Electrostatic Potential and Capacitors

1
2. ELETROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE
The electric field around a charge can be described in two ways (1) Electric field
(𝐸⃗ ) and (2) Electric Potential (V). Electric field (𝐸⃗ ) is a vector quantity but
Electric Potential is a scalar. Both these quantities are characteristic properties of
any point in an Electric field and they are interrelated.
➢ ELECTROSTATIC POTENETIAL (V) at a point in an electric field is the

work done in bringing a unit positive charge from infinity to that point against
electrostatic force
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌( 𝑾) 𝑾
𝑽= =
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆(𝒒) 𝒒
➢ SI unit of electric potential is JC – 1 or Volt (V)
➢ Electric Potential (V) is a scalar quantity
➢ ELECTROSATATIC POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE between any two

points in an electric field is the amount of work done in moving a unit positive
charge from one point to the other point against electric field.
𝑊𝑎𝑏
∆𝑉 = 𝑉𝑏 − 𝑉𝑎 =
𝑞
➢ ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DUE TO A POINT CHARGE (V)

➢ Let r = distance of a point from charge “ q ” at origin
dW = work done in displacing a test charge q 0

between two points P and R through a small
displacement “ dr ” against electrostatic force (F)
1 𝑞𝑞0
𝐹=
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 2
𝑑𝑊 = 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑑𝑟) cos 1800 = −𝐹 (𝑑𝑟)
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
1 𝑞𝑞0 𝑞𝑞0 𝑑𝑟
𝑊 = ∫ − 𝐹(𝑑𝑟) = ∫ − (𝑑𝑟) = − ∫
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 2 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟2
∞ ∞ ∞
2
𝑟
𝑞𝑞0 − 2 (𝑑𝑟)
𝑞𝑞0 1𝑟 𝑞𝑞0 1 1
𝑊= − ∫𝑟 = − [− ] = [ − ]
4𝜋𝜖0 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 ∞ 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 ∞
∞
1 𝑞𝑞0
𝑊=
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟
𝑊 1 𝑞𝑞0 1
𝑉= =
𝑞0 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 𝑞0
𝟏 𝒒
𝑽=
𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎 𝒓
Electric Potential due to a point electric charge q at a distance "r" from it
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DUE TO A SYSTEM OF CHARGES
Let V1, V2, V3, ............. Vn are electric potentials due to charges q1, q2 , q3 , ............ qn
at distances r1, r2, r3, .............................. rn from origin
V = Net electric potential is algebraic sum of electric potential due to
individual charges
V = V1 + V2 + V3, + ............. + Vn
1 𝑞1 1 𝑞2 1 𝑞3 1 𝑞𝑛
𝑉= + + + ………………..+
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟1 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟2 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟3 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟𝑛
𝑛
1 𝑞𝑖
𝑉= ∑
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟𝑖
𝑖=1
➢ ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DUE TO AN ELECTRIC DIPOLE

3
➢
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑃 = 𝑞 (2𝑎) = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑟 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑟1 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 + 𝑞 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑟2 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 − 𝑞 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
1 𝑞
𝑉+𝑞 = = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 + 𝑞 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟1
1 𝑞
𝑉− 𝑞 = − = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 − 𝑞 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟2
1 𝑞 1 𝑞
𝑉 = 𝑉+𝑞 + 𝑉− 𝑞 = −
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟1 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟2
𝑞 1 1 𝑞 𝑟2 − 𝑟1
𝑉= [ − ]= [ ]
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟1 𝑟2 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟1 𝑟2
𝑟2 − 𝑟1 = 2𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟1 𝑟2 ≈ 𝑟 2
𝑞 2𝑎 cos 𝜃 1 𝑞(2𝑎) cos 𝜃 1 𝑃 cos 𝜃
𝑉= = =
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟2 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟2 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟2
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃 = 𝑞 (2𝑎) = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ;
𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝟏 𝑷 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝑽= = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎
𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎 𝒓𝟐
4
𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 "r " from centre of electric dipole
𝟏 ⃗𝑷⃗ .𝒓
⃗
𝑽=
𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎 𝒓𝟑
= 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 "r " from centre of electric dipole
𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆:
1) 𝜃 = 00 𝑜𝑟 1800 𝑖𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒

𝟏 𝑷
𝑽𝒂 = ± = 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝒐𝒏
𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎 𝒓𝟐
𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒅𝒊𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆
2) 𝜃 = 900 𝑖𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑽𝒆 = 𝟎 = 𝒁𝑬𝑹𝑶 = 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒
𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒅𝒊𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆
➢ ELECTRIC POTENTAIL DUE TO UNIFORMLY CHARGED

SPHERICAL SHELL
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑞 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑙𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙
𝑅 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙
𝑟 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙
1) 𝑟 > 𝑅 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙
1 𝑞
𝑉0 = = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟
2) 𝑟 = 𝑅 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙

1 𝑞
𝑉𝑠 = = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑅
3) 𝑟 < 𝑅 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙
5
1 𝑞
𝑉𝑖 = = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑅
➢ ELEECTRIC POTENTIAL DUE TO SYSTEM OF CHARGES:

The total electric potential at a point due to system of electric charges
±𝑞1 , ±𝑞2 , ±𝑞3 … … … … … … ± 𝑞𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝑟1 , 𝑟2 , 𝑟3 , … … … . 𝑟𝑛
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑔𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑓
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠
𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑉 = ±𝑉1 ± 𝑉2 ± 𝑉3 … … … … … … . . ±𝑉𝑛
1 𝑞1 1 𝑞2 1 𝑞3 1 𝑞𝑛
𝑉= ± ± ± …………………..±
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟1 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟2 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟3 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟𝑛
𝒏
𝟏 𝒒𝒊
𝑽 = ∑±
𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎 𝒓𝒊
𝒊=𝟏
➢ EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACE: Any surface that has same electric potential

at every point on it is called an equipotential surface.
➢
6
➢ PROERTIES OF EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACE:

1. No or ZERO work is done in moving a test electric charge on an
equipotential surface.
REASON:
𝑊𝐴𝐵 = 𝑞 (𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴 ) = 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑞𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴 𝑡𝑜 𝐵
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝐵 𝑠𝑜 𝑊𝐴𝐵 = 0
2. Electric field is always normal to equipotential surface at every point.

