and keelson in the fore hold. She should pass her examina-

tion though a out ship is not necessarily a drawing card at

an Inspection. There are four courses open to us at the

moment each of which we discussed In turn and have listed

as follows:

1. Abandon the 'France' In Guam, as there was no

chance of a sale here, repatriate the Captain and crew back

to Sydney and the Solomon Islands, which would be via Manila,

Hongkong, Singapore and Sydney. Such a move would cost at

least $2500.

yith the 'France' laid up in Guam and no one to

care for her, the vessel would deteriorate rapidly. There

was the oncoming typhoon season from July to January when

she nnght, unfortunately, be blown on a reef and destroyed.

Should anyone care to purchase the vessel the cost of re-

'

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©eolo sj Oc f AlTSBtb aoitifienxc. on? j jfw v:o',b'o r t ;? to o Itt 1A

f
i

terfoid eflisft© e;: i f'iJP tc f>eeoqei& to JbXoe ©d ot I®iea©v or.!

vsueiaq oi Ss&d si ©anaoo ieiiV. ./roof,

its vo jiilcg to su-isd e.ii oi‘ b&’v Id 8 ^.jj0 l&s I Mi* S^eJ

^UXtj. .i/fo o? erf fclffow Jarf* oilsin J5I3W «* ©vo® aldise-

,e$B3rasvJbe bis

di Ir iaefaoffi sictf 4e JnevXoe stb ew T£XI*lo4**tJf

.BiXsitauA ,-/;enJbvC Mb aisqa* ,t»rfo>'. 4s ©Mscf ©i i ni ,

1

—xoaml Sao&iBtiS ao XT-VO* ©4 ev»ri 4oa of) ©w 4srf3 snea srfcfl

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-

: ewoXlot as .

on saw erred* efi #

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.00 clS v- 4 as el

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nerij? VsBoneT* os ;£oI< aioit no area looriii^j *o odd ©ei?

ptlili fens t©e*t b oo n»o£d acf .^leSBfHJrfiotnii ,

r?tf#

-©o to laoo srf4 Xoesav edt eeBaoraq oi sib o ©j o^.s rluot'l

 115

habilitating the orew to Guam or return would eat up the

proceeds of the sale. It is doubtful whether anyone would

care to visit Guam just to see a ship when the harbors of

Manila, Honolulu and San Francisco are full of schooners

advertised for sale.

Lastly, I had no assurance that the Government

would permit me to abandon the vessel in this port.

2. Have the harbor dredged, ship hauled up and

the engine repaired ashore, if possible. This course did

not appear practicable as we could not get our hands on

any figures. Neither did we know how long it would take

to dredge the harbor, how muoh such an operation would cost,

nor whether the engine could be repaired satisfactorily

after we had gone to all of this time and expense.

,7e did know that there was no engineer available

if the contraption did work after being fixed.

3. Sail the ship to Palau, work that area and

proceed to New Guinea under sail. In the latter port we

would have a slim chance of realizing on the sale of the

vessel with the engine out of order.

The worst part of this plan lay in the route we

would have to cover. Palau is situated dead to windward

of our position with an erratic southwest season of ter-

rific squalls and flat calms facing us. On top of that we

would be required to pass around a number of reef areas

intervening. 7e might take one month to three getting to

Palau.

After this latter destination our course to Ha-

 err
—
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 116

banl In New GrUinea was doubly hard. We would wait until

the first of the year for the oncoming northeast season

which would help us to the equator and thence depend upon

the northwest winds, whioh are always spasmodic, to carry us

the rest of the way. There were the equatorial and counter-

equatorial currents on both sides of the equator which

might carry us at 4 knots an hour to God knows where. Should

we run into a belt of calms we could dri^t for weeks or

months.

The trip could be made but no telling when we

would get there.

4. Let Lang take the ship to Manila, obtain a

new engine, come on to Palau, pick me up there, work a num-

ber of islands and go on to Pabaul where we felt sure of a

sale for the vessel because of the gold fields' trade

opening up in that territory.

This plan, too, had its advantages. Lang would

have to go alone, in fact, he volunteered to do that. I

would enter the hospital, have an operation, collect on

Guam, thence collect Saipan and go on to Palau. This would

keep me in the field at work most of the time.

Lang would have the tail end of the northeast

trade winds with him for a few days and would then have to

battle the southeast trades the rest of the way. I could

go with him but in sojdoing would loose out on the collecting.

We both agreed that I should remain in the field at all

costs.

We agreed on the last plan. 7ith a new engine to

 Xi?ru5 i rsrr? hlvo* .Jbtcirri Id coJ& sew ee.ilnO ?.ei - 2 ,

ao’ipee daeaddnon gnixnoono erid tot %&&y arid to deiit

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10 e^a© w tot d *iifc J&loo© ©w fi'ilso to dietf a odnl ao*. oje

, t :riOiE

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.esarid $ti. f

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e.baid *
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.
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al

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 117

get us where we wanted, to go we would also have that instru-

ment to enhance the value of the vessel when the time came

to 3ell her. There were sufficient funds in the bank to ex-

pend $3500 on a new engine and still carry on past the end

of the year.

After due deliberation vte concluded to go ahead,

have the installation over with, and get the ship back to

Palau. I therefore sent an order to the Frisco Standard

Sas Engine Company in San Francisco advising them to forward

an 80 horse power plant to the Atlantic Oulf and Pacific Com-

pany in Manila where we had been advised slipping and instal-

lation could be undertaken.

For some time I hesitated whether to advise the

Museum of our predicament or not. In the end I concluded
that it would be better to go ahead, carry out the plan and

later face the consequences, rather than have the delay of

time during the transit of messages by mail and a subsequent

possibility of having the expedition abandoned then and there,

Whether or not this was the proper procedure under the circum-

stances is more than I carjsay. I felt and still contend

that as long as I took over the expedition and brought it

this far I Should carry it on to a satisfactory ending.

July .3 (Friday). Crew at work on forerigging.

There is nothing but flexible steel wire in (Juam which is

not the most satisfactory but should serve under normal

circumstances. The only disadvantage lies in the fact that

the slack which comes from the workings of the ship must be

taken up periodically at sea.

 3 .

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•*sb&% a. r .

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«£ob ds xXIe oiJboiseiT qn ce^'fid

•
 118

A number of visitors to-day. This is a fore-

runner of tomorrow's celebrations on the island.

July 4 (Saturday). Guam. All hands ashore to

witness and participate in the games. ,7e dressed ship for

the occasion. Also attended the Governor's reception at

the Palace.

July 5 (Sunday). Guam. Another day of cele-

brating and visiting. There is entirely too much of this
for our own good. A Mr. Perres, Spanish-Guaminian, took

the Captain and me for a long auto ride over the whole

length of the island. »7e could hardly realize where we

were with excellent gravelled and raved roads in all direc-

tions and motor oars everywhere.

For years I have heard of the superiority of

English, German and Dutch methods of colonization but have

come to the conclusion that the Americans are not so bad

after all.

July 6 (Monday). Guam. Ashore to have a check

on the chronometer and obtain charts and sailing directions

from the Navy Department.

One loses a tremendous amount of time running back

and forth from the ship. It takes at least half or three-

quarters of an hour to go from the ship to the beach and

another half hour to get the 7 miles from Piti to the city of

Agana providing one can obtain a motor car.

Began laying in supplies for Lang's forthcoming

trip. ,7e have agree! that he should have enough for two

month's duration.
 -6101 s si siriT .^eF-Gi 8ioiiB.lv ted.-nua A

.bnslai erf# no eno ii> -cctelso n * tfomomo J to

o# sioriee aFfljftri XIA .raaur , (^aJSlcii F. ) i Y L'n u

icl qlris A^esail) e'., .ee nr- erii cl si* ioiiin: .ns aeenil*

is noli qs os*? eWocmvo-C erii isefineijn os I*. •nolaao&o ©ni

.eaalfil erfi

-aieo io -
b6 isriionii .xnen£ . (^FnnE) S ^Xx/I>

aid? Io team ooi ^leiiine el eiadl .galilalT ^.nijeid

3t ooi ,nr- till ~ im •: ,f^r^ .nil A .fioos c*e - ;.• o “Ol

sfodw erii ievo eXii oine ^nol b toI o/n bne cIb# eO srii

v
a a? 919 dw eailsei vJ[Mb;i £1 woo eW .FiieXe ®rii o di^cifl

-oeiiB XCs ni aJifi-n

r
-
>evi.'.r 'ns 5»XX©vbi 8 ineulecze 'iir eiet

. i v
• -
'*9 eitio *=
) crn 1; ;r:u:;

to "iiiaiieqoe srii to Finer evari I aissxj io*

ever? iorf noiifislooloo to aForfien do#cKr §n» aaatie , lallfco*

£ -ad oa ion oib acsoiisniA erii isrii nolanlocoo erii oi ecoo

. I Xb 'reiV

soario b eiari oi s io dai .m&jrf . ( val-noM; 8 ^Xi.1

anoiioaiif j-iiiilet: itb bjib.-o nisi do bn& leiscronoiro eri#i#»

, Jnemiifioet t;vsF5 erii noil

Josd “.nlnncrt srnli to icooroa atioJ&camii e eeeol scO

-e.eirii io tied ioesl io aeriBi il .aide sd# fluent xiiiot iCf

ditB rfoBeri erii oi qirie orii noil og oi morf ns to eieiusap

o ’$3 rv ^di oi iii mott a ©lira- V ©d# J&-. oi mod "is ’ip^ioiie

.iso io Join £ alBia’o ns© ©no y.liivoig xr,

^xilrooorfiio: x> * $f

ovt id rigoo a© sveri fluorie sc isrii 0015,1 vad ©V . -riir

noli Bir* 5 e’riiroz

 119

I hate like anything to see Lang go off alone but

realize that that is the best course open to us.

July 7 (Tuesday). Guam. Aboard ship assisting the

captain with the rigging. Considerable rain to-day. We

have been in port two weeks now and have apparently accom-

plished very little. Like all tropical places one works and

perspires but seems to accomplish an infinitesimal amount.

July 8 (Wednesday). Guam. Cabled Bank of New

South Wales, 3ydney for ^2000 in the form of a letter of

credit for Lang to take on his journey to Manila. This

amount should see him through.

Lieutenant Ayers with the Navy diving punt and crew

came alongside and unshipped the propeller from the 'France.'

This small obstruction aft, though apparently slight, does

retard the vessel at sea. Without the propeller Lang can

add a a mile an hour to the speed of the 'France' when under

sail.

Crew sent up the new port rigging and began rat-

tling down.

July 9(Thur3day). Guam. Crew engaged bending

sail8 and working on the rattling. Myself ashore for sup-

plies from the naval stores commissary.

July 10 (Friday). Guam. Bending and securing

mainsail. Crew at rattling and watering ship. To the ma-

rine quartermaster at Sumay and purchased a number of rain-

coats for the crew. We have needed these badly for many

months.

July 11 (Saturday). Guam. Crew employed on sails

 a "

i.r-d 9 no If
•
"to o- until eee of eofXX sjJbd I

o :-r. 0 v b‘c:;co .73 a ...c ai redd es i £e©i

dt qliie biaotil .h-f lesxrT') V ?,IsiI

9’. .-^o-od niiJi eldeier ;.o£ odd dtir . .

- roooe y I daeieq •:?/: evsd lea x'or; nreeir oiwt dioq fli no ©4 ev- 1

hue a^io?. bi - seoniq Xeciaou lie ©jfJtl- •elddll £i® v "

,
sreiiv

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vt 9 - o i£fr . x ti'dsL . ;t
;
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to B to mot odd ai COOS fot .selsT. 1

ddote£

aid™ .aline!! otf ’jeimiofc aid nc eaed o J gnBl lot :l; ro

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1 P:

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\& ©Ms grol* t.-o .

: ,;
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yeleitf riT ) £ Tjlav $

-•’03 tot, evodrv '

loax '
. litter out no ^Eiateor bt e ell©*;

•Vtaealflti'K’ti eeiode levsi: ec.'d xsoit eeiig

grilujcsa one golfiaea .Eiasfx) ) OX viol,

-B£i ©rid oT .qirie grille dear bzs gullddsi do weiO .Hear I-

•

-iiiei to lorfr^fl a j&eEBrioioa .Bub de ledBecieiieij o ton

vii3!3 :ot ,;Ix;Bri 63900 X>sX)esfl eve. ©V .ar&io e .i lot etfeoo

.Rridno

e flee ;c Xeyolqif;© wsiO . . eoX: . ( y^jbur t& 8 ) IX ^Iwt,

 120

and rigging alao reeving new gear for the foresail. To the
bank and obtained the Sydney letter of oredit for Captain

Lang. Several naval officers, their wives and children off

to have a look at the ship. Guam is full of social activi-

ties, muoh to our detriment.

Chung Ho Tack, cook, returned to the ship filled

with opium. Where he got it is beyond me. I informed him
that he would go back to Hong Kong as soon as the ship

reached Manila.

July 12 (Sunday). Guam. By mutual agreement

Captain Lang will continue as master of the vessel for

another year or until such time as the vessel is sold or

laid up, if within the year, which is most likely. This

procedure was in accord with our former contract.

A number of guests aboard again to-day.

July 13 (Monday). Guam. Lang will sail tomorrow.
Busy all day getting papers in order, accounts straightened

and bills paid up to date, clearance, harbor dues, etc.

Packed my camD belongings, hunting gear, and am-

munition for my shore work during Lang's absence.

U. 3. S. Chaumont, a navy transport, arrived with

a detachment for China waters.

July 14 (Tuesday). Guam. The 'Prance' with

Captain Lang sailed for Manila at 8 A.M. A navy tug took

him well out to sea before dropping the tow line. I re-

turned with the tug to the U. S. 3. R. L. Barnes, packed

and stowed all of my duffle. Thence ashore to the U. 8.

Naval Hospital where I reported in.

 '

adi oT ,Iii?8©Tc^ er 3{
10 X ii?s? wen gniveei oela gni^g

nisJ^eO vJ- 3 Ibste ladder ve n>H~ ivenlaSdo Paa-

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i 7di;9d3 , at so IT* o, .Is-tbii Istevao

-It i$efl Is loot: Ilui ei riBuC .qi 'a en;* is tool e &vo 4

. . i'c~ Tt
“ ‘-.-I • ,aei 3

£ ©IX Ft griefs arid os betnzte? ,2?ooe ,^obT oi; gimiiS

Jr j&t Tto^. i : .e Izq ed ei 21 Sox t-d tier'. . ; Jtw

qi rfe eri 2 bb no oe es ;gno5 gno og ila-o* ed Sr i

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SnemeaijgB let Jun ”,2 .mom© . (xaiaxiS) SI xl^ 5*

iqI Xeaaev edtf lo ieSe.en as eaalSaa© Iliw gnsJ .aJeSqsO

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alii .xleill Jeon: si do i dir ,ie©v s.j uldSii? ti m :» is .

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 121

Lieutenant 3. A. Dockery diagnosed the trouble as

maxillary sinusitis. He ordered me to bed for a complete

rest and "fattening up," as he called it, before operating.

July 15- August 8. Guam. In the naval hospital.

On July 29, Dr. Dockery performed what he called "a sub-

mucus resection of the deviated septum." This was a very

painful experience for me. The doctor operated, for 3

solid hours, while I hove to under a local anesthetic.

August 8 I was discharged from the hospital and told that

I might begin collecting. During this period in hospital

I was able to have my eyas corrected and teeth repaired.

The local print shop made me a number of bird

record sheets which have been needed badly by the expedi-

tion for some time. These sheets assembled into book form

now give me an adequate ledger in which to record specimen

and field number of each; sex, 3ize and color of the or-

gans, color of the iris orbital and feathered ring; de-

scriptions of the bill, feet and the legs.

A local seamstress was engaged to sew up a

quantity of unbleached sheeting into two 18' x 24’ tent

flies. If these are hung one a foot above the other they

should remain waterproof in ordinary weather.

Captain and Mrs. Hoot invited me to the residency

for 5 days during my convalescence.

August 9 (Sunday). (Juam. Mr. Jilliam Adwards,

the Director of the Grovernment experimental farm, took me

to the home of "Pop" Nelson, a plantation overseer at

Taraque. This station is situated at the extreme northern

 o '

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meridioii
 1ES

end of the island and is in the close proximity of the only

true forest now remaining on Guam.

"Pop” Nelson, who is married to a Guam woman, is

an ex-marine who has settled down here for the remainder of

his days.

I was given a room in a European house where I

oould sleep and an adjoining shed in which to carry on with

the preparation of specimens.

These modern conveniences of electric lights and

running water are too good to be true. I shall be spoiled
after such treatment.

Before leaving Agana, the city , Captain Root as-

sured me of a passage to Saipan in the Japanese Marianne

Islands with him, aboard the U. S. S. Gold Star, on August

31. This supply ship is visiting the Japanese islands on
some sort of a good will venture at that time.

August 10 (Monday). Guam. Hunting early this

morning for a period of two hours. I am still pretty wobbly

and found the going in the hush too much for me. Patrolman
E. D. Dennis, U. S. Marine Corps, came over from his outpost
near-by and agreed to do the collecting for a few days.

The northern end of Guam is mountainous and of an

uneven broken corraline formation. True forest or heavy

forest is abundant with subsequent heavy bush and under-

growth underneath the trees. There are no native gardens

and only one trail. This one leads over the mountains to

the Government post road some 3 miles distant. With the ex-

ception of this EOO acre plantation there are no cleared

 •r
f. ©rid '“0 v,. /:ai end a i el Ofj? Jbrt j& «i s rid SJH
. •3f*;a‘ iio gniiSlaxsiei -,5fi jsa &h-;

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I sisriw eaxiori xiaaqounS a n! .moon .8 nsv 1$ 88 w I M

rlw no ^ibo o3 doiri?.' ni Jberie gnlnlo£J5a os ban qe* .
ao©

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 .

123

areas on this portion of Guam. Copra and produce from the

station are transported to the city with a small 8-ton boat

owned by a transport company.

During my first visit to the bush I found crows,

flying foxes and starlings to be the most numerous of the

species represented.

Plying foxes are daylight feeders here. This spe-

cies is eagerly sought after by the Guam natives who eat

them fur and all. Despite their continued persecution these

seem to be holding their own very well on this portion of
the island. In the market at Agana a large male specimen

will bring as high as a dollar.

The small Myiagra . Zosterops . Halcyon and the in-

troduced dove were collected. The latter, presumably
brought here by the Spanish, has become a common resident

and is reported everywhere. I had seen them along roads

and in trees and bushes in the city previously.

Mr. Sdwards of the experimental farm sent me a

live black petrel, which a native caught with his hands last

night on the beach near the station. It seems that a number

of natives were sitting on the sand around midnight, playing

on guitars and mandolins, when this bird fluttered down on

them and was captured.

Petrels are reported to nest and roost in high

cliffs behind the city of Agana. I questioned a number of

the natives about them, but no one seems to have taken

specimens

Here again on Guam this bird is considered a god

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 a

of the people and is reverenced as such, though Mrs. Nelson

told me that her mother recorded her forefathers as having

captured specimens for big tribal feasts.

August 11 (Tuesday). Guam. Dennis and I both out

this morning. Ptllinopus was found to be quite abundant in

a few high fruit trees. The little ground dove, Gallicolumba

was met with also. Those are always hard to obtain because

they never call or cry, keep to the dense thickets and when

disturbed fly a few yards and hide away behind clumrs of

bushes, logs, stones or other objects of some kind.

Anna, Nelson's wife, decided to learn to skin

birds and helped me with crows and kingfishers.

August 12 (Wednesday). Guam. To the road early,

caught a truck and in to the doctor who examined me. The

nasal cavity proved to be mending satisfactorily. I re-

turned to camp in time to go with Dennis to a limestone

cave where we obtained a number of small Collooali .

Dennis during the morning managed to shoot a deer.

Those quadrupeds were introduced into the islands during the

Spanish occupation and one still to be found in the moun-

tains in uninhabited regions.

August 13 (Thursday). Guam. Worked on swifts

this morning. Continuous rains kept me in the house but

Dennis obtained a few specimens including another ground

dove.

Dennis then deoarted for his station to make the

rounds of his area. His duties, as an outstation guard, are

to cheek up on the roads in his area, keep them repaired,

 . i s ,

,ii'o«e 6B bmo$£&iev&* el hm siqoe.

&ilvt:.l 8b teti b-ahtooex tediosr *r-:’ rise??

.edsae? Led ltd $JJ iop. acenltdcrs la-xc:

‘ij o riiocf i j&xii: ai j> i;C .fifix-C 1
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 125

Inspect native gardens, keep them clean, and to report the

behaviorism of the natives. He must cover alljof his area

at least once a week and make his report promptly. Strict
discipline, orderliness and cleanliness are observed even

on outstations, otherwise the Marine Corps would not be the

splendid organization that it is.

August 14 (Friday). Guam. Added the small heron,

Ardetta to our collections.
. I found this specimen in the

tall shrub and bush at the edge of the plantation. I

shouldn't be surprised but what it is a migrant.

The Atkins Knoll boat came out to-day to load

copra. The Captain announced that he would return again the

24th and would take my effects with him at that time.

Anna gave up the job of skinning birds. Arsenic

sores under finger nails has discouraged her.

The natives have taught me to make a fine relish

which can be used with any style of cooked fish. A small

handful of small red chili-peppers and the juice of 4 or 5

lemons are mixed with a gallon of green coconut milk. This

concoction is allowed to ferment several days before being

used. After it is properly ripened the liquid is guaranteed

to take the lining out of ax^one's mouth.
August 15 (Saturday). Guam. Fain again to-day. I

obtained a number of shore birds and a few others including

a Zo3terops near the house.

August 16 (Sunday). Guan . Another day of rain

so that I didn't get out of the house. The flies here are
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 1E6

terrible. The plantation labor brought in about a thousand

pounds of fish which they obtained with dynamite. This

method of shooting or killing fish is quite oommon through-
out all of the islands.

August 17 (Monday). Guan. Made quite a fair

collection of Ptilinojous, Gallioolumba and Zostero ps to-day.

I am getting together a fair representation of doves despite

the fact they take so much time in making up.

I tried to assemble a list of all of the Guam
birds with the aid of the natives working here, but they

have forgotten or do not know much about their ornis. It is

surprising how quickly a little outside intrusion can deaden

the culture of these island peoples.

August 18 (Tuesday). Guam. To the westward along

the top of the cliffs and headlands which jut out into the
sea there. I found very few birds all day. In fact, I

walked for a half hour at a time without seeing or hearing

a thing. It is possible that lack of water has something to

do with this scarcity, but I am inclined to revert back to

the old theory of the proximity of species to human habita-

tions. Two ground doves were my best results for the effort

expended.

August 19 (Wednesday). Guam. Patrolman Dennis

showed up this morning and reported finding a new ground

dove country just this side (north) of a large garden area.

This ground was located about 3 miles south and east of our
present quarters. He visited Dennis's retreat, obtained 5

ground doves and a Hypotaenidia among other things for what

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 127

we considered a good morning's work.

Dennis agreed to stay on and help me during the

few remaining days.

August 20 (Thursday). Guam. Dennis spent the

whole day in the bush, looking for new material and returned

late in the evening with 2 more rails. There is a Gallinule

known to be on the island, but I'm darned if we can find it.

I obtained small birds.

August 21 (Friday). Dennis brought in three more

Gallicolumba and another small heron, Ardetta , while I kept

on with small birds and a search for new material.

Hypotaenidia , the rail, is moderately common in the grassy

area in the southwestern part of the plantation. They dart

through the grass so quickly when disturbed that one rarely,

if ever, gets a shot at them.

August 22 (Saturday). Guam. Dennis returned to

his duties. Myself hunting all day despite the rain. Re-

turned late in the evening with only a Zosterops and a

Hypotaenidia to shew for the work.

August 23 (Sunday). Guam. Discovered and ob-

tained a male Myzomela which is very rare on Guam now.

Edwards tells me that he has not seen one in years. He

seems to think some kind of an epidemic has carried them

off.

August 24 (Monday). Guam. The M/V louicisca.

Captain George ? ,
came out this morning to pick up copra.

I took this opportunity of transporting all of my effects

to the U. 3. S. H. L. Barnes where I will make my home until

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 a
128

I leave this port.

Had a long alow ride and didn't reach the ship

until dark.

August 25 (Tuesday). Guam. With the assistance

of the crew, I put all of my recent collections down in the
boiler room where they will have a chance to dry out

thoroughly before shipment to the Museum. I must say that

this is the first time I have had a naval oil tanker at my

disposal. Since the officers are living ashore, I have
their quarters and mess room in which to eat, sleep and

label specimens.

Ashore in t he afternoon to the doctor, thence to

a carpenter, who will prepare a tin-lined box for my soeoi*

mens.

August 26 (Wednesday). Guam. Edwards has obtained

an example of the little Chinese quail ( Excalfactori ) which

inhabits the grasslands here.

In payment for this bird and the petrel I gave

his staff a lesson in bird skin preparation.

Returned to the ship and labeled specimens.

August 27 (Thursday). Guam. Rained in torrents

all day. This must be the break up of the season here

though it is very late this year. Finished labeling the
birds.

August 28 (Friday). Guam. Ashore to obtain the

tin- lined box as ordered and aboard again to pack the ma-

terial collected on this island.

August 29 (Saturday). Guam. Took the ease of

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 129

birds ashore to store them in the Government warehouse where

they can be shipped with the first available transport.

io the bank to draw funds, settle all accounts

around the city relative to departure tomorrow.

My bill at the hospital for bed, board and opera-

tion amounted to $38.70. There must be a profit in medicine
considering the prices some practitioners charge.

August 30 (Sunday). Guam. Aboard the Sold Star

about noon with all of my duffle. Was given a very nice
stateroom. Thence ashore to pay a few duty calls. I shall

certainly have a comedown within the next 48 hours going

back as I am among the most obstinate people in the world.

August 31 (Monday). To Saipan. Ashore most of
the day attending farewell parties. The United States may
be suffering from Prohibition, but Guam doesn't stint it-

self in the slightest.

Vessel sailed at 5 P.M.

September 1 (Tuesday). Saipan. Reached Saipan,

Marianne Islands at 9 A.M. Even visiting naval vessels are
flooded with visitors. Just 183 Japanese, from the Governor
and his staff on down, came aboard to pay their respects to

Governor Root.

Myself ashore with the ship's complement to a big

dinner party.

September 2 (Wednesday). Saipan. Ashore to pay

my respects to the Japanese Governor, but was advised to wait
until after the ceremonies. Spent the day casting about for

a place to live. I have learned that the next boat to Pelew

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 130

Islands will arrive September E2.

Captain Hoot called me into his oabin to-day and

informed me that the 'France 1

had not arrived in Manila yet.

He was afr&id that the little vessel was lost as no less than

eleven typhoons have passed through that area since Lang

left Guam. I couldn't help but be uneasy about the 'France'

but do feel that Lang can sail her through if anyone can.

Lang, too, has 2 months' supplies of food aboard and can

not be in want.

September 3 (Thursday). Saipan. Found quarters

in the home of Gregorie Sablau, a half-caste Guam- Spaniard,

who has been a school teacher for many years. His house is

one of many old stone structures, that were built by the

Spaniards in the Philippines, Marianne Islands and the

Carolines. These dwellings with their 3 foot walls were

built to withstand typhoons and heat. One finds them damp

but cool, no matter how hot the day.

There are, perhaps, 15,000 Japanese living in the

city of Garapan on Saipan Island but very few of them occupy

other than their customary tiny matchbox- like houses. The

natives have managed to keep their homes though nearly all

of the land has been absorbed, rented or stolen by the Japa-

nese and is used in sugar cane production.

The crew of the Gold Star lumped my cargo ashore

in good order. The Gold Star returned to Guam at 5 P.M.

I certainly hated to see that ship leave the harbor.

September 4 (Friday). Saipan. To the Governor,

Mr. Wachi, Chief of Police, Customs and other dignitaries.

 7

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 131

In the hurly-burly of official calls during the visit of

the .American ship, I landed all of my duffle without a cus-

toms examination. Someone awakened to this oversight and

started the trouble. All of my precious hunting gear, in-

cluding shoes, sox, underwear, etc., were hauled out,

examined and recorded. No American tobacco was located. I

forgot to say that my landlord had put that in safe keeping

for me.

The slip up on the part of the customs did not

improve my welcome the slightest.

September 5 (Saturday). Saipan. To the home

of Mr. Harujuro Matsuye^ The Director of the Sugar Develop-
ment enterprise in these islands. He wasan elderly man who
graduated from Louisiana Agricultural College in 1904. I

found that he spoke excellent English and conducted himself

as a perfect gentleman. Mr. Matsuye gave me permission to

collect on Tinian Island near-by which he now owns lock

stock and barrel.

In the afternoon to visit Governor Ryosaku ’tfaohi

and his wife in their home. Both the Governor and his
lady spoke good English and proved to be excellent hosts.

I felt at home with them right from the start. The lady
baked a lemon pie on this occasion which I consider the
finest honor she could pay me.
September 6 (Sunday). To Tinian. Obtained my
hunting permits without any trouble. Took passage on a
small Japanese boat, 'Mloshi Maru," with my hunting gear for
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the adjoining island of Tinian where I will spend a few

days. Mr. Yamada, a Japanese, accompanied me as an inter-

preter. Gregorio Sablan went along to help me find a na-

tive house in the bush.

Seaohed Tinian at 1 P.M. and reported to the Po-

lice Mr. Kano. As I had all of the necessary permits we

had no difference between us.

Afterwards to a Japanese hotel owned by Mr. Hara

who had lived in Guam a number of years and who spoke Eng-

lish well.

Gregorio Sablan left me to go into the interior

of the island to find a house where I might camp. Practi-

cally the whole of Tinian Island has been planted to sugar

cane. There are only two places, one a swamp and the other

a rooky 200 foot hill of coralline formation where a dozen

or so natives have their homes and attempt to make a living

off the soil. All of the original inhabitants except those

mentioned have moved to the city or to some other island.

September 7 (Monday). Tinian. Away early with

a bull cart and my belongings to a little place called

Marapo near the coralline outcropping. There I established

camp in a sort of shed. The two new tent flies stretched

overhead should keep me dry during my stay. There are but

two native houses and a half dozen old people in this once
prosperous village.

I engaged the services of a big, strapping, 6 foot

Gruam-Saipan native called Ben Pangalinin as a cook and

general helper. Also engaged a Japanese named Dah-ti-San

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 133

to oollect for me around the swamp and lake area.

Into the mountain area, which isn't more than a

mile square to make a survey. The region is secondary

growth, a few isolated tall trees and heavy underbrush.

This isn't much of a place but should hold the last remnant
of the ornis of the island. I obtained Aplonis . Ptlllnopus .
Mylagra . Myzomela and a G-allicolumba .
The hunting in the area will be a simple matter.

It will just be a process of gathering together a collection

and getting out.

September 8 (Tuesday). Tinian. Sablan and the

Japanese Yamada returned to Saipan. I have no further use
for their services and do not care to pay them just to visit

with me. Often people have the Impression that they should
be paid just to sit around and watch the proceedings. They

are encountered in every camp, but must be discouraged right

at the start, else one will find himself in trouble.

Into the bu3h early and obtained a few specimens

including the introduced dove, Zosterops , the white tern

( lygis alba ) and the large white-headed kingfisher, which

were not obtained yesterday.

This camp is far from being a comfortable one

with myriads of flies in the daytime and countless mos-
quitoes at night. I sleep and work under a mosquito net.
Native foods are not plentiful here. When I sent out a
call for garden truck, yams and a few bananas were all
that were brought to me. The balance of the food must be

purchased in the town of Song Song.

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 134

September 9 (Wednesday). Tinian. Hunting and

returned with only small birds though I spent most of the
day in the bush. The starling, Aplonls . which roosts and
nests near the top of a 200 foot limestone cliff is the

only common bird on the island.

There are quite a few kingfishers but these have

adapted themselves to the sugar cane field where they feed

on insects and lizards. It seems strange to see these birds

resting on a swinging stock of sugar oane.

My Japanese assistant returned tonight with 6

specimens which I think he carried in his basket since yes-

terday. I roared the daylights out of him and sent him back

to the swamp region. I should go there myself, but, with

the limited time, feel that I had better remain here and

take a series of everything available.

September 10 (Thursday). Tinian. Spent the whole

day in the bush and returned with a Grallloolumba among other

things.

The Japanese sent me a reef heron ( Demlegretta

sacra ) but it had spoiled before it reached me.

Sent Ben, the cook, and a local lad to the other

end of the island to a small cave reported near the sea

beach. The small swift, Collocalia , is thought to roost

there.

September 11 (Friday). Tinian. Had a good day

in the bush and returned with an excellent series of

Zosterops . These birds incidentally have adapted themselves

to small shrubs and bushes in the town and have been ob-
 o 0

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 a
135

served feeding from flowering plants in window sills.

Pedro and Ben returned from their trip without

swifts. They were unable to locate the roosting site of

that species.

No word from my Japanese friend who is reported

camped at the lake.

I neglected to mention the tapioca plant (Genus

Manihot) which grows in these islands. The natives pound

the roots into a pulpy powder, shape the moss into small
paddies and cook them over hot 3tones. I found this food

quite palatable.

I ran out of bamboo to-day which is used in the

preparation of skins. Put Ben to work cutting strips from

packing oases which is a long, thankless task.

September 12 (Saturday). Tinian. Succeeded in

bringing down 4 Gallic olumb to-day. It is a shame to think

that the bird life of this island is almost gone.

Violent pains and gastric disorders this evening.

It must have come from the Japanese tinned meat that I ate.

The native took off again to another area where

they think swifts are obtainable. No sign of my Japanese.

I advised the native to hunt him up and light into him.

September 13 (Sunday). Tinian. The Japanese

showed up early this morning with 3 Gallinules and 3 small

herons which my two boys had helped him obtain late last
evening. Those specimens were pretty far gone but I

managed to save them all. Sent the Jap back to the lake for

another attempt at Gallinu'^s and rails.

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 13 6

Myself into the bush in the afternoon and added a

few more starlings to the oolleotions.

Ants have been troubling me considerably. I

managed to keep them out of the bird drying case by sus-

pending that from the rafters of the lean-to and saturating

the rope hangers with kerosene. Unfortunately, the kerosene

evaporates and must be replenished several times a day.

There is no creosote available here.

September 14 (Monday). Tinian. A note reached

me from the Grovernor in Saipan ordering me to return to
that island at once as the mail steamer is expected any

time now. Japanese officials never or suggest an action;

they always order.

My Japanese helper returned with 2 more Gallinules

to-day and was paid off with 14 yen at the rate of 2 yen

per day. This was a generous payment for him, but the

lowest I could make it without referring the matter to the

police. This I did notjcare to do.

Mjjtwo native helpers returned from their trip

without soecimens but assured me that they would help me ob-

tain some on Saipan Island.

I was able to collect a few more specimens in the

bush during the day, including another Hyzomela . These lat-

ter are very rare both on Gruam and Tinian. I have two from

this island. The natives tell me with an element of truth

in their statement that this species disappeared after the
coconut trees were chopped down.

This supposition can't hold true on Suem Island

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The local natives Chamoro3" gave me a farewell

dinner to-night with my own food, of course.

September 15 (Tuesday). To Saipan. Yith all ef-

fects to the village of Song-Song and thence by Japanese

pinnace to Saipan where we arrived in the evening.

September 16 (Wednesday). Saipan. To the polioe

office to inquire why I was told to return when the boat

was not expected by N.Y.K. shipping people until the 22nd

or later. I was informed that the Governor wished me to re-

main in Saipan where I would be sure to meet the boat. The

polioe also told me that ^iould bad weather set in with

westerly squalls I should not be able to get back to Saipan

from Tinian for perhaps a week or more. I had to admit

that there was some truth in the latter statement.

The Governor did not grant me an interview nor

would the polioe give me a permit to collect on Saipan.

September 17 (Thursday). Saipan. To the police

office again, but got nowhere with the collecting permits.

