Sampling and Monitoring (SAGANAY)

Department of Environment and Natural Resources
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT BUREAU XII

Regional Government Center, Brgy. Carpenter Hill, Koronadal City
Tel. No. (083) 228-1071 • Fax No. (083) 228-1072
E-mail: embxii@yahoo.com • embregionxii@yahoo.com
Water Quality
Monitoring and
Analysis
Allen Joy B. Saganay
July 6, 2021
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The copyright of this presentation rests with author. No part of this work should be reproduced or published by any
means without author’s prior consent and information derived from it should be acknowledge.
Water Quality Monitoring for:
Ambient Water
Wastewater
2 6/30/2021 Copyright © 2018 All Rights Reserved. DENR - Environmental Management Bureau XII
Ambient Water
Quality Monitoring
and Analysis
Ambient Water Monitoring and Analysis
Water Quality
- the characteristics of water which
define its use in terms of physical,
chemical, biological, bacteriological or
radiological characteristics by which the
acceptability of water is evaluated.
Objectives of Monitoring
1. Classification of a water body.
2. Trend Monitoring
3. Designation of Non- Attainment Areas
4. Monitoring for ECC Compliance
5. Monitoring to identify causes of problems
6. Monitoring for baseline data & scientific
studies
7. Other purposes
Water Quality Monitoring Plan

1. Background Information
2. Objectives of monitoring
3. Monitoring Stations
4. Water Quality for measurements
5. Timing and frequency of monitoring
6. Water Quality Sampling and Test Methods
7. Coordination with the Laboratory
8. QA/ QC
9. Budget for Monitoring
Sampling and Field Test Methods and Tools
A. Types of Water Samples

1. Grab samples – a single water sample
collected at one time from a single point.
2. Composite sample – a series of individual
grab samples taken at different times from the
same sampling point and mixed together.
Types of Composite Samples

1. Fixed Volume
2. Time
3. Flow- proportioned
4. Depth- integrated
B. Sampling Methods
1. Manual grab sampling
a. Direct sampling with the sample containers
b. Sampling with intermediate container
2. Automatic sampling
Analytical Methods
1. Field test kits
2. Meters and probes
3. Laboratory Methods
Quality Assurance/ Quality Control

Sources of Errors
1. Measurement Error
2. Sample Handling Error
3. Natural Variabilty

Quality Control Methods
1. Equipment Calibration and
Maintenance
2. Field data forms and COC of Samples
3. Quality Control Checks

- Equipment Blank
- Field Blank
- Filter Blank
- Trip blank
- Field duplicates
- Split samples
- Blind sample

1. Equipment Calibration and Maintenance
2. Field data forms and COC of Samples
4. Prevention of Sample contaminations
Personnel Qualification and

Training
Preparatory Activities
Travel order and Travel Plan
Preparation of Sample Containers,
Supplies & Materials
a. types of container
b. cleaning of containers
c. cleaning of equipment
d. packaging materials & transport containers
e. field books/ data forms/ COC forms
f. Checklist of requirements
Preparatory Activities
Travel order and Travel Plan
Preparation of Sample Containers, Supplies
& Materials
Safety considerations
Water Sampling
a. Locating Sampling Site
b. Basic considerations in sampling
Onsite Measurement
Collecting Samples for laboratory
analysis
Labeling of Water Samples
Filling out Forms
Photo documentation (if possible)
Sample Preservation and Storage

Preparation of Samples for Transport
Report Preparation
Wastewater Quality
Monitoring and
Analysis
Wastewater Monitoring and Analysis
Effluent Quality Monitoring Plan

A. Monitoring plan- is a report that describes how the
effluent will be monitored and how the effluent quality will
be measured.
B. Components of a Monitoring Plan - objectives,
background information, monitoring stations, parameters,
frequency of monitoring, water quality sampling and test
methods, QA and QC procedures
C. Preparation of Effluent Monitoring Plan
Copyright © 2018 All Rights Reserved.


-Considerations in Preparing an Effluent Monitoring Plan
1. Determine the objectives of the monitoring plan
- objectives is the basis for deciding the parameters
to measure, the number of samples, the frequency
of sampling, the type of container, preservation
method, sampling techniques and analytical
methods to be used.


2. Determine the location of the establishment, type of
industry, and type of WTF
-If it is first time for the industry to monitor an effluent , it
is advisable to conduct preliminary survey of the company
and WTF.
-Items to be considered in the preliminary survey includes
background information on the facility including; vicinity map,
plant layout, manufacturing process flow diagram, source of
water supply, wastewater generated from the different
processes, treatment methodology, discharge points, sampling
points, production levels, number of discharging days,
volumetric flow rate of wastewater generated per outlet, name
of water body where the wastewater is discharged into, waste
minimization.