REASON: If electric field is not normal to the equipotential surface it
would have non zero component along the surface. So to move a test
charge on equipotential surface a non-zero work have to be done. But
work done is zero to move a charge between two points on equipotential
surface as potential difference between any two points. Hence electric
field must be normal to equipotential surface.
3. Equipotential surfaces are closer together in the regions of strong

electric field and farther apart in the regions of weak field.
REASON :
𝑑𝑉
𝐸= −
𝑑𝑟
1
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒, 𝑠𝑜 𝐸 ∝
𝑑𝑟
4. No two equipotential surfaces can intersect each other.

REASON:
If they intersect there will two values of electric potential at the point of
intersection which is impossible.
5. Equipotential surfaces are perpendicular to the electric field lines
➢ EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES
7
8
➢ RELATION BETWEEN ELECTRIC FIELD(E) AND ELECTRIC

POTENTIAL(V)
Let W = work done in moving a test charge “ q o” against electric field through a
displacement “ dr” between two points A and B with electric potential V A = V
and VB = V +dV
𝑊 = 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑞0 𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑞0 𝐸 (𝑑𝑟) cos 1800 = − 𝑞0 𝐸(𝑑𝑟)
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑊 = 𝑞0 (𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴 ) = 𝑞0 (𝑉 + 𝑑𝑉 − 𝑉) = 𝑞0 (𝑑𝑉)
𝑞0 (𝑑𝑉) = − 𝑞0 𝐸(𝑑𝑟)
𝒅𝑽
𝑬=−
𝒅𝒓
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 (– )𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (𝐸⃗ ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 ( 𝑉)
The magnitude of electric field (E) is equal to the change in magnitude of

potential difference (dV) per unit length called as potential gradient normal
to the equipotential surface at that point.
➢ COMPUTING ELECTRIC POTENTIAL(V) FROM ELECTRIC

FIELD(E):
𝑑𝑉
𝐸⃗ = −
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑉 = − 𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝑟
𝑉𝑓 𝑟𝑓
∫ 𝑑𝑉 = − ∫ 𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝑟
𝑉𝑖 𝑟𝑖
𝐼𝑓 𝑟𝑖 = ∞, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑖 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑓 = 𝑟, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉

𝑉 𝑟
∫ 𝑑𝑉 = − ∫ 𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝑟
0 ∞
9
[𝑉 − 0]𝑉0 = − ∫ 𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝑟
∞
𝒓
⃗⃗ . 𝒅𝒓
𝑽= −∫ 𝑬 ⃗
∞
➢ ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY (U) of system of point electric

charges is defined as the amount of work done in assembling the electric
charges at their locations by bringing them in from infinity.
➢ ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY OF SYSTEM OF TWO

CHARGES:
𝑊1 = 0 = 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑞1 𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡

𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
1 𝑞1
𝑉1 = = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 q1 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟12 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑞1
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟12
1 𝑞1 𝑞2
𝑊2 = 𝑞2 . 𝑉1 = = 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 q2 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟12
𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 r12 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑞1
1 𝑞1 𝑞2
𝑊 = 𝑊1 + 𝑊2 = 0 + = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟12
𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑞1 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑞2 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑟12 𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓
𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠 (𝑈)
𝟏 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐
𝑼= = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑜
𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎 𝒓𝟏𝟐
𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠
10
➢ ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY OF SYSTEM OF THREE

CHARGES:
𝑊1 = 0 = 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑞1 𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡

𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
1 𝑞1
𝑉1 = = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 q1 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟12 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑞1
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟12
1 𝑞1 𝑞2
𝑊2 = 𝑞2 . 𝑉1 = = 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 q2 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟12
𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 r12 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑞1

1 𝑞2
𝑉2 =
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟23
1 𝑞1 𝑞3 1 𝑞2 𝑞3
𝑊3 = 𝑞3 . 𝑉1 + 𝑞3 𝑉2 = + 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟13 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟23
𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 q3 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 r23 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑞2
𝑊 = 𝑊1 + 𝑊2 + 𝑊3
1 𝑞1 𝑞2 1 𝑞1 𝑞3 1 𝑞2 𝑞3
𝑊 =0+ + + = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟12 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟13 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟23
𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑞1 , 𝑞2 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑞3 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚
𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟12 𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠 (𝑈)
𝟏 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 𝟏 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟑 𝟏 𝒒 𝟐 𝒒𝟑
𝑼= + + = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎 𝒓𝟏𝟐 𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎 𝒓𝟏𝟑 𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎 𝒓𝟐𝟑
𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠
11
➢ ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY OF SYSTEM OF “ n ”

CHARGES:
𝑵
𝟏 𝒒𝒊 𝒒𝒋
𝑼= ∑ = 𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎
𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎 𝒓𝒊𝒋
𝒊=𝟏𝒋=𝟐
𝒐𝒇 𝒏 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒔
➢ POTENTIAL ENERGY OF TWO ELECTRIC CHARGES IN AN

ELECTRIC FIELD(E)
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑞1 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑞2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (𝐸)
𝑟 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (𝐸)
𝑉1 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑉2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑(𝐸) 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑈1 = 𝑞1 𝑉1 = 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑞1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙 𝐸⃗
𝑈2 = 𝑞2 𝑉2 = 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑞2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙 𝐸⃗
1 𝑞1 𝑞2
𝑈3 = = 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑞1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞2
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟
𝑈 = 𝑈1 + 𝑈2 + 𝑈3
𝟏 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐
𝑼 = 𝒒 𝟏 𝑽𝟏 + 𝒒 𝟐 𝑽 𝟐 +
𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎 𝒓
➢ POTENTIAL ENERGY OF AN ELECTRIC DIPOLE IN UINIFORM