Beturned to the house and worked at labeling birds. Native

Ben visited a cave somewhere in the mountains and returned

with 9 Collooalia and a small yellow Gleptornis of some kind

which he calls Canaria. This, at least, helps to fill in

the series.

September 18 (Friday). Saipan. Received a cable

from the Navy Department in Manila announcing the arrival of

the 'France' in that port after 63 days at sea. Lang was

reported in the hospital, but was expected out again within

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 138

a few days. This good news relieved me of a tremendous

worry.

It rained most of the day so remained in the

house and cleaned up the Tinian material.
Meager as it
is I should certainly have liked a few more days at
col-
lecting.

September 19 (Saturday). Saipan. Game down

with a dose of dengue fever which I probably contracted
in the native village on Tinian. Dengue is supposedly
carried by the small black daytime mosquito which in-

habits these regions. The American Navy recommends both

camphorated opium and bismuth sublimate (powder) as a

remedy. Neither or bo th of these prevented me from ague

and delirious spells.

September 20 (Sunday). Saipan. In bed all day

with severe headache.

September 21 (Monday). Saipan. Ben Pangalinin

has agreed to accompany me as a cook and general assistant.

Because of his size I believe he will be a great asset.

Several natives came to the house and helped me compile a

list of the birds of the northern Marianne Islands. It

appears that the farther north one goes the fewer birds
one finds. None of the natives had visited the two nor-
thern most islands Mang and Urachus.

Myself still suffering from fever.

September 22 (Tuesday). Saipan. Omi Maru not
in. Myself in bed all day.

September 23 (Wednesday). Saipan. My worst day

 B

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 .

139

with fever. I have gone to solid foods, rice and bread,

but these do not seem to help me a great deal. Native

Pedor, my old landlord on Tinian, called and told me that

the police had been up to their old tricks. They had called
Pedro and subjected him to many hours of questioning as to

what I talked about.

September E4 (Thursday). Saipan. Another

wretched day. Ben informed me that the Omi Maru will ar-

rive tomorrow. The ship has been held up by a typhoon be-

tween here and Japan.

September 25 (Friday). Saipan. Omi Maru arrived.

Purchased a ticket for Ben and myself and told him to put

all effects aboard the ship and look out for them. Ben did
exactly as he was told with the result that I was led into
a complicated situation with the ship's officers.
I visited the Governor and police prior to leaving

as is customaiy. They were as polite as always.

On board the ship I learned that Ben (my new cook)

had refused to allow my cargo to be placed in the hold of

the ship where he thought it might get damaged enroute to

Palau. Ben had appropriated the cabin next to mine and had
placed all of the duffle in there, following which he had

mounted guard over the same and refused to move until my

arrival

The ship's officers and stewards jumped me about

Ben's actions, as soon as I put in my appearance. We all
agreed finally to leave the stuff where it was as no one

would be using the cabin before Palau. Neither would I con-

 I )

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 140

sent to pay for the additional cabin space. Ben’s size was

and continued to be a valuable addition to the expedition.

September 26-October 1. Aboard the s/s Omi Maru

enroute Palau, Caroline Islands via Tinian and Yap Islands.

Reached Korror Island, Palau Croup, at daylight

October 1. Ashore to the Governor General, Mr. Yokoda, im-

mediately. His Excellency conversed through a very mediocre

Japanese translator, but assured me that there was no ob-

jection on his part to my collecting in the Palau Group.

He also apologized for not being able to find a young Japa-

nese assistant who would act as a liaison officer for the

expedition.

The Governor General ended his interview by ih-

forming me that he had no jurisdiction over the Palau Is-

lands, but that I must register with the police and also

obtain the sanction of the Governor of the Palau Islands.

This latter Governor, Mr. Yurakal ,

into whose presence I

wasnext ushered had his office in the same building. I

found him to be very businesslike. He took but a few

minutes to assure me of his cooperation before turning me

over to the police.

With the police I filled out all of the regula-

tion forms, which I have done at every port at which I

have called. These people promised me hunting permits by-

Monday and told me that I could go about my business.

Outside the building I met Ben, who had stored

all of my effects in a shed on the wharf before going in
search of Otto TJmang, the hereditary chief of Palau, and
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 .

the man with whom Ben suggested that I live.

Itaang was not in town so I betook myself to the
home of a German missionary who had sent word that I was
welcome to spend a few days tith him or until I became set-
tled.

Game down with a recurrence of dengue fever again

tonight with chills and delirious spells.
October 2 (Friday). Korror. To the post office

this morning, but did not find a solitary letter or commu-

nication of any kind awaiting me. The missionary had in-
formed me last night that he had seen at least 30 letters

of various kinds addressed to me in the foreign mail at the

post office. It is little wonder that letters are lost.

With the arrival of every mail steamer all mail matter

bearing a foreign (not Japanese) address is dumped on the

veranda of the post office where it is at the mercy of

everyone

I had expected not only letters from the Museum

but also a bird net which had been promised me some time
ago. As a matter of record, I shall never understand why

this net was not forwarded to me. Gabled the Museum making

inquiries about this net.

Also letters to the American Consul enlisting his

aid in chasing down some of my mail.

To the steamship offices to inquire about the an-

munitlon that was supposed to have been forwarded to this

port from Truk. The ammunition was there alright but

the authorities would not release it without my first

 o )

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 "
142

paying a rather exorbitant duty of some 200 per cent on

the stuff. I contrived to have it bonded and left in

storage until such time as I left port aboard the 'France.'

Such a move was quite in order. I had sufficient with me

without this additional supply. Such a move was not to the

liking of the steamship people whom, I imagine, planned to

line their pockets with the tariff extracted from me.

A local carpenter agreed to make a tin-lined bird

case for me.

October 3, 4 (Saturday, Sunday). Korror. In bed

these two days with a recurrence of dengue fever.

deceived a cable from the Museum "Ihy schooner

refitting Manila when orders are sell or lay up. Whitney

appropriations ended must give uo vessel. Cable full re-

port present situation--Murphy."

I replied to this cable as follows: "Understand

orders refitting absolutely necessary for continuation and

possible sale France. If October remittance forwarded suf-

ficient funds finish Mandate and proceed "Rabaul March first.

Duplicate communications last eight months send Palau.

.
Coultas

This was a poorly arranged cable. I blame the

fever for it. Being of German extraction I must put the

responsibility on some one or something else's shoulders--

notjny own.

The impression I wished to convey: as I under-

stand my orders, there were ample funds to carry me along

until the first of March next year. I did though contra-

 no ice© ace a 002 a/roe to %tub i dei'l cfioxe ate dial s •gui^.q

ni itel £ca BeBnod 3> evari oi Jjeviarrcoe 1 .tins ~ .•:

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.era nioait Jbeioaarixe ttlxai '

Iw aisdooq atierii sell

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 143

diet myself by including the last sentence in the cablegram.

.That I did not know at the time was that Dr. Murphy-

had written me on August 4. This letter of date did not reach

me until April 19, 1932 in Rabaul, New Guinea where it was

forwarded to me by the National City Bank of New York of Kobe,

Japan.

The following extracts from Dr. Murphy's letter

of August 4, inst., would have helped me with definite plans:

"We have just had a long letter from Dr. Sanford, who is in

Paris, and have followed this up with a conference of other

members of the Whitney Expedition Committee and Dr. Mayr.

The following cone lusions reached after full consideration,

,

may serve as instructions to be followed as nearly as possi-

ble. by you in case you do not find a buyer -°or the schooner

in the Caroline Islands.

Finish up what may seem to be absolutely essential

work in the Carolines just as rapidly as you can. It is re-

grettable, of course, that you will not be able to visit a

number of interesting islands, but everything has to give way

when the money is running out. Then take the France to Ra-

baul and put her in the hands of an agent, if there is no

prospect of an immediate sale, lay her up in a shipyard, or

in some way reduce the expense to a minimum. Cet rid of

your crew with the exception of one or two helpers whom you

think will be best adapted to assist you in a campaign among

the Admiralties."

Neither did I have Dr. Murphy's letter of Septem-

ber 16 — in which he states: "This note is to report to you

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 144

an action of the Whitney Expedition Committee taken on

September 1, 19.31. The following quotation is from the

minutes: "Dr. Murphy was instructed to reiterate by let-

ter to Mr* Goultas that if he had not found a buyer for

the vessel by October 1, he should plan to lay it up at

Sabaul. In any event, matters must be so arranged that

the schooner 'Prance 1

will be out of commission before
the end of 1931."

This last communication reached me in Palau on

October 26.

I had made my plans to carry on in the Carolines

to the end of the sear or a little longer. My earlier in-

structions intimated that early in 1932 would finish the

work of the 'Prance'. My choice of Habaul or Samarai as a

possible market for the vessel was entir ely wi thout knowl-

edge of the decision of the Committee in jMew York. There

was no hope of disposing of the 'Prance' in the Japanese

Mandate. I would have to go elsewhere for a buyer.

I could v is ualize the uneasiness of the Museum.

Fortunately, though, there were sufficient funds for me to

continue longer without danger of indebtedness.

October 5 (Monday). Sorror. To the city and

purchased a number of supplies for the bush. There isn't

a great variety for me to choose from such standard pro-

visions as rice, onions, a few potatoes, canned salmon and

crab meat, biscuits and sugar are available in small quan-

tities.

These are sufficient for our needs and no more.

 ao iiei'Btf aol 3 It mxc ^er. : i cK adi co l?o£ at

eril 10 n! a i r .
,» •: aeon ;. . i-oXio ; . . . €X , X •
.

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-Hi iQiltse %,/. .le^ncl ©I 3 311 © to «*«*£

ed3 tfeinit olooar SPG I ni ^Inee 3sd3 A©3i>?Jii3tsl esoido&n!*

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seeaflcpaL e n’5' eri3 saJtB©qaX.& lo eqori on mv

.ns'^ucf b no! ©neriweele 0 £ o3 ws bLuow
’

.©JsXusX

, assess ? ©ri3 lo eaenls. ©nu ed3 ©sili-juaiv Muo© i

o3 sot no! annul due lei t!«8 ensar e*retf3 ,d^uor ,

.Bj9iL6©3dfeiwil lo ne$cusi 3uori31w negf.ol' awpllto©

J&ns '<31 o ©ri3 off .nomroX , {v-c,Lu oMi g oac!o3oO

3 ‘nei eaeri’i .dead ed3 nol eell-joar© 1 c nedaecfi s X ©tisdon:

-on-' J&nsXflBffii dene monl ©soods o3 ©a: nut Tjdeins'v

fiiiB noc/Xse J&ensde , eeo3s3oq wet s .ur.olca , eoli as social

-iiBUo XIbots ni olds I Is vs ©ns ns^s Xas e3 lifts Id , 3©ei : d#n<;

esi3i3

, -tea on Jnm afieen no o nol dasloltlue. ens sas.-iT

 145

Japanese flour, preserves, bamboo shoots and knickknacks

are not exactly to my liking nor nourishing.

The stores in this locality are the same as those

on the other Japanese islands. They are small, poorly kept

and limited in the quantity of their goods. The Government

employs over 600 individuals who practically keep the rest

of the inhabitants. The natives are very poor, have few

cooonut plantations and no sugar cane patches. A little

money seeps through from the phosphate mines to the south

but not enough to make much of an impression on the trade.

A considerable number of Japanese are engaged in

deep sea and reef fishing, but their produce and wages go

to Japan mostly.

October 6 (Tuesday). To i£yri. With Umang and

Ben in a small boat to -Syri after storing the majority of

our effects in the home of Mary ,

a hereditary large land

owner on Korror. Mary had the honor of being the mistress

of the last German Governor of the Palau Islands. She owns

a large 4-room European house on the edge of the village

of Korror Island, which is comfortable and gives easy ac-

cess to the city and surrounding country. I believe I

paid Mary $10 per month for the use of her house.

Myself and party reached our destination in the

rain about the middle of the afternoon and found quarters

in the new home of the second chief of the village.

The Government has very shrewdly enoouraged the

natives to tear down their old dwellings and substitute

them for new Japanese type--flimsy sawn lumber abodes.

 eHQfmiv.v .ir-:A Is* strode ootimd V
«t>v£t •yen--- ,nuo r oe^e ,^
.•$aicei*iaoa noa &ni3UX «3 \:J.3t^xe ion &%e

QBQdi' «s eons erii ena ^31IbooX aid? nl eenole edT

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x Jt ne^B&no en* tsQ.oBqel. to ned^jtrn ©Idsn e.Oianoc k

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r
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.Bsloos n rofliiX n«88 ^©i:i nt--sqv;3 eeexisqjB • we:. not 3je d

 146

The lumber for these latter structures is, of course, im-

ported from Japan, in this manner, the native is pushed

into debt from which he is never free again. His land is
eventually confiscated and he becomes a debtor tenant.

The village of Eyri is situated on a bluff of

land at the southern end of the large island of Babelthaup.

Large areas of reef and tide flats with copious mangrove

swamps are everywhere on the seaward side of the village.

Back of this on the landward side, one encounters a rugged

plateau of some 300 feet elevation above sea level. The

soil is very poor and supports little vegetation. Bare

and exposed patches of reddish iron rock are found every-
where with shore coarse grass and pandanas 'palms consti-

tuting the only plant life on those spots.

Isolated patches of secondary bush, rank growths

of weeds and a limited number of trees of medium height are

met with in valleys or indentations in the plateau. Each

of these semi-fertile patches are of moderate extent so

that the whole terrain has a checkerboard appearance.

Native gardens are limited in size and content.

Tapioca seems to be the main item of the vegetable diet.

This plant will grow in the semi-arid valleys. Taro is

planted in the swamps where fresh water is available.

Bananas are very scarce on this island. Pau paus are un-

known. Nish and other forms of marine life constitute the

principal sources of food for these people.

I found a colony of about two hundred souls,

living grouped together in this little hamlet. In appear-

 -asi .08 moo to ,8 1 eeiiwcui ; loiinL ©asd# io*
5
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to ttuld s no bsiwitz ei iiiE to ©£aXXiv aril

; nndJI^ds.
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led# o 5 uq ce,l-. .awuai

art# 9#u#l#ea©o etll aaltasu to 8 ;..ict

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fijrKo 8 ©iSfluri o«?# taotfe to y.noXco b bassot 1

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m
 14 7

anoe they resembled Malay's more than any of the Caroline

races I have so far encountered. Very few of them could

speak: English. Unlike most natives, they paid scant at-
tention to my arrival or comings and goings but preferred
to regard me as a part of their clan.
October 7 (Wednesday). Eyri . Uman enlisted the
aid of two small boys who will collect for me with their
blow guns. These are the first natives I have encountered
who use this instrument in the natural course of their tri-

bal culture. These lads returned with a rail-- Hypotaenidla

which was certainly an encouragement for me.

Myself into the secondary bush areas with Umang,

despite the rain and obtained a few specimens such as

Lalage , Halcyon . Myzomela . Aplonis . which is the most com-

mon bird in the bush here, also Jeph ras and Mona rc ha.

October 8 (Thursday). Eyri. Urnang and I to the

higher land well back in the interior. 7e found the same

type of country as that passed through at the extreme
southern end of the island. The quantity of birds observed
was discouraging though we were able to add six Zosterops
and a few small birds to our collections.

Umang tells me that farther north and east on

this island I will encounter better collecting at a village
called Marakeok. Also that I can find taro gardens and

swamps with rails, herons, Porphyrio and ducks inhabiting

those on the eastern end of Korror Island.

I concluded that it would be best for us to re-

turn to iorror for the time being and work

that area first.
 w
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 " "
148

Continuous rains to-day.

October 9 (Friday). To Korror. Hard rains this

morning, didn't get away from Eyri until noon. We reached
Korror Oity just at dark.

October 10 (Saturday). Korror. Received the fol-

lowing cable from the Museum. "Proceed Rabaul earliest pos-
sible moment and dispose of schooner mailing instructions

there — Murphy.
I replied to his cable "Will proceed Rabaul--
.
Coultas

Following this I prepared a long letter to the Mu-

seum outlining the activities of the past months and the

affairs of the expedition as they now stand.

Upon returning from Eyri yesterday I found that

the Qmi Maru had arrived ahead of schedule with Mrs. Coultas
aboard. Earlier in the year when I expected the expedition
to disband I had written to her to join me in order that
we might enjoy the trip home together. Her timely arrival

will be a great help to me and the expedition in general as

Mrs. Coultas will take over the commestible department as

well as helping with the preparation of specimens.

We set up camp in the home of Mary and concluded

to collect in this vicinity for a time.

During the afternoon Ben and I visited the area

east of the village. There we found an abundance of swampy

taro gardens and a limited amount of secondary bush. In

years gone by these people erected stone walls around and

through swampy areas. Inside of these stone-formed plots

 . \
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j : -oi aai e.t ; j . nrUi’oOv

fin*H .io«oX ci' e X

sidi euifii

.noon ilSaa iivA amt ;£'© 3e* 3’nMS ,^'i in-ioc;

-.ro;' 9 i e\

3© 3 sii £ ^3 it lovsoi.

.rot er!3 fisvieeef .vatoX . in3fi8) 01 ‘xaoo-toO

XafidaH £09001*” .JV08BK scti fflorrt: 8ldco

-ooq 38: ’.Ctb©

- 3 a£rl toaoorioe to eeoqsl.fi An© 3 aamom •-•.£<{ is

ano i3c; r JtXlBitt

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end nl rroiloak .xr./sca*

noWioeqx© >ri3 A®3oeqx* 1 nadir reset

ne 3 3 liar 'usd I fiiinualfi 03

fsdj teMo ni ©o n lot- od reed 03

£©H .^©dji©$&3 asaorf gli3 t*d3 yotao td^lm 99

3 bgtj b so lI?
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,p leeq© to noi3jB*SBqe
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9©JC0B5eecfB ns fixuiot ©w ®ied? .e^elliv ©rf3 to 38B©

Xq.tiBwa to

.dead ,;m&noeee to tavern b*l loll b fins gaefiifis or •'

rl

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fine b.u Jis esa

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-
taro mas planted and raised. The streams of the vicinity

have been harnessed and can be regulated by a system of

dikes. It is really an ingenious method of irrigation and

supplies these people with a limited supply of taro onoe

every 8 months.

Ben and I collected our first example of the genus

Malacolestes and also an example of the owl, Otus podarglnus

Both of these were taken in the secondary bush.

October 11 (Sunday). Korror. Ben has been put

to work straightening and arranging the cook house. Heaven

knows the place needed cleaning badly enough. It is mar-

velous what a woman can do to a camp in a short time.

Umang and I to the bush collecting again. Hunting

is not a burden here with stone roads, crisscrossing the

country everywhere. He centered our attentions on the

tapioca patches and small patches of low trees and bush

that are scattered between the native dwellings. Our bag

consisted of small birds, Zosterops , Myzomela , Jephras and

Aplonis . Also by chance we found and collected one Ducula .

These pig eons, as on other islands, have practically been

exterminated by the Japanese hunters.

Gabled Captain Lang in Manila advising him to

proceed to Palau as quickly as possible in order that we

can be on our way to Habaul.

The Japanese Governor General, Bar on- General

Yokoda, dies last night.

October IE (Monday). Korror. A cable from

Captain Lang acknowledging the receipt of mine

 • .

•o e:U to r e *r;?> s. .*98 la? .cr.s Io3ii£ :'q ;.. . r. , ?

to resde^e a ijrf sd obq bus £e©89niea need 9 vsd

:B mllrv fTKi h
o or3e« - jcln&§fll ,
: y;XIaea ei 5 £. . i,
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.oriJcOtC 8 y/TdVv

sisa.su er: 3 to elqinsxs tea it ‘u'C feaaeeXCoo I jj&e oeff

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— —

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tuq need sad nsS .icitoX .(^bcoi/ 8) IX isdotoO

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 150

To the bush again for more small birds. I was

not able to find anything in the taro patches except the

common kingfisher.

A number of small boys with their blow guns have

been sent out for rails and especially the owls. The lads
were not successful but did return with two more Pitohui
tenebrosus , which they call "Tu tau," (translated the

morning bird).

October 13 (Tuesday). Korror. A small boy

brought me an unusual tern this morning ( Chlidoniaa

leuooptera ) , one which I have never seen before. I was

given to understand that this boy had killed three of these

birds with stones when he found a flock of them in the

Government Botanical Gardens. Two of the birds were eaten

and the other found its way to me.

Umang and I visited the Botanical Gardens but

were refused permission to shoot inside of the compound.

A small flock of these birds, probably migrants or strag-

glers blown in by the late typhoon whichpassed to the north-

ward are still in the gardens. Umang tried several times

to chase these birds over the fence where I could have a

3hot at them but had no luck.

Umang and several old natives tell me that this
species is not a resident of the Palau group. They have
never seen it before and have no name for the bird.

This day is a public holiday in honor of the

late Governor-General. All flags have been draped at

half-mast, all streets and stores covered in flags and

 asr I .sJ&'xitf liana etoffi toS nifigs ciesttS adi ol'

®*H Igeoxe eerfolsq ousf eril nl galrittS® Sail oi .

,*ie daJ^alji adjitroo

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 151

bunting. Early in the afternoon a huge procession of fully

5000 people fozmed behind the hearse and accompanied that

to the other end of the island where the corpse was cre-
mated in orthodox Japanese manner.

At the cremation grounds an iron pyre some 25

feet in height had been erected; the body was placed on

that. Underneath the pyre a great assortment of old packing

boxes, paper, excelsior and lumber were piled. All of this

mass was saturated with gasoline before the tinder was

lighted.

Once under way, the fire burned for hours and con-
sumed everything. This, to my mind, is the most hygienic,

sanitary and practical means of disposing of the dead.

October 14 (Wednesday). Korror. Umang gathered

up a horde of small urchins who accompanied us to the bo-

tanical gardens. Once there, I sent the youngsters inside

to stir up the terns and chase them over the fence where I

could have a shot at them. In this manner, I obtained 5

more specimens before the flock disappeared.

Later in the day a small boy turned in an example

of the migrant thrust, Stumla violacea , whioh he had ob-

tained with a blow gun. I was told that this species in-

habits heavy shrub and brush near swampy areas.

Mrs. Goultas has made wonderful progress in bird

skinning in the short time she has been here with me.

October 15 (Thursday). Korror. ,7ith Ben and

Umang in a large outrigger canoe to the outlying islands

south of Korror Island. There are hundreds of these is-

 *r

c no'

3ari3 £&l£Wrfmoi)os Mb eaiise.l ©d3 Mix- ©d b om oft ©iqoeo 000c

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 15E

lands ranging in size from a few square yards to a square

mile in extent. They vary from a few feet above sea level

to 400 feet in height. All of them are of broken coral for-

mation interspersed with volcanic rook and have, in most

cases, steep precipitous sides. Secondary bush, dense shrub

and occasional medium-sized trees cover the surface of all

of the islands.

The natives tell me that numbers of petrels roost

and nest in holes on a few of the larger islands. Grabs

of all descriptions are likewise found here in abundance.

In some instances one sees an occasional an all

bird ( Zos terops , Myzomela , Jephras , Aplonis ) feeding in the

bushes.

During the process of the day we located a cave

which is inhabited by swifts ( Colloc alia ) and obtained a

series

The juvenile hunters with their blow guns, which

are nothing more than a small 6 foot (in diameter) bamboo

hollowed in full length, through which they blow a 4 or 5

inch pointed dart, turned in some good material. They

tumei up with 2 rails, a night hawk and another migrant

th rus h

October 16 (Friday). Korror. An uncomfortable

day in every respect. The Japanese Meteorological service

issued a typhoon warning during the night ,

which frightened

the natives out of their senses and sent them scurrying in

every direction to warn others. Our retinue awakened us

shortly after 1 A.M

 3 .

©neaps bo? sob a no wol b ?•

*r!t sl« ni ^pi^nen & no I

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level see ayode test ws9f js aonl isnBT X©rfC .dfisdxe

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a; Bene^BA'K eaciden n.w’3 .sner'dr. anew od rro 13 ota it 'tev4

. t "S? tCfii:
 153

Around 2 A.M. the wind came with such velocity

that it nearly blew the house over. Fortunately, our house

is located in a hollow well below the street and was af-

forded a good bit of protection. A few houses were blown
over and others unroofed during the process of the storm.

A tremendous downpour of rain accompanied the wind.

October 17 (Saturday). Korror. Practically all

of the typhoons which visit the Philippine Islands, coast

of China and Japan, have their beginning around the island

of Yap, some 200 miles to the north and east of Palau. Yep

is called the mother of typhoons.

Many years ago, a Spanish priest in Manila began

compiling data on typhoons, their frequency and course.
Fortunately, for all concerned, once a typhoon gets under

way it retains a fixed course. This is usually, though not

always, in the form of a semicircle beginning at Yap and

ending somewhere in the vicinity of Japan.

Only a very small percentage of all typhoons ever

touch land at all. The majority follow their course at sea

and blow themselves out in the ocean.

In recent years the Philippine Meteorological

service has stationed a trained observer on Yap Island.

This young man with his own instruments plus observation re-

ports radioed to him from other islands every few hours is

pretty well able to plot the courses of typhoons from their

inception and thus warn shipping at sea as well as islands

or localities in the path of or near the oncoming distur-

bance.
 T

vJiooIev does rfa 1» 9^ec Mir en’i S Me oiii

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.©£U£d
 154

It was one of these reports, stating that a ty-

phoon would pass close to the northward of the island, that

set the natives in a turmoil. So accurate are these warnings

that everyone has explicit faith in them.

This day was more or less a continuation of yes-

terday's weather. There was more rain if such a thing is

possible. At least 3 and 4 inches of rain covered the ground

at times before the water could run off.

Myself down with a recurrence of dengue fever. Into

bed I went with ague and later delirious spells, so it was

reported. My wife insists that I become very profane during

such times.

No collecting of any kind during these two days.

October 18 (Sunday). Korror. The post master has

found and delivered a letter from the Museum under date of

June 25. I presume his staff has taken a little longer than

usual to translate and copy this communication.

Thi 3 letter bears out the instructions I have re-

ceived from other messages. Dr. Murphy says in part: "Dr.

Sanford has talked with Mr. Thitney, Jr., and it seems

likely that he will continue to give us a much reduced con-

tribution in order that we may carry out our study and pub-

lication on the '/hitney material here in the Museum, and

perhaps also have a balance for work in the field on a re-

duced scale. At any rate, we are going to try it through

1932 and we count upon the prooeeds of the sale of the

'France' to help toward this end. I have no idea what she

may fetch at the present time, but you are to watch for
 S e 3

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opportunities and when you think: you can sell her to good

advantage, act upon your best judgment.”

I acknowledged the receipt of this letter with a

short note to the Museum.

,7e are still having stormy weather with no one

collecting. I imagine most of the natives are getting pretty

hungry by now as those would much rather remain in their

huts or houses and starve rather than get wet collecting

food.

A cable from Lang in Manila; he informs me that

the native crew wish to be sent back to their homes from

Manila. Lang wants to know what he is to about them.

I advised him to keep the crew as we will be able

to get them to their homes almost as quickly as though they

were sent by steamer. Y7e can do this much more economically

also.

October 19 (Monday). Korror. Hunting in the na-

tive gardens this morning despite the rain. I obtained a

few kingfishers and a rail ( Hypotaenidia ) . These latter

practically live in the taro fields. Then disturbed, they

run and hide under the broad leaves of the plants. The fun

comes after the bird is killed, for some one must wade

through muck and ogze usually up to their waists or aimpits

to retrieve the specimen.

Packed all of the Saipan and Tinian material in

the new tin- lined ease that has just been delivered from

the Japanese carpenter.

October 20 (Tuesday). Korror. Sent the boys out
 — — ( .

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jf- '-no .-oar dor c j ..• v

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t rf 3- iir. rteW-eX; ai.ld lo dqleoen ©ri? rent's XwonifOB I

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 1
156

after petrels this morning. I am still suffering from fever

which I oannot shake off. Fain continued most of the day.

Wrote and dispatched a number of letters to firms in Sydney

and New Guinea advising them of the Museum's oroposed dia-

posal of the schooner 'France.' We would have the 'France'

in Habaul around the first of the New Year for inspection. 3

Umang and Ben returned well after dark with four examples

of the petrel. Both boys complained bitterly about the

rain and concluded that they would have better results

during dry weather.

They were told to make a large pot of hot tea

into which I poured a strong laoing of whiskey following

which they were sent off to bed. Natives, without clothing, 3

when subjected to a cold rain all day become blue in color.

I always found it advisable to warm them up with hot tea

and whiskey. Thus avoiding pneumonia which is frequently

the reaction to such exposure.

October 81 (Wednesday). Korror. All of us in }

the big canoe this morning at 3 A.M. in search of petrels.

We contrived to arrive at the small islands before daylight

and meet the birds as they came out of their burrows.

Several were obtained in this manner but the majority of

birds had gained too much altitude before they came paral-
lel with us. Our problem developed in trying to station

ourselves in a well-frequented air route.

Returned to camp early and worked at specimens

all day. I should have worked under Beck and acquired a

more rapid technique with this species.

— t *- 3 1
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: -s Itctan srid Jad tencBta elrir ,.l froa.cBidc ere let©' r

-Xbtbo am»o yedr 0 toted ©Xixli#!© rioxm ooi Xeri estid

iioirer© od ?ai\7 J ni £> eqoXsvs.fr oeldotq zuQ .sv da in lei

.©r;;ot tie XeTitteapstt-XXow e ni at v s.;too

B iteisioeqe Xs fr©>iow bn& xliee asmo o3 ber rai*&

9 fretiupofi bi<a >' c© tofinu fredio© ova- frlucde . ... I IXb

.aeioe ; •.
i- i iir dai % ©npiiiionr i iqart sioail
 157

There is scarcely any excelsior available in town

which necessitates our making bird bodies out of newspaper.

This material absorbs moisture and mats together inside the

bird. I should not recommend the use of the stuff under

normal conditions.

October 22 (Thursday). Horror. Hard rains kept

us in the house all day. Engaged our time labeling speci-

mens obtained so far in these islands. Between the fever

and inclement weather we are not making very rapid progress.

At the same time I do not want to get far away from the

cable station until I know that Lang is ready to leave

Manila.

Ben, the cook, who has been troubled about fire-

wood to cook our meals, has hit upon a novel plan of ob-

taining material. I might add that the repeated rains have

obliterated every hope of obtaining dry wood in the bush.

Close on meal times, Ben walks un the streets,

past the stores, until he sees a packing case that suits

his fancy. He walks in, empties the contents of the case

on the floor and walks out with the box. This regardless

of the hue and cry set up by the owner. To date Ben has

kept out of Jail.

October 23 (Friday). Horror. Out early again

this morning for petrels. ,7e maneuvred the canoe back and

forth between the islands and obtained 5 specimens for our

morning's work. At the time of our arrival on the roosting

grounds we heard numbers of birds screaming overhead. Males

presumably, cane out of their burrows well before daylight

 ?cl

nwod xsl eidBllnva -toialeoxe -',ob ^le sines si aieriT

.TsqBqcwstt to dx/o seifiocf fin Id rnWar: nrjo aedadleseeafl delete

•
: fejbiaiii
#
jce*iio^-?4 .•
dm? na w 3b lo si ati'ioec's iBiied m . e :
'

?e£)iut
•
•
0? { eod to esu end - ;.ti ie-ei don fix oo ifo i ..il;

.anoitf ifinoc £ sort on

d . :
;
-r /;-:«> .ion oX . \ ;e eiCriT ) 2S i: cfodoC

-ioe ••?8 M-iiXadiP.:: Oi.iid •

•
; o fis ;.-••• .. .^efi LTb stood end ai en

mv '

edd neewted .efiii&Ial eaerid ni mt os fiei ini do s/top

.0 oi^oii fiiqeti ^rev jcldeni dorr sis er neddeew dneio&Icai bn®

add 3 t ait tsl de^ o ’

d. drssw don ofi X eraid emit edd te

evifSl o? vfijsei si griBo. dadd in: i Iid;t» acidade bXc..v

• Bli.:."

-t.-Xte jt'od : fi&f.dc/'-r : - red and orte ,: ooc sud f

xia

-d* tC . > f ! CO 70:: H : Offli did Sir'd ,

t d : ICO ;!00O 0 d i©0?

avail etiiri fiedeeqe-: Id da dr fifio ddgiirr I . . .Oe IredBfl: laid

.deed srld ni fi : o*r \;*tb --niniaddo >0 eqod ^ievs bed siedilcie

,
gjesids add -$ s.-ila/ net. ,es id Dae: no 9S0lC

ad in 8 dr.-rid sees ^niienq b S S' eri.Iidnn , -eic.Jf. :'d Jena

s bo 8 dfl 03 f! 3 o odd soiioirs Cbw .voafil girl

;

srid -o - ,ril s

sasli-is^ei: y iriT .xod s rid U iw juo bb Cb w fine loolt end : o

8B. ;
.;&•.[ -dB.o ol* .le iwo e; d *-;cf ro dee ’fio 'ns m. •
•
eric to

• Hot J.jO dqs:I

rrisj-B vlnee dnO .ic’/no.. .

1
ijimliX ) f S isdotfoO .

JbnB jfcfirf eoaeo edd fieivnonnr’ e< ,‘sifidideq •

a

too lot ens -ioe?® d .ben in d dc fire efiriB lei arid uee.wded ddio'i

^Hidaoci arid no Inviiia mo to ersid arid JM .arterr a'^nioxoia

b-Ib-I .fiBedrtevo gnirBaioe efiiid to eierirsin fiieari ©?.

drisilijefi s'ri tOd II e» B#vaii liedd to d;;o s-:Bb ,xt4isrss’i&rq

 158 1

and put in their time circling and screaming for an hour or

more before going to sea in search of food.. Whether or not

this is a form of courtship I am unable to say* In the

evening some birds do the same thing before retiring to

their burrows. It is usually too dark for one to get a

shot at the birds when they are circling overhead.

October 24 (Saturday). Our recent deluge of rains

have brought out swarms of mosquitoes. They are so thick

around the house that we eat and sleep under a net. One

thing the American people have learned that other races

do not seem to have acquired and that is cleanliness. One

could hardly exoect to remain healthy with open sewers along

the streets to attract flies and furnish breeding grounds

for any and every type of germ.

To the small islands again but only obtained 2

birds for our morning's work. I believe the birds are be-
coming a little wary of us and gain their altitude quickly

after leaving their burrows rather than circle about a few

times before rising to any height.

I have noticed this about birds leaving their

burrows. Many times they become entangled in roots and

vines and have trouble extricating themselves from their

predicament. Y/hen caught in this manner the bird flaps

about until he loosens himself and then falls into the

water below if he is on the side of a perpendicular cliff,

which is usually the case. I have every reason to believe

that birds coming from their burrows into the daylight are

blinded for some moments. Their awkward movements and

 »

•io - od hb not snic30ic b one I® ©mid lie riJ ni inn Skjb^

ion 10 isrid ©MY' .Jboot to dcizee ni see oS gniog enoT-a'ti eiqtff

si' 1 •
• . /
'

. o

o? sn.i‘iio'91 ©noted gairiJ e.v&e edt ah sin id earos s&lnovo

.ha&iitevo guil&nio ©is y.e . orir Bliicf edr Jb 3 c c:a

s: loo: to eitflei Jaeoti xuO . (Yjslinjg 8 ) £3 ic-dotfyQ

dolrirf' o ©IB \'.©d!T .esodiflf-Boai lo aartewe Jao Jiijiioia ; v;r;

©jiQ .3oi' jp 19 6
. m cjeele line ise 9P deriJ ©•-.ood arid caao-o

aeaei led Jo JsrfJ 6©xiiB©£ .©vod elqoeq riBoiiSBiA &riJ ^aidd

enO .eaeaiXrtB ©Io si serfd ins J&eiiapoB .everi oi is et Jo/.

