2022

DECEMBER'S
READING
REVISION
NOTES
MR. ABDULSHAFI
+966 54 387 0234
 FINAL REVISION
CRITICAL READING
A) HOW TO READ?
Literature:
1.Blurb (setting / main characters / plot)

2- Main characters (description / relationship / conflict)

3- Figurative language (simile / metaphor / personification / irony …etc.)

4- Flashback (Had + past participle)

5- Setting (may affect the author’s mood)

Science and social science

1-Blurb (main idea and primary purpose)

2- Differentiate between they say and I say

3- They say …. Counterargument …...I say argument.

4- Focus on what comes after contrast …...but /however / yet / still / on the other hand

5- Focus on cause and effect (because / as / since / as a result / therefore / the reason for /
consequently / subsequently/ thus / hence)

6- What comes after the colons: (explanation)

7- Findings

8- Evidence

9- Raised questions.

US HISTORY
1-Blurb (author’s view / historical background / audience)

2- Rhetorical devices (paraphrasing // repetition // rhetorical questions)

3- speaker’s voice I / we

4- Repetition of geographical places

5- Solutions
B) How to answer
1- Main idea:
1-leave till the end

2- blurb // introduction // conclusion

3-focus on repeated words throughout the whole passage

4-Avoid too general // too specific // half true half wrong // logically correct bout not in the passage.

2-Tone /mood:
1-search for adjectives (positive / negative)

2- avoid extreme language

3- make sure that the tone should be neutral, so the author can never be too sarcastic or too sad except
in literary passages in which the tone could be indifferent, etc.

4- make sure that you have evidence. Ex. Technology has changed our life. Emphatic Ex. In some
circumstances, technology may change our life. Dubious // doubtful // tentative May / might / perhaps
/………………. not sure You must learn ……...didactic…………………refer to topic 5 Author’s tone

3-Supporting and undermining claims :

1-Read the specific lines

2- Read the questions properly and focus on key words

3- Search for the supporting sentences and undermining ones

4-Shift and organization

Shift: the whole passage (introduction / conclusion / transitional expressions)

1-Focus on the organizational pattern of the whole passage

Example: topic (definition + description + experiment + recommendation) Shift: focus on the

introductory sentences of each paragraph

2-Shift could be in time // attitude // organization: how the author organized his or her topic

Ex. General then specific Ex. Natural phenomenon + description + experiment + recommendation Ex.
Description + causes and effects + solutions

5-Vocabulary – in –context
1-Never look at the choices first

2- Read around the lines

3- Plug in a suitable word

4- Make sure that you have evidence (adjective / verb / phrase as a modifier/ clause as a modifier/
positive and negative)

6-Evidence –based questions

1-Read the question well

2- Focus on key words in the question

3- Search for the evidence

4- Read the specific lines

5- Make sure that the above question is the same as the evidence (SAME MEANING DIFFERENT WORDS)

7-Graph ….
(General related to the graph and passage /specific related to the graph only)

1-Read the questions properly

2- Underline important words in the choices (raise /increase / significant / reduce / rocket / plummet /
remarked increase / remarked decrease / fluctuate / steady /consistent / rapid increase / sharp
decrease ………...etc.)

3- Use POE (process of elimination)

4- Pay more attention to rising and declining or stable points

5- If there is a question on both the passage and the graph, make sure that you understand the idea

6- The graph may support or weaken the author’s view

7- The graph may not have enough information or simple one to support the author’s view

8-Function
These questions differ from main idea questions Main idea (text /what) purpose (author // why) These
questions may be on the whole passage / paragraph / lines / question / quotation /specific words

1-Use POE

2- Underline function verbs (emphasize / stress / refute / mock xx / underscore / undermine /illustrate /
explain / highlight/condemn)

3-comare function verbs

9-Pronouns and compressed nouns

Focus on the pronouns and their antecedents (former or latter) This notion: you have to know what the
notion is or what the suggestion is
10-Paired passages
1-Read the blurb

2- Read the introduction of the first passage; then read the introduction of the second passage and
compare them together.