ELECTRIC FIELD (E)
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐸⃗ = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 ; 𝑃 = 𝑞 (2𝑎) = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐹 = 𝑞𝐸 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝐹 = − 𝑞𝐸 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑞𝑢𝑒 (𝜏)
𝜏 = 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝜏 = 𝑃⃗ 𝑥𝐸⃗ = 𝑃𝐸 sin 𝜃
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑑𝑊 = 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝜃
𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (𝐸)
𝑑𝑊 = 𝜏 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑃𝐸 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑊 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
12
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 (𝜃𝑖 ) 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 (𝜃𝑓 )
𝜃𝑓 𝜃𝑓 𝜃𝑓
𝑊 = ∫ 𝑑𝑊 = ∫ 𝑃𝐸 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑃𝐸 ∫ sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜃𝑖 𝜃𝑖 𝜃𝑖
𝜃
𝑊 = 𝑃𝐸 [– cos 𝜃]𝜃𝑓 = −𝑃𝐸 [cos 𝜃𝑓 − cos 𝜃𝑖 ]
𝑖
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 (𝑊) 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑(𝐸) 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 (𝑈)
𝑈 = 𝑊 = −𝑃𝐸 [cos 𝜃𝑓 − cos 𝜃𝑖 ] = 𝑃𝐸 [cos 𝜃𝑖 − cos 𝜃𝑓 ]
𝑼 = 𝑷𝑬 [𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝒊 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝒇 ] = 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑝)𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (𝐸) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚
𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 (𝜃𝑖 ) 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 (𝜃𝑓 )
❖ SPECIAL CASE
1. 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓𝑺𝑻𝑨𝑩𝑳𝑬 𝑬𝑸𝑼𝑰𝑳𝑰𝑩𝑹𝑰𝑼𝑴
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝑇𝐴𝐵𝐿𝐸 𝐸𝑄𝑈𝐼𝐿𝐼𝐵𝑅𝐼𝑈𝑀
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 ⃗𝑷⃗ ∥ ⃗𝑬
⃗ 𝑖, 𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜃 = 00 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑼 = −𝑷𝑬 𝑖𝑠 𝑀𝐼𝑁𝐼𝑀𝑈𝑀
2. 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑼𝑵𝑺𝑻𝑨𝑩𝑳𝑬 𝑬𝑸𝑼𝑰𝑳𝑰𝑩𝑹𝑰𝑼𝑴
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑈𝑁𝑆𝑇𝐴𝐵𝐿𝐸 𝐸𝑄𝑈𝐼𝐿𝐼𝐵𝑅𝐼𝑈𝑀
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 ⃗𝑷⃗ ∦ ⃗𝑬
𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑼 = +𝑷𝑬 𝑖𝑠 𝑀𝐴𝑋𝐼𝑀𝑈𝑀
3. 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑍𝐸𝑅𝑂 𝐸𝑁𝐸𝑅𝐺𝑌
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 ⃗𝑷⃗ ⊥ ⃗𝑬
𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒅𝒊𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝑼 = 𝟎 𝒊𝒔 𝒁𝑬𝑹𝑶
➢ BEHAVIOUR OF CONDUCTORS IN ELECTRIC FIELDS

1. Net electric field is ZERO in the interior of a conductor
REASON: When a conductor is placed in external electric field it
induces opposite charges on conductor until induced electric field is
equal and opposite to external electric field.
𝐸⃗𝑒 = − 𝐸⃗𝑖
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2. The net charge in the interior of a conductor is zero and excess charge
resides on its surface
3. Electric field outside the surface of charged conductor is normal to its

surface.
REASON: If electric field is not normal then it will have component
tangential to the surface which flow of charges producing surface
currents. But no surface currents exist on static charged surfaces.
4. Electric field at the surface of a charged conductor is proportional to

the surface charge density.
REASON
𝜎
𝐸⃗ =
𝜀0
5. Electric potential is constant within and on the surface of a conductor
𝑑𝑉
𝐸= −
𝑑𝑟
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝐸 = 0 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑑𝑉
– =0
𝑑𝑟
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑉 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
6. ELECTROSTATIC SHIELDING: Electric field is zero in the cavity

of a hallow charged conductor. This phenomenon of making a region
free from electric field is called electrostatic shielding.
APPLICATIONS OF ELECROSTATIC SHIELDING:

1. Passengers inside aeroplane are safe when lightning strikes the
aeroplane.
2.Sensitive electronic devices are protected from external electric
fields by placing them in inside metal containers.
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➢ CAPACITOR is an arrangement of two equal and oppositely charged

conductors separated by an insulating medium that is used to store electric
charge and electrical energy.
➢ ELECTRICAL CAPACITANCE(C) OF A CAPACITOR

Capacitance (C) of a capacitor is defined as the charge(q) required to raise the
potential of a capacitor by unit amount.
𝒒
𝑪=
𝑽
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑞 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑉 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐶 = 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑺𝑰 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑖𝑠 𝒇𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒅 (𝑭)
1𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏
1𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑(𝐹) =
1𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
𝑂𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑(𝐹) 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑦 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
➢ CAPACITANCE OF A PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR

A Parallel plate capacitor consist of two equal and
oppositely charged parallel plates separated by an
insulating medium (air or vacuum)
Let A = area of parallel plates of capacitor
𝑞
𝜎 = = 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐴
𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑑 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝜎 𝜎
𝐸𝑜 = − = 0 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟
2𝜀0 2𝜀0
𝜎 𝜎 𝜎
𝐸𝑏 = + = = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟
2𝜀0 2𝜀0 𝜀0
𝜎𝑑 𝑞𝑑
𝑉 = 𝐸𝑏 𝑑 = = = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙
𝜀0 𝐴𝜀0
𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑞 𝜀0 𝐴
𝐶= =
𝑉 𝑑
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𝜺𝟎 𝑨
𝑪= = 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝒅
➢ DIELECTRIC MATERIAL is an insulator which can be polarised through

small localised displacement of electric charges.
➢ POLAR DIELELCTRIC MATERIAL has polar molecules whose centre of
mass positive charge
does not coincide with
centre of mass of
negative charge due to
which the polar
molecule possess
permanent dipole
moment. In the absence
of external electric field
the polar molecules are randomly arranged such that the net charge of polar
dielectric material is zero
Example of polar dielectric material: HCl ; NH3 ; CO ; CH3OH
➢ NON POLAR DIELECTRIC MATERIAL has non polar molecules in

which centre of mass of positive and negative charges coincide due to which
they do not possess dipole moment in the absence of external electric field.
But in the presence of external electric field they develop dipolemoment.
Example of non polar dielectric material: H2 ; N2 ; O2 ; CO2 ; CH4 etc
➢ 𝑷𝑶𝑳𝑨𝑹𝑰𝒁𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝒐𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 (𝑷 ⃗⃗ ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑.
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑃⃗) 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑.
16
𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡(𝑃)𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑞(𝑑) 𝑞𝑑 𝑞

𝑃⃗ = = = = = 𝜎𝑝
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑉 𝐴𝑑 𝐴
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜎𝑝
= 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐸⃗𝑜 = 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 ; 𝐸⃗𝑝 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜
𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙;
⃗⃗ = 𝑬
𝑬 ⃗⃗ 𝒐 − 𝑬
⃗⃗ 𝒑 = 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓
𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙
➢ DILELCTIRIC CONSTANT (K) OR RELATIVE PERMITIVITY (𝜺𝒓 )
⃗𝑬
⃗𝟎 ⃗𝑬
⃗𝟎
𝑲 = 𝜺𝒓 = = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐾 = 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐
⃗⃗
𝑬 ⃗⃗ 𝒐 − 𝑬
𝑬 ⃗⃗ 𝒑
𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜀𝑟 = 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
➢ ELECTRIC SUSCEPTBILITY (χ) is defined as the ratio of polarization of

dielectric (𝑃⃗) to 𝜀0 times the reduced electric field (𝑬
⃗⃗ ) inside dielectric
material
⃗𝑷
⃗
𝝌=
𝜺𝟎 ⃗𝑬
⃗
➢ RELATION BETWEEN DIELECTRIC CONSTANT(K) AND

ELECTRIC SUSCEPTIBILITY(χ)
⃗𝑬
⃗ = ⃗𝑬
⃗ 𝒐 − ⃗𝑬
⃗ 𝒑 = 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓
𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝜎𝑝 𝑃⃗
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝐸⃗𝑝 = =
𝜀0 𝜀0
𝑃⃗ 𝜀0 𝜒𝐸⃗
𝐸⃗ = 𝐸⃗𝑜 − 𝐸⃗𝑝 = 𝐸⃗𝑜 − = 𝐸⃗𝑜 −
𝜀0 𝜀0
𝜀0 𝜒𝐸⃗
𝐸⃗ = 𝐸⃗𝑜 −
𝜀0
17
𝐸⃗0
1= − 𝜒
𝐸⃗
𝐸⃗0
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝐾 =
𝐸⃗
1= 𝐾− 𝜒
𝑲=𝟏+ 𝝌
➢ CAPACITANCE OF A PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR WITH

DIELECTRIC SLAB (5* MARKS)
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (𝐾)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠(𝑡)
𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑞
𝜎 = = 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐴
𝑑 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑡 = 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛
𝐾 = 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝜀0 𝐴
𝐶0 = = 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐
𝑑
𝜎 𝑞
𝐸0 = = = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐
𝜀0 𝐴𝜀0
𝐸0
𝐸𝑖 = 𝐸0 − 𝐸𝑝 = = 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐
𝐾
𝑉0 = 𝐸0 (𝑑 − 𝑡) = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟
18
𝑉𝑖 = 𝐸𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐

𝑉 = 𝑉0 + 𝑉𝑖 = 𝐸0 (𝑑 − 𝑡) + 𝐸𝑖 𝑡
𝐸0
𝑉 = 𝐸0 (𝑑 − 𝑡) + (𝑡)
𝐾
𝑡
𝑉 = 𝐸0 [𝑑 − 𝑡 + ]
𝐾
𝑞 𝑡
𝑉= [𝑑 − 𝑡 + ]
𝐴𝜀0 𝐾
𝑞 𝑞
𝐶= = 𝑞 𝑡
𝑉 [𝑑 − 𝑡 + ]
𝐴𝜀0 𝐾
𝜺𝟎 𝑨
𝑪= 𝒕
[𝒅 − 𝒕 + ]
𝑲
= 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ
𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (𝐾)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠(𝑡)
𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆 ∶
𝑲𝜺𝟎 𝑨
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒅 = 𝒕 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑪 = = 𝑲𝑪𝟎
𝒅
𝑪 = 𝑲𝑪𝟎
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶 = 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (𝐾)
𝐶0 = 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐
➢ Capacitance of a capacitor depends on

1. Size and shape of capacitor
2. Nature (permittivity) of the surrounding medium
3. Distance of plates of capacitor
➢ CAPACITORS IN SERIES COMBINATION