%ao .[s git 798 noqo dJ iJir laori air r.e i oJ Jo© e

ebmsor-% •^'ii serd ti-aiarsst ins a&iJS. S obi J 5b 3 edeeida odd

.oxxeg .to e o:s at \:a.- no .

s SeciuJ do 3ad a icon oriaaiBi XlBtftt a;fJ of

-3d ecfJ ev*jt£e'! :. o'c?; a'^niaiooi noo ic'

£110 lop e.DifJ UIb liedi nisj* oufi m to ;i©» eifJiX'fl a i:\oc

'
r.ot e in o do ©It lio ox; rf J irerfiai e toiib d i .
; iiiviv.' i-eixcB

.d v.:* oj vdisii oio'rtd o orris

i ioa’J ^xlvpel Biiid JuodB ejrii oe olden ersd I

oob uioci ni SsI^/'Bdue srocsd \e rid aexald \nn . aoonadp

iledi r,xoit esvl&ecnerid gtiiiBciiixe aldwoii ; iB.ri £iw :'.©a£r§|

Bqelt iiio eri 3 lenaje;; eiriJ nl drij..;;.ee ded\. .Jn&s-eo IJb&ris

on J o? i aflat a o a? 'one ? l.,f oi ? e ; .. , ol erf Iltfxnj Ja/o/

'

o/ 1 ‘ ''nen'ivj y. to o '"i- <i or si .

;
ti t -i •
.Ti

o roiled od ao8£©i v,i@vsV ©vad .

..-
I .ea£9 .
'
e-n'3
.
vIlBaao si xioidp

©ib Jrf$l.iv;s.6 ©riJ oJni e..*5ii»d lie rid xnoit -c^ioioo aiiicf Jb.hj

J bitB sJft©a!9V0ffi brarr^yy- lioriT .adae/om eros not el lid

 159

clumsy gyrations would tend to bear out this hypothesis.

October 25 (Sunday). Korror. Out again this

morning and obtained 4 more specimens. >Ve are keeping con-

tinually at it desoite the rain.

A cable from Lang in Manila; he requires $1000 to

disburse the ship. This will entail some difficulties as

the money is in Kobe, Japan, and shall have to be tele-

graphed to Lang at Manila. Manila will also have to be ad-

vised and authorized before they will pay anything to Lang.

Also received a cable from John and Harold James

of Seattle advising me that they are with Lang. I am pre-

suming that they have got in touch with the Museum and have

been sent out to join me. But why they should be sent at

a time when the expedition is closing down is more than I

can understand. There is no mention of either of them in

my last communications.

No small boys have shown up for several days. I

suspect that the Japanese youth's society has put a stop to

their collecting for me. IMang informs me that he has ques-

tioned a number of them and they say they do not care to

collect longer.

October 26 (Monday). Korror. Out again before

daylight this morning. We were fortunate in obtaining 5

petrels and a night hawk. The latter I mistook for a petrel

as it sailed, over my head before daylight. One rarely hears

the night hawk at night so I presume that it is a rare bird

in this group of islands.

The Yamashira Maru arrived in port with a letter

 — 0c T.

.siaeriSoqyii aid? 3tto •used o: br.st ?

lu o.v ano v.e: •;;>

eirf? nle?^e ?n0 .noltoS .{^Bladfi) 8S ledotfoO

- oo gnlqae:?* 'etB e\ .ans.ilooge ©iom £ Sen! a? do •;•
ns Ils o:<

.11 las erf? ell bqJ& si Jb v.llsfrtii?

otf COOXi- 88i li; pen s' jaHn^r' nl griBa iaotrt: eldte A

ea eoi JlaolY'MS avoa Is -?ne 111?.' Bio T .aids ©d? eenwciBlri

-sle: do o? evsri IIbos 5cs .nsqe'j ,e5o nl J .

i,c. ;
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r
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in : tfr- SiifiX 03 teiioo.-^

•See.,: Oj ?\iia <{Bq Ills? .8-1? sloped J&ssiiottfi/B J&ne leelv

Ee^o J&joi.e hxiB arid, r;oi"i alcfso s levieoei cslA
~ev- cib i .gat?,'’ rill* eie \erf? ?srf? s. ;¥>.! a? :i>a ©IsIed; Xo

evr > 1 .ie rtf© an erf? rf?iw riono? nl log evBrf ysri? ?«rf? whilst

?b Sees ed afire da yar? y;iv ic£ . ear do fc

o? Sno Sxxea ut.

1 Bri? eio& el nwoi) gdeolo si noiliJbeqrxs erf? neri* earli

nl sued? ’to leaSl© ro coUner on ei eierf'l .lae jaieXau nee

. six o i ? B © Inn nanoe ? se ' qa

1 .nv.Bh lEievee qn n wo ri a everi e^oo' IXbkb or.

o? qo?s & tuq eel. ytelcoe s'nStioy eeeflBqa& erf? ?b; ? Joejeae
-BS /./0 -.f.rf c. )c z aarxc'tni gnaMJ ,©r: io q vuisoe "I: o i>*p'j

o? eiBo son oX Tje d? -io© y.eds Ins men ? *to ledmxm b kec.oU

.lignol ?©«£ ,'c

siolted nipqs ?nO .norrto .(te£na*f) 62 ledoSol

2 aalnlBdcfo nl a?rcrn?ioi ©few eli .gnlniom ei: ? tifelXveJ?

i ay • :•
to'- jIoojs’il L nollel ©di . ve ri e f:ns altyroa

I e-r s yloasi ©aO .Jrigll^Ei) eiolerf fcaed ym lotro Aeffea ?i as

Silrf smi £ ei Ji Seri? eoarspiq : os S igin ?e d?.Erf Sdgin erf?

.el'nr.Iei ?r;oig eld? nl

s rfSiw ?ioq £il &©• Ins kb: e*ri -sens Y ©ril

from Dr. Murphy under date of September 16. l was dumb-

founded at the speed with which this communication reached

me. As reported previously, Dr. Murphy advised me of the

action of the committee regarding the disposal or laying up

of the 'France.' He also informed me that he was sending

$5000 (the last draft from the Whitney fund) a little in

advance of the promised schedule. This money would be de-

posited in the Bank at Kobe, Japan.

October 27 (Tuesday). Korror. Hard rains all

night and day. 7e have certainly had our share of it here.

Ben and I went into the bush at dusk: in hopes we could find

an owl but returned wet and empty handed. These owls con-

gregate in the tops of trees in the village at night. One

hears anywhere from one to a dozen of them calling off and

on all night long. No one seems to know where they hide

out in the daytime, there being few trees with holes in them

about the city. I have been tempted many times to take a

flashlight at night and collect a specimen. I know, though,

that if I were to shoot in the village I should lose my

hunting rights and probably be fined heavily as well.

Two small boys turned in a couple of shore birds

to-day.

October 28 (Tednesday). Korror, Out again early

this morning and turned up 3 more petrels. Later in the

day I obtained a duck in the taro swamps. This latter is

indeed an addition as this is the type locality for Anas

superciliosa pelewensls .
Beriand I out again in the evening for owls but
 ,x
-drsjf) SB?-' 1 . oil o eSab recast -ve.l ,
•
. o-
r

&sci©fi8T iiOliBoini/uioc) aid? ri c i ii~ dtfi ir Leeqt ©rid da ivernro"

riff tO 9£C Befiivifl XdCfTG'. .IV , q V8hc-:i:

•«0 10 r J iaoqalJE> erid ss^imc' edJ* tc noidox

^nifsnee bbw e.f : ds rfd es ioexasotaj obXb ©H *

. a Offal’S* .iff to

nl elddiX s (irurt vendin'-.' ads -ov itei 5 deei srid ? :k 0d$.

•BlB © of filxfow v.sao® eid£ .©XaJ&erioe oeslffrcan e-dj to ©c-bbt^b

,
riot 0 ,- . : •
0 j: 00

XI s enifii f'*ir .aortic: . {^&fes»T) VS 'uciodoC

• 01 ed di to ©tsrie *ruo Jbari ^Iriir^Tso ever! el *ijs£ i rs drij. ;-r.

JEsn it 6£not> © Tv eeqori xii iatx.5 i® deed ©tiff offf 1 Saw r>a,e eti

-rxoc bItto 989d'i .M&xibxI yjqm& baa dew h mvuSsa Sad Xwd bb
& itO .drf$ia ff B egslllv ©rid ni eeeid to t rod arid ni ©dsgsaq

Las tto jyiilXBo msriff to uesob s off r-no nroit sasri^ns ei. 9 *:

eblti veed ©net!* aroai od arsee 000 0 . .^cio l origin lit- , o

‘8 rid nJt eel ori ddi» aesid ?.-et qxiijj east , aiid^afc vdj ai :. .

b 9 ^«d od eeoid ypea Jb8iq.v:9ff need eved 1 .^dio ©rid dixeds

. ij^ixodd ,
wo j .re ite >e r, doeflco n as drig-rix dg dxi^if tf.-i.eft;

v.ra 9801 .flxjoris I. ejj.alli v grid t-i docrie od fneir I tl J r, 1

. v e -r t;X Jvb sri Joan it od y Zdz d 01 7 odrigii •

ni ;«• .
.•

B.cild t-.ods :••) elqyoo e ni Leaves eyod J. sns owf

*-$r|;-ed

.-It. a ni..r-r t/Q .’xoato . { q.sisr: ; eV 0.. ivdodoG

•'
: ai v . .....'iff fv e-i„ m/ ;© ; d Aina;;- >

ei. aeddfiX slrir .acM ss o'ifid © id xii oloirr r- Xen .l.v d do I

1 i QscoX sq^d ©nd ei exdd as noidijb/B ns i

:sr g :. 0 I } V :. . - r

dwd elwo tot jy . ireqs 9rid ni cig>:B dno I LmkeS.

 161

obtained none.

Birda are indeed scarce during this rainy spell.

One rarely sees or hears a bird when bhey are in the bush.

I don't know where the birds go for their food.

October 29 (Thursday). Korror. Another typhoon

warning to-day. 7e have now had an almost continuous deluge

of rain for the past two weeks. Ben and Umang went out early

this morning to try and catch petrels in their burrows.

They returned in the middle of the morning thoroughly

washed out.

Mr. I. Shimono, a Japanese, who has been recently

employed by an English oil concern in Korea, approached me

for a job as interpreter and bird skinner. I am seriously

considering engaging him.

The afternoon brought a deluge of rain and high

winds. Fortunately, again we are in a hollow area and

fairly well protected. Though I must say we derive no en-

joyment feeling the wind lift the building off the ground.

October 30 (Friday). Korror. A cable from Lang:

"Unable to obtain money from Kobe due to their lack authen-

ticated authority to debit your account.'’

I had already cabled the bank in Kobe authorizing

them to pay Lang. This time I cabled both the bank in Kobe

and also the one in Manila.

Continued gusty winds of hurricane strength at

times and a deluge of rain. No collecting of any kind

undertaken.
October 31 (Saturday). Korror. Ben had decided
 d

finon X)&ci£ 3 oo

• i'leofB %a 1 0 i ai d a 1 it r &oi«ot At* e ' a I ai ;: bAiIc-.

. ri jif(f edi uj. ms ;eri 3 aefi." £>i;n . aiBtn ic aeee \. Ce iei >.

05 eliid sn'3
-

.ioo!!: i x©ci ioSt eisrfo? woc2i J 'no A i

n&criqvj led? on. .10110X , !

•
.s ':£*•- rfl , Gk< red'otiO

s’sirlab aooonllxioo leoaxa ne Bed non &vsd e .yefc-o: £n i :« b s

T. Cubs fuo Ire?. nr oeL .a^eew c ®3 it:tx edi io*t itl^r:-' r>

.e *01100 ti add ni eltideq dote© Aae vx 3 o3 sniaior; 61 : ;

.3 0 0 . . Hi: ?.

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e/c J&edo«oic -fa ,j3©io ii necnoo Xio cu~ y,d Aeyolqnt

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mid .galsfB^ne ynlier iatioo

dgid I'xxjb niei ?-o ©gi/Iai b id^aoicf no'onieiltB eriT

las bsib ipollod £ ni ©is ew rxiBgB t yI© 3 £nc 3 io- .ainiK

-ne oa evl?eX> s?. . a a*. .>

ra :. rijaod!. ...<e3ee3oia XXew yliix-l

: ^ob. '

-3i" Ida© i. .iosioX . ynx: iik j Of. i d o3oQ

.

;k i .tori 3 oa sod s-doiL nr:;*- -'exxoia GlBitio oJ -Idriid^

ojooob in ov, 3 id'-.d) oi y alien rtia Ladad?

^nlsliorian© e do X ni 2ins»i sria Jo&IcfBo ^IjssiIb bed 1

edoX cl jfrxad odd riiod deldso :

etc I a fc i tlk .jasl yea o3 eci

• sIIxib&T ni ©no erid oslfi : £6

is digneida exiBolluod *o a.bfll* 7,3005. -AewnianoC

£nl 3 J yna * ? aeeU o© o\i ..iIbi «^o 050 X 8 A f bx.x es i:

.ne^Bdieinc

AeMoafc feed .ic 110 . . :

r
e b1u aa £ ; 11 1 .1 0a 00
 16E

that the rain Is too much for him. He wishes to return to

Saipan with the boat leaving November 5. I consented to let

him go and will take on Japanese Shimono in his stead. At

least the latter will be permitted to hunt for me. Better

still Umang can do the shooting with Shlmono's permit.

I hate to admit it, but I have yet to see a Japa-

nese who can handle a rifle or a shot gun properly.

No collecting to-day because of the weather.

November 1 (Sunday). Korror. A Japanese holiday

of some kind. Because of inclement weather all sports and

festivities have been postponed. Umang in company with

several small boys went out and obtained 4 netrels which

they caught with their hands.

These birds have been, up to the present, free

from fat. In fact they are hidebound and very difficult

to skin out. I don't know whether it is the continued

rainy weather that has made them thin or the fact many of

them are nesting. Perhaps it is both reasons.

November S. (Monday). Korror. Umang and Ben out

early and returned with 4 adult and 3 juvenile specimens of

petrels which they had extracted from holes in the cliffs.

Myself to the swampy area and obtained an example

of Hirundo ( the swallow ) and a Ptilinopus , besides other

species. Ptilinopus . like the larger representative Ducula ,

has been hunted out here by the Japanese shooters. Even a

small bird like Ptilinopus sells for 80 sen in the markets.

Though an individual of this size will make an excellent

meal for 6 people when served with rice.

 J

oJ 110^91 od a aria iff .raid vX doc 21 o i ai niBi grid terij

*9l OS' JbeJqaar.oc I .d red-.reve gjilvB&I t&od etij .

jiw ntalsi::

i.x .leads aid ni oflOiclrlc: sesitBoel, no ©jIb XX iw Xns or X

leddea .9X3 *xc'3 Jnirri 0J f>© JJ ixrrrs ed If iw ysJJbI ©id daeel

,

. Jturreq a'ono/nirid ridi ? jkn id oorie srid oi> area jxtscju Ilida

-b B r
s tee od eve :j 1 Jed , di JixrXe oj ©Jed I

. vI*£9qo iq nuv dode a 10 ©It it b ©Ifc/ted nee

<
orisv seen

itorfdear. ext# *to eecsosd y/tS-oJ 5 iJc-' I 0© 0;

, :

.jt£ aJtoqe Xla "xe.ideejv txx 3; ; >

lenl to aeBBoex An il ©£;os to

dollar a lei 3 © '

& I. ’ujddc one Ijo :r.c* svocf IXssig LtrvveB

. aineri rrisrid ddin drives©

asst ,dnee©*xq erfd od qc t nesd eve'll eirsid aeed'I

JIr;oiV:iI .
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•

Jbetmidnoo i J si Ji loriJs, woe? J

1

no 0 . ; 70 , i':: od
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o Yi'-i' dost arid rro nirfj rredj ©tear Bc-^ JariJ aettdB'tr. ^jiJbt.

. st. oae R3: ijou f

Ji eqBriiTi r
: . .Tide ex ©n c

Jr T £8 !

X*
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0 , 1 i
. S T Ic.i *

to f<: ntv€ b elinewt " isxta J xjXb b rid is Xeaux de*: fine

. simile erfd nl eolod flxnt I eJoenJxe fieri Y©rid do id** alstcdsq

©Jq; Jpse fie fienied do fine eeis vqcasea ex. 3 od llesY'-

3©; -Jo ae d . ocqoa II 1:K £ fine { wo He we 6 3 .

•
‘
r; ill to

glaoisV evl Jb Jueasiqei ^sgaal odJ s^ll , a n o oxiiljj?

b nsvL . srrsjooda eesnoasl odd -d ©led dx/o i>aJ fieri n&ed spd
.edexha:' s ;J ni xies 02 to 2: ullse qoall id :
oiil fqtio

Jnelleox© as ©ilBS Iliar r si e aidJ ^:o laoliviiixii ns

.©a i 3 riJi ; L9V3ba nsxiw e xo st 3 10

 November 3 (Tuesday). Korror. Our first full day

of sunshine. The Japanese staged their sports carnival in

the afternoon. These included races, contests and baseball

games between natives of both sexes gathered from all over

the islands. Some of these contestants have been waiting

here for days. Practically everyone about the place attended

the festivities.

Umang showed up early in the morning with 5 more

petrels. I am determined to gather a good series of this

species at all costs while I am here.

November 4 (Wednesday ) . Korror. Up at 2 A.M.

again and so to the small islands where I obtained 6 petrels.

I find this an excellent plan as I am back in camp before the

intense heat of the day makes travel on the water unbearable.

November 5 (Thursday). Korror. Torrents of rain.

I didn' t get out of the house. Spent the day labeling

birds and attempting a budget for next year's activities.

This I found to be a rather difficult task; without knowledge

of prices and facilities of travel in the Bismarck Archi-

pelago.

Ben has been trying to bake us some bread. The

flour here is of such a poor quality that it will not work

into anything of quality. This particular grade is known

as Pollard, I believe, and does make excellent meal for

bird preparation.

November 6 (Friday). Korror. To the petrel

grounds again where we obtained 4 specimens before leaving,

later we visited the outlying reefs and obtained 2 cor-

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 .

164

morants. This species seems to spend its time on the outer

reefs diving for fish. One rarely sees it among the small

islands

Late in the afternoon while visiting the swamp

area to await night hawks and owls I collected my first

example of the small rail, Porzana .

November 7 (Saturday). Korror. Umang and I to

the small islands and obtained 5 more petrels for our

morning's work. I have reached the place where I can

average half my shots. fith a 12 gauge gun instead of

the 20 I could undoubtedly score a much higher average.

Ben left to-day for Saipan. The Japanese, I.

Shimono, took up his duties as cook and assistant prepara-

tor. In the afternoon to visit a Caroline Islanders' arts

and crafts exhibit. Every year at this time the Japanese

Government collects native handiwork from every island and

displays these things in one of the Government buildings.

Following the exhibit the materials are sent to Japan and

elsewhere to be sold. I don't know what becomes of the

funds accruing from this transaction.

November 8 (Sunday). Korr-or. Umang andl out

again early to return with 7 petrels. This now gives us a

splendid series of 51 individuals which will be sufficient

for our needs. Although we have taken much longer than I

really cared to to obtain the birds, we have them prepared

and ready for the Museum. A number of other species have

been taken during this period as well, giving us around 200

specimens for the month,

. //hen one considers the handicaps
 1 L
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 165

with weather and other ends we have not done badly with our

time.

November 9 (Monday). Korror. A cable from Lang:

"Money received sailing eleventh Zamboango." At last the

news we have been waiting for. This affords us the oppor-

tunity of making a camp on the eastern side of the large is-

land of Babaulthaup without the worry of cables delayed in

being relayed to us.

Hunting for a short time and thence to camp where

we put everything in order. Hung up the wet birds to keep

them away from rats and ants. Packed all dried material and

laid in a quantity of stores for the trip. On Babaulthaup

we have been promised goodly supplies of native food.

November 10 (Tuesday). To Marakeok. tfith all of

our camping gear to the long stone wharf at the northern end

of Korror Island and thence by boat around the southern end

of Babaulthaup Island to the village of Marakeok which is

situated about halfway up the eastern side of that island.

The gasoline boat upon which we traveled is owned

by the natives but operated by Japanese. A sort of communal

plan has been inaugurated whereby natives buy shares in one

or more boats. The profits are eaten up by running expenses

of course. Should a native wish to sell his share in a boat

he learns that he has a white elephant on his hands.

Beached Marakeok late in the afternoon in the rain,

of course, and established quarters in an old 4-room former

German house that is now occupied by the chief of this vil-

lage. ^uite naturally, the farther away we get from the

 331

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 166

seat of government the more primitive the people live.

We are indeed fortunate here with a large European

house, tin roofed, with a commodious cook house attached. A
large veranda runs around the four sides of the house and a

covered runway connects the house wi th the cook shack. In

the latter a large stone fireplace makes an admirable place

for Shimono San to practice his culinary arts. There are
two large tin water tanks also, which will give us ample

fresh water during our stay.

November 11 (Wednesday). Marakeok. All of us

into the bush this morning. There are an abundance of taro

swamps built in with stones as on Korror Island. These

patches are located in every direction from the house and

some of them cover many acres in extent, lie will have no

difficulty obtaining a series of rails from such an abun-
dance of marsh land.

Behind this village of sane hundred peoples and

their garden fields one finds considerable timber and

secondary bush growing on the low rolling hills. Farther on

in the interior one encounters open country with barren

ground again as exoerieneed previously at Eyri.

The natives have brought us an abundance of taro,

yams, bananas, lemons, pau paus, and pineapples. Fresh eggs,

fish, lobsters, oysters and even prawns are also available.

We shall be able to live well here.

There is a police master and also a school teacher

stationed near at hand. Both of these appear to know how to

mind their own business. I haven't had half the trouble in

 © — !

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 167

these islands that I encountered in the other groups. Pos-

sibly because the Government has become accustomed to me by

this time.

.November 12 (Thursday). Marakeok. All of us to

the lake in the interior this morning. This one is of fresh

water and situated about 4 miles in from the coast. It is

probably a crater of a very old extinct volcano. According

to Umang the Germans sounded the lake for bottom but could

find none in the center. The whole thing is not more than

a mile long by half a mile in width. A profusion of reeds

and rushes grow around the edge of the water and behind that

a mass of brambles and bush. The small rail, Porzana , in-

habits this area and two species of chicks as well. Cor-

morants are reported to nest here in season, but none were

present during this visit.

IJmang and friend lashed a number of bamboos to-

gether into a raft. I placed myself in the center of this

contraption with my legs dragging in the water. With the

two boys propelling the raft by swimming we were able to

work round the foreshore of the lake and collect two rails.

Ducks were sighted but could not be obtained. Umang insists

that ducks were quite plentiful on the lake many years ago,
but in these times few, if any, are ever seen. He could not
explain their disappearance as few are obtained by the Japa-

nese hunters.

Returning to camp I collected 3 examples of the

migrant cuckoo. Cue ulus optatus . They must have just ar-

rived here as natives told me they had not seen them before
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 168

this season.

November 13 (Friday). Marakeok. 7e have settled

upon a satisfactory arrangement with our household. Shimono

arises early, prepares breakfast and has that on the table

at daylight. Following which he and Umang wash the dishes

before beginning their day's collecting.

These two return from the bush early in the after-

noon and are permitted two hours of sleep before undertaking

the more complicated and heavy evening meal, le find our

own lunch.

Myself into the secondary bush and taro swamps

near camp. One Porphyrio was obtained. This bird is rare

in this group. Several years ago, so I've been told, a

Japanese collector from the Imperial University in Tokyo

spent many weeks in this group before he obtained an example

of this species.

November 14 (Saturday). Marakeok. An old native

named Peter visited us to-day and announced that he had been

a shoot-boy for the Austrian naturalist Kubary when that in-

dividual was collecting here. Old Peter told us also that

the Japanese collector had injected formalin into his birds

and had not bothered to skin them. I should like very much

to see such a collection.

To the lake again to-day where we repeated the

performance of Thursday and returned with 5 Porzana along

with other material.

Sent Umang out for owls this evening. Umang shot

one example but a* such close range that he blew it to

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 169

pieces. This speoies, like its relative in the Bismarok

Archipelago, calls for a period of 3 minutes or more before

it flies to some other locality.

November 15 (Sunday). Marakeok. Took advantage

of the good weather by collecting during the morning. I ob-

tained a small rail, Porzana , in the swamps near the house.

In the evening after dark obtained another owl in the swamps

near the sea beach. I have found this bird particularly

hard to see and shoot at night. <le should have at least 3

flashlights, one for each of us, to use in collecting. Lo-

cating these birds at night is simply a proee33 of getting

the eyes of the bird in the beam of the lamp. If done, they
light up like two balls of fire. One shoots at the eyes and
is sometimes successful in collecting a specimen. The

problem of getting within gun range is often hazardous, par-

ticularly if one stumbles into a swamp and sinks waist deep

iiljt he water and ooze.

November 16 (Monday). Marakeok. Sent Shimono off

to Horror to obtain flashlights and batteries. He will turn

in our collecting report as well.

Umang and I into the secondary bush and obtained

a quota of birds, including the wood swallow, Artamus .

This is seen occasionally flying and displaying over the

taro patches or resting on a dead branch of a high tree.

November 17 (Tuesday). Marakeok. Heavy rains all

day. I remained in the house checking and labeling speci-
mens. Umang turned in a rail and several small brown Tu
Taus (Pitohui) which he had obtained with aux cartridges.
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 170

We have found a very satisfactory means of combating the

grease on fat birds like the pigeon, Duoula . These are

skinned out completely first of all. Arsenic and alum are

sprinkled on the head, neck, legs and wings while corn meal

saturated with gasoline is packed on the fat parts of the

tail and body. These are permitted to set for twelve hours

ot more before being scraped, sponged in gasoline and made

up. It is hoped that this method will relieve the evils of

grease burning somewhat.

November 18 (’Wednesday). Marakeok. With Umang

into the bush and obtained a good series of specimens in-

cluding two more rails, Hypotaeni dia . The hunting is so

good here that I think it advisable to remain on another

week or more before shifting camp. The natives have proven

themselves most cooperative in informing us of the locality

of birds. Never a day goes by but what numbers of them

come to see what we have taken and to give us their names

for each species.

These particular residents are quite primitive in

that they wear almost no clothing of any sort. The men use

a small thin G string and the women a short grass strip be-

fore and behind. This is a contrast to the abundance of

clothing worn in Korror. Despite this lack of wearing ap-

parel on the part of the people, they keep their houses,

compounds and gardens in a very orderly condition. It is

strange to think that here the inhabitants live in plenty

while on other parts of the island people are on the verge

of starvation all of the time. I presume in ages gone by

 9 riS ~.ei 1-3* cfmoe to err©*- i yto3Q©t8lS a t; y/rev e J&iii/O' ©va ri

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 171

the forefathers of these people fought hard to acquire this

productive nlot of ground.

Shimono returned this evening with the flashlights

and batteries. He made a quick trip by taking a canoe from

Korror to the big island and then walking across land to

our station.

Out this evening and obtained one owl. The noise

of the shot must have frightened the others away; we heard

no others during the evening.

November 19 (Thursday). Marakeok. Hunting for

rails this morning in the swamps near camp. Thence to sleep

all afternoon in preparation for a night in the bush for

owls. Umang, Shimono and I made a night of it chasing all

over the place every time we heard a bird start his 3

minute serenade. After many and sundry wettings from tum-

bles in taro gardens we returned to camp well after midnight

with 3 owls. The last one was taken in a clump of trees

somewhere near the lake.

November 20 (Friday). Marakeok. Umang and Shi-

mono hunting again and returned with a Porphyrio and two

examples of the small heron, Ardetta, which they found in

the secondary bush the other side of the swamps.

November 21 (Saturday). Marakeok. Rather a full

day. The hunters visited the lake and returned with a full

bag of birds and a couple of flying faxes. Myself out in

the evening and obtained one owl and one night hawk.
The Japanese pinnace, with the Spanish padre

aboard, broke down just outside our harbor this afternoon

 airfi &tlX3 pt>& oi Jbiftri JoviJ ot elqoeq e'eetij to 6 t© niftier o'! edi

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 172

and caused no end of consternation among the natives when it

began drifting out to sea. .7e were treated to a rare, almost

unbelievable spectacle when the German missionary enroute

somewhere in a native canoe stopped and began pacing up and

down the beach. The German wringing his hands and praying

(out loud) to the Lord to carry the boat out to sea and
destroy the Godless Spaniard while the padre down on his

knees (out on the boat) was evidently calling upon his

spiritual benefactor to save him from a watery grave. In

the end the padre's words carried the most weight. Umang

and cohorts rigged up a big sailing canoe, took after the

pinnace and eventually towed it back to port with the canoe

under sail all of the time.

This, by the way, was no mean feat of seamanship

for the light canoe to pull a much heavier boat to windward

under sai 1 only.

I might add further that in German times this

same evil-looking, savage, one-eyed Umang was the official

pilot for all German ships coming into or going out of the

harbors of the Palau Islands.

Also 4 years previous to our visit Umang was

caught on a Japanese boat of about 3 l/2 tons when the en-

gine of that pinnace broke down. Umang used shirts,

clothing and blankets to sail the small boat before the

wind to Davau in the Philippine Islands.

November 22 (Sunday). Marakeok. Finished up

our birds in the morning and spent the remainder of the day

taking pictures. Mrs. Goultas has found time previously to

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 173

take some exposures and had had. a remarkable degree of suc-

cess with them.
November 23 (Monday). Marakeok. Along the beach
and foreshore at the north of camp to collect night herons

which are now congregating in the tops of tall mangrove

trees. Strange enough every one of the birds taken were

females with well-developed eggs. I am wondering whether

the male doesn't share in the incubation and spend the day-

light hours on the nest.

Shimono to the lake alone and returned with a

cormorant in his bag of birds. ,7e were under the impression

that cormorants were not to be found at the lake at this
time of year.

November 24 (Tuesday). Marakeok. To the lake

area again but no ducks. I did obtain one more small rail
with the aid of the bamboo raft.

Out in the evening for owls but was not success-

ful. We are having the moon now and that destroys the pos-

sibility of collecting these birds.

November 25 (Wednesday). Marakeok. A cable has

reached us from Lang on the 'Prance. *
He sailed from

Zamboango last Mond^r . To the swamps north and west of camp

where I spent hours wading around in the ooze and much.

Fortune favored me in that I obtained 2 ducks both males by

the way, and four rails. Umang and Shimono were g^reat

help in maneuvring the rails toward me. The Japanese, I

must say, was thoroughly disgusted with life in the swamrs.

He pleaded with me not to send him in such a place again.

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 174

November 26 (Thursday). Marakeok. Hunting a

while in the morning, thence to observe Thanksgiving Day.

The police master has gone to Korror which promoted the na-

tives to have a big feast in his absence. i7e were treated

to all sorts of native dishes, including pig roasted over

hot stones.

November 27 (Friday). Marakeok. To the lake

region again and obtained a number of small rails along

with other species. Shimono is having trouble with his

legs. I think he is on the verge of Beri Beri from a

constant rice diet. I have tried to induce him to eat

heartily, but he refuses by saying that if one gets into

the habit, he will always be hungry.

November 28 (Saturday). Marakeok. Considerable

rain to-day. Only a short time in the bush and a few

birds. Out in the evening for night hawks but no success.

November 29 (Sunday). Marakeok. To the lake re-

gion again to-day, especially for ducks, fe obtained none

though we chased them back and forth across the lake for

hours.

A native hunter turned in a lallioolumba . I have

been trying for days to locate this species, but without

success. Paid the native one yen for his bird. I believe

he earned it too. This boy tells me that this species is

rarely, if ever, seen any more.

November 30 (Monday). Marakeok. Finished up

our specimens and packed all effects for our trip to Eyri

and thence Korror.

 £ zr. 13 iw .jioM'Btr* - , BJutiidl > 33 t. svc’.

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 175

I have been trying for days to induce the natives

to take me to the island of Kiangat which lies 15 miles

across open water to the north 'ard of Babaulthaup Island.

The natives will not make the trip in their boats or canoes
at this time of year. They are afraid of adverse winds,

calms and the ocean currents. After all they know the area
much better than I do. I should have liked to visit that

island because of a grebe reported from that locality.

December 1 (Tuesday). Eyri. All of us in an

old 3loop with Umang down the coast to Eyri again. Our

guide thinks he knows of a place where we can find Gralli -

r
columba . .7e stopped at the island of Koi Kuhl , near Eyri

and spent the whole afternoon and evening looking for the

bird but without even a sign of it. Residents told us that

they had known of its being here, but had not seen one for
some time.

I did observe a hawk during the afternoon and

nearly broke my neck running and falling down a steep cliff

trying to obtain it. Natives have a name for the hawk but
declare that they see one only at rare intervals.

Spent the night camped in an old tin house on the

wharf near Eyri.

December 2 (Wednesday). Korror. A pleasant trip

in our delapidated long-boat to reach Korror shortly before

noon. There I found a cable awaiting me from the Museum,

"Instruct Department Commerce Manila regarding return to

United States new propel lerv-Murp hy. "

I have only to await the arrival of Lang and the

 L

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 176

’Prance' to know what to do about this matter.

•7e found everything in good order at our camp at

Mary's house except that our hostess reported that the Japa-

nese had visited her and examined our specimens in our ab-

sence.

December 3 (Thursday). To Small Islands. With

Umang and Uxnat in the old boat to the small islands south and

just this side of Peleleul. Shimono will remain in Korror

and await the arrival of the 'Prance. '

,7e had a wretched trip down among the small islands

and didn't reach our destination, Ngeanges until 10 P.M.

Evidently we started out just at the beginning of a typhoon

which passed well to the northward as it started raining

and kept i t up all day and night. There was no wind, just a

deluge of water.

Once on the island, with everything wet, we were

forced into a more miserable night. ,7e chose a de lapidated

house (good one by report) for a camp, but couldn't sleep be-

cause of the sandflies. In all of my life I have never seen

them so thick nor have I, since Kusaie, seen the bush rats

so numerous.
The boys, by some miracle, got a fire started

with coconut husks under an overhanging ledge and kept us

supplied with hot tea and rice all night. Wisely we brought

fresh water with us, for there is none on the island.

December 4 (Friday). Ngeanges. Into the bush and

found our series of Megapodes. This is one of the snecies

we came after. They were found to be quite numerous in the

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 177

low shrub and thickets that cover this island. How these

birds subsist without water is beyond me.

We found no Zosterops nor the Mega-Zosterops . The
latter has been taken on these islands and is known from a

single specimen. Umang doesn't know the bird, but tells me

that Kubary visited Peleleul during his stay in this group.
I shall have to devise some means of getting to that island.

It can't be done with this boat in this kind of weather

though.

The sandflies literally ate us alive. We tried

rubbing our bodies with coconut meat to leave an oil residue

on our skins, but that didn't work worth a cent.

The natives would rush into the salt water every

few minutes and wash off the pests, but we can't do that
and skin birds at the same time.

Just after dark we loaded everything into the

boat and anchored off the island for the night. ',7e slept

in cramped positions, but were free from the ravages of

sandflies nevertheless.

December 5 (Saturday). To Korror. The whole day

was oonsumed in sailing against a northeast wind and rain.

Our camp on Korror was not reached until late at night.

During lunch hour, while anchoring at one of the small is-

lands, the boys climbed over the rocks and obtained 5 more

petrels from their nesting burrows. These birds proved

later to be of both sexes.

December 6 (Sunday). Korror. The sandflies have

eaten us terribly. There isn't a place a half a square inch

 aiertt
a a erf3 % 0 '

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 178

in extent on our bodies that doesn’t have one or more fes-

tered sores on it. The itching and burning from these

abrasions is most annoying. We have resorted to hot water
baths at intervals and generous applications of Calvert’s

20 /o carbolic soap. This method does relieve us some.

No collecting to-day.

December 7 (Monday). Korror. y/ith Umang and a

small boy in a canoe to the small islands south of Korror

again. We hoped to obtain examples of a black and white

tern that has been reported from there. I did find a pair

of night hawks roosting together in a mangrove thicket and

obtained those.

December 8 (Tuesday). Korror. With Umang and

Shimono to the eastern end of Korror Island where we had

been told we might find another kind of rail. As a matter

of fact we did hear it crying in the heavy grasses and un-

derbrush, but were not able to get a sight of the bird.