3- Continue skimming the first passage and answer questions related to passage 1

4- Continue skimming passage 2 and answer questions related to passage 2

5- Then, do questions related to both passages

6- Authors may agree and disagree

11-Important notes on reading

1-Start with the most interesting to the least interesting passages

2- Start with POE process of elimination (do not look for the right answer, but eliminate the wrong ones
3- The right answer starts from reading the questions and understanding them properly

4- Avoid extreme language / too general / too specific / half true half wrong / logically correct but not in
the passages / naïve choices)

5- Never answer depending on your own inference …

6- Inference means an educated guess based on information in the text combine with your prior
knowledge.

7- Indicate / refer to / according to ……means that the answer is directly stated

8- Imply / infer /suggest …………. means that the answer is not directly stated
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 1 1
Reading Test
65 M I N U TES, 5 2 Q U E S T I ONS

Turn to Section 1 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.

DIRECTIONS

Each passage or pair of passages below is followed by a number of questions. After reading
each passage or pair, choose the best answer to each question based on what is stated or
implied in the passage or passages and in any accompanying graphics (such as a table or
graph).

Questions 1-10 are based on the following fate into the servant of my will. All this I understand,
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................

25
passage. as I understand each detail of the technique by which
This passage is adapted from MacDonald Harris,
this is carried out. What I don’t understand is why I
The Balloonist. ©2011 by The Estate of Donald Heiney. am so intent on going to this particular place. Who
During the summer of 1897, the narrator of this story, a wants the North Pole! What good is it! Can you eat
fictional Swedish scientist, has set out for the North Pole 30 it? Will it carry you from Gothenburg to Malmö like
in a hydrogen-powered balloon. a railway? The Danish ministers have declared from
their pulpits that participation in polar expeditions is
My emotions are complicated and not beneficial to the soul’s eternal well-being, or so I read
readily verifiable. I feel a vast yearning that is in a newspaper. It isn’t clear how this doctrine is to
simultaneously a pleasure and a pain. I am certain 35 be interpreted, except that the Pole is something
Line of the consummation of this yearning, but I don’t difficult or impossible to attain which must
5 know yet what form it will take, since I do not nevertheless be sought for, because man is
understand quite what it is that the yearning desires. condemned to seek out and know everything
For the first time there is borne in upon me the full whether or not the knowledge gives him pleasure. In
truth of what I myself said to the doctor only an hour 40 short, it is the same unthinking lust for knowledge
ago: that my motives in this undertaking are not that drove our First Parents out of the garden.
10 entirely clear. For years, for a lifetime, the machinery And suppose you were to find it in spite of all, this
of my destiny has worked in secret to prepare for this wonderful place that everybody is so anxious to stand
moment; its clockwork has moved exactly toward on! What would you find? Exactly nothing.
this time and place and no other. Rising slowly from 45 A point precisely identical to all the others in a
the earth that bore me and gave me sustenance, I am completely featureless wasteland stretching around it
15 carried helplessly toward an uninhabited and hostile, for hundreds of miles. It is an abstraction, a
or at best indifferent, part of the earth, littered with mathematical fiction. No one but a Swedish madman
the bones of explorers and the wrecks of ships, frozen could take the slightest interest in it. Here I am. The
supply caches, messages scrawled with chilled fingers 50 wind is still from the south, bearing us steadily
and hidden in cairns that no eye will ever see. northward at the speed of a trotting dog. Behind us,
20 Nobody has succeeded in this thing, and many have perhaps forever, lie the Cities of Men with their
died. Yet in freely willing this enterprise, in choosing
this moment and no other when the south wind
will carry me exactly northward at a velocity of
eight knots, I have converted the machinery of my