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐶1 𝐶2 , 𝐶3 , 𝐶4 , 𝐶5 … … . . 𝐶𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒
19
𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑉
𝐼𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝐶𝐻𝐴𝑅𝐺𝐸 𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑠
𝑆𝐴𝑀𝐸 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝐿𝐸𝐸𝐶𝑇𝑅𝐼𝐶 𝑃𝑂𝑇𝐸𝑁𝑇𝐼𝐴𝐿 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡.
𝑞
𝑉1 =
𝐶1
𝑞
𝑉2 =
𝐶2
𝑞
𝑉3 =
𝐶3
𝑞
𝑉𝑛 =
𝐶𝑛
𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 + … … … … . + 𝑉𝑛
𝑞
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑉 = ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑠 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
𝐶𝑠
𝑞 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞
= + + + ………….+
𝐶𝑠 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 𝐶𝑛
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + + + + + ⋯…………..+
𝑪𝒔 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝟑 𝑪𝟒 𝑪𝟓 𝑪𝒏
➢ TOTAL PARALLEL CAPACITANCE OF PARALLEL COMBINATION

OF CAPACITORS(C P)
𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔: 𝑇𝑤𝑜 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑆𝐴𝑀𝐸 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠.
1. 𝐼𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙(𝑉) 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒
𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠.
2. 𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛
𝑇𝑊𝑂 𝑆𝐴𝑀𝐸 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠

20
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , 𝐶3 , 𝐶4 , 𝐶5 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙
𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑉
𝐿𝑒𝑡𝑉 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙.
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑞1 , 𝑞2 , 𝑞3 , 𝑞4 , 𝑞5 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , 𝐶3 , 𝐶4 , 𝐶5 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦
𝑞1 = 𝑉 𝐶1
𝑞2 = 𝐼 𝐶2
𝑞3 = 𝐼 𝐶3
𝑞4 = 𝐼 𝐶4
𝑞5 = 𝐼 𝐶5
𝑞 = 𝐼𝐶𝑝 ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑝 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
𝑞 = 𝑞1 + 𝑞2 + 𝑞3 + 𝑞4 + 𝑞5 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡
𝑉𝐶𝑝 = 𝑉 𝐶1 + 𝑉 𝐶2 + 𝑉 𝐶3 + 𝑉 𝐶4 + 𝑉 𝐶5
𝑉𝐶𝑝 = 𝑉(𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + 𝐶4 + 𝐶5 )
𝐶𝑝 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + 𝐶4 + 𝐶5 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

21
SPECIALCASE
1. 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 " 𝑛 " 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , 𝐶3 , 𝐶4 , 𝐶5 … … … … 𝐶𝑛 𝑖𝑠
𝑪𝑷 = 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 + 𝑪𝟑 + 𝑪𝟒 + 𝑪𝟓 + … … … … … 𝑪𝒏
2. 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 " n " 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑪𝒑 = 𝒏𝑪
𝑰𝑴𝑷𝑶𝑹𝑻𝑨𝑵𝑻 𝑵𝑶𝑻𝑬: 𝐼𝑓 𝐶𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑝 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑓 " n " 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝐶𝑝
𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 = 𝑛2 𝑜𝑟 𝑪𝒑 ∶ 𝑪𝒔 = 𝒏𝟐 ∶ 𝟏
𝐶𝑠
➢ TOTAL CAPACITANCE OF SERIES AND PARALLEL

COMBINATION OF IDENTICAL CAPACITORS
Let C = capacitance of each capacitor

n = number of identical capacitors
n= number of identical capacitors each of capacitance ( C) connected in series
in a row
m = number of rows
V = total voltage connected across capacitors

𝐶
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑜𝑤 =
𝑛
22
𝒎𝑪
𝑪𝑻 = = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
𝒏
𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝐶) 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ (𝑛)𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ
𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 (𝑚) 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑠
➢ CAPACITANCE OF A PARALLEL PALTE CAPACITOR WITH

NUMBER OF DIEFFERENT DIELECTRIC MATERIALS IN SERIES
ARRANGEMENT BETWEEN PLATES OF CAPACITOR
➢
1. SERIES ARRANGEMENT OF DIELECTRIC MATERIAL
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠

𝐾1 , 𝐾2 , 𝐾3 … … . 𝐾𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡1 , 𝑡2 , 𝑡3 … … . 𝑡 𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝐸𝑅𝐼𝑅𝑆 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑝 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝜀0𝐴
𝐶= 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
𝑑 − ( 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 + 𝑡3 + ⋯ … . +𝑡 𝑛 ) + ( 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ … … . + 𝑛 )
𝐾1 𝐾2 𝐾3 𝐾𝑛
𝐼𝑓 𝑑 = ( 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 + 𝑡3 + ⋯ … . +𝑡 𝑛 ) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝜺𝟎𝑨
𝑪= 𝒕 𝒕 𝒕 𝒕
(𝑲𝟏 + 𝑲𝟐 + 𝑲𝟑 + ⋯ … … . + 𝑲𝒏 )
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝒏
➢ CAPACITANCE OF A PARALLEL PALTE CAPACITOR WITH

NUMBER OF DIEFFERENT DIELECTRIC MATERIALS IN
PARALLEL ARRANGEMENT BETWEEN PLATES OF
CAPACITOR
2. PARALLEL ARRANGEMENT OF DIELECTRIC MATERIAL

23
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠

𝐾1 , 𝐾2 , 𝐾3 … … . 𝐾𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝑇 𝐴𝑅𝐸𝐴𝑆 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 … … . 𝐴 𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝐴𝑅𝐴𝐿𝐿𝐸𝐿 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑝 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐶 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + ⋯ … … … . . + 𝐶𝑛
𝐾1 𝜀0 𝐴1 𝐾2 𝜀0 𝐴2 𝐾3 𝜀0 𝐴3
𝐶= + +
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
+ ⋯……………
𝐾𝑛 𝜀0 𝐴𝑛
+
𝑑
𝜀0
𝐶= (𝐾 𝐴 + 𝐾2 𝐴2 + 𝐾3 𝐴3 … … … … … … + 𝐾𝑛 𝐴𝑛 )
𝑑 1 1
𝐴
𝐼𝑓 𝐴1 = 𝐴2 = 𝐴3 = ⋯ … … … … = 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑛
𝜺𝟎 𝑨
𝑪= (𝑲𝟏 + 𝑲𝟐 + 𝑲𝟑 … … … … … … + 𝑲𝒏 )
𝒅𝒏
➢ CAPACITANCE OF A PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR WITH A