During the process of our excursion two more owls were

added to our collections.

December 9 (Wednesday). To Imaliek. With Umang

in a canoe to the village of Imaliek on the western side

of Babaulthaup where we will spend a few days looking for
Erythruva . Callioolumba , Megazosterops and other species

that we need badly to complete our series. The birds of

this group of islands seem to be scattered badly or to be

more explicit restricted to limited areas.

Shimono will wait in Korror for the arrival of

the 'France* which should be here any day now. Another

 . . .

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: r-nob fr-dd feeifiotf too no I site . f

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s:il
 179

owl was obtained in the mangrove thickets near the village.

There appear to be a number of owls and night

hawks frequenting the thiokets alongside the beach.

December 10 (Thursday). Imaliek. Quarters have

been established in an "Old Men's House" which is also

called an "Abi." This type of building was found in every

village throughout the group in the earlier days and served

as a communal center for the men.

Those buildings varied in size with each locality.

The one here at Imaliek was about 100 feet long by 25 feet

wide and approximately 30 feet high at the peak of the

roof. The house itself stood on heavy piles carved from

large trees; the flooring was of wide four-inch planking

while the crossbeam uprights and rafters comprised one-

foot square heavy timbers. For years past the history and
activities of the clan were carved out and recorded on the

face of the heavy logs with pictures and designs. From

an ethnographical standpoint these old buildings with their

fine carvings are priceless. Unfortunately, the Japanese

are encouraging natives to destroy them and build flimsy

3awn timber buildings in their stead. Now very few of

them remain in group. The one at Imaliek may be called one

of the finest of its kind remaining.

The natives gave their reasons for the heavy

timbers in the Abi’s as a recourse against typhoons. Should

the wind blow one of them down as sometimes happens, the

heavy timbers will not be broken in the fall. They need

 I ? '.

arid TLB»a adesloirid -sTOT^ae-a add al benloldo esv Ino

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 100

only to be replaced again and a new roof placed on the

structure to put it in good order.

I had the misfortune to run into one of these

pestiferous individuals who called himself a Government

patrol officer. It became necessary for me to return to

Korror with him and receive a special permit to collect

in the vicinity of Imaliek. The Government is building

a military road back in the interior so I presume this in-

dividual was afraid I would feast my eyes on their work.
I have seen the thing a dozen times, but never gave the

matter a second thought.

Once in Korror and the permit granted my friend

wanted to turn me loose. I demanded transport at ion b ack

to Imaliek and by George I got it too.

December 11 (Friday). To Imaliek. Returned to

camp late in the afternoon, just in time to go for owls
and night hawks. Obtained one example of the latter.
December IE (Saturday). Imaliek. The country

in this portion of the island is similar to that around

Syri. There is a trifle more vegetation on the exposed

iron stone ridges in places. One finds patches of low,

coarse grass which should accommodate finches.

Umang tells me he has never seen the finch on

this part of the island. At the same time he is not too

sure of himself either. He spent the whole day combing

the countryside, but found very few birds. Monarches and

Myzomelas are both fairly common in the trees and shrubs

that surround the village. >7e are able to take them at

 L : a

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 181

any time we like. Zosterops, though, are as scarce here as

elsewhere. One only hears them occasionally as they fly

back and forth from one low tree to another.

December 13 (Sunday). Imaliek. About 80 men

from the island of Yap, who have been brought here by the

Japanese to work on the military road, showed up last night

about 11 P.M. and asked permission to dance for us. They

had heard white people were camped at Imaliek and had

walked some 20 miles just to entertain us.

Fortunately, the Oilmen's house was large enough

to accommodate all of them who formed in 2 lines of 20 men

each on both sides of the house.

Beginning with prayers to their own gods those

men performed one dance after another until about 5 o'clock

in the morning. .7e were deeply impressed by the exactitude

and coordination of movements of all of them. Each dance
was accompanied by a chant from a leader or from all the par-

ticipants. Yap people are famous for this diversion whieh is

a very important part of their culture. As soon as the male

child learns to walk he begins practicing steps. In later

years his position in the tribe is governed to a moderate ex-

tent by his ability to exectte the more difficult perfor-

mances* Women too have their own methods of expression, but

we were not permitted to see them as no women came with the

men.

The Japanese tried a number of times to hold these

exhibitions in check but each time the Yap people refused to

work any longer. At present these headstrong and determined

 as

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 182

people are permitted one week night, Saturday night and

Sunday for their demonstrations.

After a few hours' rest and sleep the men re-

turned at 10 A.M. and oontinued on until 2 P.M. In all

some 47 different dances were given ranging from hilarious

offerings to some almost vulgar performance, tfe enjoyed

every bit of it and were sorry to see them stop when they

did.

Afterwards I struggled and pleaded with the Palau

people to give us an exhibition of their culture. These

latter have been overmiss ionized to the extent that most of

them have forgotten their steps. Others have been so in-

timidated that they refused to perform, ihat a crime it is

to destroy native culture and leave nothing in return.

I found enough rice to feed the visitors before
they returned to their work at the other end of the island.

December 14 (Monday). Imaliek. Pood is a prob-

lem with the people of this village. They have no taro

gardens and very few vegetables. Tapioca grows in some of

the basins. That product and fish are the mainstay of the

household. No one lives in the interior behind them so

they have no one with which to exchange their fish for other

commes titles.

Umang and I spent another discouraging day in the

bush, but without satisfactory results. No one in this

village has seen a jallicolumba for years.

December 15 (Tuesday). Imaliek. Back into the
interior again with Ltaang. 7e had a long day in secondary
 Me dririln ,3 rfser ©no rfejlifiieq & ...£ .
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 183

buah wherever we could find it. No new or desired material

came to light. A note reached us in the evening from

Shimono stating that the 'Prance 1

had arrived in port.
December 16 (Wednesday). Korror. 7ith Umang in

a canoe to Korror and thence to the ship. Once on board we

learned that the ship had arrived yesterday after a long

trip from the Philippines. There had been little wind and

with the engine running spasmodically they had a hard time

of it.

The two James boys, John and Harold, from Seattle,

informed me that they had taken matters in their own hands

after finishing school and had come out to Manila to find

the expedition and join it. This was entirely without the

knowledge of the Museum and greeted me like a thunderbolt.

Here they were flat broke and no funds back home with which

to return them. I concluded that it was be3t to keep them

on and help us work the ship to Pabaul. Once there, they

could stay a while and then look elsewhere for employment.

John had learned something about the engine and could run

that as well as anyone else. He would be more than a help

to us. The Captain elaborated on his long 63-day trip to

Manila from Guam. He and the boys passed through 2 typhoons

and nearly lost the ship in one of them; on August 7 when

the port foretop mast backstay and the forward shroud both

parted. Lang had to take the sails off and had nothing to

work with until he made his repairs.

Considerable time was lost trying to sail the

ship through the San Bernadino Straits of the Philippines.

 r8 I

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 184

Lang should have taken the ship around the northern end of

Luzon where the current would have helped him as he learned

later.

Once in Manila the Captain snent a week in the

hospital and the rest of his time trying to paoify the

Philippine customs. One can forgive him for most of his

trouble with those people as anyone who has had experience

with the Filipinos can testify.

Lang, like a great many sailors, is unsurpassable

in his judgment and conduct at sea, but on land is as help-

less as a new-born babe. On top of that Lang neglected to

remain sober during his stay ashore in that port.

I should have gone with the vessel to Manila,

nad I done so therejwould have been no collecting done during

the trip and likewise the expedition would probably have

terminated theh and there.

The old engine wa3 on board, the new one having

been returned to the manufacturers by the Museum as one

would expect then to do under the circumstances. Had Lang

gone ahead and behaved himself we would have had the new

engine without any of the trouble that arose. I accept the

blame for all of it as I was the one who sent him to Manila

in the first place.

The old engine had been repaired as be3t Atlantic

Gulf anti Pacific could do it. Pull valves had been set and

trimmed, broken oil pipes repaired, all bearing adjusted or

replaces, circulating waterpump repaired, one broken Governor

repaired. New Phosphor bronze wrist pin bearings made, also

 1 3

to fine n'coriJion erf? fi:

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 185

one new peroussion cup had been installed to put the en-

gine In running order. The alignment of the engine had

been changed as well.

I might add here for the sake of record that

the day the 'France* was sold in Habaul the engine was
taken out, sent ashore to a workshop and rebuilt again.

It never worked well even after that and was broken up in

1934.

Sundry other minor repairs were affected in Ma-

nila. Broken rigging was replaced so that upon arrival in

Palau the whole above decks were sound and seaworthy.

One thing Lang did manage to do and that was

stock the 3hip with some .American tinned goods. These

would be of service in the field anywhere either with or

without a ship. I was certainly pleasedjto get those items.

December 17 (Thursday). To Peleleul. Gabled the

Museum announcing the arrival of the 'France' and our next

destination of Habaul.

To the Government and requested permission to take

the 'France' to the outlying islands of Peleleul for one

day while I attempted to obtain Megazosterops and Jflrythruva .

The Japanese would not hear of this plan but did agree to

give me passage on a small Japanese boat going that way this

day.

I returned to the ship, packed a hurried kit and

took off with Umang for those islands, to return tomorrow

night. This gives me but a few hours there, but should be

sufficient if I can find the material.
 -ns 9 rid Saq od t alls stoat need tad quo tioleauoiaq wen ; o

jteri &r Ignt erf J lo taesw pile aril ,*ceMo gn Inassi at eats

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dadd liioosi to eisee ©rid 10 X eieel tie drigiar X

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 186

Aboard the boat and reached the low, sandy island

of Peleleul at dusk. Phis island or group of Islands joined

together by reef is unlike any other in the group that i

have visited. It has no altitude to speak of and is sandy

throughout. In 1929 a typhoon passed over the island

sweeping everything before it. Not one tree was left

standing. At present the coconuts have turned their heads

up again and are producing. One can walk along and pick

off the nuts which are usually level with one's shoulders.

Back in the interior the whole place is a mass of

shambles with dead trees and branches of these mixed up

with growing bushes of all sorts.

It is almost a hopeless task to try to out a

path through this tangled mass. There are no gardens either.

The natives subsist on coconuts and fish. I was able to

find and obtain two female Porphyrios before dark.

December 18 (Friday). To Korror. Cut at day-

light and located a flock of Megazos terops . I followed

them through the bush and obtained 9 specimens before I

lost the flock. They feed on the blossoms of flowering

trees and have a sweet little syllation which they carol

when feeding and flying much after the manner of the

Rhampozosterops of Ponape Island. I shouldn't be surprised

but what they are very closely related to one another.

I didn't see a sign of finch though the natives

assure me that they are present in the thickets on the

island.

The Japanese boat showed up at noon which forced

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 " -

187

us to hurry our things on board and return to Korror.

Reached the ship at 10 P. M. and to work on specimens.

There was no opportunity for such on the boat with over

40 passengers piled on deck.

December 19 (Saturday). Korror. With the

ship’s crew and Umang in the long boat to bring all of

our effects aboard. This consumed most of the day as

rain hampered our activities.

December £0 (Sunday). Korror. The James

boys with Captain Lang in the small boat and outboard

motor to the small islands. They returned with several

examples of the spectacled black and white tern which I

have been trying to obtain for some time. Myself on board

stowing effects.

December £1 (Monday). Korror. A cable from

the Museum, " Can’t you settle business regarding propeller

and shaft at Manila second request kindly acknowledge.

Murphy.”

To this I replied "disregard Manila, have commu-

nicated Proceeding Rabaul.-Coultas.

Lang assured me that he left written instructions

with Atlantic Gulf and Pacific Co. of Manila to return

these to the manufacturer. Someone in Manila had, pre-

sumably, gone to sleep. I wrote to the Chamber of Commerce

in Manila advising them that Atlantic Gulf and Co. was

entrusted with the disposal of those things.

Myself ashore to the Government concerning ammu-

nition in bond. Spent the whole day "advising" with offi-

 - * .

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nv\-o dtl* deod erid uo dov a -sot o on aew oie

.ioefi no - sllq a-iesOQsrt'

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£50 ties 1 -'!

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lejcoq 3 flll'iagen a e sale '
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 188

cials but got nowhere for my trouble.

December 22 (Tuesday). Korror. All of my time

ashore with the Government attempting to get the ammunition

and also a clearance. We would like to sail tomorrow if

possible. The Japanese are very reluctant about giving me

the munitions without imposing a heavy duty. I shan’t nay

it.

December 23 (Wednesday). Korror. Ammunition and

clearance both obtained this morning. Customs officers off

to the ship at 2 P.M. Anohor hove up and the damned engine

wouldn’t start.

To work in the engine room most of the night with

John James.

December 24 (Thursday) . Korror. Assured the cus-

toms that we wouldn’t go ashore. To work on engine taking

down same and dismantling fuel oil line.

December 25 (Friday). Korror. Christmas Day.

Continued with the engine.

December 26 (Saturday). To sea for Rabaul. Got

the engine going by 11 A.M. and put to sea. There was no

wind so continuedwith the engine which ran smoothly.

Passed abreast of Angaur Island at sunset.

December 27 (Sunday). To Rabaul. No wind, en-

gine running all of the time. Have encountered a nasty

cross swell which is a harbinger of weather from somewhere.

Noon position: latitude 6?, 05’ N. , longitude 133°, 21* E.

December 28 (Monday). To Rabaul. Steering a

southerly course. Light breeze and fine weather. Big nor-

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emit Y/a lc 11A . lotto}! . (vfl^asxjT) S3 lecnsoeC

oiW te/3 ot xnttqmttB IxtaantevoO axffr’ dtlv exoiir.

11 tox toinol lie a 03- axil dIbow oW .sonatas/© b oela ir-

am snivls lirods tnalouIeT ^rev errs SBacaq^Ti sxfT

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ani^na oeawzk erfl inn-- </:j aver! loilonA *U*

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 189

therly swell. We have split the watches 4 hours and 4 hours.

Mike James and the Captain in one, while John James and I

have the other.

Noon position: latitude 4°48» N. ,

longitude 132° 35* E.

The current is carrying us in a westerly direction.

December 29 (Tuesday). To Rabaul. Breeze

freshened from the N.N.E. at 2:30 A.M. and continued fresh

all day. Vessel making good progress. The heavy swell is

still with us.

December 30 (Wednesday). To Rabaul. At daylight
observed a nasty yellow sky to the northward with accom-
panying small straight hard clouds. An absolute indication

of a typhoon somewhere, to the north. Continued heavy

swell. At 9 A.M. sighted Helen Reef and Island to the W/S/W.

Helen Reef is an atoll with an opening large enough to ac-

commodate small vessels like the ’France*. It has a tiny

island in it which is situated at its northern extremity.

We had hoped to spend a day here collecting sea birds.

At 12:30 P.M. hard squalls with driving rain from

the northwest. Hove vessel to under double reefed foresail

and a reefed stay sail.

December 31 (Thursday). To Rabaul. By maneuvring

vessel we kept pretty well in the lee of the island all

night. Wind freshened to a gale at dawn which soon brought

on mountainous sea. Abandoned all hope of getting inside

the reef, so let the vessel drift head on to the sea. Re-

mained so all day.

, -jjcrf A bits eixjoxf £ asxiotsW erft tllqe av e Ilexs
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 190

1932.

January 1 (Thursday). To Rabaul. 7ind eased

slightly during the night but came on again with tremendous

force at dawn. We are still hove to under double reefed

fore and stay sails. This is Just as much as she will carry.

Vessel plunging and laboring heavily in a head sea.

Some time during the morning the jib boom guy or

support which runs from the fore part of the boom to the fere

foot or the ste^ tore out at the Steffi leaving a large hole

in ship.

Every time the vessel plunges into a wave a deluge

of water pours in. There is no way we can get to the leak

from the inside of the ship as the beams or ribs of the bow

are 30 olose together and interlocked with the planking of

Vn
the inner skin that they practically block off the stera.

We shall have to put all hands to pumping night

and day until we can get somewhere to repair the hole.

The barometer reaohed 29.70 at 4 P.M. which is

low for this latitude. No sights available; we have no idea

where we are.

At noon turned the vessel and hove to on the star-

board tack. With the wind drift and tide we should make the

Celebes or Dutch New Guinea.

January 2 (Saturday). To Rabaul. Strong N.W. wind

and squalls. Rough sea with vessel laboring and making much

water. By pumping continuously in relays we are keeping the

water down to about one foot on the level in the main hold.
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Things looked black for awhile during the night when one of

the lugs which secures the handle broke. We were able to fix'

that with seizing wire, fortunately.

January 3 (Sunday). To Rabaul. Wind and weather

conditions about the same with mountainous seas. Tried to

set some sail at 4 P.M. to run before the wind but the outer

jib fouled in her blocks tearing out a starboard lanyard be-

fore we got her off, so hove to again. All of us up all

night.

January 4 (Monday). To Rabaul. Sighted land at

daylight. We have been carried to the westward much more

quickly than we imagined.

Managed to get some sail on the ship and run for

it. Shortly after noon we realized that we had found the

coast of New Guinea. Reached Gelvink Bay at 4 PSM. and

anchored in Dorci Harbor at 8 P.M.

The Dutoh harbor officials boarded the ship itn-

mediately and granted us the courtesy of the port when they

learned we were in distress.

I went over the side and nailed a piece of copper

over the hole which will not leak while we are at anchor in

smooth water. All of us to bed to sleep.

January 5-10. Manakwari. A German engineer was

found ashore who agreed to weld a new lug on the bilge pumn.

He dismantled same, took it ashore and enacted repairs.

Two days were spent cleaning and drying all ef-

fects in the main hold. Also time was given for the fore

peak to dry out before repairs were undertaken. Fortunately,

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 198

the bird skins remained dry in their tin-lined containers.

We secured the jib boom guy with a cleat, thence

plugged the hole with oakum and marine glue (hot tar). After-

ward I nailed a double strip of copper over the same and

covered the work with paint. Later when the vessel was sold

this place passed unnoticed.

January 11 (Monday). To Hollandia. Loaded up with

fresh water and ready for sea. The Resident Commissioner

came on board with a letter to his assistant at Hollandia

and asked us to deliver it for him as the matter was urgent.

We couldn’t well refuse him after the courtesies he had ex-

tended to us. Sailed at noon for Hollandia down the coast.

January IS (Tuesday). To Hollandia. Before

leaving Manakwari we tried to obtain charts of the coast of

New Guinea, but weren’t able to find any in the town. There

is nothing on board but a book of admiralty sailing direc-

tions which are vague at the best. This means that we will
be forced to sail blindly to Rabaul.
Without charts, it was necessary for us to pass

outside of Gelvink Bay and around the Schouten Islands. The

last of these latter was passed at 5 P.M.

January 13 (Wednesday). To Hollandia. Pleasant

night with a steady N/W wind. Wind held all day. Overcast

and cloudy sky, were not able to take sights. At 10 P.M.

vessel got too close in to the mouth of the Ronohussen River.

The heavy overfalls made the little vessel roll violently.

I dropped the mainsail and in doing so I was nearly thrown

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overboard. Only the small fife rail caught my leg and saved

me.

We wore ship and proceeded due north until mid-

night using engine, then hove to until daylight, thinking all

of the time we were close to land.

January 14 (Thursday). To Hollandia. At daylight

set all sail and proceeded toward land. Many miles out we

saw the discoloration of the water and knew that we had been

too close in to the mouth of a river. These New Guinea

rivers can throw a tremendous amount of water into the ocean

after a heavy rain. When a flooded river meets an incoming

tide from the ocean, great waves are set up which are some-
times called "overfalls." We had been trapped in these the

night before thinking we were in breakers near land.

Followed down the coast all day with land in sight.

January 15 (Friday). To Hollandia. Early this

morning we got mixed up in a series of small islands and were

forced to wear ship to return the way we had come. Just be-

fore daylight a brisk squall hit us and carried away the

back of the foresail.

I can well understand why the old square-rigged

sailing ships carrying 37 or more sails required such large

crews of men and so much spare canvas. Unlike us they didn’t

have to wait for fair weather to repair their sails; they

had plenty of spares. Rain continued all day; we lumped

along with a double-reefed foresail.

January 16 (Saturday). Hollandia. Put up Mount

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 194

Bougainville at daylight. Very heavy rain all day, entered

Challenger Cove at 4 P.M. and anchored at 5 P.M. ,

close in-

shore in 23 fathoms of water. To bed and sleep.

January 17 (Sunday). Hollandia. Rain all morning

cleared in the afternoon, giving us enough sun to dry the

foresail so we can fix that before proceeding.

Ashore and delivered the bag of mail to the Dis-

trict Officer; Hollandia isn't much of a place, a Government

post with one white officer and a native constabulary. Also

a half dozen small stores owned and run by Chinese.

The natives, a short way in the interior, are re-

ported to be none too friendly. Quite a number live in

houses built out over the water around the edge of the bay.

January 18 (Monday). Hollandia. Spent the whole

day repairing the leech of the foresail. This we reinforced

well with generous quantities of rope and canvas. Under

normal conditions it should last until we reach Rabaul.

January 19 (Tuesday). To Rabaul. Sailed at 9

A.M. for Rabaul. Used the engine to get out of Humbolt

Bay thence set sail when clear of the harbor. A fresh

northwest wind with fine weather accompanied us all after-

noon.

January 20 (Wednesday). To Rabaul. Raining

during and early morning. In the afternoon the breeze fell

light, not much progress made. Sighted Tarawa! and Walif

Islands in the Schouten Group at 10:45 P.M. a/c to proceed

through group.

January 21 (Thursday). To Rabaul. The whole day

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 195

in the Schouten Group with hard northwest squalls and rain.

At night hove to between Blup blup and Kadowar Islands.

January 22 (Friday). To Rabaul. Off the active

volcano Bam or Lesson Island at daylight. Started engine

and ran around to the lee side of the island. Several canoe

loads of wild-looking savages came off to the ship and

brought us quantities of cooonuts which they traded for to-

bacco.

We took soundings near shore but could get no

bottom. Bam is a volcanic cone rising straight out of the

sea and though inhabited, rarely visited by whites. There

are something over a hundred native inhabitants who must be

offshoots from the Sepic River basin.

After an hour or two we set sail and continued

toward Rabaul. The weather remained fair throughout the re-

mainder of the day.

January 23 (Saturday). To Rabaul. Steering due

east with a northwest wind behind us. Weather fair.

Noon position: latitude 3°51* S., longitude 146°46 f E.

January 24 (Sunday). To Rabaul. Moderate north-

west to west breeze and fine weather; light showers during

afternoon and night.

Noon position: latitude 3 0 51'S., longitude 148°36’ S.

Grew caught fine, large king fish on the troll

line behind the ship.

January 25 (Monday). To Rabaul. Quiet day with

light winds. Caught two more big fish. It’s either a feast

or a famine with suoh things. Crew patching and painting

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 196

around ship*

Noon position? latitude 3°52* S. ,

longitude 149 ° 49 ’ E.

January 26 (Tuesday). To Rabaul. Put up the

mountains of the Gazelle Peninsula at noon. Gape Lambert

abeam at dark and Watom Island abeam at midnight.

January 27 (Wednesday). To Rabaul. started en-

gine shortly af terjnidnight to pass down St. George Channel.

Engine stopped at 9 A.M. with water, from an oil drum, in

the fuel line. Concluded to go on down to Port Sulphur at

the southern end of New Ireland, clean ship and fill up

with firewood before entering Rabaul Harbor.

Into Port Sulphur at the end of Lamassa Bay at

5 P.M. A splendid quiet anchorage in a well-protected har-

bor.

January 28 (Thursday). Lamassa Bay. Grew ashore

cutting firewood. Ourselves working on the fuel oil line

of the engine. Repaired and cleaned same.

January 29 (Friday). Lamassa Bay. Hard rains.

Whole crew to work scrubbing paint work on the vessel. It

is hard to make ourselves believe that this is the last

trip of the France.’

January 30 (Saturday). Lamassa Bay. Fine day.

Crew painting around the outside of the ship and giving

decks a coat of paint. We will have a very presentable ship
when we reach port, that much is certain.

January 31 (Sunday). Lamassa Bay. Gave the crew

a holiday ashore
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 197

February 1 (Monday). Lamassa Bay. Grew engaged

loading firewood, putting finishing touches to ship and pre-

paring for sea. Bailed for Kabaul at 5 P.M. into the teeth

of a stinking northwest squall.

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 Ponape Collections

The large basaltic island of Ponape is some 12

miles in length in a north and south direction by 13 miles

in width in an east and west direction. Its whole area is

roughly 340 square miles. The whole island is surrounded

by a coral reef about 55 miles in circumference in which

there are several openings, some of them leading to excel-

lent harbors.

"There are several bays on the north, south and

east coasts of Ponape, marking the ends of valleys or de-

pressions which are formed by the action of the rivers, and

are conspicuous. These depressions are used as the main way

over the island. One of these depressions connects Port

Motuk with Aru Harbor.

About a dozen basaltic islands are more or less

detached from the main island, while upon the coral reef

itself are from 15 to 20 small islets, in every respect re-

sembling those of the purely ooralline groups. Approaching

Ponape Island from the southwest -ward the following objects

are conspicuous: Lugeilang Peak which remains uncovered

with clouds when the higher mountains are covered

Talacombe Peak, the summit of Ponape, is 2,579

feet above high water, and several others nearly approach it

in elevation, the main range of mountains continuing across

the island in a northwest and southeast direction. A num-

ber of streams pour through the valleys on the southern side

of the island, and daring the frequent freshets they bring

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 199

down quantities of earth which form flats along the shores.

On the northwest portion is a spot that is entirely

flat, from which the land falls rapidly toward the northwest

point. (Jokaj Peak), This portion is a nearly perpendicular

basaltic rock 1000 feet above high water. On the southern

side is an isolated and distinct mass of basalt, which seen

from the eastward and westward resembles a lighthouse. Old

lava streams ran down to the coasts, and the valleys are

deeply cut.
In general appearance Ponape resembles Kusaie Is-
land, but it is larger and more populous, and if not more

fertile, at all events affords a greater variety of products.

There is no extensive anchorage area. The old Spanish for-

tifications at Ponape are still in part maintained.

Except on the leeward side, the whole surface of

the island is densely covered with forest, and on its

southern and western sides there are extensive mangrove

swamos. Vegetable ivory is abundant, and some of the trees

yield valuable timber. There is good ground in the valleys

for vanilla, tobacco, cocoa, rubber and manila hemp and on

the grassy slopes for cattle raising" (H°0. No. 161, Vol. X,

1928).

The natives are light skinned Micronesians in many

instances so badly interbred with Caucasians that they re-
semble the latter in all appearances. They are all
Christianized and mostly adhere to the Spanish Catholic

teachings. Various reports estimate the population at 2000

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 200

to 3000 individuals. More recently there has been a

heavy influx of Japanese.

Formerly, these people were good agriculturalists

who raised sufficient provender for all their wants. They

lived in large commodious houses built on piles off the

ground and retained a system of orderly villages. More re-

cently these people are drifting to the village of Ponape to
live in Japanese made structures and eke out a living

working for Japanese who govern them.

Bread fruit, cooonuts, fish, some taro and some

yams constitute the major produce of the island.

The expedition aboard the ’France’ anchored in

Ponape Harbor 7° 00» N. latitude 158° 12’ S. longitude and
remained there during our stay on the island.

Collecting was carried on from the ship and

covered the north end of the island thoroughly. later land

parties visited Ronkiti harbor at the southwestern end of

the island which was used as a base and worked the interior

of the island from there. Considerable time was spent in

the mountains as well.

Birds Collected on Ponape

Phaffthon lepturus 3

Demi egretta sacra 1

Gallus q

P luvial is 2

Numenius 2
Arenaria 1
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 201

Heteractitus 1

Sterna bergii 3

Anotls stolidus 16

Anotls minutus 14

Gallioolumba kubaryi

Ducula ooeanioa 19

Ptilinopus ponapensis 50

Eudynamis (observed) 0

Trichoglossus rubiginosus 41

Asio flammeus 2

Collooalia vanikorensis 41

Halcyon cinnamonlma 48

Edolisoma tenuirostris 40

Aplonis opaca 46

Aplonis pelzelni 60

Conopoderas 34

Myiagra pluto 39

Rhipidura kubaryi 37

Rhampozosterops 22

Myzomela rubatra 47

Zosterops conspicillata 20

Zosterops ponapensis 44

Erythruva trichroa 21

Flying fox 15

Small bat 1
Total 688 specimens
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 202

Birds of Ponape

1. Petrel. A form of petrel or shearwater is

known to roost and nest in the steep mountain cliffs of

the island. Unfortunately, I was unable to obtain speci-

mens. Several trips were made to different cliffs where

they were reported to occur, but I neither saw nor heard

the bird. Natives maintain that this species is still to

be found among the perpendicular cliffs of Jokaj Rock,

though no one of them would undertake to show me a means

or road of climbing the percipitous sides of the rock.

Formerly, great numbers of this species were

snared and used as ceremonial offering at big feasts.

Though I have no actual proof, I suspect from blackened

embers of fires and bones observed that a few had been

consumed about the time of my visit to the island. This

is a common trick of the native, though to catch and con-

sume some soecies (those in colonies) if he hears that a

white man wants them.

Native name, Le barrok', which signifies the spy

that appears at night. Natives consider this species an

attendant of the god of death. When the petrels’ cry is

heard over a house it is a foregone conclusion that some

one in the house will die. Probably the association of

the bird with their old beliefs kept the natives from as-

sisting me in my efforts to obtain specimens.

I havep.earned that no amount of Christian worship

will stamp out the old beliefs of the natives* forefathers.

Probably our own superstitions hearken back to some ancient

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 203

beliefs of our ancestors.

2. Pha8thon lepturus . The white-tailed tropic-

bird is found at all elevations when on land. It restricts

itself, more or less, to dense forest or mangrove thickets.

One finds them alone or in pairs flying about quietly

searching for nesting sites or working about between the

limbs of trees and shrubs going to or from their nests.

They are always to be found in a hole in a tree and fairly

well hidden.
Because of their elongated tail feathers and their

strong jerky flight, they seem off balance and appear

awkward while flying among the limbs and branches of the

trees. But when one sees them high up on the mountainsides

well above the trees, where they most frequently occur, or

observes them sailing singly or in twos or threes well up

among the clouds above the island, they appear very grace-

ful indeed. I noted that this bird is always silent when

flying about the forest, but when sailing around with

others, away from the forest, it becomes very noisy, uttering

a harsh rasping squawk repeatedly.

I should class this species as common on Ponape

Island.

The nest of this species is placed in holes in

the tops of ivory nut trees or in hollow spaces found in

other trees of the forest ot mangrove thickets. These nests

are always at a considerable elevation from the ground, say

roughly 30 to 50 feet. There is evidence that a few nest
 .eio^eeofLa -imo lo etelXed

-o : erf? . ai myg el ficdrr ^m ,<5

doiilesT JI no :ie :.v snoilsvola Xlfl Jo firu/ol a i hie;

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YX.t at up J,'odj3 a-ilsq al *ro e :oXs nedt a&ail enO

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,8.tssix 'iledt mo at 10 c

YXaial Lne c-aid .* at slorf s ni ..wool -vC g1 siB'al.t e*r£ rod?

.fisfjniii II 9 W

Ti.vrfl i>nB STedfrael lial ^eciagaole TXedy lo saaaoae

1390 qa aonalBd lie mesa v&rfi ,£d§J:Xl TjrfTe£ snouts

t : s lo aarfonsicf Sna ad ill a.ti 3x1019 gai^l oXirfw himniwa

a ;>£ axiom edt no qn rfsld aodtf eeea erro a&dw *v3 ,aa id

10 jiuooc ql;
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qv Herr s&eidt 10 aowei iii 10 vlgaie dailies ns dt savToedo

-sc.'iiq txev iBaqqs t i>aalsl edt everts aJhoio arftf gnome

jB 8 .fi* ;nelie sybww si jbxid aid* fori* birev I .fieeibni 1.1

iicfien Jha/cte §ni tea xtodw Incf ,?a -to! odd Inorfa snhjXl

jAx;ii9dda ,^aion eemooed ?i ,la&Tol odd moil ,sitn;Jo

.qlljedxc -
si rfwsnpa ..niqaai rfaifid a

97 oo .'Cir-.co & •"•

. eir'l . \.Ci -l. e a I

.fsnaXei

at a&Iod nX deoslcr ai selasqe ai 11 lo iaeri erf?

1 snuol aeofi'S wolhxri ni to zeeit yon v;iovi 1c a col end

staen eeed? .aitr otdS ovotgnam lo jcstc! sdl lo aeaicf Terflo

yea t f>fljjOTf
3, erf# moil notf ‘jvele eldBTobXaaoo 0 ie aqjewls eis

.?3an vv
;i 9 tftirfj eoxebivo si eio*. •lo©'. ;c. 00 OS v.Cxlyi/OT
 204

in hollows in perpendicular cliffs at high elevations from

the ground. Birds do not congregate in colonies but remain

well away from one another.

Both birds appear to engage in incubation and both

feed the young. One egg is laid. Natives hunt this species

religiously and consume numbers of both adults and young for

food. Food consists of fish only.

Native name: Shiek. It was or is reverenced as a

god with one Ponape tribe. The tail feathers we re formerly

used in ceremonials by these people.
3. Demigretta sacra . A fairly common bird of

the reefs and mangrove swamps. Occasionally, one finds a

single individual well in the interior along a mountain

stream. It is a very retiring bird which one approaches with

difficulty. It is always alone, never in flocks. One sees

it walking along the reefs or standing quite still near a

tide pool waiting for fish to appear. When perching, it

uses an exposed log or stone along the beach or else steals

away and hides in the low mangrove thickets. I have known

them on occasions to perch in the tops of coconut trees as

well.

I do not recall seeing a mottled phase of this spe-

cies on Ponape as one so frequently does in other groups.

The white and blue phases ?/ere about equal in numbers.

Natives report that this species nests in the man-

grove thickets at various times of the year though none

could be found engaged in this task during our visit. The

 ; a "

laptt a.nc iJavale igiri attllo 'ixixo .o' sgzec: ni avroJUod r.t

a tame ! tad aslnoloo ni

4
op-ica Jon ox a/ni-S .fcu.'cxi so?

.'roiiJone ©no rcx^l vbx, t?w

d~Q<S bus stoltscSuonl at egOQne of aaeaqa efriio dJcE

. ..x; '10 sne.xiuri: .

. •; Iii'-- it ‘1C '/ i ..- O' ro-'

& 3 fesor a'isvai 3 'a •> •

71 r
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, . . in .ta tie/.*! .iqeoqjs of da it “lot r : ©w £00 q at

8
-
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3
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 205

nest is reported to be made of loose twigs thrown together

in a low bush. Two or three eggs are laid.

Native name: Kow a lik' which signifies the

coarse squawking call of the bird.

4. Gallus : jungle fowl. A not common species

of the true mountain forest and bush land. It inhabits the

mountain valleys, but does not occur high up on the mountain

sides. This jungle fowl has and does intermingle with the

domestic strains brought in from outside. As a consequence,

especially near the seacoast, one finds all types and va-

rieties intergraded.

One does find a few fairly pure strains back in

isolated mountain valleys.

Natives seek them out to bring home and breed

with their domestic fowl. Sometimes they find a nest of

the wild bird and bring the eggs home for incubation. At

other times he catches the small chicks and raises them.

Sometimes snares are used for obtaining old birds, but

when caught they will often run away.

In general few typical birds remain and those I

presume are dwindling rapidly.

The wild jungle fowl is very shy and wary. He

prefers running to flying and is exceedingly rapid in his

movements on the ground when once startled. Little chicks

when intruded upon quickly disappear in all directions and

hide under leaves, logs and stones.