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 2 CO NTI N U E

 1 1
teacups and their brass bedsteads. I am going forth of

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4
my own volition to join the ghosts of Bering and
55 poor Franklin, of frozen De Long and his men. The sentence in lines 10-13 (“For years . . . other”)
What I am on the brink of knowing, I now see, is not mainly serves to
an ephemeral mathematical spot but myself. The A) expose a side of the narrator that he prefers to
doctor was right, even though I dislike him. keep hidden.
Fundamentally I am a dangerous madman, and what B) demonstrate that the narrator thinks in a
60 I do is both a challenge to my egotism and a methodical and scientific manner.
surrender to it.
C) show that the narrator feels himself to be
influenced by powerful and independent forces.
1 D) emphasize the length of time during which the
narrator has prepared for his expedition.
Over the course of the passage, the narrator’s attitude
shifts from
A) fear about the expedition to excitement about it. 5
B) doubt about his abilities to confidence in them. The narrator indicates that many previous explorers
C) uncertainty of his motives to recognition of seeking the North Pole have
them. A) perished in the attempt.
D) disdain for the North Pole to appreciation of it. B) made surprising discoveries.
C) failed to determine its exact location.
2 D) had different motivations than his own.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question? 6
A) Lines 10-12 (“For . . . moment”)
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
B) Lines 21-25 (“Yet . . . will”) answer to the previous question?
C) Lines 42-44 (“And . . . stand on”) A) Lines 20-21 (“Nobody . . . died”)
D) Lines 56-57 (“What . . . myself”) B) Lines 25-27 (“All . . . out”)
C) Lines 31-34 (“The . . . newspaper”)
3 D) Lines 51-53 (“Behind . . . bedsteads”)
As used in lines 1-2, “not readily verifiable” most
nearly means 7
A) unable to be authenticated.
Which choice best describes the narrator’s view of
B) likely to be contradicted. his expedition to the North Pole?
C) without empirical support. A) Immoral but inevitable
D) not completely understood. B) Absurd but necessary
C) Socially beneficial but misunderstood
D) Scientifically important but hazardous

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 3 CO NTI N U E

 1 1
Questions 11-21 are based on the following

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
8
passage and supplementary material.
The question the narrator asks in lines 30-31
(“Will it . . . railway”) most nearly implies that This passage is adapted from Alan Ehrenhalt, The Great
Inversion and the Future of the American City. ©2013 by
A) balloons will never replace other modes of Vintage. Ehrenhalt is an urbanologist—a scholar of cities
transportation. and their development. Demographic inversion is a
B) the North Pole is farther away than the cities phenomenon that describes the rearrangement of living
usually reached by train. patterns throughout a metropolitan area.

C) people often travel from one city to another We are not witnessing the abandonment of the
without considering the implications. suburbs, or a movement of millions of people back to
the city all at once. The 2010 census certainly did not
D) reaching the North Pole has no foreseeable
Line turn up evidence of a middle-class stampede to the
benefit to humanity.
5 nation’s cities. The news was mixed: Some of the
larger cities on the East Coast tended to gain
population, albeit in small increments. Those in the
9
Midwest, including Chicago, tended to lose
As used in line 49, “take the slightest interest in” substantial numbers. The cities that showed gains in
most nearly means 10 overall population during the entire decade tended to
A) accept responsibility for. be in the South and Southwest. But when it comes to
measuring demographic inversion, raw census
B) possess little regard for. numbers are an ineffective blunt instrument. A closer
C) pay no attention to. look at the results shows that the most powerful
D) have curiosity about. 15 demographic events of the past decade were the
movement of African Americans out of central cities
(180,000 of them in Chicago alone) and the
10 settlement of immigrant groups in suburbs, often
ones many miles distant from downtown.
As used in line 50, “bearing” most nearly means 20 Central-city areas that gained affluent residents in
A) carrying. the first part of the decade maintained that
population in the recession years from 2007 to 2009.
B) affecting. They also, according to a 2011 study by Brookings,
C) yielding. suffered considerably less from increased
D) enduring. 25 unemployment than the suburbs did. Not many
young professionals moved to new downtown
condos in the recession years because few such
residences were being built. But there is no reason to
believe that the demographic trends prevailing prior
30 to the construction bust will not resume once that
bust is over. It is important to remember that
demographic inversion is not a proxy for population
growth; it can occur in cities that are growing, those
whose numbers are flat, and even in those
35 undergoing a modest decline in size.
America’s major cities face enormous fiscal
problems, many of them the result of public pension
obligations they incurred in the more prosperous
years of the past two decades. Some, Chicago

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 4 CO NTI N U E

 1 1
Reading Test
65 M I N U TES, 5 2 Q U E S T I ONS

Turn to Section 1 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.

ia
Each passage or pair of passages below is followed by a number of questions. After reading
each passage or pair, choose the best answer to each question based on what is stated or
implied in the passage or passages and in any accompanying graphics (such as a table or
graph).