CONDUCTING SLAB
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝐴)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠(𝑡)
𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑑 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑡 = 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
𝑞
𝜎 = = 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐴
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝜎 𝑞
𝐸𝑜 = = = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
𝜀0 𝜀0 𝐴
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟.
𝐸𝑖 = 0 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏

𝑞
𝑉0 = 𝐸0 (𝑑 − 𝑡) = (𝑑 − 𝑡) = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝜀0 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
𝑉𝑖 = 𝐸𝑖 𝑡 = 0 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
24
𝑞
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜 + 𝑉𝑖 = (𝑑 − 𝑡) = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝜀0 𝐴
𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
𝑞 𝑞 𝜀0 𝐴
𝐶= = 𝑞 =
𝑉 (𝑑 − 𝑡) (𝑑 − 𝑡)
𝜀0 𝐴
𝜺𝟎 𝑨
𝑪= = 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
(𝒅 − 𝒕)
𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑰𝑴𝑷𝑶𝑹𝑻𝑨𝑵𝑻 𝑵𝑶𝑻𝑬:
𝜀0 𝐴
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐶0 = = 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑑
𝜀0 𝐴
𝐶= = 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
(𝑑 − 𝑡)
𝐶 𝑑
𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 =
𝐶0 (𝑑 − 𝑡)
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐶 > 𝐶0
➢ ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORED IN A CAPACITOR

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑉 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑑𝑊 = 𝑉 (𝑑𝑞) = 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 dq 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛
𝑄
𝑊 = ∫ 𝑑𝑊 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟

0
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑄
𝑄 𝑄
𝑊 = ∫ 𝑑𝑊 = ∫ 𝑉 (𝑑𝑞)
0 0
𝑞
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑉 =
𝐶
𝑄 𝑄
𝑄
𝑞 1 1 𝑞2 1 𝑄2
𝑊 = ∫ (𝑑𝑞) = ∫ 𝑞 (𝑑𝑞) = [ ] = [ − 0]
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 2 0 𝐶 2
0 0
25
𝑄2
𝑊= = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑔 𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑎
2𝐶
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑄 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 (𝑈)
𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑸𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝑼 = = 𝑪𝑽𝟐 = 𝑸𝑽
𝟐𝑪 𝟐 𝟐
➢ ELECTRICAL ENERGY DENSITY (u) OF CAPACITOR

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝐶)
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙(𝑉)
𝑸𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝑼 = = 𝑪𝑽𝟐 = 𝑸𝑽
𝟐𝑪 𝟐 𝟐
𝜀0 𝐴
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝐶 =
𝑑
𝜎 𝑞
𝐸= =
𝜀0 𝐴𝜀0
𝑞 = 𝐴𝐸𝜀0
𝟏
𝑼= 𝝐 𝑬𝟐 𝑨𝒅
𝟐 𝟎
𝑼 𝟏
𝒖= = 𝜺𝟎 𝑬𝟐 = 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒐𝒓
𝑨𝒅 𝟐
𝟏
𝒖= 𝜺 𝑬𝟐
𝟐 𝟎
➢ ENERGY STORED IN SERIES COMBINATION OF CAPACITORS
𝑞 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑞2
𝑈=
2𝐶𝑠
26
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + + + ⋯…………..+
𝐶𝑠 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 𝐶4 𝐶5 𝐶𝑛
𝑞2 𝑞2 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑈= = [ + + + + + ⋯…………..+ ]
2𝐶𝑠 2 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 𝐶4 𝐶5 𝐶𝑛
𝑞2 𝑞2 𝑞2 𝑞2
𝑈= + + + ……………..+
2𝐶1 2𝐶2 2𝐶3 2𝐶𝑛
𝑼𝒔 = 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑼𝟐 + 𝑼𝟑 + … … … … + 𝑼𝒏
➢ ENERGY STORED IN PARALLEL COMBINATION OF

CAPACITORS
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑉 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + 𝐶4 + 𝐶5 + … … … … … 𝐶𝑛
1 2
𝑉2 𝑉2
𝑈 = 𝐶𝑝 𝑉 = 𝐶 = [𝐶 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + 𝐶4 + 𝐶5 + … … … … … 𝐶𝑛 ]
2 2 𝑝 2 1
𝑉 2 𝐶1 𝑉 2 𝐶1 𝑉 2 𝐶1 𝑉 2 𝐶1
𝑈= + + + ………………+
2 2 2 2
𝑼𝒑 = 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑼𝟐 + 𝑼𝟑 + … … … … + 𝑼𝒏
IMPORTANT NOTE: Total electrical energy stored in series and parallel

combination of given number of resisters is SAME and is equal to the
algebraic sum of energy stored individual capacitors.
➢ ENERGY LOSS WHEN TWO CHARGED CAPACITORS ARE

CONNECTED
𝐶1 = 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑉1
𝐶2 = 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑉2
𝑞1 = 𝐶1 𝑉1 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐶1 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑉1
𝑞2 = 𝐶2 𝑉2 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐶2 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑉2
27
1
𝑈1 = 𝐶 𝑉 2 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐶1
2 1 1
1
𝑈2 = 𝐶2 𝑉22 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐶2
2
1 1
𝑈𝑖 = 𝑈1 + 𝑈2 = 𝐶1 𝑉12 + 𝐶2 𝑉22 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓
2 2
𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝐶1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶2 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑉 = 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑞1 + 𝑞2 𝐶1 𝑉1 + 𝐶2 𝑉2
𝑉= = =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝐶1 + 𝐶2
1 1 1
𝑈𝑓 = 𝐶1 𝑉 2 + 𝐶2 𝑉 2 = (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 )𝑉 2
2 2 2
1 2
1 𝐶1 𝑉1 + 𝐶2 𝑉2 2
𝑈𝑓 = (𝐶 + 𝐶2 )𝑉 = (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ) [ ]
2 1 2 𝐶1 + 𝐶2
∆𝑈 = 𝑈𝑓 − 𝑈𝑖 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒

𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙
1 𝐶1 𝑉1 + 𝐶2 𝑉2 2 1 1
∆𝑈 = 𝑈𝑓 − 𝑈𝑖 = (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ) [ ] − ( 𝐶1 𝑉12 + 𝐶2 𝑉22 )
2 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 2 2
(𝐶1 𝑉1 + 𝐶2 𝑉2 ) 2
1
∆𝑈 = − (𝐶1 𝑉12 + 𝐶2 𝑉22 )
2(𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ) 2
1
∆𝑈 = [(𝐶1 𝑉1 + 𝐶2 𝑉2 )2 − (𝐶1 𝑉12 + 𝐶2 𝑉22 )(𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ) ]
2(𝐶1 + 𝐶2 )
1
∆𝑈 = [(𝐶12 𝑉12 + 𝐶22 𝑉22 + 2𝐶1 𝑉1 𝐶2 𝑉2 )
2(𝐶1 + 𝐶2 )
− (𝐶12 𝑉12 + 𝐶22 𝑉22 + 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝑉12 + 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝑉22 )]
1
∆𝑈 = [𝐶12 𝑉12 + 𝐶22 𝑉22 + 2𝐶1 𝑉1 𝐶2 𝑉2 − 𝐶12 𝑉12 − 𝐶22 𝑉22 − 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝑉12
2(𝐶1 + 𝐶2 )
− 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝑉22 ]
1
∆𝑈 = [2𝐶1 𝑉1 𝐶2 𝑉2 – 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝑉12 − 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝑉22 ]
2(𝐶1 + 𝐶2 )
𝐶1 𝐶2
∆𝑈 = [2𝑉1 𝑉2 − 𝑉12 − 𝑉22 ]
2(𝐶1 + 𝐶2 )
−𝐶1 𝐶2
∆𝑈 = [𝑉 2 + 𝑉22 − 2𝑉1 𝑉2 ]
2(𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ) 1
28
− 𝐶1 𝐶2 (𝑉1 − 𝑉2 )2
∆𝑈 = = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛
2(𝐶1 + 𝐶2 )
𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙
∗ 𝑰𝑴𝑷𝑶𝑹𝑻𝑨𝑵𝑻 𝑵𝑶𝑻𝑬 ∶ 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 (𝑽𝟏 − 𝑽𝟐 )𝟐 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒍𝒘𝒂𝒚𝒔 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝑽𝟏 > 𝑽𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝑽𝟏 < 𝑽𝟐 𝑺𝒐 ∆𝑼 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒍𝒘𝒂𝒚𝒔 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆.
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑.
➢ SPECIAL CASE:
When a charged capacitor of capacitance (C1 ) charged to potential (V1 = V)
is connected in parallel to a uncharged capacitor (V2 = 0) of capacitance
(C2) then energy loss
− 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝑽𝟐
∆𝑼 =
𝟐(𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 )
➢ EFFECT OF ON DIFFERENT PARAMETERS WHEN DIELECTRIC IS

INSERTED BETWEEN PLATES OF CAPACITOR DISCONNECTED
FROM BATTERY
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑪𝟎 , 𝒒𝟎 , 𝑬𝟎 , 𝑽𝟎 , 𝑼𝟎 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒, 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑,
𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒅𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄
𝐾 = 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑
𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑪 , 𝒒 , 𝑬 , 𝑽 , 𝑼 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒, 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑,
𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒅𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒐𝒇
𝒅𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕(𝑲)𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒐𝒓
𝟏. 𝑪 = 𝑲 𝑪𝟎
𝟐. 𝒒 = 𝒒𝟎
𝑞0
𝟑. 𝑉0 =
𝐶0
𝑞 𝑞0 𝑉0
𝑉= = =
𝐶 𝐾𝐶0 𝐾
29
𝑽𝟎
𝑽=
𝑲
𝑉0
𝟒. 𝐸0 =
𝑑
𝑉 𝑉0 𝐸0
𝐸= = =
𝑑 𝐾𝑑 𝐾
𝑬𝟎
𝑬 =
𝑲
𝑞02
𝟓. 𝑈0 =
2𝐶0
𝑞2 𝑞02 𝑈0
𝑈= = =
2𝐶 2𝐾𝐶0 𝐾
𝑼𝟎
𝑼=
𝑲
➢ EFFECT OF ON DIFFERENT PARAMETERS WHEN DIELECTRIC

IS INSERTED BETWEEN PLATES OF CAPACITOR REMAIN
CONNECTED TO BATTERY
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑪𝟎 , 𝒒𝟎 , 𝑬𝟎 , 𝑽𝟎 , 𝑼𝟎 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒, 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑,

𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒅𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄
𝐾 = 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑
𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑪 , 𝒒 , 𝑬 , 𝑽 , 𝑼 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒, 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑,
𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒅𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒐𝒇
𝒅𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕(𝑲)𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒐𝒓
𝟏. 𝑪 = 𝑲 𝑪𝟎
𝟐. 𝒒 = 𝑲𝒒𝟎
𝑞0
𝟑. 𝑉0 =
𝐶0
30
𝑞 𝐾𝑞0
𝑉= = = 𝑉0
𝐶 𝐾𝐶0
𝑽 = 𝑽𝟎
𝑉0
𝟒. 𝐸0 =
𝑑
𝑉 𝑉0
𝐸= = = 𝐸0
𝑑 𝑑
𝑬 = 𝑬𝟎
𝑞02
𝟓. 𝑈0 =
2𝐶0
𝑞2 𝐾 2 𝑞02
𝑈= = = 𝐾𝑈0
2𝐶 2𝐾𝐶0
𝑼 = 𝑲𝑼𝟎
**********************
31
PREVIOUS YEAR CBSE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
PROBLEM – 1 – CBSE – 2020 –S1
SOLUTION – P – 1