3. Determine the number and location of the
discharge outlet and permit condition.
-After doing the consideration number 2, the number and
location of discharge outlets can be verified.
-The PCO can give this information during the preliminary
survey. If the company has been issued a Discharge Permit from
EMB-DENR, such information is part of discharge permitting
requirements and thus available and can be verified in the said
office.


4. Determine the number of samples to be collected
and the parameters to be analyzed.
-Depends on the type of industry and the treatment process.
-The revised WQG and GES may be used as guide in
identifying the significant effluent quality parameters per
sector.
-The laboratory should also be consulted prior to sampling.


5. Determine the sampling containers and field tests to
be performed.
-Field test parameters normally include pH, temperature,
residual, chlorine and conductivity
-Confirm the field test to be conducted based on the objective of
monitoring and type of wastewater treatment employed by the
facility.
-The sampling containers used will depend on the test
parameters to be analyzed.


6. Determine the time it will take for the samples to
reach the laboratory.
-Identify in advance which laboratory will handle the analysis.
-Holding time for every parameters and method of transport
should also be considered.

D. Selection of Sampling Stations

Depends on the purpose of effluent quality monitoring.
-If the discharger intends to meet the DENR requirement on
Self-monitoring program, then sampling from the effluent
streams of the wastewater treatment plant (WTP) will be
sufficient.
-If the discharger intends to evaluate the performance efficiency
of the treatment units, samples should be collected from influent
stream of the WTP and from the effluent of each treatment unit.


E. Basic Considerations in Sampling
 the location must provide a sample that is
representative of the final effluent discharged to
receiving waters
 it must be downstream of all treatment
processes, including disinfection
 the station should be such that the flow rate of
the effluent can be measured or estimated
The station must be accessible. Safety of the
person conducting effluent sampling must be
considered.


F. Frequency of Sampling
- Depends on the variability of effluent flow rate and on the
wastewater characteristics.
- If variability is low, sampling may be done at longer
intervals and shorter intervals for high variability.
- Sampling of EMB-DENR inspectors.
- Sampling for significant parameters may be conducted on a
monthly basis or as necessary or as indicated in the permit
conditions.


G. Effluent Quality Sampling and Test Methods
- The intended method of analysis should be indicated in the
plan.
- Selection of test methods should be coordinated with the
laboratory.
- The selected method is acceptable if it is recognized by the
EMB.

H. Effluent Quality Parameters for Analysis

-It will depend on the type of industry being monitored.
I. Coordination with Laboratory
-laboratory should be informed of:
1. The parameters proposed for analysis and the
number of samples to be collected.
2. The estimated time the samples will be received at
the laboratory.

J. Quality Assurance and Quality Control

Procedures
- the QA and QC procedures that will be observed during
sampling, transport, handling, preservation, and laboratory
analysis.
K. Field Personnel
-Plant personnel, specifically the WTP operators and
Technicians should have knowledge of the basics of effluent
monitoring, particularly the sampling protocols.

A. Types of Effluent Samples

1. Grab samples – a single water sample collected at one time
from a single point.
2. Composite sample – a series of individual grab samples
taken at different times from the same sampling point and
mixed together.


B. Sampling Methods
1. Manual grab sampling
a. Direct sampling with the sample containers
b. Sampling with intermediate container
2. Composite sampling
a.Manual composite sampling
b.Automated composite sampling


C. On-site measurements
- Is necessary to obtain actual concentration of effluent quality
parameters that might change during transport to the laboratory
to the laboratory.
- Water quality checkers are used for on-site measurements (pH,
DO, temperature, salinity, conductivity, and total dissolved
solids).


D. Recording Field Observations
- The person conducting sampling should have a field notebook
wherein all relevant details are recorded at the time of sampling.
- Details recorded should include; those noted on the sample
bottle, types of sample collected, kind of measurements done
and how those were taken, the results obtained, preservatives
used, all supporting information, adequate space for comments
and observations.