Questions
1-10
are
based
on
the
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CO NTI N U E
 1 1
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CO NTI N U E
 1 1


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CO NTI N U E
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Questions 42-52 are based on the following Companies are eyeing the iron, silicon, and

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passages. aluminium in lunar soil and asteroids, which could
Passage 1 is adapted from Michael Slezak, “Space Mining:
be used in 3D printers to make spare parts or
the Next Gold Rush?” ©2013 by New Scientist. Passage 2 is machinery. Others want to turn space dirt into
from the editors of New Scientist, “Taming the Final 45 concrete for landing pads, shelters, and roads.
Frontier.” ©2013 by New Scientist. Passage 2
Passage 1 The motivation for deep-space travel is shifting
Follow the money and you will end up in space. from discovery to economics. The past year has seen
That’s the message from a first-of-its-kind forum on a flurry of proposals aimed at bringing celestial riches
mining beyond Earth. down to Earth. No doubt this will make a few
Line Convened in Sydney by the Australian Centre for 50 billionaires even wealthier, but we all stand to gain:
5 Space Engineering Research, the event brought the mineral bounty and spin-off technologies could
together mining companies, robotics experts, lunar enrich us all.
scientists, and government agencies that are all But before the miners start firing up their rockets,
working to make space mining a reality. we should pause for thought. At first glance, space
The forum comes hot on the heels of the 55 mining seems to sidestep most environmental
10 2012 unveiling of two private asteroid-mining firms. concerns: there is (probably!) no life on asteroids,
Planetary Resources of Washington says it will and thus no habitats to trash. But its consequences
launch its first prospecting telescopes in two years, —both here on Earth and in space—merit careful
while Deep Space Industries of Virginia hopes to be consideration.
harvesting metals from asteroids by 2020. Another 60 Part of this is about principles. Some will argue
15 commercial venture that sprung up in 2012, that space’s “magnificent desolation” is not ours to
Golden Spike of Colorado, will be offering trips to despoil, just as they argue that our own planet’s poles
the moon, including to potential lunar miners. should remain pristine. Others will suggest that
Within a few decades, these firms may be glutting ourselves on space’s riches is not an
meeting earthly demands for precious metals, such as 65 acceptable alternative to developing more sustainable
20 platinum and gold, and the rare earth elements vital ways of earthly life.
for personal electronics, such as yttrium and History suggests that those will be hard lines to
lanthanum. But like the gold rush pioneers who hold, and it may be difficult to persuade the public
transformed the western United States, the first space that such barren environments are worth preserving.
miners won’t just enrich themselves. They also hope 70 After all, they exist in vast abundance, and even
25 to build an off-planet economy free of any bonds fewer people will experience them than have walked
with Earth, in which the materials extracted and through Antarctica’s icy landscapes.
processed from the moon and asteroids are delivered There’s also the emerging off-world economy to
for space-based projects. consider. The resources that are valuable in orbit and
In this scenario, water mined from other 75 beyond may be very different to those we prize on
30 worlds could become the most desired commodity. Earth. Questions of their stewardship have barely
“In the desert, what’s worth more: a kilogram of gold been broached—and the relevant legal and regulatory
or a kilogram of water?” asks Kris Zacny of framework is fragmentary, to put it mildly.
HoneyBee Robotics in New York. “Gold is useless. Space miners, like their earthly counterparts, are
Water will let you live.” 80 often reluctant to engage with such questions.
35 Water ice from the moon’s poles could be sent to One speaker at last week’s space-mining forum in
astronauts on the International Space Station for Sydney, Australia, concluded with a plea that
drinking or as a radiation shield. Splitting water into regulation should be avoided. But miners have much
oxygen and hydrogen makes spacecraft fuel, so to gain from a broad agreement on the for-profit
ice-rich asteroids could become interplanetary 85 exploitation of space. Without consensus, claims will
40 refuelling stations. be disputed, investments risky, and the gains made
insecure. It is in all of our long-term interests to seek
one out.

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42 46
In lines 9-17, the author of Passage 1 mentions What function does the discussion of water in
several companies primarily to lines 35-40 serve in Passage 1?
A) note the technological advances that make space A) It continues an extended comparison that begins
mining possible. in the previous paragraph.
B) provide evidence of the growing interest in space B) It provides an unexpected answer to a question
mining. raised in the previous paragraph.
C) emphasize the large profits to be made from C) It offers hypothetical examples supporting a
space mining. claim made in the previous paragraph.
D) highlight the diverse ways to carry out space D) It examines possible outcomes of a proposal put
mining operations. forth in the previous paragraph.