32
33
34
35

36
37
REFER NOTES
38

39
40
PROBLEM – 14 – CBSE – 2020 – COM
PROBLEM – 15 – CBSE – 2020 –COM
41
42
PROBLEM – 17 – CBSE – 2020 –SPQ
43
44
Refer notes
45
Refer notes
46

47

48
49
50

51

52

53
54
55

56
57
REFER NOTES

58
PROBLEM – 39 – CBSE – 2019 –SQP

59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
PROBLEM – 49 – CBSE – 2017 –AI
70
PROBLEM – 50 – CBSE – 2017 –AI
PROBLEM – 51 – CBSE – 2017 –F
71
72

73
74
75
76
PROBLEM – 58 – CBSE – 2016 –S1C
77
78
PROBLEM – 61 – CBSE – 2016 –D
79
PROBLEM – 62 – CBSE – 2016 –D
80
PROBLEM – 63 – CBSE – 2016 –E

81

82
REFER NOTES
83
84
PROBLEM – 68 – CBSE – 2016 –N
85
86
87

88

89
SOLUTION – P –72

Electrostatic Potential and Capacitors

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Electrostatic Potential and Capacitors

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1

2. ELETROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE

➢ ELECTROSTATIC POTENETIAL (V) at a point in an electric field is the

➢ ELECTROSATATIC POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE between any two

➢ ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DUE TO A POINT CHARGE (V)

dW = work done in displacing a test charge q 0

𝑑𝑊 = 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑑𝑟) cos 1800 = −𝐹 (𝑑𝑟)

Electric Potential due to a point electric charge q at a distance "r" from it

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DUE TO A SYSTEM OF CHARGES

➢ ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DUE TO AN ELECTRIC DIPOLE

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃 = 𝑞 (2𝑎) = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ;

𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒

𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 "r " from centre of electric dipole

𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 "r " from centre of electric dipole

1) 𝜃 = 00 𝑜𝑟 1800 𝑖𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒

𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒅𝒊𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆

2) 𝜃 = 900 𝑖𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒

𝑽𝒆 = 𝟎 = 𝒁𝑬𝑹𝑶 = 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒

𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒅𝒊𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆

➢ ELECTRIC POTENTAIL DUE TO UNIFORMLY CHARGED

2) 𝑟 = 𝑅 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙

➢ ELEECTRIC POTENTIAL DUE TO SYSTEM OF CHARGES:

➢ EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACE: Any surface that has same electric potential

➢ PROERTIES OF EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACE:

2. Electric field is always normal to equipotential surface at every point.

3. Equipotential surfaces are closer together in the regions of strong

4. No two equipotential surfaces can intersect each other.

5. Equipotential surfaces are perpendicular to the electric field lines

➢ RELATION BETWEEN ELECTRIC FIELD(E) AND ELECTRIC

𝑊 = 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑞0 𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑞0 𝐸 (𝑑𝑟) cos 1800 = − 𝑞0 𝐸(𝑑𝑟)

𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑊 = 𝑞0 (𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴 ) = 𝑞0 (𝑉 + 𝑑𝑉 − 𝑉) = 𝑞0 (𝑑𝑉)

𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 ( 𝑉)

The magnitude of electric field (E) is equal to the change in magnitude of

➢ COMPUTING ELECTRIC POTENTIAL(V) FROM ELECTRIC

𝐼𝑓 𝑟𝑖 = ∞, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑖 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑓 = 𝑟, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉

➢ ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY (U) of system of point electric

➢ ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY OF SYSTEM OF TWO

𝑊1 = 0 = 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑞1 𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡

➢ ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY OF SYSTEM OF THREE

𝑊1 = 0 = 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑞1 𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡

𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 r12 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑞1

𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 q3 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 r23 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑞2

➢ ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY OF SYSTEM OF “ n ”

➢ POTENTIAL ENERGY OF TWO ELECTRIC CHARGES IN AN

➢ POTENTIAL ENERGY OF AN ELECTRIC DIPOLE IN UINIFORM

𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 (𝜃𝑖 ) 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 (𝜃𝑓 )

➢ BEHAVIOUR OF CONDUCTORS IN ELECTRIC FIELDS

3. Electric field outside the surface of charged conductor is normal to its

4. Electric field at the surface of a charged conductor is proportional to

6. ELECTROSTATIC SHIELDING: Electric field is zero in the cavity

APPLICATIONS OF ELECROSTATIC SHIELDING:

➢ CAPACITOR is an arrangement of two equal and oppositely charged

➢ ELECTRICAL CAPACITANCE(C) OF A CAPACITOR

➢ CAPACITANCE OF A PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR

➢ DIELECTRIC MATERIAL is an insulator which can be polarised through

➢ NON POLAR DIELECTRIC MATERIAL has non polar molecules in

➢ 𝑷𝑶𝑳𝑨𝑹𝑰𝒁𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝒐𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 (𝑷 ⃗⃗ ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡(𝑃)𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑞(𝑑) 𝑞𝑑 𝑞

➢ DILELCTIRIC CONSTANT (K) OR RELATIVE PERMITIVITY (𝜺𝒓 )

𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜀𝑟 = 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚

➢ ELECTRIC SUSCEPTBILITY (χ) is defined as the ratio of polarization of

➢ RELATION BETWEEN DIELECTRIC CONSTANT(K) AND

➢ CAPACITANCE OF A PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR WITH