I discovered that the best place to collect speci-

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-av Las eoavd XIb aimtl one ^daBoosse ©rid i&en xllslooci&e

ni :{ond aatsitb eitsc v;ei‘ / Jbail eecJb &i'0

.s^sXIsv aisdrii/^ia J&o.tb1c xi

id bm esiod galtd od duo msxid tfsea esvideH

'

. . : d bstft imM JS>i.tw arid

.flaiid BOoia-iT fine aao ill© lie ;a ©rid eadodsc eri semh ibstto

dad ,
aJascd bio ^Jttatstdo tro'i beau axa* aextsna a adderac-L

•YBWs nxn: nstlo IXiv/ i'erid tri^i/ao nsriv-*

I © 80 id t;t 3 nifi-usi efrxi d Iroicpjd waft Xasaaes al

. ;I L da g a -
, A :

. i: wl* aa a :

qH .view baa vjls. viev zl Xwol eluant Miw erfT

aid g X oiraas *
1 ;,.^ifc9-ox9 ei 6ns -al -;X* ..>d larun a it-

a^oldo olttt.1 .Leftists eo ao asxfw La/’oa^ ©rid no adriemovoa

fine anoltossil IXa ni tb©c qaal'e yIXolup ncqu >ebjjitnl cxorlw

.aoaode Laa egol t

8ovs©j ashna or Id

arid tarft J&asevoos XJb I

mens was at their communal roosting site or just at dawn

when the cocks begin to crow. The male wild fowl never
crows at night as domestic strains do.

From a shelter, I have watched a small flock

scratching and feeding in the forest. They do not croon and

talk to themselves while feeding as domestic varieties do.

The nests of this species are placed under logs,

in the hollows at the base of trees or in brambles in the

bush. Ten to fourteen eggs constitute a clutch.

An old Ponape legend reports that this species was

brought from Yap Island by early militant native voyagers.

Native name: Mel oc kin a well. Natives would

not give me the meaning of the ward.

5. Pluvialis . This common migrant was found

singly or in small flocks along the reefs, the edge of man-

grove thickets and in the open patches ol the grassland.

One also observed them on lawns and grass plots in the vil-

lage of Ponape.

They were quite tame as elsewhere, consequently

the Japanese destroy many of them for food.

Native name: Ku'lu which signifies the call of

the bird. Natives recognize it as a migrant.

3. Numeniua . A few curlews were found along the

reefs and in the mangrove swamps. One only encounters

announce their
single specimens which take to flight and

intentions with their shrill rattling cry

when disturbed.
nest of
Natives inform me that they have never seen the
 — -VWW

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 207

this species around on Ponape.

The food of the bird consists of mollusca and

other forms found in the mud of swampy areas.

Native name: 3akier denotes the call of the bird.

7. Arenaria. One finds small flocks of this spe-

cies numbering from 4 to 10 or more along the outer reefs

and sand spits of the island. These birds are active in

that they are on the move continuously. It is usually dif-

ficult to approach within gunshot range of them. Does not

nest on Ponape though small bands of them are reported as

residents all the year around.

Native name: Ku'lu. A general name given to all

sandpipers and plovers. It is reported to signify the call
of the bird.

8. Heteractitus . Not common. A few are to be

observed on the outer reefs, islands and mangrove thickets.

No nests have ever been reported, but like others natives

say that individuals remain the whole year through. I be-

lieve that sea and shore birds retire to Ant and Pakin Is-
lands, low sandy atolls a few miles distant from Ponape and

there make their nests. Colonies of birds are reported from

those places. Unfortunately, I was not permitted to visit

those islands.

Native name: Also Ku'lu.

9. Sterna bergii . A few examples of the crested

tern were flying about the harbors and outer reefs. They
are quite noisy in flight and utter their harsh "Khack" like

call intermittently.
 • ecfs/to^ no finffexts t&lceqs eifi?

fins BoauIIois ‘to atatanoo fixM srft “to fiool exfY

.oesxa v ;iiX3wa to bum. ©xft :ii bnvot eniiol xarfto

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s'issx xeti/o ©At $ttols oTom no 01 oj £ acoi't gntx dnjjn e»to

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-el ntjfe : fins tnA ot oittai efixio sto4 » fins a©a txmtf ©vet

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t

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 208

Once a bird sights a school of small fish and

dives into them, other birds congregate in the vicinity and

vie with one another over the find. Should an individual

obtain a fish, others attack him and try to get him to drop
the prize.

This species is reported to nest on the Pakin Is-

lands. During our stay they remained around the harbors

during the day and retired to small outlying islands on the

reefs to roost at night.

Native name: Kara Kara denotes call of the bird.

10. Anott s stolidus . The large noddy was found to

be very common on Ponape being encountered everywhere from
the outer reefs to the tops of the highest mountains. They

were particularly numerous in the vicinity of Ronkiti.

Not necessarily restricted to colonies as one

encounters individuals along fluttering about the tops of

trees up along the highest ridges where they have sometimes

been confused with the large pigeon, Ducula .

Though individuals steal away alone and put their

nest in the tops of high trees, the great majority confine

their attentions to colonial life in the tops of ivory nut

trees in the swampy areas near the seacoast. The nests are

always placed at a good height from the ground, say 30 to 50

feet. These are of loose construction, a few twigs being

used interwoven with moss and drifted seaweed.

This species is considerably more quarrelsome and

aggressive than the smaller relative. In their colonies or

 :

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a Mid lorf.to
7

hn& -
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o£”:

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:

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‘TO OBi,. . Ico xi:- al .&vi3rlai *r-.. ..Io:r;e 9 r. 3 -x.. xl-a -yJ • - • -
 209

roosts one observes them fighting and abusing one another

continuously. Should an individual appear with a bit of

moss or a twig, others will attack him and take the bit of
material if they possibly can.

Just before daybreak one sees clouds of these

birds flying out to sea. From early afternoon until well

into the night one sees and hears them returning from their

hunting grounds. The harsh rasping call of the individuals

can be heard at all hours of the day or night, except when

individuals have gone off to the interior and then they are

quiet.

I can give no reason for some individuals departing

from colony custom and placing their nests alone unless those

are weaker individuals who have been driven out by others.

I suspect too that younger birds take to the moun-

tains for a time after leaving their nest, there to learn

their air-mindedness. Numerous times adults were observed

feeding well-grown youngsters long after the latter had

learned to fly.

One egg is laid in a very loosely constructed

nest. Time: from November to January presumably. Although
natives cannot state definitely whether or not they nest

spasmodically at all times of the year, I suspect that some

do. Large numbers were so engaged in November and December.

Reports have it also that all birds remain all of the year
round without migrating to the small islands.

Ponape name: Awn te tat, meaning ”bird of the

main land” to differentiate from the smaller representative

 a <

naif ion eac salat! <3 a bus ^nid ^it: roexU aeYTosdo ©no ereocr

to did a ddtw nsanqs lai/JblvlJbnl ns filuoxic .Yianonnidn-

r
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IX©w* Ildm? soonTodrc ^,fcn<a aorr'i .sea od d*/e gal^Xt eir:

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. saioJbeiJfllra-Tia ai ’•

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.:I©diflite£ vdada donnflo earl'

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<
 210

which is restricted to small islands and coral atolls en-

tirely.

11. An otis minutus . One never encounters the

smaller species on the mainland of the island.

A small colony of these were found on a tiny

reef island outside Ronkiti harbor. They were beginning to

nest at Christmas time.

The nests were made of leaves and bits of seaweed

molded into a cup-shaped structure, cemented together with

bird saliva. These were placed in the crotches of limbs of

low trees or mangroves and never over 8 to 15 feet above the

ground.

I have noticed also with this species particularly

that where these nest on small islands there is always

present a small brittle bush that has sticky burs on its

branches. Invariably numbers of these terns become tangled

up in these bushes, flounder around until they become so

enmeshed that they can never get out and later die of star-

vation. I presume this is one of nature's means of balance

of species.

Ponape name: Ah teht, signifying a bird of the

small islands.

I might add further though these two species

stolidus and minutus do not inhabit the same areas on land,

they do feed together in flocks at sea.

12. Gallicolumba . A moderately common bird of

the true forest and heavy secondary bush. It was encountered

from the seacoast to the upper mountain valleys. I did not
 d

_ne eiloda Is no© baa . filial llama od bat dittoes si ri^i.uv

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od 1 .nodnsri Id lino/I ejbii

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rid tv/ *1© rid f>edn»fljeo ,emde/ nde oeqerie-auo .3 cdrti oe . oo

o aexiodono arid ni rieoalq ena* eeoxfT .avila*

s it >/cai d eri cl of 8 nsvo neve. rim- aevoiSt a no .s-r •

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;ln •
iwo.t-" r
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!5^3vtIb si nerid eriaslal name no daen essrid ate:. •

:

adi oc an/o yrio ida aari da rid riei tf eld dim llcrxs e drrsi

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’

.*UBda lo sift xedfil f»ns di#o dsy; tarea ttoo yerid darid Js&ri^araxu

. . . •

5. rid Tc iticf 3 sal^tlnals , dried riA reman eo-no

.ebnsxsi ii-
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,
fine I no e.ivis art ->e arid diri^rici don c-b ax/dnn lei ime nt/ .:. ;

.see d orieoll ni teridenct cool ori v. -t

lo nooaoo ylsdonebo:'; ••'.

.a ri.vjfXooiIlB-»;- . :I

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:;aii axw IT . .in 1 vnab oo-.x vvetv. L.o ./ iso o : ent/t

alBdaaoia recqu
 211

observe it on the high mountainsides or ridges.

A most stupid bird in many respects, when dis-

turbed, an individual will fly a short distance from his

scratching or resting place on the ground to a limb of a

tree 10 or 15 feet in altitude. There it will sit quietly

watching the intruder.

Gallioolumba spends most of his time on the ground.

When not actively engaged picking up small snails, seeds,

worms, stones, etc., it walks about in a jerky haphazard

manner much the same as a domestic fowl actively engaged in

searching for food. This species uses stones upon which to

break the shell of snails before consuming them, one often

observes their scratching and feeding sites.

Strange to say one rarely, if ever, hears a sound

from the bird. Only once did I hear a shrill whistle-like

call which my guide attributed to this species.

Though it is a quiet , retiring, easily overlooked

bird the Japanese destroy them for sport or food whenever

the former locate an individual. Likewise the hunting dogs

of the former catch and eat numbers when they are in the

bush. Natives admit that the bird is dying out rapidly from

the onslaught of hunters, dogs, cats, pigs, etc. I presume

though a few will always remain in the more remote parts of

the island.

The brown coloration on the white breast of adult

individuals comes from earth stain and in most cases will

not wash off.

 .

afcM’ «© T
nvx«noi)
,ao?>MT to eefii^aJtBD'iXtro.'i risJtfi

-e£l) aedw t
Btoaqeet Tjnaci nJt inis' btcuta taoa

\:I1 XI i* Ist/f>iYiI>fii iia J>ex -

fc >£{ jao-it eor.Bv alb ttorfe a t

a to offlil ot irmotg sdt no e-o.si" aalfrfcet to aoixUtfmc-:-.

^Xteixjp t'H 11 tv t eted’f .efwtttla at taxi til to 01 am

.libirii it l *& ?aii:aa b:i

Jku/ot-s exit no omit sixl to teoa sX>neq a sdan looillsg

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batto a a atflsd ,iaV9 tx ,

T
iX©i3t ano \se gc ar^xati

•_ .... ;x- tin a xb-.I I 1 r> scao *Inu .inid •>. ;

, -.to era a... . at 1st; tiflxtta «f>ii >'3 #n it ...

SeiJoaltovo ^Xlae» , 3niiit»T*^»tirp ei <1 e&tfGrf

'

te-va fif'd;? loot to ttoqs tot merit ^oitaeS oaenacx'i, s/'t x

a of) 9)1 1 eeiwsdiJ .JLBvbtrlbnt aa etaocl wflSol

adt nl st:-; ^erfi norfw iietimju tae baa dot bo 'lemto'L e. ir

.a© it vlbiqat tixo

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:
ni’;f> si bxtd out tsdt tiaba aevx: ed: .car

eaxxiT.u'i-. 1 .05 3 «
a.^ic ,atao «agob «etein/Jri to t risible

to a/ :jsq oifoaet atom exiJ nl niaraet st£bv?Ib Hit,' wet 8 a ^

. or : r- :

ilx/i ;o t esetcf etidw -ii? no no it ate loo nwotef exit

'

IX i : ees :o teofli rxi Ins niate rftte© iaot ‘1 tomoo alanbi vi i ;

.tto lie. -i ten

 212

The nest of the species is placed in the center

of the trunk top of large fern trees. There in a nest made

of fine hair-like fibres and mosses one egg is laid. I was

never fortunate enough to see one of these, but report the

observations of natives only.

In one instance well-developed eggs were found

inside a female of juvenal, mottled breast plumage, which

would indicate that this species breeds before reaching

the white-breasted stage.

Ponape name; Paluse, which signifies one who is

proud. As an example a proud warrior who wears his finest

raiment in front of him.

The word is also used during festivals of some

kinds. When all persons are eating as rapidly as possible,

with their heads bent over their food bowls, the first to
finish raises his head and cries Paluse which terminates
the eating for all.

13. Ducula . A rapidly disappearing species that

is now restricted to small areas in the remotest parts of

the mountains. Formerly, a very common bird found everywhere

on the island.

During the German occupation, the natives were

permitted to use old single barrel, muzzle -loading, squirrel

guns with which to hunt birds. With the advent of the Japa-

nese these guns were appropriated by the administration.

In turn professional Japanese hunters then began a systematic
search for specimens.
 o

teSrrsD sriJ* «i baoalci ai sexo&qa. s? d ;

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1c &%& axil
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xo; .v lac:; 0 at eisJT . . n.T?': 0,3'. si '

o qc::

, asw I .bier al 33a one seseoa fens artifil ©cUM-tlad aalt :

e: i t'toq& i tv6 t eas lo eao sea ol xf^none 9? sjtmJTol levs:

.^Ino aevifsn 1o enoiov '"T--

finx/ol slew 8^3© JbeqoI:>vefi-I.I©w aonatexil ©no nl

- '

dolrfw t
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:. ©file

-xai.Xosjw: aided afiesicf aeloeqe aid# lsrf.t eiioifini Muo:

.©gala fie? as^-id-t-x hlv.

, i i(

, 1.^:-;/: aid &#### 44# Telita# Iji/otq a slqraaxe its a-' .finci

©Sica 1 c a I vile- •! gcirrnfi bean obLb e i Mow e„.T

y :c;;;.gt c 01# aaoaisq IIs ned# ,«j&aX4

oi daiil ari* t
sIwod fioot Tiexlct- ievo ifiecf bi-ed ilorfi d'

&&:"Balan$S Act iw aai/Xe . aeiTO fine fiaeri aid ear, let dsiail
.11,3 to" ;H niffia ex:

iaAt aeloaqe .

*lo aKTTsq free? oxen: eifi nl aae?* Ilacie ol SaJotiJasi -von :i

~
\'T6v b
r,
•TOilw/T'::; re fin.xol J&ticf uonfflfto ,^X*teaTo .i .antet/wom e.

. finals i : .

©iew aavilan arc ,£oileq 0coo aeaneO edi uttid:

Xstt r .
.
,3JSi£aoX~eXssj/At .leTTad elgats file esn otf fiej'tiatier

©rl* lo &At Atl-- . - calc tfflurf ol r?ci. :

at tv v.

fieJsltrqo'rqqa anew eruȤ easdir eeon

oiJ •iaa^ave b nag ad neaxt arceJruwi esenoqeT; IfifloX&ae'iOT.r irenr xil

. ri,;:v »CE TOl .1: c-1

 213

Two or more years ago (1927 or earlier) 4 or 5

Japanese averaged from 75 to 100 birds each per day. These

were sold to the inhabitants of the village for 35 sen

(17 1/2 cents) per bird. In lieu of money, the Japanese ac-

cepted copra from the native as payment. Like everyone else,

the native is very fond of roast pigeon. Now these same

hunters are for tunate if they obtain 4 or 5 Duoula e ach per

day. To do this, the hunters must start out long before

daylight and cover long distances. Other varieties of birds

are now replacing the Duoula on the market.

The next step will be a cannery, I presume, simi-

lar to the rice-bird canneries of Japan, where tinned bird

bodies, 6 or 8 the size of a man's thumb per can, are sold

on the market for 30 cents American.

Duoula is a stupid inquisitive individual who will

remain exposed in the top of a tree where he has been

feeding on berries and will even answer the call of a hunter.

Ponape natives have become adept at imitating the call of

this species while some Japanese have succeeded in manufac-

turing wooden "calls" similar to our American "duok calls"

with which they attract individuals .

As reiterated before this species keeps to the

high trees of the true forest now well baok in the mountains.
I presume they roost in flocks or colonies as is customary

with this species everywhere though I was unable to locate

one of their congregating grounds.

The bird nests at all times of the year, probably

 -
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efinid 001 o? motet feegeieva ©censers!

r
iti 3 t ic : ©jisXXiv aril to etas" ioajfaJt ©jS? ocr f»Ios

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e to lad j.}flol ;
jo jt j&?£ isnax aTedru/rf ©if? ,ajLX3- o£> 0 ?

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need' sad sd »t*©dw esTtf a tc qotf sdt nl Isesoqxe *Xaa©T

neve XXiw
-

Tetm/ri a to I ;ao eri? ttawana 6xib aeltcied no -gni-.-ot .

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-eet^naw ni feefeseoe-jB everi ©cenaqs! emca ©IXriw seiooce Bid

"eil 'o Moifl)" ceoiTest/' wo od 'rallmia ’‘eXIso" nafcoow '*,nX~

. zL&sjbivlbni. tow* to yori.t xioiiiw -'dr-

on* od sgeeji ©©Jteeqa aid# ©to ted i>©d»Tvdi:»T aft

6flifidatK>®. srid- n± jic a I lew wen dee-iot sold ©,dd to aesid n-

YTBacdxx/o ai ee seinoloe to aaioolt ni decox yen'd amraeic

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.;.,L:ino‘i- . t-fe^sx -no. Tied? . n -

Xldsd oxq ,T©ey odd to aemid IXa la Bdeen isiicf edT

 214

two or three times each year. They multiply at a prolific

rate. Their nest is always placed in the crotch of two limbs

of branches at the tops of the tallest trees. One egg is

laid. Several nests were observed, but none could be reached

by natives.

Native name: mu roy', the call of the birds. Natives also

differentiate between 3 phases: Juvenal with black legs:

Tsappa; intermediate: Lah we'weh; Fully adult: Lat tin.

14. Ptilinopus . The brightly colored little fruit

dove is no longer common on Ponape and is disappearing

rapidly. Its home is among the fruit-bearing trees and

bushes of the true forest where it can be found at all al-

titudes. In the lowlands they always keep to the tops of

the highest trees though on the mountain sides and ridges

one sometimes encounters them perched in low trees and

bushes close to the ground. Though usually a bird which

congregates in small flocks, on Ponape I most always found
it feeding alone.

Their call is heard continuously from early morning

to late at night, and many times during the night, especially

when there is a moon shining. In this manner in the forest

one can sometimes locate their feeding habitat. The bird

is endowed with ventriloquial powers. One often searches in

vain for the owner of the call he hears, but cannot locate.

Doves are wary and are more easily collected early

in the morning when they are feeding high up in the moun-

tains. At other times of the day, they become restless and

 o it II ©to & $b vlq M I.UR YSiff . issy dess assalt ee-idf to cw:‘

e. gill owi *lo xfojoTo exit ni Ssoslcr avowif at te,pct TiexC • ?f b.t

,? i .ooeit fasHa* exit to eqof 6/1* fa se4®££'

fiexidfiO't ed fclxioo scon Jed .bsvreacfo eien sfasn ISTsvoa ,bJte-Z

.e&Ylf£i£L '{.-

o' Ic aevifsW . zb? Id edt to IIso erf* ,'yoT cm : obisc e ..

:eg,sl sobIc? xif Iw 1st ©vxxj; :asasriq C xee^Jed efeltnen " -

-

. it ' T
yllu* '
err .cl 3»1 :&ts>£©metni ,’«q:;se

atiBsqaBetb ai fine eq^col no nomcioo tegnol on ex ov i

f
bas aaevt -ft , : fit jr.noia* ai snoxi fstl .ylbi •

- L- J.f ? broxot -d ;
.+i 9*rsri;- it; sTOt ©inct •
fit tr e?;-

jo a got ct •;• oil aya . .: vB.it nbnr.lwol exit n.I . -

e >. i .

secvbiT bna es.oii: xj t&taucai oo: no x&xxodt aesis taeriyir. so

: J: X'SiiOT ©c msrfi -
^aifocne :

do i. dvr bibi yll&naif jfetfOdT »brwct^ ©x£t of ©sole .

Cswla feora I eqaiioT no ^atioclt IIbxtis cl eetajiSTT 00

.©nols $r*ib©et t.

•
nixnrom vItbs ate it ylenocnitnoo JbTBsrl air disc TlsriS"

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Jdnia exit pniinb sonif yesm baa t f c'^ixt yfe r

fa siot exit ni isaixcn ain't nT . gninida noon b si oTsx.t- .,

f.-Tic‘ siiT .fstlcBd gnibesl *iXerif sfsool asciJttssros flso c,

nl i . .ov.ee 2 rest to •
10 ,aiswoi; loix/pcIxTtnsv rftfiw bowel)

. oioool tonxiBo fed { arc sad sd lJC«o srit tc lenwc odf Tot ni

ylTB© £« 0 fo 6 lloc yiis.se eioa ©t b 6ns yiovr ©is aevoC

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yex ©iif to eanit ledto ft .
- ni-i
 215

fly quiokly with the first sound.

The Japanese use a wooden call to attract this

species as well as the former. Sinoe the falling off in

numbers of Ducula, this species has been hunted ruthlessly.

Some natives catch individuals of this species

with a gum preparation made out of breadfruit juice mixed

with coconut Oil. This mixture is smeared along the limbs

of trees that the bird is known to visit. An individual

alights on the limb, presses his belly into the stickum and

is held fast. There were traces of this material on some

of the specimens forwarded.

Once a native obtains a specimen he eats it, sells

the same to Japanese for a consideration or else ties the

bird to a perch conveniently near the house, for a pet, where

it will probably be appropriated by the house cat at the

first opportunity.

The nest of the bird is a flimsy affair made of

a few loose twigs piled together in the branches of a low

tree or bush. It is never over 10 to 20 feet above ground.

Also the top center of tree ferns is also used. One white
egg is laid. Nesting seems to be carried on at all times
of the year. Ponape name: Kinuit. I could not get the
natives to give me the meaning of the word so presume that

it is mixed up in their culture in some way.

15. Budynamis . The migrant cuckoo was observed

twice in the mountains, but a specimen could not be obtained.

Ponape name: The natives have 3 names for the bird;
 *

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aslosge aixf$ 1c BlscliviJbfii do jsc aevltaa. e&oL.

L&xIli doh/t flJJ'C'z&Benf to $t/o sbtssL ncldcxsqeiq xaos s xl$l 7

s fall exl$ noXs LsiBeiiiL. ai e<uK$xiJK alxfT .Ilo timooco xi$l

iBLtitvlbat r. .$13 iv o$ awciDi al b?id exit $arf$ eeau 1c

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wcl b lo eexioneid adi fli 19x1$ ©30$ Sella ealw$ eaool wel
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eexnitf Xla ; no £>eiiiso ed 0$ acisoa gjjiJe©;)} .f>isX el -

9 b'$ $eg $on &Xx/oc X ,.$li

$ r't exnx/asiq ' c fircow sd$ lo snixtBan sxl$ am evig o$ eevi$

• Y : . cr; .31 x. j , jo ily;f$ 1 qu Lex la . ;

i.-v- o.;:c eew oo.-’.c jo $neiglxn oxl‘1 . £ -gX

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;friic Sii$ io! aaaBfl 5 e^©xi E3Vl$erx ©rfT xexaen c-c ox: : •
Le kuperai, also Kabahlulu and. On bessa ro. The bird is

considered a god of the bush, a bearer of good omens. His

arrival announces the arrival of the breadfruit season. Na-

tives acknowledge him as a migrant.

16. Trichoglossus . This parrot was found to be

common on Ponape. It is encountered everywhere, but prefers

the coconut palms along the seacoast. They are noisy and
quarrelsome at all times. Little flocks of from 2 to 8 or

more may be met with on any part of the island. They keep

up a continuous chatter whether resting, feeding or on the

wing. Like the American blue jay, Trichoglossus is a con-

tinual nuisance to the hunter. He is inquisitive and easily

attracted by the slightest noise. Once the bird or flock

of birds discovers a person in the forest, it commences to

screach so frantically that it frightens all forms of bird

life within a radius of a mile.

I know of no bird that can whip itself into so

fanatical a disposition in so short a time as the parrot,

especially this particular species. Once a person discharges

a gun when parrots are around, they will congregate overhead

and blast forth with a Psittaoian chorus. Individuals become

so excited they will stand on their heads, chew their own

feet, fall over backwards off the perch they are clinging to

and even claw one another.

The nest is placed in the top of a coconut palm

or in a hollow of a large tree of the forest. It is always

placed at a high elevation from the ground. One sometimes

 ai btld arlT .0*1 8 s a ad no Jbr.s nlnldiX; aS obIb ,iBS®qidi e_;

.anaiao 60 c :-» o to^necf b ./Is^d arfx ‘id Be;;- a xst© •./:;:/••..••

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nwc Tied# vredo «af>B®d Tloxfa no basts XI In yed# Jb«? ox© c

o5 gnxnnlXo ©tjb ^©n'# daiaq ©d# S*to Eto’^aed nevo list

.Tarf done ©no wale neve br.-

mle t c/cooco © to qo# ©dtf :il fieoalq el ta&n edT

atswi' .-il XI M3To‘x ©d? to 09 t: ©§tb! a to wo Hod s r;x .

.TlXsmoa enD .xannoTq eH? !uorrt no Ida vale x 1 Exl a ta i

- ••.-
 217

finds single specimens working about quietly among the high

trees of the mountain ridges. Natives state that many indi-

viduals steal away from the flock to secrete their nests

high up in the mountains. One egg is reported to constitute

a clutch.

Ponape name: Se ridt' which means "always hide out of the

rain." This bird is reported to sneak under a big leaf and

keep dry during the rain. An intelligent bird is tamed

easily and soon learns the habits of the native, also a

few words.
This word also refers to the man who acts as a

"go-between" of the chief and his people. Just so Trioho -

glossus is the go-between of all of the birds and the god

of the forest. He is the distribution of food and the sen-

tinel.

17. Asio . There are at least two dozen or more

owls on Ponape but they are most difficult to obtain.

After five o’clock in the evening, individuals

put in their appearance over the grass land of the islands.

In the twilight and on moonlight nights one can see them
flying very low over the top of the grass and small bushes
searching for rodents, which constitute their food.

One hears their cat-like call at all hours of

the night, except in rainy weather, when they are silent.

They hide so successfully during the daytime that one never

sees them. I was never able to flush a bird from the grass-
lands or forest close by though I spent hours in those
places looking for finches.
 d%ld arid- 3 noae YXd ©inp di/orf© -gnianow anemic eqs frf&Mia fcixnit

-ii>n : 3 rid oo .or- ayvi dei -a ©sabln fliudax.-om erfd to c?s*

3d awn rriedd edenoea od riooXt arid mont \f sws Xnede daufiX

©dudideaoo od edrxcqen si 330 aaO .Bflifldnaoa end n c;/ rid

.JoJi.’lo r

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”
J. - - . iUene od Lednoqss si £>nie airi? .nil n

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a oaXB , 9 vid err ©rid to aiidftrf arid ennaal noos /me "cliafie

• eMov; we'i

s 8 B adoje oriw nsra arid od ©ala Mow eHf?

r
o v dri-' os d»xf& .©Xcoec; aid X>xib teirio arid to "nse*ded-; •

©rid riris e&nicf arid to XXa to neowdad-os ©rid si r : oi-;

-nan -<nd on? boot to noidudirrdaiJb ©rid si ©H .deenct end tr

rg n1?

nosori owd deaei da &is ©ne.i . .

.nisdcfo od dlusittif) deem ess Y®rid dni eqsno® no do

aXauriiviiMU <3nla©ve end r;i riooXo *c evit -ledlA

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foorid ©as cao ©no Bdrigin dd^ilsxcosn no i>na drijviX -** 7 ©rir *

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seven ©no derid ©midY^ri ©rid gninuri YXXiitaeeooua os ©Jsiri Yer!"

-sean& ©rid most Mid b riaeXt cd eXd® never; e©w I . lerid a;c

©aorid fli anuori dneqa I rigx/orid y® ®soXo dasnot no eAnni

.eerianit n- t gfli^ooi a
 218

The bird is startled easily and runs away from the

slightest sound. Once frightened, it does not return again

the same night.

My Ponape guide and self picked out a good grass

patch of about 200 acres in size and visited this in the

evening at sundown. There we remained, at different times,

±rom 9 to 11 ?. M. in hopes that we could obtain specimens.

On two different occasions, I obtained single shots (misses)

which frightened the birds and spoiled the business at hand.

We tired of this and went at the matter with per-

sistence. At one side of the field, where the grass was

shortest, we cut a swath about 100 yards long by 40 feet

wide, in an easterly and westerly direction and burned off

all of the grass. Near the easterly end, in a clump of

bushes, we built a blind that furnished a shelter and at the

same time gave us a good view of the runway looking toward

the western, twilight lit heavens. The first night after

our runway was completed, I obtained a femalw and, two nights

later, another of the same sex. The completion of other
series and a stretch of rainy weather finished my nocturnal
adventures.

I am inclined to think that the male of this spe-

cies is larger than the female bird, yet I might be mistaken.

In the twilight or moonlight some have appeared that looked

larger to me.

Natives have two stories about the nest of the spe-

cies. One is that the male erects several nests with a run-
 US

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way between each and as soon as the female deposits her egg
the male amuses himself by tearing up the other nests. The
other story goes a bit farther and relates that the female

builds several nests in the grass, with a runway between

each nest. In each of these structures she places one egg

which she leaves for the sun to incubate. I w as never able
to find any sort of a structure in the grassland during my
stay,

Ponape name: Lu goat. The natives true god of the

bush and mountain regions. It is still reverenced by the

older people.

18. Collocalia . This swift is a common resident

of Ponape where it is found in the dark ravines of the moun-

tain streams or in the shadier reaches around grasslands

and native garden patches. It does not appear to enjoy the

bright sunlight. On dull rainy days, it becomes abundant in

the open plots everywhere. Early in the morning and late

evening one finds them circling about in the air up to about
1500 feet elevation on the mountain sides.

This species roosts and nests in caves in the

mountains. Two of these habitats were visited and specimens

were obtained with the aid of insect nets. I could find no

eggs though a number of juveniles were found in the small

cup-shaped nests. The latter are made of mud and moss

fastened together with bird saliva. One juvenile was found

in each nest.

Ponape name: Yoir. It is reputed to be a carrier

of evil omens as well as important news when it appears above

 j

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 220

the dwellings of the natives in the early evening. It is

also credited with being a harrier of the native devil which

it frightens away with its plaintive little cry. The Ponape

devil is supposed to be an old woman, an outcase of long ago.

19. Halcyon . I must admit that this particular

bird had me guessing for a long time. I thought that I had
two species. Natives discriminate between the white and dark

phase and even content that the call notes of the two are

different. Personally, I could never tell one from another.

The kingfisher is usually found alone in the man-

groves and around the clearings in the lowlands and middle

altitudes. He doesn't get very high up the mountain sides.

One expects to find this bird or birds sitting quietly in a

rather exposed place, a dead limb, an old stump or an open

spot in the mangroves where he can see everything that is

going on. He is a fearless individual and when wounded be-

comes a vicious fighter.

At times, when disturbed, he will get excited and

repeat his rattling call — Gutawr-Gutawr-Gutawr — for a period

of time. At other times, he will sit on his perch and view
the intruder with feigned indifference.

One does hear his rattling call at odd times of

the day, as he cries from his perch. Notwithstanding this

he is a quiet individual that is feared and much respected

by others of the avian order. He is also reported to be a

robber of other birds* nests.

Stomach contents consisted of lizards, birds* eggs,

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 221

small chicks of the bush fowl, nestlings of small birds,

grasshoppers, beetles.

Halcyon is common on Ponape. He nests in holes

in trees. Natives tell me that quite frequently this species

bores holes in white ants’ nests and lays his two eggs in

there.

Native name: Gutawr (white phase) and Tutoh

(brown phase: Legand. A brave bird which will attack with

a vengeance when disturbed. Small boys, who are poking
around in the holes of trees, looking for the nest of the
l

white-tailed tropic-bird often receive wounds about the head

and face, which are inflicted by the bill of the kingfisher.

An old legend says that this bird was brought from Yap many

many years ago when the Yap people were conquering the
Caroline Islands. Another legend states that some god trans-

forms the plumage after the second or third year of life.

20. Hdolisoma . I should class this species as not

too common on Ponape Island. One never finds it out of the

dark forests where it lives a sort of communistic life

handed together in little flocks. Possibly this circum-

stance was due here to the fact that the nesting season was

just finished and both adult birds were remaining with the

youngsters to assist those juveniles in feeding.

One is attracted by their musical call, a to-to-

wee — to-to-wee — which is repeated at intervals. The bird

is retiring in habits but not easily frightened away. When

one is shot from a group, the others will flutter about in
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the vicinity uttering their musical call notes of alarm.

I have even known them to follow after a hunter for some

distance.

The nest is cup-shaped, made of grasses and strands

of hair fern, placed at low elevations in small trees and

bushes. Two eggs are laid.

Ponape name: To to wee expresses call of the

bird. Also Mai yen a tak ai meaning "Brain of the skull"

(for female). A native legend explains that a boy threw

a stone and hit a female bird on the head. She wandered

about uttering strange calls, not unlike a crazy person

who has been hit over the head. This story is probably de-

rived from the fact that these birds do hover about and

follow after one when the mate or young have been captured.

21. Aplonis opacha . The most common bird of the

island. Found everywhere from the mangrove swamps to the

highest elevations. It travels alone or in flocks of 2 to

a dozen or more.

One finds this bird feeding at Pau Pau trees,

in coconuts and all kinds of fruitbearing bushes and shrubs

or trees in the forest, also banana gardens.

When not feeding, flocks of them wander about

looking for trouble. Like Trichoglossus these birds cause

the hunter no end of inconveniences with their alarm notes

and their inquisitiveness. Once a hunter meets with a num-

ber in the mountain forest, it is almost impossible to get

rid of them. Several birds will follow along silently until

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 223

a shot is fired. Following the report of the gun the place

became a bedlam of noise with Triohoglossus sometimes coming

over to join in the vocal activities.

The starling is a pseudo-impersonator of other

birds’ cries and calls. One can derive a great deal of

amusement watching the herculean efforts one of these birds

exerts in attempting some note that has struck his fancy.

Triohoglossus can produce very deceptive notes while Aplonis

makes only a hideous noise.

The juveniles with their streaked breasts and ab-

domens over a yellowish white background outnumber the

fully black adults at least 10 to 1 in ratio. Considering

the numbers of birds encountered I am of the opinion that

juveniles retain that plumage a year or more. Though I have

never found one in this plumage with enlarged or breeding

sexual organs.

The juveniles are much bolder and more aggressive

than the adults. The female adult, on the other hand, is

very retiring and rarely met with. I make this assertion

because it was necessary for me to shoot numbers of birds

before I obtained a quota of females for the collection.

One observes the adults feeding the juveniles

and some juveniles feeding others of their kind. Apparently

no set is established with this species. No doubt the ju-

veniles are quite capable of looking after themselves as
one often sees them do.

Starlings are eagerly sought after by natives as

food. The latter obtain them by snares, traps, stones and
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 224

even nets at times. More lately the Japanese have begun to

collect them for their tables.

The nest of this species is hidden away in the

tops of tree ferns, holes in logs and trees, crevices in

cliffs. Two eggs constitute a clutch. These birds do not

nest in colonies hut alone always.

Native name: Se awk, the call of the bird. Na-

tives associate the starling with a species of banana which

the birds is supposed to have brought from Yap Island, The

story goes that this species originally flew from Yap to

Ponape.