43 47
The author of Passage 1 indicates that space mining The central claim of Passage 2 is that space mining
could have which positive effect? has positive potential but
A) It could yield materials important to Earth’s A) it will end up encouraging humanity’s reckless
economy. treatment of the environment.
B) It could raise the value of some precious metals B) its effects should be thoughtfully considered
on Earth. before it becomes a reality.
C) It could create unanticipated technological C) such potential may not include replenishing key
innovations. resources that are disappearing on Earth.
D) It could change scientists’ understanding of D) experts disagree about the commercial viability
space resources. of the discoveries it could yield.

44 48
Which choice provides the best evidence for the As used in line 68, “hold” most nearly means
answer to the previous question? A) maintain.
A) Lines 18-22 (“Within . . . lanthanum”) B) grip.
B) Lines 24-28 (“They . . . projects”) C) restrain.
C) Lines 29-30 (“In this . . . commodity”) D) withstand.
D) Lines 41-44 (“Companies . . . machinery”)

45
As used in line 19, “demands” most nearly means
A) offers.
B) claims.
C) inquiries.
D) desires.

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49 51
Which statement best describes the relationship Which choice provides the best evidence for the
between the passages? answer to the previous question?
A) Passage 2 refutes the central claim advanced in A) Lines 60-63 (“Some . . . pristine”)
Passage 1. B) Lines 74-76 (“The resources . . . Earth”)
B) Passage 2 illustrates the phenomenon described C) Lines 81-83 (“One . . . avoided”)
in more general terms in Passage 1.
D) Lines 85-87 (“Without . . . insecure”)
C) Passage 2 argues against the practicality of the
proposals put forth in Passage 1.
D) Passage 2 expresses reservations about 52
developments discussed in Passage 1.
Which point about the resources that will be highly
valued in space is implicit in Passage 1 and explicit in
Passage 2?
50
A) They may be different resources from those that
The author of Passage 2 would most likely respond to are valuable on Earth.
the discussion of the future of space mining in
lines 18-28, Passage 1, by claiming that such a future B) They will be valuable only if they can be
harvested cheaply.
A) is inconsistent with the sustainable use of space
resources. C) They are likely to be primarily precious metals
and rare earth elements.
B) will be difficult to bring about in the absence of
regulations. D) They may increase in value as those same
resources become rare on Earth.
C) cannot be attained without technologies that do
not yet exist.
D) seems certain to affect Earth’s economy in a
negative way.

STOP
If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only.
Do not turn to any other section.

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16
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Questions 33-42 are based on the following dependence, for so long as man feeds woman she