E. Field Data Forms and Labels
- Field data forms must include:
the date and time of sample collection for each parameter
tested
Names of collectors
Sample site names or codes
Influent/ effluent flows
Color and odor of the water sample
- Sample labels should be:
Clean
Secured
Waterproof and non-smearing
Large enough for the facility name and date

F. Documents or Records of Field Activities
- Type of documents or records
Instrument calibration records
Field notebook
Effluent sampling form
Chain-of-Custody

Effluent Sampling
An understanding of proper sampling and analytical
techniques is essential in collecting effluent samples to
ensure reliable results.
Effluent samples are taken for a variety of reasons such as
to obtain;
1. Routine operating data and overall plant performance
2. Data that can be used to implement proposed new
programs
3. Data needed for reporting regulatory compliance, which
is the main purpose of this manual.
To meet the goals of effluent sampling, the data collected must
be: Representative , Reproducible, Defensible and Useful

Effluent Sampling
A. Preparatory Activities
B. Planning the Effluent Sampling
- Careful planning and coordination is critical to a successful sampling
program.
a. Travel Orders and Travel Plans
b. Preparation of Sample Containers
For BOD, DO, pH, TS, TSS, SS, TDS, color
- polyethylene bottles
For Oil and Grease
- wide mouth, amber bottle, I L minimum capacity
For microbial analysis
- strong, thick-walled glass sample bottle
with a minimum capacity of 120 mL

Microbiological Analysis
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Effluent Sampling
c. Maintenance of Equipment and Supplies
d. Checklist of Requirements

Effluent Sampling
c. Maintenance of Equipment and Supplies
d. Checklist of Requirements
e. Safety Considerations
- Knowledge of the hazards that may be encountered and the means
by which they can be minimized are necessary considerations in any
effluent sampling program.
1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
2. Confined Spaces
3. Handling of Chemicals
4. First Aid Kit

Effluent Sampling

Effluent Sampling
2. Confined Spaces - septic tanks and
process tanks
3. Handling of Chemicals - Material Safety
Data Sheet (MSDS)
4. First Aid Kit

Effluent Sampling
C. Kinds of Sample
1. Effluent samples
- are routinely collected by EMB personnel and facility
owner for monitoring and permitting purposes.
2. Influent samples
- are collected by EMB for facilities discharging strong
wastes.
3. Abstracted water
- may be collected from the facility to confirm the quality
of the abstracted water as declared by the facility during the
computation of the Net Waste Load.
- can be sampled in groundwater, surface water or in
existing water utilities operated within the vicinity.
Effluent Sampling
D. Effluent Sampling
- The components that make up the WW effluent from a
facility depend on the type of collection system used and
may include:
Domestic WW
Commercial WW
Industrial WW
Infiltration/ Inflow
Stormwater

Effluent Sampling
“ An effluent is as good as it’s collection.”
The ff. should be considered when collecting effluent
samples:
 Samples should be collected from a location that is
representative of the facility’s discharge.
 If the facility has more than one discharge point it may be
necessary to collect samples from several locations in order
to adequately characterize the facility’s entire discharge.
 Sample should be collected from the center of flow with the
container facing upstream to avoid contamination.

Effluent Sampling
The ff. should be considered when collecting effluent
samples:
 Samples should be collected in areas that are turbulent and
well mixed and where the chance of solids settling in
minimal.
 Samples should not be collected from stagnant areas
containing immiscible liquids or suspended liquids.
 All wastewater samples obtained for analysis must be from
a point in the effluent stream that is representative of the
whole stream composition.
 The volume of samples taken must be sufficient to allow for
analysis of all required parameters plus associated quality
control samples.
Effluent Sampling
The cleaning and preparation of equipment should
include:
 Warm water
 Phosphate free washing detergent
 Hot and cold water rinsing,
Distilled water rinsing
Multiple rinses with the actual wastewater being sampled.

Effluent Sampling
E. Effluent Sampling Procedure

1. Based on preliminary survey, locate the facility’s
outfall.
2. Prepare sample containers.
3. Label the containers accordingly. Indicate the sample
ID, Date and Time of collection and name of the
Facility.
4. Put on proper PPE such as gloves, hardhat and safety
shoes or rubber boots.
5. Collect effluent sample following sample collection
procedures.

Effluent Sampling
E. Effluent Sampling Procedure

6. Rinse the outside surface of the sample container
with tap water before placing inside the cooler or
ice chest to prevent contamination.
7. Conduct on-site measurement as necessary.

