THESIS BY PART EXPLAINED
By: Dr. Junrey P. Petere
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Statement of the Hypothesis
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitation of the Study
 Discuss the overview of your study (tell the
readers as to what your study is all about)
 Describe the concepts in your study
 Discuss the nature/concepts of your study from
global, national, and local perspective
 Indicate a legal basis of your study
 Discuss the reasons why there is a need to
conduct such study
 Discuss what prompted you to conduct such
study
 Discuss what gaps (learning or research gaps)
that will be addressed to your study
 In this part of the study you need to break the
main problem down into smaller problems.
 Indicate the parameters (sub-variables) that you
will use in measuring or gathering data relevant
to the main variables
 In this portion, you just have to re-state the
hypothetical SOP into null form
 Depending on the problem, you are indicate in
this portion as to whom your study will be of
great significance.
 Arrange the beneficiaries of your study from
general to specific
 Do this part by identifying WHO will benefit from
your study, WHAT are they going to benefit,
and HOW are they going to be benefited from it.
 The scope and limitations defines the
boundaries of your study.
 You can do this part in three paragraph: first,
indicate the content (focus on the SOP);
second, indicate the context (who are the
respondents of the study, where the study will
be conducted, and when it will be conducted;
Lastly, indicate other limitations like, problem in
reaching the respondents, honesty of the

Definition of Terms
respondents etc.
 The terms that are to be defined are those that
are in the SOP: the main variables and sub-
variables.
 The terms should be defined conceptually and
operationally.
 Conceptual definitions are those that can be
obtained from literatures, books and other
related materials (this therefore requires
citations)
 Operational definitions were drawn based on
how the terms are used in the study (the
authors of the thesis are the one that are to
give this definition)

Theoretical Framework  Look for an established theories that could be

used to your study.
 The Independent Variables (IV) and Dependent
Variables (DV) are the basis as to what theories
that could be best employed to your study.
 Choose only those theories that have close
relevance to your study.
 1-2 theories will do, just so long as the theories
will cover all variables being studied.
 Indicate what the theory is, what’s the theory is
all about, then explain how such theory serve
as a foundation to your study.
 Also discuss the relevance of the theory to your
study.

Conceptual Model  This presents the structure/framework of the

study.
 The IV/DV model is the usual framework used
presenting the variables involve in the study.
 The framework also tell as to how the data
should be treated and what statistical tools to
be used in treating the data.
 The conceptualized explanation has to be
presented explaining what the framework is all
about.
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERTURE AND STUDIES (This comprise
10% of the entire paper)

Related Literature  In this portion, any articles related to the

Foreign concepts explored in the study is presented.
Local  The review of related literature can be obtained
from books, journals, magazines, memoranda,
e-books, primers, etc.
 The foreign literature are those that are
authored by foreign professionals/experts and
are published in the foreign publications.
 Arrange the review of the different concepts
based on how such concepts are arranged in
the SOP.
 Create a meaningful connection of one review
to another.
 Discuss at the end of the review the relevance
of the included literature to your study.
 Record your citations.

Related Studies  Related studies are actually the different

Foreign research conducted be it a Master’s Thesis,
Local Dissertation (Doctorate Thesis), or industry
research.
 Both published and unpublished materials can
be used in the review.
 Only those that are closely related materials are
to be included in the discussion.
 Foreign studies: authored by foreign experts
 Local studies: authored by local experts
 Thematically arranged the reviewed materials.
 Discuss at the end of the review the similarities
and differences of the reviewed materials to
your study.

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – (Research methodology refers to the

methods and techniques used to portray the research effectively)

Research Design  Qualitative Research - is a process of

naturalistic inquiry that seeks an in-depth
understanding of social phenomena within their
natural setting. It focuses on the "why" rather
than the "what" of social phenomena and relies
on the direct experiences of human beings as
meaning-making agents in their everyday lives.
 Quantitative Research - Quantitative research
is the process of collecting and analyzing
numerical data. It can be used to find patterns
and averages, make predictions, test causal
relationships, and generalize results to wider
 populations.
 Methods of Research

 Descriptive Method - aims to accurately and

systematically describe a population, situation
or phenomenon. It can answer what, where,
when and how questions, but not why
questions. A descriptive research design can
use a wide variety of research methods to
investigate one or more variables.

Descriptive Correlational - The relationship

between the study variables is analyzed.

Descriptive Comparative – This compares

the variables of the study

Research Locale  This portion of the study can only be presented

in two paragraph
 First, discuss the geographic description of the
study
 Second, describe the what your topics is all
about

Respondents of the Study  State who your respondents are, indicate the
total population. Then describe the basis or the
characteristics in selecting the respondents
(e.g. those that are teaching within two years,
students enrolled in the specific year, etc.)