22. Aplonis pelzelni . The mountain starling is

a bird of the highland forest and ridges. I did not record

it below 1400 elevation. Nor did I ever find it in sparsely

covered areas or grassland, but always in the dark, damp

true forest.

Natives tell me that formerly this species covered

the whole island and that even now a few individuals can

still be found on the low atolls of Ant and Pokin to the

north and west of Ponape. Unfortunately, I was not permitted

to visit either of these groups so cannot verify their re-

port.

The male and female usually remain together all of

the time. One does not find flocks of them congregated as

one does with Aplonis opaoa . The mountain bird is quiet,

retiring, inoffensive, never bold or gregarious. His call

is much i?eaker and of a finer quality than that of opaca.

I found that they would respond readily to an imitation of

 ofr turned ©vBil eaansq^i; ail? oto'I »e 8.3.1?. ?a a ? & -'

. celi; riexl? r 10*1 icm* toe 1

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nso zlsubivibni wsl b won neve ?sd? -jib i. .

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lEi

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6e?? imne ?on e«w I ^letanMno laU .sqaao*! lo ?cqw Bna g

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.

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£3 i) nod? Yo ztioolt bail ton & epfi eaO .apl?

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'.j;:xx. ,ii b rid .!•• nxxc ell . -;.eqo aine lql lei" cool

IIbo siH . aeol'iagqns no Mod naven e

0 voarel‘ioxU .-Mir::'

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l0 noiia?imi a© o? ^iifid.sa dnoceen &I'i/ow tesxI? Jed? ion:.
their call. Like all starlings they respond quickly to the
alarm cries of a wounded compatriot.

I discovered that the best means of collecting

this species was to find a fruit-bearing tree in the forest,

sit under the tree and await the arrival of the birds. This
method was far more sure than chasing through the forest

looking for individuals. The mountain bird frightens far

more easily than opaca and cannot be approached nearly as

readily.

The feathers of the forehead of a large number of

individuals forwarded were found to be very short, hard, coars(

and bristly. These had been worn thin by the bird poking its
head into holes and crevices of the bark of trees in search
of ants and grub of which it is particularly fond. Though
small berries from shrubs and trees constitute a fair per-

centage of the birds’ diet, one quite often finds them pick-

ing up seeds, grubs and stones on the ground as well.

Both opaca and pelzelni have been found feeding

in the same tree, but in those instances opaca chases and

quarrels with the latter. I have never seen them in flight

together.

The nest is reported to be placed in the hollows

of trees in some secluded spot. The number of eggs in a

clutch reported as two.

Ponape name: See eahr signifies the call of the

bird. There are several legends about this bird, but I could

not obtain them. Presumably a god of the forest.

 h, jcr ^I;ioijj > bkiQU/U’i '©rt u cits? a II. &zitu. .tlfi©

.Joittteqraoc . oOfiit :: & -O cel 9 I

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i -'-.
afl9*rialtt frcid nisliuron e<'-T ,slau£>.tvl^.i *xc‘i grtlnoo •'.

as ^X*i3en .baaoion qa. ecf ^oimao him sosgo narl? *•-‘1©

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-Tec rcint a eli/lldenee assort l>rls a<fi-..ifa ;::o*xt asinTeo i • .an

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n ©r

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.lasiot 9 ilt to Oog s uXdsmxeeil

•" ‘

.
 23. Aorooephalus conopoderas . This is a com-

mon bird of the small bushes, of open country and the

grasslands. It is never to be found in the true forest or

at high altitudes. One is attracted by its warbler-like

song which may be heard at any time. In fact, individuals

spend hours perched on the stem of a bush caroling their

little song.
When feeding it spends its time on the ground or

in low shrubs and bushes. One is aware of the presence of

an individual by the sound of its mandibles snapping to-

gether as it catches insects.

Acrooephalus is a friendly bird which does not

become frightened easily when intruded upon. He responds to

any sort of squeeky man-made call.

The nest is made of grasses, placed at low eleva-
tions in the bushes. I have seen the nests but not the eggs.

Unfortunately, this species was molting badly at the time

these collections were made.

Ponape name: Lu mat ee, expresses the call of

the bird.

24. Myiagra . Common everywhere on the island ex-

cept in the grasslands. A pair of birds are usually found

working together, darting around in the low trees, among the

branches or in and out of shrubs or on the ground. This

species is friendly, playful and inquisitive. I should not
call them noisy as one or more will sit for many minutes on
the limb of a tree and silently watch the intruder.

Their call, "qua que," is a spasmodic outburst that

 • 31 .

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2

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odll-'isiciev ea 1 irtf £©3; eilde al enO . cebuzlt 1 b 1: Id

1 1 cjj,: vt .a .i :!:! \;n g *a bus&d ed yam rfoixlw •

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tie j anijaiao devo £ to r.©3e i erf? no -

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3nri3 tatiftfino aloonaaqs b el ' , ex; eup” ,XX bo tloril"

 227

might be repeated many times or just once. Presumably the

male only erects the long crown feathers when calling. This

species flutters on the wing and displays as does Rhlpldura .

When sitting, these birds often erect their crest, fluff* and
display their feathers. It always responds readily to calls.

The nest is a small cup-shaped structure made of

fine grasses interlaced with fern hairs and placed in small

trees and bushes at low elevations.

Ponape name: Que que expresses the call of the

bird.

25. Rhloidura . This species is a very common

bird of the true forest and secondary bush. One does not

encounter it in the grasslands. It will be found at all

elevations and I believe more common above 1500 feet than

below.

Like all Rhipiduras this one is very active, always

hopping about, spreading his tail feathers and arching his

wings. I have never seen one sitting perfectly still for as

much as one minute. I might add that the tail of the bird

wags back and forth continuously.

Like our American black-capped chickadee this one

is a friendly associate of the forest and will, when called,

come within a few inches of the observer. This bird, though,

does not call often, but remains silent even when chasing

Zosterops and Myzomela , a favorite pastime of his.

His favorite haunt is the lime tree where he

chases and devours quantities of insects.

The nest is a dainty cup-shaped affair of grasses

 ' L

astt •tldaaurtieyi .oono Hut t© 9 emit xnan bef&eq&T 3d 3£ ? tc:

cirlX , u' i r
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aid ^nidois Jin® ai'odJaet Itat aid gnlfcaoiqs t
tuodB gnicqod

sb not XXiXa vljoetisq gxxiJJie ©no aoea leven svsd I .er-fii>

idicT »rfj to Iir.t fidj iBilX kbt tfdsic I -nira eao so do. :i

arte airitf ©eJbcjfoido SeqqBO-doBlo' a© o tie. A tvo ediJ

,XXlw ono frieiot adt to ©Xaioofcisa X ai is! s.x

-odt t
fciid iiifi? . i • ;

in la Brio neiiw fi©v© jnelia adiarsei iud t

n&.~ to XXeo ;co esca

.a id to amitf&Bcr eXiiovat a

sxf ’aaertw said ©mil exit ei nauarf eJlio vat eiH

,a3'o-eeni to 5 0 ItlttHH-, -ifO' Ot) btjt. et --.

. ;

esa eeig to list!© Jbeq-arfa -quo ^tfni3i> a at - Jean edf

and fern hairs which is placed in bushes at low elevations.

Two eggs are laid.

Ponape name: Lu gup sier' which signifies one who

is very active and builds his house quickly and in a very

business-like manner. I must add that it is rarely that this

term is applied to a native anywhere.

There are two stripes of white feathers on the

head, one running from the forehead well back over the eye

and the other from the corners of the mouth well down the

neck. It is almost impossible for one to make a good skin

and show these stripes correctly. This is due to the large

head and small neck of this species which makes bird skinning
a nightmare.

26. Rhampozosterops . A rather rare species on

Ponape Island. I located them feeding on the flowers of a

gum tree which was situated near the center of the island at
about *1800 feet elevation.
Their musical deep-throated sibilation which is

uttered while feeding and while on the wing attracted my at-

tention and led to their discovery. Once the habitat was

found, there was no difficulty in obtaining a series. The
birds did not appear the least disturbed by the noise of the
gun, but remained at the tree until they had absorbed ;their

fill of flower juices.

Scarcely anything is known about the habits of

this particular species. Younger men particularly had never

seen the bird before it was collected. One old man, who

lived in the vicinity, assured me that Kubary had taken

 T 1F,

. .
' 1

or'.vt ©no a si tin :e lit id'. 'is is I rec^n tsq> ••;-:• -

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i:
! -
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i c.-: nil

sd? ao aitfxvel st.Lfv it e sail? a ow? *tfi oierf'V

eve sdS ievc ;ioe€ XXaw bs9deioi: edS morel gniimtrx eno «Jbee;

oxlJ nwors Xlew dJupm sd? to si ©moo sli sioit iarf*o &rf? i- ••

; c- r. ••: o ,'
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 229

specimens in the earlier days. Unfortunately, there is

no record of specimens in collections.

During all of my time on Ponape, I was never

able to locate another feeding tree though I did at times

hear small flocks flying overhead.

The feathers at the base of the hill on indivi-

duals are sometimes absent and are usually sticky and dis-

colored from flower juices.

Nothing is known of the nest or nesting habits.

Ponape name: To rong'. This was given me by the

old man who professed knowledge of the bird. It presumably

denotes the call of the bird.

27. Myzomela . This little honey-eater is found
everywhere on the island, at all elevations. One sees it

in coconut trees, mangroves, true forest, grassland and

secondary bush, native gardens and even in bushes in the
city.
It is very aggressive, noisy and warlike. A

large portion of its time is spent in chasing the little

brown Zosterops (Jephras).

One usually finds individuals alone feeding on
the flowers of plants and trees. During such time these

keep up a continuous chattering call or song.

Like hummingbirds these are adept at fee ing on

the wing. This species also copulates on the wing.

Myzome I a is easily attracted by a call and will

when attracted hover overhead many minutes at a time, using

 . I ' ?

ai sn&at noln 1
.
. s or;* ni semi:
.scotJoBlIoo ni anmtasa.e lo Aioc-on o:

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aoiaiv te Jbtfi I d;;"H eentf --,ni,*)©el 10 .yeas octbcoa c?

.i> :.9rf'tev galvXl s*iooI’.: li .r.t

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.eeojtdt T9’.vol'.. .ox. . :

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,ea 9d? lo nwoxoi ei ^nJtdJci

edi vd v
i . .7 aid'; net cT reMon or

yXctenioaenq fl .ferric oil? lo eqfesiwond feep.csSoiq odw nan fer

. feHd oriJ do He- ;e:j aotc

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ti 3303 ei' i .saoitevsSa Xia ye t fenaX8i erf? no oxscr :c' •

bne fendlaaais t
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rfai/d yiafincoao

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9l??il edt ^aietsdo ni ?aeqa ei a/aij a?i lo notice; or.-i I

. { aonriqeX, } scone?;, c; *:•. : n

r;o ^i.-ii) 0«1 OflOla aXoufeivifeni afenil yi Xanax; enO

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r
: or.

Ibo %afrx.ett

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3"
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t
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 230

short raoid wing beats to keep his equilibrium. The shrill

cry of this bird is sometimes confused with that of Lalage.

The nest which is small and cup -shaped and made of

fern hairs and fine grasses, lined with some lichens is

placed in tree-ferns, low trees or shrubs. Two eggs formu-

late a clutch.

After nesting, only the female feeds the young ap-

parently. On numerous occasions I have seen the male inter-

fering with the mother when she is feeding the young. I

believe that this species nests at all seasons of the year.

Ponape name: Pul liet' a bird which notices

things very quickly, also one which sees ghosts and scares

them away with his shrill call.

28. Zosterons conspioillata . One could almost
call this bird rare on Ponape. Nearly every one seen was

taken. They are always observed in pairs and are found

usually around the yellow flowered shrubs or low trees.

Those specimens taken were located in various places, in

grasslands, (the edge) secondary growth, and low shrubs in

the true forest at &11 altitudes but always at flowering

trees.

This species keeps up a continuous high-pitched

sibilation at all times, when feeding and when on the wing.

Their voices are much richer and finer than those of the
brown Zoster ons .

They are very active even when feeding. One al-

most never sees them sitting still. Nest is a tiny cup-

££i?i* a a if? .wired lllbpe aid qso>; at atasd p.nlu blear iredz

.egsXs.I 1c ifltfl ririr'v Xeax/inoo aswiiteiaoa ex ,5ii\ side to ^10

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-qxfo Yflli *1 ieo .Iliia gniiiiB raeiii aeaa leva •
tac.rr
 231

shaped affair of lichens and mosses carefully secured to the

limb of a tree. Two very pale blue eggs are laid.

Ponape name: Teet signifies call of the bird.

29. Zosterops ponapensis . A very common bird on

the island. Found everywhere from the seacoast to the

tops of the mountains, and in all types of localities as

well. Along with the starling, this species may be an-

ticipated any place one happens to be.

These Zosterops are usually found in flocks

flying about, prying into everyone’s business and quar-

reling among themselves. As a consequence it is a common

sight to see and hear one of these individuals flying

pell-mell through the forests or open lands, yelling

bloody murder and being closely followed by a bird of

another species. I suspect that this little Zosterops de-

lights in irritating his feathered associates just for the

sake of being pursued.

A noisy bird at best ?/hich keeps up a continuous

chatter from daylight until well after dark. A small

flock of them working about and feeding in low shrubs or

bushes can and do make a tremendous amount of racket.

Food comprises seeds and insects. Nest is the

same as the former species; one finds it difficult to tell

them apart.
Natives differentiate between a light and dark

phase, but I attribute that to the condition of the light

at the time and the place the bird is feeding. There have

been instances when one sees them working around yellow

ejlJ # h&iitew' \ILl ©tso esaacm \ £>n-.; ape. noil to li, lit feeqoris

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.

to sduorfs *o.i ni gnif>9&‘i 6ns ino ^ntjfTa* xi'.sxfd To ooc ?'.

. ^ 0>Ioj6 t To dm/ocxs axfo6aasfi©T? a 9:1 sra op 6ns xtbs s&jlar

odd al das /I . aaapsni 6nc aPese 89a.tTqr.io0 Poo?

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. S zb t 3 aiaiii

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evsxi sTaxiV .Antbo si ei -fiTi’cf' e.xld #®flXq arid Pxix a:

wol..' ,ts '&nijiTcw crafd eeoe oao nedw esonooani r;o

 232

flowers when those appeared to be that color and were

taken for the other Zosterops .

Ponape name: Teet — the call of the bird.

30. Erythruva . A very rare bird of the true

grasslands. I doubt whether there are now a hundred speci-

mens to be found on the islands. A number of years ago

professional Japanese trappers netted thousands of these

birds for the aviaries in Japan. The care and treatment

of them enroute to Japan became such a bother that the

Nippon Yusen Kaisha Steamship Company finally put a stop

to transportation, fortunately, before the bird was ex-

terminated.

Like all finches this one feeds on seeds in the

grassland, but roosts and rests during the heat of the day

in the adjoining forest.

They live in small flocks, are very shy and fly

readily when disturbed. Once a note of alarm is given the

whole flock takes wing and disappears into the adjoining

forest where they secrete themselves quietly in the tops

of trees. So successfully do they hide that one rarely,

if ever, sees them among the trees of the forest.

At other times when disturbed at feeding the

whole flock will dive to the ground and hide successfully

in the grasses or weeds.

On the wing some individuals utter a weak hissing

sibilation that is an aid to the hunter in locating them.

My guide and I learned that just at daybreak, at

 rib . bus noloo ttsfii ed c* JaaTssncia seorr? neri-f n- '
•
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.on stq.eno?

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*,-, •

: •

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q©da b ,Xjjq qi 3 ,
• it ^nsqaioQ qM-snaodi. sris j; rit nsiuri non, 1

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.•jBjiot exit to Esoqt f Id no. -
wild rosa .it v ;

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da ,2fneid^Bf> tfs tent fsrid ; omti.el I fins <?blu: %

 233

sundown or immediately after a good hard rain were the

best times to collect these finches. On such occasions

small flocks arise from the ground or fly in from their

resting places to feed in the tops of the grasses or

bushes. By crawling on one’s hands and knees on the ground

or working from a blind one can collect specimens.

It is very rarely that a specimen can be obtained

with an aux cartridge. The distance from the bird, the

compactness of its feathers and the thickness of its skull

make a more powerful charge of shot necessary. It is rarely

that a specimen is ruined.

If the hunter obtains one individual at an at-

tempt, he is fortunate. As soon as a gun is fired, the

whole flock takes wing and disappears in the forest where

it is impossible to obtain them.

When cmnped in the mountains, I opened the day

with an attempt at Erythruva and closed it with the same.

Sometimes when searching for owls at night an example was

collected.

In rare instances juveniles have been found alone.

The nest is placed in the grassland, but none

were found during my visit to the island.

Ponape name: Look out a poo poo: I could not

learn the meaning of the word.

1. Flying fox. This large species may be en-

countered anywhere in the forest when breadfruit is available.

For it is especially fond of this food. When none is to be

had this species keeps to the mangroves pretty well.

 —
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a v a £<.naax© a© is aiwc io*i gnixioiaea near. aor ic- araoc

.bote ©lie

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# . j;o*« # oi' ' b y voij>fia.i & r o# 8-'d©vi iiolosqe i'rif a.-..

 234

It flies and feeds in the daytime as well as at

night. One finds them alone in the forest hanging from a

limb of a high tree a good elevation from the ground. But

in the mangrove thickets they congregate in the low trees

by the hundreds.

One hears them at night and can, with a little

practice, learn to imitate their call and attract indivi-

duals to them.
On a tiny island just east of Langar in Ponape

harbor this soecies assembles in hundreds during the day.

Ponape people do not eat them as natives do on other is-

lands, hence they are not often disturbed.

Ponape name: Bway'ock, signifies very ugly,

strong smelling. The word is used as an insult.

2. Small bat. Unlike its larger relative this

species lives in caves. It is a nocturnal creature which

does frequent deep ravines and dark heavy forests in the

daytime, on dull rainy days.

Ponape name: Kul urn weet, a ghost animal. It is

closely related to the bush devil (Liva pon a well) and is

considered one of the royal household.

This comprises all of the endemic birds of Ponape

Island. There are, of course, transient sea birds which

visit the island though those Here not present during our
visit.
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 235

Kusaie Collections

"Kusaie (Ueland) or Strong Island situated in

latitude 5° 19 1/2* N. and 162° 59' £. is the easternmost

of* the Carolines. It is a high basaltic island about 8

miles in length in a northeast and southwest direction and

about 6 miles in breadth, and is fringed by a reef which

on the northwest side extends in one place to the distance

of a mile.
The general aspect of the island is hilly and

toward the center mountains. In the north Mount Buache at-

tains a height of 1946 feet and from its rounded top the
sides slope gradually to the base. Near the center of the

island is Mount Crozier 2064 feet in height, which is the

summit of the island, and of a ridge extending in an east

and west direction and ranging in height from 1400 to 2000

feet. The detaohed conical peak on the northwest side of

the island is named Mertens Monument and is 1526 feet above
high water.

Between Mount Grozier and Buache a deep valley

divides the island, at the extremities of which are situ-

ated the principal harbors, Chabrol, on the eastern side,

and Goquille Harbor, on the western side. This valley af-

fords the only route by which the island can be crossed.

The southern part of Kusaie is surrounded by a

chain of mangrove islets, connected by a reef, within which

is a boat channel. Near the center of the southern side

this connection is broken and forms Port Lottin.

The whole island from the beach to the mountain
 t ;

a a o 1 0 obi | of
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ex b £ uii

ni fisiauJis .brulfi I ^ac'rrdi '.to ,

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xu ... ai t . a :/• r J oxiiC ea '.

b:i 3 rroltoerib tee?; 'Jvoa bna faBer.t’ion a Mi rit^tiel ni aeli

rfoMw “rydi a Y" fc&sr'iTl ei Jbxia .fldts&'io rix aoiin 6 iro

aona * a„; i. cl' ©oal sno nl ., c: xs ai i a
• d'eevxf iJ'icn :

on a ai Jonelsi axfff to t oeqae. IfexoiM.-j e. if

- o d'-ion &dt n
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e:U iot abnuci zts: m% z r

baa tee': SeCI to txv tci. . ;

h .
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r i\1 ai A'oxriv/ .J-iiBisxf ni 79& fl £dQS rrsJsso-iO OnnoM ai ?,.

.

' t

fsn$ :ia ni rtiorteixe &-;-blT a Jo one ,i nty£e± &&t x 'tb non

'vo .. O- -Q± I '.cm jxi, 16 ni ^nignsi a a ou ofjisp 7
;••
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svoca tfeet dSdl o£ baa JaaaurnoK anoina.: 5ero . n ai in ala ; ; .

. . jav? .

vsllev qeeJb b adoauG bm teisetO inx/oM assr/iei:

- niiFj yiB riolx to so

; 0 ii.a'ro :<e edt te r bd‘Jei &iit aeblvio
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3 I.iov siitT .©f)ia fiiaiaew orfi no

t
iodie'i ©liiirpor ;

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b vd x&inao-rius si eieeifii to d-xeq niarijuoe eift’

doiriw tiiiitlw t
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 236

tops, with the exception of the summit of Mount Crozier,

is covered with thick and almost impassable forest, and the

shores are surrounded by a broad belt of mangroves and

other trees. The numerous water courses and the richness

of the vegetation attest the humidity of the climate, which,

however, does not appear to be unhealthful. (No malaria

or dengue fevers ) .

On the eastern side, on Lele Island where the

inhabitants mostly reside, are some interesting ruins, .

built of enormous blocks of basaltic stone. There are also

several artificial canals and oanoe harbors. These ruins

are stated by the natives to have been built by the former

inhabitants, partly for defense and partly in honor of the

dead, the large blocks of stone being brought from the main

island on rafts.
The only commerce consists of the export of copra

and the import of a small amount of lumber, feed, tools, etc.

The products are taro, breadfruit, bananas, pineapples,

yams and coconuts. There are also fresh meats such as pigs

and goats to be had." H. 0. 165, vol. 1, 1928.

Kusaie has many times been referred to as the

"Garde a of Micronesia." It was here that the New Bedford

and New England whaling ships congregated in the old days to

take on fresh water, firewood and provisions. No end of

drunken orgies with the introduction of venereal diseases

reduced the population of these natives from many thousand
to only a few hundred.
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•

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sicri/ to ttooxe orii to atsiar.oo so’xeaxaoo -

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bnaauorft \natG ftoil Be? IS an aeeift to coltaXjjroq sdt bBocb^'f

. stbnifi-: wat a vino c

 237

Those natives were a tall, strong, dark skinned

Mioronesian type. But now they have been interbred so

badly that scarcely a pure type can be found. More recently

Japanese have begun to intermarry with the natives.

It was on this island that the famous Bully Hayes,

the modern buccaneer, played his pranks after losing his

vessel. Fortunately for the local inhabitants Hayes left

the island hurriedly when a British man of war took after

him.
The schooner ‘France* anchored in Chabrol (Lele)

Harbor, situated on the eastern side of Kusaie Island and

remained in that port all of the time the expedition re-

mained on the island.

This course was necessary due to Government re-

strictions.

During the course of collecting, every portion of

the island was worked thoroughly. Though the two prizes

or most desirable species, a rail and a mountain starling

were not met with. Apparently neither of them were present

on the island at the time of our stay as I could not find

one native who had seen the rail in the last 30 years and

no one who remembered the starling.

It is, of course, possible that both of them have

become extinct, but I prefer not to make a positive state-

ment.

Birds of Kusaie

Name Native Name Amount

Puffinus Lo 1
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 238

Name Native Name Amount

Phaethon lepturus shiek g
8ula leuoogaster Ku'vuhl ]_

Demigretta sacra Neg lap 22

Gallus Wen en i leh 6

Pluvialis Ku lul' g

Numenius Kaht kaht 5

Heteractitus Ku lul' 21
Arenaria Ku lul '
7
Anotls stolidus Mauk 23
An oils minutus Shack ahl 17
Gygis alba Ge ah kah 11
Ptilinopus hernsheimi Pfawn 40
Ducula oceanica Moulik 45
Urodynamis Nis eahr ' 3

Collocalia fuciphaga Gal kief 42

Aplonis opaca U veh' 50

Myzomela rubrata Schusch 55

Zosterops cinerea Tar ahm 50

Erythruya trichroa Schisoh na weh 14

Flying fox Fawk 3
Bush rat No name 3

Species 22
Individuals 426

1. Petrel. This species roosts and nests in the

steep cliffs of the center of the island. Two rock faces

were discovered, both more or less inaccessible, where
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 239

birds were known to spend the nocturnal hours. With the

aid of ropes, blocks and tackles from the ship, myself and
party succeeded in locating a few roosting crevices of
pockets, but when a man or man were stationed at these af-

ter dark not a solitary bird came within gun range. At

other times natives were stationed at the top and below

the 800-foot perpendicular cliff, but they had no success

either with clubs or firearms. Altogether every manner and

means, but the right one, were tried without a specimen

being collected.
None of the present natives could give me an ap-

proximate nesting date for this bird. Some of the older in-
habitants did say that their forefathers used to weave long

ropes from grasses, lower themselves over the edge of the

cliff, locate the young and tie their mandibles together.

Then when the adult appeared with food and couldn’t under-

stand why the youngsters didn’t open his mouth to eat the

natives could strike the older ones over the head with a

club while the parent was hovering about the juvenile. This,

at least, is the story given me.

The only example obtained was one that had been

captured in a chicken coop early in the morning by natives.

This particular specimen had been attracted to the coop by

the call of a domestic fowl and there became entangled or

enmeshed in the wires of the cage. I am told that petrels

quite often visit crowing fowls and attempt to fight with

them.
 33

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 240

There were not large numbers of petrels roosting

on the island at the time of our visit. I should think not

more than two or three dozen. As we covered practically

every inch of the ground listening and looking for sounds

of night calling rails, etc. I believe we located the only

roosting site of the petrel.

2. Phagthon . The white-tailed tropic-bird is not

nearly as common on Kusaie as on Ponape Island. Here, though,

it exhibits the same traits as on the latter place. One
sees it at all hours of the day most anywhere from out at
sea to the sides of the high mountain peaks. One is par-

ticularly impressed when several of these birds soar to a

high elevation over the island and display themselves against

a clear blue background of the sky.

3. Jula leucogaster . During our stay a few were

found roosting on a small islet at the extreme southern end

of the island. According to the natives, this species has

never been known to nest on Kusaie. At odd times stragglers

apparently do come there and remain off and on for a few

months at a time. The one specimen forwarded was taken for

record only.

4. Demigretta sacra . Far more common on Kusaie

than on Ponape. They are to be found wading on the coral

reefs, in the mangrove swamps and at odd times an isolated

one may be flushed from high up along a mountain stream.

They appear to be quite active on this island and are more

difficult to approach than on others. Probably this is due

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 T
241

to some of the Japanese (Okanawas) who take them for food.

At the northern end of Kasai e there is a large cave

with a wide-mouthed entrance which is inhabited by small bats

and swifts. I have witnessed herons walking about at the

deep end of the cave (300 feet from the entrance) but to

what purpose I do not know.

The dark, white and mottled phases were collected

here. I should say that the dark and white phases are about

equal in number with an occasional mottled bird intermingling.

Our Chinese cook considered heron hunting a rare sport which

accounts for the large series taken.

5. Callus . This bird has interbred so badly with

the domestic strains that I could not find a good example

on the island. Those few that are found in a "wild state"

remain so close to human habitation that it is useless to

consider a pure strain longer or attempt to collect them ex-

cept as a record. Daring all of my travels about the is-

land, I never once encountered this bird in the mountains or

high mountain valleys.

6. Pluvialis . A migrant, of course. As on other

islands, it is here found along the sandy beaches, in man-

grove swamps and in clearings of any kind.
7. Numenius . The curlew is evidently a migrant

here also, as no one could be found who had seen a nest of

this species. Fair-sized flocks of 20 or more congregate

on tiny islets at the southern end of the island to roost

at night. One often hears their cry at night when they

have been disturbed and have taken to flight.

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 242

8. He teractitus . Quite a large series of various

phases of this bird were taken on Kusaie. One encounters

them along the reefs and sandy beaches, in mangrove swamps
and in rare instances well into the interior of the island
along mountain streams. These seem to congregate at night
in flocks but spread out and feed alone. Natives have no
nesting records of this species either. Unlike the plover
this species does not frequent grasslands.

9. Arenaria . Always found in little flocks along

the outer reefs and sandy beaches of the foreshore. Never
in the interior of an island. These are reported to remain

all the year around but no nests were recorded.

10. Anotts stolidus. A common bird on Kusaie, par-

ticularly at the southern end of the island where one can

find them in thousands. They display the same habits as

those on Ponaoe. From watching them on both islands, I am

now convinced that this species does nest all of the year

around and probably one individual engages in such activity

several times in one year.
One hears their harsh rasping call notes at all

hours of the day and night as they fly back and forth from

the ocean to their roosts or nests.

As on Ponape one encounters individuals high up

on the ridges of the tallest mountains. Again, I believe

most of these latter are juveniles learning to fly.

11. Anotts minutus. Again here a very retiring

bird which keeps to itself in colonies in the low shrubs

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 243

and trees of outlying reefs and isolated small islands.

One never sees it flying about in the island.

On Kusaie one colony was found on a tiny islet of

the outer reef at the southern end of the island. These

birds were not nesting at the time of my visit.

12. Gygis alba . Not common on Kusaie. I believe

this species restricts itself more to the small coral atolls

than larger island masses. On Ponape I was told that I

would find this bird at Pakin and Ant Atolls.

I found them to be quite tame and even friendly

little creatures which would hover some 15 or 20 feet over

my head when I was walking in secondary bush or grassland.

Apparently such actions are engendered to compensate their

curiosity.

One usually finds them in small flocks of two or

three hovering about the tops of trees uttering their

plaintive little cries. If one is collected from a flock

of others, not the least disturbed by the noise of the shot

hover over the fallen comrade and display unusual concern.

I am told that no nest is built but the one egg

is fastened to a lirab of a tree with saliva.

13. Ptilinopus . Quite common on Kusaie. In fact,

I should say that this species is holding its own here very

well. At the time I made my visit, individuals were found

very difficult to obtain. Usually one expects to meet with

them in high trees near villages and native gardens, but
here they are discovered high up on the mountain slooes.
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 244

Probably this was due to their food supply more than any
14.
other cause.
Ducula . About 4 o’clock in the afternoon

these birds begin congregating in the high trees of the

lowlands close to the salt water where they roost for the
night. Particularly is this ture in the least inhabited

sections of the southern portion of the island.

At daybreak the flocks scatter and work their

way to the tops of the mountains where they feed indivi-

dually usually in the tops of high trees. The Kusaie na-

tives have become very proficient in imitating the call of

this species, so much so that they attract the bird and

capture numbers with stones and clubs. As yet there are

not enough Japanese on the island to have diminished this

bird perceptibly.
15. Urodynamis . Natives recognize the cuckoo
as a migrant. As on Ponape the arrival of the bird around

the first of February indicates the beginning of the bread-

fruit season. It is to be found everywhere on the island.

16. Collooalia. The little swift is undoubtedly

the most common bird on the island. One encounters it

everywhere from the seashore to the tops of the highest

peaks of the mountains. Unlike the same species on Ponape,

this one is far more inclined to feed above high trees and
not restrict itself to open lands and cleared areas. There

are by the way, few of the latter mentioned about the place.
,

Here one finds these birds traveling in waves of several

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 245

hundred birds working along together or near one another and

headed in the same general direction as they shift about.
They roost and nest in caves that are scattered

about the island.

17 . Aplonis opaca . Next to Oollooalia the most
common bird on the island. One finds them in flocks every-
where, all types of locations and altitudes. During my stay

scores of this species were taken in hopes that a mountain

ornis could be located. Unfortunately, it was not. The

juveniles here outnumber the adults with a ratio of about

five to one. Here again the juveniles travel alone in

f looks

18. Myzomela . Very common in the lowlands, es-

pecially in coconut trees and low shrubs. Here one does

not find this species penetrating to the higher elevations.

The females feed the youngsters long after they begin to
fly.
I noted also that the adult males begin copulating

with young females before they are out of their juvenile

plumage.
19. Zosterops cinerea . Very common on all parts

of the island. One finds them in flocks working about even

in the tops of high trees. The conduct of this species is

the same as on Ponape Island, unless it be that the birds

are noisy here.

20. Zrythruva. I should class the bird as com-

mon on Kusaie, but difficult to obtain. Unlike the similar

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 246

speoies on Ponape, this bird here is not restricted to cer-

tain areas, but is found all over the island even to quite

high, elevations.

There is no true grassland on Kusaie, but only-

isolated patches of coarse tussocks where rocks are exposed

to the surface. None of these are over a few yards in ex-

tent .
lirythruva does always remain in flocks. Many

times I have heard one working around in the dense under-

growth of the true forests, but before I could locate him

the individual had flown.
I found that very early in the morning was the

best time to collect the species, when they were actively

engaged in feeding. The enlightened savages of Kusaie know

nothing of their nesting habits.

A. Flying Fox. Virtually extinct on Kusaie. In

1926 or 27, an epidemic broke out among these mammals which

practically wiped out the race. There were only two living

specimens remaining on the island that I know of, when I

left.
B. Bush rat. The island is overrun with rats,

but at the time I was there an epidemic seemed to have

broken out among them also as numbers of dead individuals

could be found lying on the ground. For that reason I dis-

liked very much to handle them.

At night the whole forest is overrun with these

pests whose Bqueekings and cries may be heard everywhere.
 i

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 247

A good series of all species of the island was

taken except the two most important species which were not

met with.

1. Kittlitzia oornia . The mountain starling was

not discovered though I covered every mountain range on the
island and questioned the natives continuously. Not one
individual was found who could give me any information or
say that he had seen one.

2. Aphanolimnas monasa . The natives have a name

for the bird, Nay tai mai not, meaning "to land in the

taro." Furthermore, I learned that it is a god of the bush

and much reverenced by the people.

Jeveral oldsters seemed to remember their fore-

fathers sneaking of the bird, but none of them admitted

having seen it, except an elderly deacon, a staunch pillar

of the church, who claimed to have had the bird
pointed out
to him some 20 years previous to my visit.

Every possible means we could think of was tried

to snare or find a specimen. Every locality from the sea
coast to the tops of the mountains was searched.

In as much as the island is overrun with rats,

one couldn't expect to find many ground birds.

 3 ™ "
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 248

Guam Collections

Guam situated in latitude 13° 27* N. and 144°

45* E. is the southernmost, largest, and most populous is-

land of the Marianne chain. It has an area of about 200

square miles with a length of 30 miles and a width of from

4 to 8 miles, stretching in a more or less north and south

direction.

The southern part of the island is high and moun-

tainous. A chain of ridges runs from the center on the

west side to the southern tip which breaks the whole por-

tion into deep valleys and ridges. Mount Lam lam is the

highest peak with an elevation of 1334 feet. The whole of

the mountainous or southern portion is volcanic in origin

and is composed of lava rock, flint quartz and clay in dif-

ferent forms. For the most part the mountains are bare of

vegetation except for shrubs and grasses. The valleys of

course are wooded.

"The typography of the northern half of the is-

land is entirely different from the southern, inasmuch as

it is one large plateau ranging in elevation from 200 to

500 feet, sloping generally from the cliffs bordering the

sea inland and from the northernmost point to the swampy

land north of Agana, through which flows the Agana River.

This part of the island is watered by no perennial stream
except a few brooks that rise on Mount Santa Rosa and disap
pear in the coral rock at its base. Running water dan also
be found during 10 months of the year at the foot of
 : c

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 249

Ivlataguac, a small hill east of Santa Rosa. The cliffs on

the north and northeast sides of the island are the highest

in Guam, reaching a height of 600 feet above the sea. These

oliffs are covered almost entirely with verdure except where

there is a sheer drop of 200 feet or so, and at their base

lie coconut plantations and white beach sand. The whole

presents a very pleasant tropical scene." The Island of

Guam, Washington, 1917.