Effluent Sampling
F. On-site Measurement
G. Field Notes
H. Preservation, Storage and Transport
-the storage of the samples is at a temperature of
about 4oC, preferably in the dark.
-Chain-of-Custody

10 Primary Parameters
• Color
• pH
• Temperature
• Dissolve Oxygen
• Biochemical Oxygen Demand
• Phosphate
• Nitrate
• Chloride
• Fecal coliform
• Total suspended solid

Dissolved Oxygen
Dissolved Oxygen is the concentration of oxygen dissolved in water (free molecular oxygen). It
can be affected by changes in climate and season, volume and velocity of the flowing water,
altitude, type and number of organisms thriving in the water body, dissolved or suspended
solids, and amount of nutrients in water, organic wastes, riparian vegetation, ground water
inflow and many other factors.
Factors Affecting DO
Salinity
Temperature
Turbulence
Vegetation
IMPORTANCE of Dissolve oxygen (DO)

Respiration of Aquatic Organisms (FISH, Crustacean,ETC)
Decomposition of Organic materials by microbes

Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is a measure of how
oxygen is consumed by bacteria or microbes as to breakdown
organic pollutant in wastewater or surface water. It is a semi-
quantitative measure of the wastewater organics that are oxidizable
by bacteria. It is also a standard test in assessing wastewater
strength.
Therefore, a low BOD is an indicator of good quality water,
while a high BOD indicates polluted water.
FACTORS AFFECTING BOD
Temperature
pH
Organic and inorganic material
Oil & Grease
Oil and grease is defined as any material recovered as a substance soluble in the
solvent. It includes other material extracted by the solvent from an acidified sample
(such as sulfur compounds, certain organic dyes, and chlorophyll) and not volatized
during the test.
Phosphate
Phosphate are nutrients that come from both natural sources and human
activities (fertilizers, detergents, wastewater, etc.).

Total Suspended Solids
Total Suspended Solids is the portion that retained on the filter. These
are solids or substances suspended in water including clay, silt, decaying

plant, algae, plankton, sand, microbes, animal matter, industrial wastes and
sewage that cause water turbidity.
Total and Fecal Coliform

The coliform group consist of several genera of bacteria belonging to the family
Enterobacteriaceae. This group is defined as all facultative anaerobic, gram-negative,
non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria that ferment lactose with gas and acid
formation within 48 h at 35oC.
Fecal coliform bacteriological test notifies whether the water is free from
disease-causing bacteria. Sources of coliform bacteria include domestic and
industrial wastewater discharges, septic tanks, domestic and farm animals, and
wildlife.
Laboratory Matters
Steps in Submission of Water for Analysis in EMB XII

Laboratory.Steps in Water Submission.docx COC 2.
new.docx
EMB MC 2016-012 emb approved methods of analysis

(1).pdf
Data Analysis of Laboratory Report
Time and Schedule for Submission
Lead Time of Analysis
-END-
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Department of Environment and Natural Resources

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT BUREAU XII

Water Quality Monitoring Plan

Sampling and Field Test Methods and Tools

A. Types of Water Samples

Sampling and Field Test Methods and Tools

Types of Composite Samples

Sampling and Field Test Methods and Tools

Quality Assurance/ Quality Control

Quality Assurance/ Quality Control

Quality Assurance/ Quality Control

Quality Assurance/ Quality Control

Quality Assurance/ Quality Control

Personnel Qualification and

Sample Preservation and Storage

Effluent Quality Monitoring Plan

Copyright © 2018 All Rights Reserved.

Effluent Quality Monitoring Plan

Copyright © 2018 All Rights Reserved.

Effluent Quality Monitoring Plan

Effluent Quality Monitoring Plan

Copyright © 2018 All Rights Reserved.

Effluent Quality Monitoring Plan

Copyright © 2018 All Rights Reserved.

Effluent Quality Monitoring Plan

C. Preparation of Effluent Monitoring Plan

Copyright © 2018 All Rights Reserved.

Effluent Quality Monitoring Plan

C. Preparation of Effluent Monitoring Plan

Copyright © 2018 All Rights Reserved.

Effluent Quality Monitoring Plan

D. Selection of Sampling Stations

Copyright © 2018 All Rights Reserved.

Effluent Quality Monitoring Plan

Copyright © 2018 All Rights Reserved.

Effluent Quality Monitoring Plan

Copyright © 2018 All Rights Reserved.

Effluent Quality Monitoring Plan

Copyright © 2018 All Rights Reserved.

H. Effluent Quality Parameters for Analysis

Copyright © 2018 All Rights Reserved.

Effluent Quality Monitoring Plan

J. Quality Assurance and Quality Control

Copyright © 2018 All Rights Reserved.

Sampling and Field Test Methods and Tools

A. Types of Effluent Samples

Copyright © 2018 All Rights Reserved.

Sampling and Field Test Methods and Tools

Copyright © 2018 All Rights Reserved.

Sampling and Field Test Methods and Tools

Copyright © 2018 All Rights Reserved.

Sampling and Field Test Methods and Tools

Copyright © 2018 All Rights Reserved.

Sampling and Field Test Methods and Tools

Sampling and Field Test Methods and Tools

Copyright © 2018 All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2018 All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2018 All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2018 All Rights Reserved.