Sampling Technique  Sampling means selecting the group that you

will actually collect data from in your research.
For example, if you are researching the
opinions of students in your university, you
could survey a sample of 100 students. In
statistics, sampling allows you to test a
hypothesis about the characteristics of a
population
 Random Sampling - Random sampling is
a part of the sampling technique in which
each sample has an equal probability of
being chosen. A sample chosen randomly
is meant to be an unbiased representation
of the total population.
 Compute the sample size using the
 Slovin’s formula at 5% margin of error
 Normally the accepted sample size is 40
but the;
 Central Limit Theorem state that a sample
size of 30 is still reliable.
 Purposive sampling, also known as
judgmental, selective, or subjective
sampling, is a form of non-probability
sampling in which researchers rely on
their own judgment when choosing
members of the population to participate in
their surveys.
 According to Sugiyono (2014:68), total
population sampling is a sampling
technique where the whole members of
population are treated as sample. The
total population sampling technique is
used when the population members are
less than 30 people.

Research Instrument  Describe how the instrument was develop

 State if such instrument is researcher-made or
adopted.
 Use the definition of the parameters used in the
study and reviewed literature and studies in
developing the questionnaire.
 If adopted instruments are to be used, its
content should be determined if applicable to
the your research local
 Discuss how many parts and what are those
parts.
 Indicate the sources used in the development of
the questionnaire if it is researcher-made.
 If the instrument is adopted, indicated who the
original author of such instrument

Scaling and Quantification  The presents how the data are to be quantified
using the 4 point or 5 point Likert Scale
 Depending on the study the following may be
used
5 – always
4 – Often
3 – Sometimes
2 – Seldom
1 – Never
Validation of the Research
Instrument
Reliability of the Research
Instrument
Data Gathering Procedure
Statistical Analysis of Data
 The instrument develop has to be validated by
at least 3-5 experts (e.g. managers, principals,
master teachers, etc.)
 Content Validation of the instrument has to
done to ensure the completeness and
appropriateness of such instrument.
 This is to be done to ensure that the
instrument’s consistency.
 Test-Retest may be used such that the
instruments will be administered twice to the
same groups (at least 10) over a 10 days of
interval. The result gathered from pre-test and
post-test should then be treated using the
internal consistency model.
 Cronbach Alpha may also be used in
determining the reliability of the instrument.
Cronbach’s Alpha reliability value is 0.70 and
above
 In this portion you just have to discuss the steps
undertaken to data gathering. You may specify
if you personally administered and collected the
instrument or you just sent it via mail.
The data gathered in this study were treated
using the foregoing statistical tools.
1. Frequency and Percentage Distribution
It is a descriptive statistical tool in which
the displayed data specifies the
percentage of observations that exist for
each data point or grouping of data points.
It is a particularly useful method of
expressing the relative frequency of
survey responses and other data. It is also
used to represent most important personal
information usually for the data on profile.
This statistical tool will be utilized for the
data that are presented to show the actual
distribution of the respondents’ profile.
2. The Weighted Arithmetic Mean. The
weighted arithmetic mean according to
Deauna is a measure of central tendency
of a set of quantitative observations when
not all the observations have the same
 importance. This can be obtained by
dividing the sum of all observations in a
set of values by the number of
observations. This will be utilized to
determine the average weighted opinion of
the respondents.
3. Pearson Product-Moment Correlation
Coefficient Pearson’s r measures the
degree of the linear relationship between x
and y. This measures the statistical
relationship, or association, between two
continuous variables. It gives information
about the magnitude of the association, or
correlation, as well as the direction of the
relationship. This will be utilized to test the
relationship of the paired variables.
4. Regression Analysis – Simple Linear
Regression. Regression analysis is a
reliable method of identifying which
variables have an impact on a topic of
interest. It is a powerful statistical method
that allows the researcher to examine the
relationship between two or more
variables of interest.
5. Coefficient of Determination (R2 or r-
squared). The coefficient of determination
(R² or r-squared) is a statistical measure in
a regression model that determines the
proportion of variance in the dependent
variable that can be explained by the
independent variable. In this study, this
was used to determine the degree of
significance of the variables explored.
6. One – Way Analysis of Variance The
purpose of ANOVA is to determine the
probability that the means of three or more
groups of scores differ from one another.
This compares the means of two or more
independent groups in order to determine
whether there is statistical evidence that
the associated population means are
significantly different. This will be
employed to determine the difference in
the responses of the respondents
7. Scheffe Test It is a post-hoc test that is
used mainly in analysis of variance
(ANOVA) to test multiple comparisons
among a group of means. After the
ANOVA testing and got a significant F-
statistic, this was carried out to determine
which pairs of means are significant. It
was used in this study to further determine
as to which in the found significant
indicators the significant differences
exactly lie