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40
passage. will try to please the giver and adapt herself to his
This passage is adapted from Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s
condition. To keep a foothold in society, woman
address to the 1869 Woman Suffrage Convention in must be as near like man as possible, reflect his ideas,
Washington, DC. opinions, virtues, motives, prejudices, and vices. She
45 must respect his statutes, though they strip her of
I urge a sixteenth amendment, because “manhood every inalienable right, and conflict with that higher
suffrage,” or a man’s government, is civil, religious, law written by the finger of God on her own soul. . . .
and social disorganization. The male element is a . . . [M]an has been molding woman to his ideas
Line destructive force, stern, selfish, aggrandizing, loving by direct and positive influences, while she, if not a
5 war, violence, conquest, acquisition, breeding in the 50 negation, has used indirect means to control him,
material and moral world alike discord, disorder, and in most cases developed the very characteristics
disease, and death. See what a record of blood and both in him and herself that needed repression.
cruelty the pages of history reveal! Through what And now man himself stands appalled at the results
slavery, slaughter, and sacrifice, through what of his own excesses, and mourns in bitterness that
10 inquisitions and imprisonments, pains and 55 falsehood, selfishness, and violence are the law of life.
persecutions, black codes and gloomy creeds, the The need of this hour is not territory, gold mines,
soul of humanity has struggled for the centuries, railroads, or specie payments but a new evangel of
while mercy has veiled her face and all hearts have womanhood, to exalt purity, virtue, morality, true
been dead alike to love and hope! religion, to lift man up into the higher realms of
15 The male element has held high carnival thus far; 60 thought and action.
it has fairly run riot from the beginning, We ask woman’s enfranchisement, as the first step
overpowering the feminine element everywhere, toward the recognition of that essential element in
crushing out all the diviner qualities in human government that can only secure the health, strength,
nature, until we know but little of true manhood and and prosperity of the nation. Whatever is done to lift
20 womanhood, of the latter comparatively nothing, for 65 woman to her true position will help to usher in a
it has scarce been recognized as a power until within new day of peace and perfection for the race.
the last century. Society is but the reflection of man In speaking of the masculine element, I do not
himself, untempered by woman’s thought; the hard wish to be understood to say that all men are hard,
iron rule we feel alike in the church, the state, and the selfish, and brutal, for many of the most beautiful
25 home. No one need wonder at the disorganization, at 70 spirits the world has known have been clothed with
the fragmentary condition of everything, when we manhood; but I refer to those characteristics, though
remember that man, who represents but half a often marked in woman, that distinguish what is
complete being, with but half an idea on every called the stronger sex. For example, the love of
subject, has undertaken the absolute control of all acquisition and conquest, the very pioneers of
30 sublunary matters. 75 civilization, when expended on the earth, the sea, the
People object to the demands of those whom they elements, the riches and forces of nature, are powers
choose to call the strong-minded, because they say of destruction when used to subjugate one man to
“the right of suffrage will make the women another or to sacrifice nations to ambition.
masculine.” That is just the difficulty in which we are Here that great conservator of woman’s love, if
35 involved today. Though disfranchised, we have few 80 permitted to assert itself, as it naturally would in
women in the best sense; we have simply so many freedom against oppression, violence, and war,
reflections, varieties, and dilutions of the masculine would hold all these destructive forces in check, for
gender. The strong, natural characteristics of woman knows the cost of life better than man does,
womanhood are repressed and ignored in and not with her consent would one drop of blood
85 ever be shed, one life sacrificed in vain.

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33 37
The central problem that Stanton describes in the As used in line 24, “rule” most nearly refers to
passage is that women have been A) a general guideline.
A) denied equal educational opportunities, which B) a controlling force.
has kept them from reaching their potential.
C) an established habit.
B) prevented from exerting their positive influence
on men, which has led to societal breakdown. D) a procedural method.
C) prevented from voting, which has resulted in
poor candidates winning important elections. 38
D) blocked by men from serving as legislators,
It can reasonably be inferred that “the
which has allowed the creation of unjust laws.
strong-minded” (line 32) was a term generally
intended to
34 A) praise women who fight for their long-denied
rights.
Stanton uses the phrase “high carnival” (line 15)
mainly to emphasize what she sees as the B) identify women who demonstrate intellectual
skill.
A) utter domination of women by men.
C) criticize women who enter male-dominated
B) freewheeling spirit of the age. professions.
C) scandalous decline in moral values. D) condemn women who agitate for the vote for
D) growing power of women in society. their sex.

35 39
Stanton claims that which of the following was a As used in line 36, “best” most nearly means
relatively recent historical development? A) superior.
A) The control of society by men B) excellent.
B) The spread of war and injustice C) genuine.
C) The domination of domestic life by men D) rarest.
D) The acknowledgment of women’s true character

40
36
Stanton contends that the situation she describes in
Which choice provides the best evidence for the the passage has become so dire that even men have
answer to the previous question? begun to
A) Lines 3-7 (“The male . . . death”) A) lament the problems they have created.
B) Lines 15-22 (“The male . . . century”) B) join the call for woman suffrage.
C) Lines 22-25 (“Society . . . home”) C) consider women their social equals.
D) Lines 48-52 (“[M]an . . . repression”) D) ask women how to improve civic life.

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41 42
Which choice provides the best evidence for the The sixth paragraph (lines 67-78) is primarily
answer to the previous question? concerned with establishing a contrast between
A) Lines 25-30 (“No one . . . matters”) A) men and women.
B) Lines 53-55 (“And now . . . life”) B) the spiritual world and the material world.
C) Lines 56-60 (“The need . . . action”) C) bad men and good men.
D) Lines 61-64 (“We ask . . . nation”) D) men and masculine traits.

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