Discovered on March 6, 1521, by Fernando de Ma-

gellanes, Guam remained under Spanish rule until it was

taken over by the American Navy in 1898. At present it is

considered an American Naval base.

The natives, who call themselves Chamorros, are

a mixture of any number of races, white and malay, who

have come to the island. At present they number about 17,000.

Though they are primitive in many respects, the

younger ones are all educated in schools, nearly all own

land and exist upon a much higher scale than the natives

of other islands in that part of the world. Nearly all of

them operate their small farms and raise almost every kind

of vegetable imaginable. Food is most plentiful everywhere.

Only a limited time was s>ent in collecting on

Guam and then only at the extreme northern! end of the is-

land where forest and secondary bush are most prolific. A

small representative series of birds was brought together

though several species previously recorded were not met

with
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 a
‘

250

Birds of Guam

Name Native name Amount

Puffinus Lu au 1

Demi |retta sacra

f

Chuck u ko 1

Ixobrich us Kek kek 2

Excal fact oris Beng beng 1

Hypotaenidia Ko ko 4

Gharalrius mongolus Pi li li 3

Heteraotitus brevipes Pi li li S

Pluvialis fuse us Pi li li 1

Arenaria interpres Pi li li 1

Anofls stolidus Pah jang 8

Gallioolumba joWensis Ah packah 17

Ptilinopus roscicapillus Tot tot 15

Streptopeli Paluman jalom'tano 7>

Collocalia Jug ag'guag 13

Halcyon cinnamon! us Si hig 18

Corvus kubaryi Ah gah 10

Myiagra freycineti Ghig guang guang 88

Rhipidura rufifrons Ghich chi ri ka 4

Aplonis opaeha Sah li 4

Myzomela rub rat a Eh gi gi 1

Zosterops conspicillata Nts sak 8

Plying fox (Pteropus) Pah ni hi 7

1. Puffinus . The one example taken was brought

in by some natives who had oaptured the bird at night on

the sandbeach not far from the agricultural experimental

station.
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 251

I could find no one on the island who knew of

this particular species except that it was associated with

their night flying devils. A number of names werd given

me, viz.: Lu'au-~Fah hang' — Lang ng ay'ao — Lang a'jah

Xah'ti and Utek' — . All of which are in various ways as-

sociated with ev%il spirits.

There was a rumor also that this species formerly

roosted at Mount Barrigada toward the north end of the is-

land, but I could find no means of substantiating this

statement.
This bird bore a striking resemblance to those

taken on the equator enroute to Ponape Island.

2. Demigretta sacra . A number of these were

observed on the reefs at various ports of the island. Here

the white phase seemed to predominate over the blue. No

mottled birds were observed.

3. Ixobr^oh us sinensis . A few were found in

the scrub growth and grassy patches near the seacoast.

Apparently they do most or all of their feeding at night.

I would suggest that this bird is a migrant.

4. Hxcalfactoria . This bird presumably an in-

troduced speoies is quite common in the grasslands all

over the island. Because of its ability to fly quickly

and hide successfully in the grasses few are snared or

taken by the natives. The name Beng Beng, given by the

Guam people, is derived from the peculiar whirring noise

the bird makes when in flight.

5. Hypotaenidia . Not common on Guam though a

 ™
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.
 252

moderate number were observed in the secondary bush and

shrub about the plantation at the north end of the island.

These birds dart through the grass so quickly one rarely,

if ever, has a shot at them.

I was fortunate in obtaining the services of a

dog, belonging to an old native, which ran some of these

to earth for me. Given more time I could probably have

obtained a good series.

6. Charadrius . A few were observed in little

flocks and singly along the sandy beaches and in all cleared

areas as well as cut over grasslands.

7. Heterac tit us brevipes . A limited number were

observed along the reefs and sandy beaches. Those were
usually found alone.

8. Pluvial is fuscus . One specimen was encoun-

tered along the reefs. Not common at the time of year I

was present.
9. Aren ar 1 a interpres . A few small flocks were
observed along the reefs. One example was taken as a

record.

10. Anotts s tolldus . The larger noddy is quite

common around Guam, but does not apparently nest on the

island. I presume that it goes farther north to the

other islands of the Marianne chain for that purpose.

11. Gallic olumb . This little dove was found

to be common at the north end of the island where camp

was established. They seemed to congregate in one small

area in the dense underbrush where the collector could
 o

Lae dead Yj-flJbaooes arid jzl Aevieado siaw rre 6’jsm s 1t»*te ' or,

. jslai add o iwie odion v.'d ?b •.oi^sicalq arid taode. -r:

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.

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bassos sew svo; ©Iddil siril .r_d ^;oc :...!>.; .£!

qinEa anodw tr.alai aril to An© rid ion arid ds aosanoo sc od

I Lens rro ni oJsj otwoo oj be tees vsril .AadeiXdsdee •-.:•

j&Xnoc loloelloo arid es9rir. liautcdistncr eenai arid ni .sene

usually flush one or more in his travels. Though quite

tame and more or less easily approached I found them dif-

ficult to collect because of their ability to hide behind

logs, stones, etc.

12. Ptilinopus . Not very common on Guam Island

any longer. They are restricted to the northern end of the

island and frequent any of the fruit bearing trees.
Natives snare and secure with lime or tree juices
numbers of these birds which they sell to the white resi-
dents. It is quite a common sight in the city to see this

species in cages hanging from the porches of houses.

13. Streptopella . This introduced species is

found to be very common everywhere on the island. One en-

counters it along the roadsides in shrubs and trees in the
cities, in grasslands and in the true forest. I don't be-

lieve there is any danger of this species becoming exter-

minated because of its peculiar adaptability to surround-
ings.

14. Collocali . Not as common on Guam as on

other islands in this part of the Pacific. One observes

them flitting about over grasslands, gardens and open

spaces during the cooler hours of the day. They roost

and nest in isolated caves about the island.

15. Halcyon cinnamonius . I found only a
limited number of this speoies about clearings, gardens
and secondary growth at the north end of Guam, though it
is possible that there are more in other localities. I
 l 0 •

eSiup d&jod? Bid ni etom 10 ©no rietrrt

-ill) nierid 1 tedoeoicfqs ^lises aeel" rco ercm taz vs :\3

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. .2

rio as mm: fro Homos ao 3©/ , e iiBooIXeC ,M

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I .s?8131Xb6oX *sd3o ai ©to -t eis ©1 -13 ,-«.‘3 oftfiee © oi
 254

believe this species lives almost entirely on lizards here.

16. Corvu3 kubaryi . A few remain in the forested

areas of the island. As it is considered a pest because of

its habit of devouring corn and garden truck, natives have

been granted permission to destroy the bird with firearms.

I predict that the crow will be exterminated within a short

while.

17. Mylagra . Hardly common, very retiring and

does not respond readily to call. Dr. Edwards told me that
he formerly saw them around the outskirts of the city of
Agana, but that now those have disappeared. I discovered
them, taken at the north end of the island inhabiting the

heavy undergrowth in isolated places.

18. Rhipidura . Rare on Guam. I was not fortu-

nate enough to find a female specimen. Like the former
species this one, too, is restricted to the small area of
true forest at the north end of the island.

19. Aplonis . Undoubtedly the most common bird

on Guam as it is found pretty well over the whole of the

island, it travels and feeds in flocks as elsewhere.

20. Myzomela . Very rare on the island. The

only specimen observed was taken. One does not find them
around the coconut trees or in bushes or gardens as is

usual on most islands. A blight in the coconut trees some

years ago might have had something to do with their exter-

mination.

21. Zosterops . Not common. A few of these were

found in the secondary bush and scrub at the northern end
 v I

C':©.1 8 r: 135*1 : 0 •.lei 1.2 n 9. d sojtiXs eevl.t aelas <p< eind even.

S 5o::3‘ o' •.

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aved sevidsn ,3louid nelms Xiie itioo j&nJuaOYsfc >o dieted Bdi

.8 gib- 911 * far ;;i ?

c? srld Tjoidao cd fiolaa ‘err e betjeiz nee;

?to , '; ,b jviriuiw nede: i 2 .9 ed III?? '.voio ©rid 2 1: i <*

c li e iq .

.9 Jl • i

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r
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S :,3 .'-mldicterini J&neXBi end Vj JBxie dduon arid 2, ae<r. 2 .

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:

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r
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s -'2 o eloriw arid levs II©?/ \;ddav’ nuo *1 ai di an nni no

l £ .
a a? ni ferae"! kb aj'.evnid dj , a

: riT .Infjlai odd oo susu xze. Z ibl&mc ux 1

. .OS

inn rid
:

nil don eeoo enO .deled so?, . ©vuesdo nsnioe-qs -

ai as sneduBg uo asds ni : bhp$?&

6. J3 8 UC dOfflOOOO 1

:7 ill -/' U . - 7
:
7 . ,0

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v o£> od gdirid an?ce •. ••?.£• sva r. dri?- :
~ o^e. ama -

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o'

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 255

of the island.

A. Pteropus — Plying fox. Not common on luam any

longer. The natives are very fond of this mammal as food

and with the introduction of firearms have nearly cleaned

them out. In the markets one large specimen will bring as

high as a dollar. The north end of the island is that last

stronghold of this species.

Besides those species taken, the following have

been recorded from the island:
Acrocephalus ,
Poliolimnas ,
Gall inula , Limosa . Nu -

menius, lallinago , Squat arola ,

Oharadrius dominicus , Anas

oustaleti, An oils minutus , lygis alba ,

PhaSthon lepturus ,

Pregata aquila . Sula piscatrix , Sula leucogaster ,

also Asio

f lammeu3 .

None of these species were met with but probably

with more time at my disposal some of these could have been

included in the collections.

 -

333

iio .: 00 Jcf: , "? a:j. L — o>, .ovei

Sodi SB IBBHUB : alitt 'to f; lOl v;'XSV Sli-' BeViCBi-il &ii'I » •;

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.aaioeqe airfd >'

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’
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 856

Tinian Collections

Tinian Island of the Marianne Group lies in lati-

o 0
tude 15 00' N. and longitude 145 38' E. It has an area
of about 20 square miles and lies about equidistant from

Saipan on the north and iiguijan on the south. The island

is of even height, not over 100 feet above sea level of

coralline formation and without a good anchorage for ocean

vessels.

In the olden days the island was used as a

propagating ground for herds of cattle, droves of goats,

pigs and dogs which lives in more or less of a wild state.

Only a limited number of natives, with their families, who

acted as caretakers or watchmen, remained on the island,

later in German times a few more natives retreated to

Tinian to get away from foreign rule. At that time the

whole island with the exception of a stretch of marshy-

ground was covered with virgin forest in a most luxuriant

s tate of grow th.

Recently, however, the Japanese, under whose

jurisdiction these islands have now fallen, have stripped

this one t> f its heavy timber and have planted the whole of

it with sugar cane. These latter have had a remarkable

degree of success with their agricultural pursuit and not

only have given employment to quite a few thousand of their

own countrymen but export refined sugar to the amount of

several million dollars' worth each year.

Jh at few natives remain on their own land are

 r : i

enoidcenoO sm i IT .

-i Jsl ni sell asjotl emifiltai: ©rid lo fxtal&I azlul'i

: i-o £o-if i'l .. 'll 6i-I o ndijni: I line

. .1 !
00 U .
jrf

srosl b'iu-ge 3 node sell fine eelim erfcao pa 'OS dcodr la

brtBlet eril .dlyos ertd ao-'.m«t togi. M$ dive a ©dd no rice ix

iO level fits evodc Je©S OOI revo Son ,

d sieve le e

£t£S9©0 *£0l 9%B*OdOO£ J&QOg £ fss'ddf'XV hll£ 'GOiJsfJTOl i-nilit-v -

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b E£ J>e&u sb?' Mslsi arid s\7,jb£ fiodlo ©dd dl

, fit ao> ro eevotx ,

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cd etee’iiei esvidar* eioin we': 3 se :i r r^vne, ni e:

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.•n vom !'-

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©id.i-i'ifnei b Jbail ©vad lendal eaetfT ,©g»c tBpss dJI •

3:

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lo ,'LBStiOdd rtsJ b el la o od do©ftry;oIqrae fiev'lg svsn vino

1c v=iBo -.rf edd oj *XB£tf8 jBec.rfcetc 3*iQqx© di/d nejrt^cdruj-oe r; wo

.ibsx dos© ridvo?: ’

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etc© -
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 ' )

no w clustered in a small hamlet, adjoining a patch of rocky

ground near the center of the island, as the ground is

worthless for agricultural purposes the Japanese have no

need for extracting this remnant of native population.

It is true that there are several hundred Chamor-

ros (natives of the Marianne Group) to be found at the city

of Song Song on Tinian, but they are employed in the sugar

local refinery.

I was permitted but a few days of collecting on

Tinian Island in September 1931 and chose as my camp the

only portion of the island where some forest and secondary

bush remains.

The following is a list of species taken on Tinian

Island:

Name Native name Amount

Ixobrychus sinensis Kak kak 3

Gallinula ohloropus Pul at tat 5

Gygis alba Ghung eh 1

Ptilinopus Tot' tot 3

Gallicolumba Paluman-Kunau 8

S treptopelia Paluma ( ? 2

Halcyon albi cilia Si 'hig 4

Myiagra takutsukasae Chug uang'guang 9

Rhipldura rufifrons Ghich chi ri'ka 6

Aplonis opaca Sah li 27

Myzomela rubrata Nh gi'gi 2

Zosterops conspicillata Nos sak 18

 — ,
-

si naiias* . rid y . . b . s id t . *r.. o -rid . ?e; 1 ax

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'

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no r;.. 13 sol -O o 'to s^'u 5vol b 3c cf Jteddixnie -•

ar. ;v i

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©rid qiJBO v.c sb eeo'rip ixie X?»€I *iecfcia. q©& r.l la si a.. a: :...

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, snlBi :9i ri;

Ofilnl’I no netfsd aeloeqa 3 ail « si sfli?rol lot aril

daeo-uA ©ihbxi 87 Ida/

5(b» :'e>: axe a ©c 1 1 8# u o\;t o' c , : ..

S ded ii In'? e;;aO*IOliU; ,; £cci_

X
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:

f: . -o 'Jo ei/qofilX id :

urn*’. Co. f: ; noXc o i. - .

S { ? 3 emjIbX BlXsiodaoTt d c

BlXloiiXa acn,;£. It.

gases' S^' &*db vr ..£><: -c -j; • eo iv.

"’

B>!'ia id:- rfo id( erooc'tjLte - f ”'~ - - :

‘

V3 il rise sosao BinoXrX .

Is ' is rfL - sds'idai si sno s a,

3X iae soil a do [ I lc 1a en oo aqo? ?• d ao I-

 a

258

Birds collected on Saipan Island

Gleptornis marchei Canaria 1

Collocalia fuciphaga Jag jag'guag 8

1. Ixobryehus . A few are to be found in the

reed grasses near the fresh-water lake on Tinian. Not on

Saipan but reported on Kota and all islands of the northern

Marianne chain.

2. Grallinula . This species may be considered

rare on Tinian. A limited number may still be obtained

around the lake region, though I believe no other place on

the island. There are a few reported as inhabiting a

marshy area on Rota Island to the southward though I believe

they are absent from the northern islands.

3. Sygis alba . One specimen was seen and taken

here. I should class this species as a casual visitor
which nests on the northern islands. Natives infer anyway
that one encounters them everywhere.

4. Ptillnopus roseicapillus . A few Individuals re-

main on Tinian, but not, to my knowledge, on Saipan. I

have toll that they are still quite numerous on Bota, but

not present on the northern islands.

5. jallicolumba . As with the preceding species,

there are a few to be encountered with in the small patch

of secondary scrub on Tinian. Not present on Saipan but

reported to be moderately common on P.ota Island thought not

inhabiting the northern islands.

6. S treptopeli . Pew are to be found on both

 j «

.'i'oqifii.: no oiosllou blrs 1 tT

" - * "
s i
/ i
- ?••*:/• . •

Sr b Bj,sdqiou? eiXscojIa

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cnetifrzoa ed- lo eBaelsi Xle Jane edoE no J&ed-xoct*? 3 ad cm? in;

ie 0 , .'I- io .

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, eeiic-ve aid* . :c~ •' .<=>>'

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sv ,-ifsd I dgfforid frxartidaoa erftf o 3 Bus lei edoft no sens Yrisie -

. adneiaii nnorionon nJ : rand 5 so d* ens ;

. d

no 3 iaiv I rn -Ru a es se-ioer./a tioJ aeele. Maoris i ,s::r.r

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.snedT.-rnsvs asrij eie den . ens ©no :

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Ioa ill.od .S

rio?io> XIb-b on '

ni fd'is? teted rrsto ono od oJ s sib oncu-id
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’

• . aedd’i!., . oor -
uid id: .

oo od yxs weZ .b. S .3

Tinian and Saipan islands. Since they are hunted most dili-

gently by the Japanese, I am afraid that they will not be

present much longer. Natives informed me that this intro-

duced species is present on all of the Marianne islands.

7. Halcyon albicllla . One of the most common

birds on Tinian and Saipan. As there are no stumps of

trees or logs for these birds to perch on, one finds them

sitting on the ground or on a waving stock of sugar cane,

which is most unusual for this species. I was unable to

learn where they make their nests now that all of the trees

have been cleared away. Reported from all of the islands

of the group.

8. Mylagra . A few are' to be found in the wooded

area of Tinian Island, but I did not encounter it on Saipan.

Natives inform me that this species is quite numerous on

Rota, but does not inhabit the northern islands. I am in-

clined to doubt this last statement.

9. Rhipidura . A very limited number remain on

Tinian and none to my knowledge on Saipan. They are re-

ported to be common on Rota and some of the northern is--

lands.

10. Aplonis . Q,uite a large colony of starlings

inhabit the high holes in the one cliff at the northern end

of Tinian. As their roosting and nesting site is quite in-

accessible I doubt seriously whether they will ever be ex-

terminated. Natives report them as inhabitants of all of

the Mariannes, but I did not encounter them on Saipan.

11. Myzomela . The only two specimens observed

 ? 80 is boicMd t-te. x&dz e»t oil .aSseleJ eterit m- ..a ’.a:

erf Jon Hi rt Tjeri ie J £ ifl'tt'B as 1 t

i.e anno-si; oria vrf ’.I"' ->•

—01? i J i 8 i dJ ?r jJ >r ,i< -'H:.:.? ,. . vKv 0 : S - -

*ai>HBlsi ex-urn in© . nJ 'to He no 3 aea»*r<J si se ieeq-fc- i>©cn

no -(O; r a t>rfJ to e. 0 . ei [is? die xto^t Ig.' : .?

0 a or >/J« on v -X9 snedj .fltmiBfc .. 03 aeiai. :io &.

: 8 -tH .
,
.0 oner: Qd-sjontd eeedJ not :•:••:
oi to coot'
*
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'i '
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-
;
-i

©iiann saw I .asicaqe ai rfJ not SBvaums iaox ei !

sea'xt edJ to IXb JerJ toa edaen niedd erfje;- •

oriJ ..ae; * .nee ;

. .7 .J on:, eric tc
J&eftoow sdJ ni nrnuo- erf ©J en.e r. t ;
*£SSiii‘-
no Si nednuoone it a 0 _ ;;/d ,i uajfei at 1 st it *

iao aaons.Xfn c-'Sitjp ai esiosq ., aid? *«dt ©;: . a no tail eevi •

-ni — X * X. sin: uVirsiofi erfj Jir, .. 1 ,7 or ieoi Jjjrf .

•
•? ;.l

•
• -•• 0- BJt it l!>j ct i s .:

no ale it ckrujn jboJimil Tjnev .ancJ&ioj.rf: .€

• aeon:., no ©«&IeI*ond vxa 00 yaon ice . i

-ai ;to:’ Jnoxi edi' ’to oxsos •

Lixa eioE no nooimoo od hszio':

• S' -

' 3 -

onli tain '

0 vfiolot ©>n»I b e- 44 .HoR , 0J

inae nne. tion erfd Jb ttilo ©no erij ni eeXod dgirf edJ oidsrfni
-ni o dinp ai a si a vuxiJoon ;
o.& ^.xiideooa 0. it* >Jt e, .neinr.
-3S© ©d isw. Ilir- v&dd neridadw nHooinee Srfooi
: ©Idisaecor
.
-

.ns -'tec no teinaocoo. Jon it ?i/o ,Ken £ -

..

rwrreedo anensioeqS ost vico still . sXerao^-yr: .II

 260

were obtained. I searched diligently and asked natives

repeatedly about this species but without success. There

are now scareely any coconut trees on Tinian because of a

blight that destroyed many and also through the agricul-

tural activities many were chopped down.

The two specimens obtained were found fluttering

about in the tops of low trees in the remaining wooded

area. I should class the bird as practically extinct. Na-
tives record them from Hota and some of the northern is-
lands .

12. 7,osterops This little fellow has

. adjusted

himself to the gardens and shrubs in the villages. He is

a seed eater and now makes himself at home around human

habitations. On occasions, I have seen him climbing over

potted plants on the window ledges of dwellings. He is no

longer a bird of the true forest as he has none here to go

to.

In time, no doubt, this species will degenerate

into a bread crumb eater and will be called "The dickie

bird," if there are such terms in the Japanese language.

There is no doubt, though, that the cheerful little

sibillation uttered by this bird whether feeding or on

the wing makes him friends wherever he goes.
This species is quite common both on Tinian and

Saipan. Natives report them from all of the islands.

Saipan Collections
Saipan Island situated in latitude 15? 12' N.
 ' ; .

£0%itag fie^'ac one places ilii> fr&b'bi/o'be I .£anX&3 do errar

©T©d'r .see* dobs iifo.ld'i?’ tf.ad eeiaar?8 airid it/ode T,XX)9^£sqt •<

jb !to eeafioedf naial' xio sooic? dcnoecc v;£rs v,Ie©TB©4 roc sic
-laoiiv© sod Huoictt of>_Ls dj bev/Jits-b iacftf d.Mj iX <

• ct:Ci Xjeqoorio 6*re<v ^roe.'/ selJlv’-XoB Cnsu?

gall©# Jo!*- I»rxio^ siev fiar.jsddo ace loegs owd erfl

1-si o nr :
.t ixr?er..9rt arid . .i stgsid ho I %o agod edd . Jt d;
•<

-b’ .dociix© T
sII.8o itfos'rq sb r
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;-.
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ledact&B aan -.iroXlb*' ej.id.il airf f , ac c/ts.? eo, .si

ai ©H .sst-bIII? erid ai e'lfeie fitta-g © 03 *£ee.::i;

i s

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*• - fe - -
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od s*jed e/on ae f ad as dee-iol obi* ©fid "to liid c le^nol

. od
- d.'-TS/'B /ft', n.eiec-'is ni.is ,3 disci' 0. a j
,

©lalO'ii erffi" .SsIIbo ed Ilia' fir. a iedi© fi/xjio 5asid a c .* :

.s; n.j ' aasnB'fa', erid xii s. net done sib &n&dj ti ;•: •

Isftre srio o ..? dsc;d , djsao rid ,luo: on si ©'•;& -•.

ho io rcsifJdiiw hid aids \fd fieiodixr /.o|riBi:iid;-

o tlo • -"
• 0 . Ob: r..t^ is j ri "
nor: s. : i
-
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n/in u- '
, i . j on: r . . n;'' e.: ae u a £ iii'

.siMic si ©n.? He n '.suit dtroqsi asviisn .xxaq iau

extol doaXXoO naolec

.
 £61

and 145° 44’ 3., lies about 5 miles north of Tinian Is-

land. It is considerably larger than Tinian and has an

area of about 180 square miles. An extinct volcanic peak

rises to 1554 feet toward the north end of the island

while the southern part is low and flat.

At present practically the whole of the island

has been planted with sugar cane with the exception of the

mountain, which is void of all vegetation.

The natives, who formerly owned the land now

have sold, leased or lost that to the Japanese. The for-

mer, for the most part, live in the village of Garapan,

and follow such pursuits as are available there.

During my stay, I was not remitted to engage in

collecting on this island; The Japanese Government not

feeling inclined toward issuing the necessary permits.

One native did bring me two species which are re-

corded as follows:

1. Gleptornis marc he 1 . Only one specimen was

obtained. I should not call them common on the island and

did not observe it on Tinian. Natives tell me that it does

not occur on Rota and they are very uncertain about its
status on the northern islands.

2. Collooalia fuoiphaga . A very small colony

was located on Saipan in one of the small caves in the

mountains. Two natives searched diligently on Tinian Is-

land without locating specimens. They are reported to be

found on all other islands of the Marianne chain.
 8l RBln VI \o V d to n aeli : diG-cf^ ss .11 ,
>$> og^jr •

ead i-.e uBicij. aaciS iey&/ xldBve&ianoe ei dl

r-esrf oiaaolov donid*e tiA .seXiai tt&vpB 061 docda to £i i;

xtn^i'sl ©rid "o Jbtre’ d d*i on arid JiT&wad Jsat &S3J of et- irr

• tel* i:riB aroX e: diaq .neddnoe arid eXii

jiciaXei sdd t:o slods arid ^IlaoidoBiq diiesaaiq di>

end t.o noldqeex© t 'd ddir. exi4j>jO •te&jB ridi^ XediteXq neec

.coitfadegav IXfi :o iov al ooidr, k : .

v: ° icX v j •©..*:• Jiennol criw- .sevidaa enl

-^0^ f;ri- . *: eenaqaL s rid .otf dadd dsol io Xcbcc. ,:

icf; 87Bd
f

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.9*1 arid sldalifiSts sta as editfciuq rfocs rojjjot one

.i ov&Ziic od' iaddi in©- d-'ii as? 1 ,
r
t
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.ad /mao \y©;-;eoai e.;j znp tel iibwoS lea lie: JS >.. u,-.-
*

sib : • f t-- o sr? . g, ?iJ r,Jr rijBfi a no

: awofXct &e Is ebiov ",

5xts X.Blai add go ccuarsoa -arid Ibo doc IXuoda 1 . Jsci sd -..o

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no n coo ,?«n
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-si ob ris, no J o oiase seridan .q»'. .nairdcojora^

&u' od edioqst 91 a .y.Vi .t.aectioeq:: gjiidaqpl dcoddivv Xcaf
i.C • lOu j. Siy .. ? OfiBiai X8 dO IX? 0 X.GjO^jjj
 262

Palau Collections

The Palau (Pelew, Palao) group situated in 7°

30' N. and 134° 30' E. consists of six large islands viz.
Babalthoup, Korror, Urukthapel, Amototi, Peleleleu, and
Angaur. All of these with the exception of Angaur are

encircled by a large reef, which also harbors several

hundred smaller islands. The whole group extends about

80 miles in a northeast by southwest direction and is

roughly 20 miles across in its widest part.

Babaulthaup, the northernmost and largest is-

land of the group, is about 23 miles in leigth in a north
and south direction and about 14 miles in width. On the
western side Mount Ngaramlungui rises to a height of 1968

feet while the rest of the island is more or less flat and

broken by ridges and low valleys. The soil as a whole is

of a volcanic iron composition with reddish clay soil

intermixed. Except in the shallow valleys and a stretch

of land on the eastern side very little bush or forest is

found. The island for the most part is barren and rocky.

Korror Island, the nest to the southward, is

small not over 3 miles long by a mile wide. On its eastern

end one finds a scattering of true forest and isolated

patches of swamp and secondary bush. This island is im-

portant because of the city and Government institutions

located there.

Urukthapel is the largest and longest island

south of Korror. It must be over 15 miles in length if
 a

accidoellbO l'jsJ.e-..

°V ai Hit ‘/.Hz iuci% { obXb«I ,mi&z ; tsBls? wffi

-
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, , . .

eiB infirm iO noldf?9©x© add rid ir eseri' lo Xl£. .iixb> .>

Xaievee siodiBd obIb ffcidsr , ieei s&ibI b ref fceleiic. :

Jcoix. si aeX'c© qw a ; • ©lodr snx .b&gbIeX leXisa-;- Let! az£

ai Ms oJJoefii; seem! duos \;d daoerfltoa a nl eellm O"

. diaq tesbix ad i si bsoiob B&XJtm OS rXf.- c.-

d eagic.;. Ma d uoniiedd ioa '

-:+rii ,
auBdd Ixiecf.6^
ndio-i. a ni dd ants! ni sell:;: 3SS deetfij ai .qxrplg edd la ; m/
ex: '
no .dijbjw ni aelln i-l d..r ode baa tsjoidafnl!. d dares ot<?.

•
‘-i Oo d ;v is. a 0, ;,£»£. 'n in: /a Is la ,.
'
jx n yXis tr. % * v .=

fai£- dali &Bd± no &n ox si XaeXs 2 QdS in tfeui ©ai elirfj, eft-, 'r

ai dXbiiw.B SB Xios sax .ev,eXXfiv wo I Jbflc n&^bin \ti nejL v

Cioe X3i'c risiA&ei rid iw aoidiaoqiee r.oii b liu? rXo v *. Oo

dot and a f svelfev aoXIarie eria ns. .iqeos .iezi i ?n
;
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r
si d?:rio io .
f-j; i slddil -isv sxis msdase s.-id no 'a £ -c

.led oot i.rtB lion; a ei tnm dso.o erir tot XaeXei ©nl . faeci
ei ,
i*r. luos er.i oi ,;eer sad ,
x -fit'/,

aid'd OB© s3i nO * ©4.1 * ©IXxh b %d ;-.r,o I aelln: f i«vo don Lxan s
Xsdsfosi £u:« desioi ton o alseddaos s a; ail ©,.:o :

-«1 '
. .ffeiid vifiXfooes baa osmm io aaxtnr.

erioidedidaqi diienaievoX Xns ^io ©dd io ©euBoed sibj-'C

.©lead JcssoC’C z

d,:i£.'ai deetrx.oX datj^isl sad ei lorra-addaiU-

11 fid^nsl ai ssXin i£ levo ed tern?, tl . 10110 .. io defer.

stretohecl in a straight line to its fullest length. Though

in width it is not more than a mile across. The whole is-

land is moderately elevated rooky and barren but covered in

patches with an assortment of tropical vegetation including

some tall trees. Surrounding this island are numbers of
small islets, rounded knobs that rise boldly out of the

water.

Amatoti.the next island to the south, is small,

rocky and wooded. There is a small area of low flat ground

on the southeastern side of this island. For the most part,

though, it is mountainous with steep sides.

Peleleul, a small isla d also, lies at the southern

extremity of the reef, which surrounds the group. It is

low, sandy and covered with a tangle mass of vegetation.

Angaur, the southernmost island, is small also.

It is separate from the rest of the group in that it is
not joined by a reef. Angaur is of coral formation and

contains wealthy phosphate deposits. This is the only is-

land of the group not visited by the expedition.

The natives of the Pelew Islands are Malay in

character and now number about 6000 all told. The rapid

influx of Japanese in recent years has played havoc with

them through intermarriage. Formerly, these people were

good agriculturalists who raised an abundance of provender

to meet their needs. More recently most o-p them have

learned to depend upon the imported foods for their sus-

tenance.

The expedition visited all of the large islands

 .. tr ne£ esolSn't s si o: sjiXI X i/r. : ; .rl : •

-si aXodw •a‘£ .sbotsob ellu s fs 13 &tt ,i to.a e r

ti r «£ j v,- r, >

-X 6©*r9v-jv ind ^xIootc ieteveiie vIeJ.6*xo£oc: ei Xnal

aoitfBto*.ev X^oiqox to tne cj'ioeec ob

-

tit It. a- ro: ; :•;

<
l::i .tic? damn e' ; 5 as Is i 3i::J j. ii- no'i-i.. i .seeit Iljpt s; o

»dt to txro xIf>£od sail JBrit adonil J&eXno.ai ,ate£ei IXl as

.leisr

,
; r :
, Tv. :
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HuBgOlg tBl't m£ t# BOTES X Ifi"8 B 8'i ©1 ©! T !

.X06OOW ti'lB yi'OGI

.diB] Je a sdt -rot ..oaeXai 3 in d to ei le nieiaBe dti/oa - a .to

. Mu rjeejt: .11-: : j.i L .

j~ j si J

rrx? l.jca - : te cor: ,

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•
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Sue e ut

ei tT .aacrt' ©dt el ...wo’xtiia do lei n t

te©Tr edt to v,t Imsitrs

.uOitx’t ey,8V to ogjsfr; el>.uBt b ad :r Xevovco ..

nx -
X -
-
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.

ei it lad} al xMotja fc.1t xo 3eei sdt moat otBysqes «i 51

j>:sb nol iernot 'stioc V> ai iejb&M. .lesy b yd fisnioj, Jon

-ai yluo. exit si aitfX . 85 1 -j.woX ©dB»’’qeoriq ^titXeeaf an jco.-'oo

xii Tjg’Ifio ©tib aiU’BXel vvsXsS eat to sevita:. erfl

fiiqBTc erit' .Met XXb 0006 issode tedsusu non •xeio&rsfu'.C

ritiw coved Xevj&Iq ssrf ©Tteev tfaeo* *r ai eeeaeiwl to xuXtxi 2

9T8W eXqoscr r -
t . 0 nr : T*x;" *y otfni d;-uj :„-i d J usbJ

1: iq to ©o a&IeuidB ns Xeaiw od?; atpileyift JXr ©Xtesb j&oo?

eVBr r.jorit 6 Jaont y, l-btc eio.M .si sen *ri©dj tas- •

:
-eoa *t Xfc.it lot eb.ot J&etioqijii ©rx i oqsj l.noq&jb oi

80CBXXB

e r
bIsX v&ial 9flJ to XXb eJiaiv stole ifteqze edC
 264

and many small ones in the course of a survey from October

through December 1931. A creditable collection was brought

together though several species previously recorded
were
not met with during our stay.

Palau natives are the only ones in these

islands
who resort to the use of the blow gun for obtaining fauna
from the bush, fhose in many instances were of considerable
help in procuring specimens. Had the expedition been pe
mitted to visit this locality 15 or 20 years
previously
believe much better results might have been
obtained.

Birds Collected on Palau Islands

Name Native Name Amoun'
Puffinus lherminieri
Ho hi o 61
PhaSthon lepturus
Du duk' 7
Sula leucogaster 9
1
Phalacrocorax
Du roy ok 7
Butorides striatus
0 lo te ackl' 2
Demilgretta sacra
Se re o mul 5
Nyc t i c o rax
Snsm mo lo baup 12
Ixobrychus sinensis
0 lo te ackl 11
Anas superciliosa
Ah da barr' 3
Mareca penelope '
Ah da b arr 1
Megapodius senex '
nh bak ai 10
Hypotaenidia philippensis '
Ah da reeth 19
Porzana cinerea Ah snoro 15
Porphyrio albus Ah wik 4
Numenius Oh gahk
2
Limosa lanponica Huluk ul gu ' 2
—
ledctfoC
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<v
yoirins fi Sn sen/no eri3 i -'©no ynn
'

Its*;
:

bb?7 no 2 Joe loo eldBi ix> u b. . 11 8 1 isrirse&C •"'..KOiriJ

t.-'sew Isiiooei y fauolve-iq a«Jo.eq$ Itisve© fi^aotfr is- le-.ci

» ; •; s luo :-'i .Sic. : lv c t •

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."

ehrtBiei eeedi rri a ©no vino scJ sis ssviJ'i.a .obI©?

SsitlniBi do iol nag : . £cf so 2- io saw ©IS on tioafi *>

©Idfjie^iBfioo lo e'.te-R esc ns i an i yoaT al ono-'r. .land odd oil

-is need- gold >1 sox© a.-: .c,-. '

, arranloe is gn Ivyooic n i £

I v.x&nolyeiq aussy 03' is 31 ydileoel aldd 2 lei? c<? led?.’

.benteido need avari tfriglr. edlxrsEei isdd ©d don . wsi/tJ

2 J In i
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SauQsrA ©ate VI svxSb.I

16 0 I-i 0 lie ini •:*£©, dl enr.*' '

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cl l£f£f o ei sfc £ 10.3c £. ;'3lq'l '-

qOBU O.L Ofil ZBiooido

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ale. si ,1a no rf o yi do
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£ d j ?? if- an die oi%rnqi

2 dag do an In© era

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BO.i f.80n:
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ng In 5inl£/’ -
 265

Pluvialis fuse us Da ra reek 7

Arenaria interpres " 3

Heteractitis incanua " 4

Calidris acuminata " 5

Actitis hypoleucos Bongo bi mukul 2

Tringa glareola " 1

Gharadrinus mongolus " 2

Sterna sumatrana Gre geeris 4

Sterna anaetheta ? 7

Ghlidonias leucoptera ? 6

Anotis stolid us A ba dau 2

Anods mi nut us Ah riss 2

Gygia alba So £0 aok 1

Ptilinopus pelewensis Ah biep 6

Dueula oceanic a Bo lo kul 9

Gallic olumba canifrona 0 mukl mukl 1

Guculus op tat us Ar amu dringus 4

Otua podarginus Kho shuk 10

Gaprimulgus phalaena Ha bak kop 6

Collocalia fuciphaga Ho bu su 16

Halcyon chloris teraokai Tan a dik 29

Halcyon cinaamonia Re a mag ak 10

Hirundo rustica Nar mel hon gus 1

Edolisoma tenuiroatre Q,ue ru du ru kum ol 13

Psamathia annae Aul 13

Musoioapa griseiaticta •? 1

Myiagra erythrops Si si bar sec 17

Rhipidura lepida Mai im da lip tep 9

 V >ie ii ai ©Cl ar oauiX oileivrl
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5 Ban; letfi; i a lie
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fidfiBi ffi ob sjh. i. I £b f:

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filOSIB.Lf.

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 266

Pitohui tenebrosus Tu tau 19

Artamus leucorhynchus Mang ah lu lu 8

Aplonis opaca Ah que vit 27

Sturnia violacea Aul 3

Myzomela cardinalis Si si ban yau 26

Zosterops finschi Cha tit til leal 16

Zosterops conspicillata Ar rum ba del 20

Megazosterops Ar rum ba del 9

Plying fox Au lik 6

1. Puf finus lherminieri . This speoies is common

on many of the small islands of the Palau group where they

roost and breed. I presume that this is the congregating

center for the 'Western Carolines as the natives do not know

of them roosting or breeding at Yap or the smaller outlying
islands near-by.

When among the small islands just at sunset or af-

ter one sees and hears these birds returning from feeding at

sea. In coming, they are usually low over the water and fly

straight to their burrows. At this time one rarely, if

ever, hears them utter a sound.

Later in the evening, let us say between seven and

eight P. M., young males come out of their burrows, circle

overhead alone, in pairs, trios or more screaming and crying

all of the time they are in the air. I say young males, as

all of those shot from a canoe during this performance were

of the male gender. I am supposing that these air gymnas-

tics are performed to attract some recognition from the fe-

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 267

males. After a little more than an hour of flying and

screaming all birds retire to their burrows.

In the morning, about an hour before dawn, young

males again come out of their holes and begin again their

antics overhead, performing all sorts of gyrations and

screaming all the while.

By their voices one is attracted to the area of

the performers. There one can hide in the shadow of a cliff

or high point of land, out of the moonlight or light of ap-

proaching dawn and when those overhead circle close enough

perhaps bag a few of them.

Later on the natives taught me to seek among the

coral rocks for cavities and crevices that might hold the

burrow or nest of this species. On these small islands with

their broken coral surface , which abound in crevices and

holes one learns to watch for stray feathers or listen for

the weak cry of the juvenile hidden away inside, to lead

them to a nest. Oftentimes one finds a large coconut crab

in the same burrow with a bird.

Where there is anegg one finds either the male or

the female on the nest, for both assist with the incubation.

But if a juvenile (always a single bird or one egg) were

found in the nest, neither adult bird was present. The

older ones do not remain with the young during the daytime,

nor do they return during daylight hours with food for

their offspring.

Natives inform me that this species nests spas-

modically at all times of the year. I can believe this as

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 268

I found newly laid eggs during the months of October, No-

vember and December, and was told that eggs and juveniles

oan be found in the burrows at all times. No one had any

idea whether pairs raised more than one brood each year.

In the olden days, when a native chieftain died,

the commoners of the clan gathered together hundreds of

these birds which were consumed at the funeral ceremony.

Apparently, though, this species is held in reverence and

not eaten except on stipulated occasions as related above.

At the ceremonial time when specimens are to be

taken natives would make torches of the long dried coconut

fronds, set those afire and circle around the small islands

in their canoes, with the burning torch held close to the

rocks, as a frightened bird came stumbling awkwardly out

of his burrow, that individual was knocked down with a club

and captured. After I had been in this group two months,

several demonstrations of this kind were arranged for my

benefit and proved to be quite practicable.

Many times I have wondered why my stupid mind

didn't conjure up some similar method when we were strug-

gling so diligently for specimens on Kusaie; More striking

i3 the hesitancy on the part of natives to impart informa-

tion of this kind. Probably they are reluctant because

this species is mixed up in their culture.

Petrels are very awkfcard when climbing out of

their burrows and into the air. I have seen them, when
coming out of their burrows on the sides of cliffs, become
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 269

entangled in vines and bushes, hanging sometimes head first

by their feet or a wing until they flopped loose and fell

into the water below. Upon coming to the surface this one
would gaze about in a very indifferent manner before strug-

gling into the air. Individuals, once in the water use their

feet, wings and voices to get themselves into the air. Off

the surface, I have watched them fly in a straight line un-

til they have reached an altitude of about 50 feet, when

they begin to circle up and up to a height of about 200

feet before heading out to the open ocean. I am convinced

that individuals are temporarily blinded by the light when

emerging from their roosts and are thus far more awkward

than they would be otherwise.

This species seems to cling pretty well to es-

tablished customs or habits in that they hold to a fixed

route when traveling to and fran the open ocean and roosting
sites. During my early morning sojourns I learned that if

I waited in a certain area or place I would always obtain

specimens, but if I stationed myself at others no birds

would appear. Although the great majority of individuals

put to sea before sun-up there are always stragglers or

late sleepers who come along up to 8 A.M. Most of my speci-

mens though were taken between 5 and 6 in the morning.

During rainy weather, this species never utters

a sound and is most difficult to obtain from the air. In

burrows though this statement does not hold true.

Fish and marine forms constitute the whole diet

of this species
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 270

2. Phaethon lepturus. Only moderately common

in the Palau Group. Unlike other islands of the Carolines

this bird does not venture into the interior, but remains

among the small outlying islands. Natives are very fond

of eating this species. They also use the long tail feathers

for decorations.

V/itta the advent of numbers of Japanese fishing

crafts about the group and the corresponding scarcity of

fish, natives will, more and more, resort, to the flesh of

birds as food. This species, I am sure, will suffer ma-
terially.

3. Sula leucogaster . This species is reported

to nest at Kiangat, a small island north of Babaulthaup.

I noticed also that a number were flying about the vicinity
of Helen's Reef, i^uite likely they nest on this latter is-

land also. One does not observe any but stragglers in the
Palau Iroup proper. The specimen taken was captured during

a gale of wind and was found to be in an exhausted condi-

tion.

4. Phalacrocorax: . A small colony of this spe-

cies is reported to nest at the fresh-water lake in the

interior of Babaulthaup Island. During the time of the

year of my visit they were found swpming and diving for

fish, at low tide, along the outlying reefs. .7hile engaged
in such pursuits they had all the appearances of our Ameri-

can -Vestern Grebe.

As a rule this species keeps pretty well to

themselves and both feeds and rests in groups. A single

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 271

specimen is rarely met with even at sea.

.Vhen resting one finds them in a dead tree on

the mainland, or an isolated patch of brush on a small is-

land. Their diet consists entirely of fish.

5. Butorides striatus . I should call this bird

rare on Palau. Two of the three specimens seen were ob-

tained. One was found in a taro patch and the other in a

mangrove swamp.

Because of the bird's retiring disposition and the

possibility that it might feed at night, it is more than

likely that there are more birds on the island than one

would suspect. Natives tell me though that they rarely

observe individuals and when they do they are secreted in

heavy thickets.

Possibly this species is a migrant which could

account for its limited numbers.

,Vhen flushed none of the three uttered a call of

any kind, so I cannot describe the call. Like all herons,

the Japanese prize this species for its food value. Pish

and prawns are the bird's diet.

6. Demi^ret t a sacra. Both the light and the

dark phase in equal numbers are found to be quite common

along the reefs and mangrove thickets of the group. I do

not recall ever seeing them on the small islands. At one

time on Xorror Island, I had the pleasure of witnessing
one standing on the back of a cow.

7. Nyoticorax . Moderately common all over the

group, where one might stumble upon a specimen resting

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 272

during the day in the thick foliage of a tree or tucked

away in low dense thickets or mangrove.

Aa is well known, this species is actively en-

gaged in feeding at night. The harsh squawk-like call ut-

tered when on the wing may be heard at all hours of dark-

ness.

By some fluke of fate, males were exceedingly

difficult to obtain. At this period too, the species was

nesting. One might surmise that the male of the species

incubates during the daytime and the female at night or
perhaps the male incubates all of the time, I cannot say.
8. Ixobryohus sinensis . Tolerably common. A
bird of the taro patches and adjoining small shrubs and

low bushes. One always finds it alone and never in pairs

or more.

I found individual specimens to be indifferent

to intruders and not easily frightened. During the heat

of the day, I have more than once encountered an indivi-

dual standing in the shade of a taro leaf quietly viewing

the intruder and very reluctant about moving. Even after

tossing pieces of earth and sticks at the bird to encourage

him to fly so that I would not blow him to pieces when I

shot. My efforts at dislogement have been rewarded by

harsh scolding squawks. It became necessary for me to
move into proper gun range.

In flight these are atrociously awkward. Once

launched into the air their course is erratic and their legs

bang down to bump into anything met with. Their jerky.

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 273

slow, labored wing beats usually end abruptly when the

bird becomes entangled in weeds or the branches of trees.

.Extracting itself from his predicament he is soon into

another and invariably resorts to scolding and blasphemy.
This species is a mollusk eater and is reported

to travel to the mountains in the center of the island e

in search of large land 3nails. Worms, vegetable matter

and other forms from the swamps go to make up the bird's

diet.

No one could give me any information about the

nests or nesting habits of this species. It is possible

that it might be a migrant from other areas though it is

reported present at all times of the year.

There was a great deal of individual variation

in the color of the plumage as well as the soft parts.

Among the Palau people, this species is con-

sidered a bush devil because of the harsh rasping cry

which it utters early in the morning before daylight.

9. Anas superciliosa . This species was found

to be rare on Palau. Natives did tell me though that in
German tires numbers of these birds frequented the fresh-

water lake on the mainland of Babaulthaup and that they

nested there as well. We found a pair of these birds on

the lake when we first visited that body of water, but we

could never succeed in obtaining them.

Those obtained were taken in the taro patches

just at daylight as the birds were finishing off their

night time feeding. During the day this species hides

 3 .

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 274

away and is never encountered. No one seems to know where

they go.

Individuals undoubtedly nest on the island, but

I have no idea where^as natives who frequent the lake seem

to feel that it no longer uses that area for purposes of

this kind. It is possible though that they migrate to

some other island to nest.

10. Mareoa oenel ope . I saw only two of this

species, took one and missed the other. This pair were

restricted to the taro fields. Natives insist that this

species also nests in the group, but I am inclined to

doubt them.

11. Megapodi us senes . I found this species rare

on the main island of Babaulthaup but common on a few of

the outlying islands just north of Peleleul. No doubt, in-

dividuals do fly back and forth between the islands to

feed and nest.

12.
On the small islands or parts of those covered
with thickets one finds them abundant. The^are everywhere

scurrying out of sight when intruded upon. But as one

finds no fresh water and few mollusca there those must fly

to the taro catches and swamps for food. Unfortunately,

no nesting colonies were discovered.

Hypotaenidia philicpensis . This species

may be classed as common in this group of islands. They

are to be found in the taro patches and swamp lands every-

where where those are present.

One runs across this rail at all times of the day

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 .
*
275

walking about in the swamps searching -for fool. They have

a rather shrill call by which one becomes aware of their

presence. They do though run away at the slightest dis-

turbance, bur rarely, if ever, take wing. In flight I have

observed them to be mediocre performers.

I found, too, that the best way to take them was

to hide at the edge of a taro patch and wait for an indivi-

dual to put in its appearance. Several specimens were

taken by small urchins by means of grass snares and blow

guns

Natives report that the bird nests in the taro

patches, but no nests were found during my stay.

The food of this bird comprises snails, vege-

table matter, roots, etc. I learned that they decomposed

very quickly after being shot.

13. Porzana c inerea . V/e found this small rail

to be restricted almost entirely to the fresh-water lake

in the center of Babaulthaup. .71 th the exception of one

individual found in a taro swamp near Marakeok all of the

rest of the collection was made around the edge of the lake.

There those live in colonies or flocks, are very

shy and hide in the marshy grass at the edge of the water,

where it is most difficult to approach either by canoe or

on foot.

The natives built a raft of bamboos which they

propelled by swimming, with myself seated in the middle.

In this manner, by working about among the reeds and rushes

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 276

we were able to obtain a series.

I could learn nothing about the nests or nesting

habits of this species. Natives reminded me that they had

never found any.

14. Porphyrio albus . I should call this bird very

rare on Palau. The four examples taken were the only ones

observed. Those were procured just at daylight in the taro

swamps.

The very shrill, harsh call, repeated several

times, is heard, at times, at night in the taro swamps. As

elsewhere, this bird probably feeds at night and rests in

the daytime. Nothing could be learned about the nests or

nesting habits.

15. Numenius . There is a very small island be-

tween Korror and Babaulthaup where these birds congregate
during their migrations. It is the only place in the grour

where these birds are found and natives tell me that those
come to the same locality each year. Some of the older

people seem to feel that the bird nests on Palau, but there

is no record of one of them having been found.

16. Limosa. A few were observed in small flocks

along the reefs.
17. Pluvialis fuscus . Pound along the sand

beaches. As is the case with shore birds, practically all

natives know absolutely nothing about them. They always

have a name for the bird and insist that it nests somewhere
near, but that is as far as they can go.

18. Arenaria interpres. A few small flocks were

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 277

found along the outer reefs.

19. Heteraotitus ino anus . Found along the sandy

beaches. Usually alone.

20. Calldris acuminata . Same as preceding species.

21. Aotitia hypoleucos . Along the beaches in

stamps, edge of mangroves, always alone. Not a timid bird

by any means.
22. Tringa glareola . Same as the preceding spe-

cies.

23. Oharadrius mongolus . Along the sandy beaches,

upland, cleared areas, alone or in flocks.

24. Sterna sumatrana . These birds nest on the

small islands around the group. Two eggs form a clutch,

according to information I received. There is no reason

why I shouldn't have hunted up a nesting oolony except that

I was hard at it trying to bring together a representative

series of all species. One sees this bird flying alone or

in flocks along the reefs and around the harbors of the

group.

25. Sterna anaetheta . A few are to be encoun-

tered in the Palau group. These birds are restricted to

the small islands and worst of all go well out to sea to

feed, returning from there late in the evening.

I had the devil's own time getting these speci-

mens. As a rule, one can't get within a mile of them with

a boat or canoe. It was only by resorting to Beck's old

method of throwing a dead specimen into the air that these

were obtained.
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 278

26. Ohlidonias leucoptera . Just after a heavy

typhoon had passed to the northward of the group and during

the deluges of rains that followed, a small boy found 14 of

these in the grounds of the Japanese Experimental Station.

The birds were apparently exhausted and the lad had no dif-

ficulty in killing three of them with stones. Two of those

procured he ate and one found its way to me. Not recog-

nizing the bird, I asked several old natives about its sta-

tus and was told that this species was not a resident of

this group. In fact, no one had ever seen it before.

Early the next morning upon going to the Experi-

mental Station, I was refused Demission to hunt there.

However, by securing the services of a number of small boys

to chase the birds over the fence I obtained five more be-
fore the flook flew away.

Apparently these birds were blown to the island by

strong winds and may be considered migrants or stragglers

in this group. Natives were unable to give me a name for

the species.

27. Anotis stolidus . In this area the large

noddy tern was found scattered about the small islands at

the southern end of the group. At no time did I see them

over the large island of Babaulthaup or acting in the same

manner as this same species does on the islands of the

eastern Carolines. Though these birds do settle and nest

in the high trees of the small islets.

Here at Palau this species is very common in the

areas that it inhabits.

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 279

28. Anofls minutus . Pound as always on tiny iso-

lated atolls or islets which abound in low shrubs and are

off the track: of visitors either native or white. I should

class this species as common in its area. None were nesting

at the time of my visit.
29. Gygis alba . A few were observed on all of

the islands of the group. Though I should not class the

bird as common by any means. Farther to the south, at

Helen's Heef, I observed a number flying about the reefs.

30. Ptillnopus pelewensis . As this species is

eagerly hunted by the Japanese who sell specimens at 25 sen

each it is now a rare bird, very wary and most difficult to

obtain.

Infrequently, one hears its call from the tops of

high trees where it feeds on berries or fruit. I Imagine

though that a few will always be found on the more isolated

small islands, though, strange to say, one rarely meets

with them off the large island of Babaulthaup. } ere one

does not find them in flocks, but always alone. I presume

they nest in the interior of the large island.

31. Duo ula oceanica. Very scarce and wild in

this group. It is now almost wholly restricted to the small

isolated islands where one encounters individuals or ob-

serves one flying from one island to another in search of

food. I have heard them calling at times, but not with the

frequency one would hope for.

Some idea of the number of these birds obtained

by Japanese hunters may be judged by a case in court at

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E80

lalau in November 1931. A Japanese had hired a native to

work for him as a shoot boy. The latter produced a record

and showed where he, the native, had shot some -1500 of these

birds within a ye ar and had received no pay for his services,

tfhen one considers that 10 or a dozen Japanese are engaged

in such pursuits it is little wonder that this species has

practically been exterminated.

32. Gallic olumba canif rons . After months of

diligent searching a native brought in one juvenile example

of this snecies, which he obtained with a blow gun well

back in the interior of Babaulthaup.

Native Unaang and I covered a number of areas where

this species had been reported as abundant at one time

though we, in turn, could not locate a solitary individual.

There is no apparent reason why this bird has

disappeared unless it be through an epidemic. Possibly, too

I was not fortunate in finding its present habitat.

Kubary’s shoot boy, now an old man, was brought

some 15 miles to assure me that formerly Gallicolumba was

found in the secondary bush in abundance.

Possibly now one could still find them in the dense

thickets of Peleleul Island.

33. Quo ulus optatus . The four examples taken

have all of the appearances of juvenile birds. Natives

recognize this species as a migrant and report it as a resi-

dent from December until June.

The specimens taken were observed fluttering over

taro fields where I am told they spend most of their time.

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 281

Those four taken were the only ones observed.

34. Otus podarginus . Relatively common around

human habitations, villages and particularly the city of

Korror. One hears their continuous 3 minute call at all

times of night, as the bird or birds perch in the top of

some tree or on a dead limb somewhere.

Most of those taken were obtained with the aid of

a flashlight, which when directed on the bird illuminated

its eyes and made a good target. Other specimens were found
sleeping in the daytime and were thus acquired.

At night, when one hears an individual commence

his call, theyean,if dexterous enough to escape swamps and

pitfalls, run to within range of the bird before turning on

the light and often be rewarded with a shot.

This species nests in holes in trees and raises

a brood of two I believe. During the day individuals hide

away in dense foliage in the tops of tall trees and in man-

grove thickets as well. As they live in or near villages

mostly to be close to the rodents that infest those places,

one could not always risk shooting all specimens observed.

There are two phases, a light and a dark one.

In former times the owl was considered a devil

among the Palau tribes.

35. Gaorimulgus phalaena . This is another dif-

ficult species to obtain as it too feeds at night and se-

cretes itself in dense thickets and mangroves in the daytime.

Just after dusk one can observe single indivi-

duals flying low over cleared areas, around young coconut

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 —

trees or the tops of mangrove thickets where they are in

pursuit of insects. Sheir flight is swift and strong ;when

turning, their actions are rapid.
On the wing individuals utter a karump karump-like

call which is an aid to the hunter if he be close enough to

catch them in flight. Otherwise there is sometimes a pos-

sibility of finding a solitary bird perched on a dead twig,

uttering his hammer beat-like call.

As the time for hunting just between dusk and dark

is so limited, one averages about one individual in 8 nights

of collecting.

Twice I mistook Qaprimulgus for petrels in the

early morning and obtained specimens in this manner. Two

others were discovered sleeping side by each in a dense man-

grove thicket.

Nothing was learned about the nesting habits, but

I presume those are the same as with this species in other

localities

36. Gollocali a f uci phaga . A limited number of

this species roost and nest in small caves among the small

islands. There one can obtain them with the aid of a flash-
light after dark.

On the main island of Babaulthaup I was never able

to find their roosting site, but presume that they must have

one somewhere in that locality. I believe this snecies

breeds spasmodically at all times of the year.

3®. Halcyon ohloris teraokai . This species is

very common in status and very noisy. One encounters it

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 283

everywhere near the seaooast. It is quite surprising to

find this one restricted, to a fixed area and not all over

the island and interior as one would find it elsewhere.

In this case, the bird lives almost entirely on

fish and frequents the reefs and tide flats at all hours

during low tide. It is indeed an unusual sight to see one

or more perched on niggerhead coral boulders out beyond the

foreshore where they await for small fishes to put in their

appearance.

In diving, birds will react as terns who plunge

into the water head first and entirely submerge at times

only to ri 3e to the surf ace , shake themselves violently and

fly back to their oerch.

Cn shore they assume the customary habits of the

race and frequent open s races, dead trees, taro swamps and

native gardens. They are quarrelsome, indifferent to other

birds and not easily disturbed.

The nest is reported to be placed in holes in

dead trees, but none were located during my stay.

38. Halcyon ci nnamonia . A bird of the interior,

forest and secondary bush. One never sees him on the coast

or along the beaches. I found him shy and very quiet, na-

tives tell me that he has a very weak call though I never

heard it.

One never observes this species perched on a dead

limb or an exposed place, but always in and among foliage,
where he searches for ants, grubs, beetles, etc., that go

to make up his diet.

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284

I should class the bird as rare. Avery specimen

observed was collected.

The natives, even to this day, reverence the bird

as a god of the hush.

39. Hirundo rustica. 'The native name, "Nar mel

hon gus"is interpreted as the H bird of the east wind," and is

recognized by the locals as a migrant.

Two specimens were observed every day, flying up

and down the main street of Korror Island where I couldn't

get an opportunity to shoot them. Finally a small boy hit

one with a stone and brought this specimen to me.

40. j]dolisoma tenuirostre . A bird of the thickets

and true bush of the main island. It is to be found in

small flocks, is timid and retiring and has a very weak

voice. Very little is known about this soecies.

41. Psamathia annae . Fairly common everywhere in

the secondary scrub and grasslands which it inhabits. This

species is one of those found in abundance on the small is-

lands of the group. I found it to be rather tame in dispo-

sition and often observed individuals working around in bushes

quite close to human habitations.

In searching for food these are as often on the

ground scratching through the leaves and vegetation for seeds

as on the low bushes and shrubs.

The call of the bird, a shrill whistle, usually

breaks off into a rather beautiful song.

The nest is a small cup-shaped affair made of

grasses and hidden in low bushes. I believe 3 and 4 eggs
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 285

constitute a clutch.

42. Musoloapa griseisticta . I am unable to give

any information about this migrant except that it was taken

in secondary bush in company with Myiagra .

43. Myiagra erythrops . Fairly common but far
more plentiful on the small islands, strange to say. One

would expect to find this species near habitations, in gar-

dens and the like, but, in this group, this soecies keeps

well to itself.

In their own habitation I found them quite tame

and easily attracted by a call. If one were to sit quietly

in the area he could observe them flitting around close to

the ground ohasing bugs and at other times perched near at

hand on the branch of a tree as though they enjoyed com-

panionship.

44. Pitohui tenebrosus . Moderately common on

the outlying islands but rarely seen on the mainland. I

don't understand why I found so many of the smaller species

on the outlying islands, possibly the question of food

takes them out there at the time of year that I visited the

group.

This bird is called "Tu tau" meaning the "morning

bird," because his sweet little carol heralds the approach

of day. He never sings during the heat of the day and in

the evening if one is close enough he can hear it crooning

itself to sleep, --more like our American Brown Thrasher,

which holds a quiet little song festival with itself just at

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dark. The bird lives almost entirely on the ground and oc-

casionally in very low bushes. It is usually found scratch*

ing around among the dead leaves for mollusca, worms, seeds,

etc. This one is one of the few real song birds in the

tropics it has been my pleasure to hear.

45. Rhipidura lepida . A bird which is restricted

to the true forest and heavy bush. Very infrequently ob-

served on the small islands. I should class it as rare in

this group. Very little is known about it.

46. Artamus leucorhynchus . The native name

"Mang ah lu lu” is interpreted as "the bird which eats ty-

phoons,” because he apoears when the wind is the strongest.

Looal residents know very little about the bird and have

never found its nest apparently. None of them seem to know

where it comes from nor where it goes.

One finds an occasional individual sitting in the

top of a tree on a dead branch or even displaying in the

air. At the same time one could not call them co; mon though.

Umang ,
my hunter, took every specimen he saw.
47. Aplonis onaoa . Very common everywhere on the

main island of Babaulthaup and on Korror. One even finds

them in the city and in native villages. Its status is rare

on the small islands though, like the same soecies on other

islands, this one is noisy, quarrelsome, always in flocks,

wandering about, stealing pau paus berries, anything that

looks like something possible edible.

The natives and the Japanese, as well, are very

fond of the bodies of these birds which they consume in great

 ' m ,

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 287

numbers, though at present there seems to be no diminution

of numbers.

48. Sturnia vi olacea . Two specimens of this mi-

grant were brought to me by small boys who obtained them with

blow guns. I know nothing about the bird, having never seen

it alive though natives tell me that the 'Germans spent a

great deal of time looking for the nest of this species,

which was never found. j

49. Myzomela . Quite common around snail trees

that are flowering, native enclosures and coconut palms.

I did not observe them in the interior of Babaulthaup nor

on the small islands. Here as elsewhere they begin breeding

before losing the yellow color at the corners of the mouth

and before acquiring fully adult plumage. I had difficulty

3

finding adults, more especi ally adult females. In Palau

}

those encountered were tame, not easily frightened by the

report of a gun and always in flocks. No nests were found.

50. Zostero ns f inschi . As on other islands quite

common, always in flocks and very noisy. One encounters

them in secondary bush, grassland, and the low bush of the

small islands, though not so plentiful out in these last-

named places.

51. Zosterops conspioi lata . This soecies is not

so common in this group. Those taken were found in the tons

of high trees in all parts of the group, and in pairs

nearly always. If a number are feeding in a tree and are

shot into they will not return to the same feeding station
 £iol5;.!jTi~fl5 on 9(i 03 S ieee ongn"? £ ties ©so ip d&uotii ,a*ied on

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 '

288

again that day. Bven while thus engaged they are nervous

and active always.

I believe they are most numerous on the island of

Pelele ul.

5 2. Megazosterops . This speoies is, apparently,

restricted to the small island of Peleleul, where its status

would probably be termed as common. Unfortunately, I had

only a few hours there and took all of my specimens from

one flock that was feeding in the tops of low trees and
brambles. ,Yhen feeding and on the wing these birds have a

sweet little sibilation similar to Rhampozosterops of the

mountains of Ponape. My experience with both is that they

are nectar eaters that frequent the flowering trees.

A. Plying fox. Pound in the mangrove swamns,

especially near Imaliek on Babaulthaup. At dawn they re-

tire to the mountains to rest and sleep and return to the

coast to feed at dusk. One hears them squeaking and quar-

reling all night long.

Birds known to occur, but not taken:

Besides a rather representative series of birds
acquired in the group there are a number of others known

from the Palau Island. Some of these were observed during

my stay while others were merely reported.

I might add that it would be impossible, either

with or without a schooner, to make a thorough survey of

the whole group in less than six months, and that time

barring all governmental red tape that occurs under the

present regime.
 . w

Birovier; vedrf .be%sy: e sn ;•? elltfv a&ri .vet tstif filers

.6 JWlB evil OB Q£ik.

to i;l 3 c 9 rid to enoienurr 3 soi. etcs \pA: svsileo' I

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 289

The following, I believe, completes the list of

known birds :

1. Gallus . The bush fowl is reported to be a

resident of the group, but those observed were so badly inter-

bred with domestic strains that I didn't think it worth while

to save any of them.

Native name: Mai pur e um'l

2. Hrythruva . The natives of Peleleul were the

only ones to recognize my rough drawing of this bird and

assured me that the finch did inhabit their island. A num-

ber of them volunteered their assistance, but as I have

stated previously, the island is new a mass of brambles and

brushwood which makes progress an impossibility. No speci-

mens were located during my brief stay there. The natives

have no name for this bird either.

3. Hawk. Hawks were observed on three different

occasions and at one time close enough to notice the barred

markings on the breast and belly. Very similar in flight

and color to the .American broad-winged hawk. Natives spent

days trying to locate the roosting site or resting place

of this bird but without success.

Native name: Zho shuk ru bwo kul, meaning ’’the

owl of the bush."

4. Osprey. Native name: Ote a gal at'. One

specimen was observed once, but I was unable to obtain it.

5. Gallinago . This snipe was found inside the

Japanese Botanical gardens where I was not permitted to do

any collecting. No Palau name.

 ——
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 290

6. Caloenas . The nicobar pigeon was observed twice

in the outlying islands, but could not be obtained. This
species has been persecuted terribly by hunters.
Native name: Liep.
7. Sula . One of the white gannets is reported

from Kiangat, Sonsoral and Helen's Reef.

Native name: Ah ku u hi.

8. Fregata . The man-o'-war bird is reported as

a stray visitor from the 3mall islands near-by.

Native name: Ka than.

9. Kiangat Diver. There is a small white-bellied

grebe-like bird reported at Kiangat and at Helen's Reef. No

Palau name.

10. Sterna bergii . Native name: Butha butha ah

kee*. This tern was observed once flying among the small

islands and is reported as nesting on Helen's Reef, Sonsoral

and other islands near-by.

11. Rallina . f ascia ta. The older natives told me

that before the Japanese built up Korror, this rail was

quite plentiful on that island. Since that time only a very

few have been heard on the main island of Babaulthaup and at

the extreme eastern end of Korror. 'Ye ourselves did hear

them several times at night, but were never afforded a sight

of the bird. I and natives hunted high and low everywhere,

offered a good reward, had natives out with blow guns and

dogs, but got nothing for our labors.

Native name: U la rat'tall.
 T'”

negiio b { .
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8id2 .fieaisSdo ed ion him o itid ,sM£lai ga 90 &| ;

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xodlein v,*iia a

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.

ri;* £: . CIS ;©.. ,; . . ©"’ids l . Ilgind f £93 . nf

I' Ilfisa ee£3 goons sni ;I'i s ono. I a vx e a cf c so ' :v . iej a id I’ .

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foiCir, f © : 0 ,.1X3 ro. is if..-'', 3 :.l i ’

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3o Jana lOBddlwfldsS So .or, ala,; alas? arid a:o .fixseo need evert ?;9S

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 Price List of Commestibles , Caroline Islands.

As a whole the prices of edibles and other arti-

cles in the stores of the various Caroline Islands are quite

reasonable. Both the variety and quantity of goods are

limited. One usually encounters difficulties obtaining case

lots as these stores are all small and all cater to a

limited trade.

Competition is keen among the merchants. They

are eager to compete with one another at all times. We

adapted a policy of submitting a list of necessities to

each storekeeper and obtaining his quotation on the lot.

A considerable saving was enacted in this manner.

With native foods purchased aboard ship and

ashore, as well, we could establish no fixed prices. All

transactions were of the oriental type with no end of

haggling accompanying every sale. The producer as a whole

always went away dissatisfied with his bargain, but would

return again at a later date for another load of goods.

The Japanese have encouraged no native markets,

but seem to prefer to go to the native villages or houses

and there wrangle over their purchases.

The following list will give a general idea of

the trend of nrices in this mandate. Prices are quoted

in American dollars at normal exchange.

Onions, 60 lb. c/s $2.10

Potatoes, 60 lb. c/s 1.80
Bacon, per pound .40
Ham, smoke cured per pound .50
 1 d h V 5

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-iliB i &rW o f.flfs aeXcfjfoe fo eeoiic edt elori sr £ aA

kv ei MaMal sniltr vO ei'O iie v ado to aeiai & ei It ui aslo

98T.o pvinloMc se i'o'TiX Bistfxtjjcene T/IIsra.-; e rcO MaMMI

s o$ leJsc He -5ns Hera Xos eie aaietfs ©sod 5 ee ©sol
. aBsij. deJLMX
\T6-io . BJii-ido'i&oo £>ritf :;/,o is xxeeal ei o '
ridev icv.

. aemlt He 3.-- ivi its euo tit ir- &t$cmo o c: iegso ..to

otf eeiiiaesoo. '

tell a ytiitt icidwa fo \uifoi e .&©?• Hi
.-.do I ©dtf xxo eo.2$s o ep aid Jte^do baa it .res. eicv
:

o doe©

.leruiBiTt cidi ill 3ptoB,ie ear; gnivea alddie-Jf) buooM

£h© a id a rx.foJ;- £9eero$xv aloof ey-idea tit it,

'I. .seohcq is: i! cn oeiXG'sdee Moo a sjv ,IXew se , « i .o ..:.••

*0 fms on riJir. eq^f. XsHe-iiv erf? to eie-w inaid cbh.osii

eXodw e ae 19006010 ea'i .9isa •‘iiove snivjxo oooct. oa ge-Hiio.;

5Xi/(. 0 ri/cf .xilegusd aid riiiff Xeitei xs/..slJE> ’98 >

'B ::.t

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I laH errs lot ots. ie:vl s ds rtiisge ri , 0.

,
a ?;- ii c/vIVf.k od Lege raroe .9 eve ";
seen 1 x;
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steam 10 aegalXlv svidext odd ci og off letsio. od nee*e tsjd

B-oaadarsssq ijedo 19-vo aX&nsiw eierfd Me

t* aelfl lei snag e svig IXi* a a II §u ivOXIot c{£

fee Soup fiia aeoii '

. e dakas® eltit r:i eeoii : t-.e &neio odd

eg. fed 0X9 Db r '.! :. M aie £ X o .5 ntl 1 :

: i

jX.bg ,

Ob .1 ,
•

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 ~ 11

292

Sugar, 50 lb. bag $ 6.00

Rice, 100 lb. bag 8.50
Biscuits, 60 lb. tin 4.25
Salmon, c/s 4 doz. -12 oz. tins 6.25
Tomato sardines ” ” n
7.20
White cherries " " "
4.20
God fish " " "
4.25
Grab meat " ” n
9.00
White bait " " "
13.20
Beets " " "
10.80
Bamboo shoots " ” "
4.80
Sardines, 8 doz. tins 4.00
Green tea, 16 oz. tin .50
Tipton' s tea, 12 oz. tin .90
Japanese cocoa, c/s 2 doz. -12 oz. tins 7.20
Coffee per lb. (imported) .17 1/2
Cigarettes, 1 gross packets or 1440 3.00
Mosquito nets 2.00
Napthaline, per pound bulk .10
Flashlights, 3 cell complete 1.25
Japanese sail canvas per yard .19
1 3/4"manila rope (coil of 80 lbs.) 19.75
White zinc paint, 25 lb. tin 4.50

Japanese flour is useless.

Butter, drippings, lard, vegetable oils, mustards.

condiments, fruits, preserves, etc., are all imported, are

very difficult to obtain and very expensive.

Imported tobacco is assessed 375 °/o.

Arsenic, alum, cottong, etc. for birds of bird

skins must be imported at least from Japan.

All medicines should be imported.

 . ,

01. >d .dJ. 00 c.

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