Misr University for Science & Technology

College of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department

Lectures on Mechanical and Assembly Drawing

 ME 206

Mechanical and Assembly Drawing

Shaft Couplings
 Shaft Couplings
- Couplings are used to transmit power from one rotating shaft
to the other.
Generally cast iron
- Coupling material
Heavy duty work cast steel

Shaft Couplings Classification

Rigid Flexible Non-aligned Disengaging

couplings couplings couplings couplings

4.6.1 Rigid Couplings

For connecting shafts which are coaxial, cannot take care of any mis-alignment in the shaft axes.

Rigid Couplings

Muff Couplings Flanged couplings

 Muff Couplings
a cylindrical sleeve called "muff ” fitted over the ends of the shafts to be joined and then keyed
by means of a sunk or saddle key
Muff Couplings

Butt muff coupling Half lap muff coupling Split muff coupling

Taper prevents the

axial separation of
the shafts
Split muff coupling

Can be assembled over

the butting shafts easily
without disturbing the
set-up.
Flanged Couplings
Flanged Couplings
a- Flanged coupling with detachable flanges

b- Solid Flanged coupling.

The ends of the shafts arc forged into flanges
and joined together, usually by taper bolts and
nuts
 Flexible Couplings
Permits relative rotation or variation in the
alignment of shaft axes within certain limits
Flexible Couplings

Bushed Pin Type of Compression Type of Muff

Flanged Coupling Coupling
 Flexible Couplings
Permits relative rotation or variation in the
alignment of shaft axes within certain limits
Flexible Couplings

Bushed Pin Type of Compression Type of Muff

Flanged Coupling Coupling
Disengaging Couplings
Used when power transmission from one shaft to the other is not needed continuously. In
this, the shafts can be coupled together or disengaged as and when required.

Claw Coupling

Cone coupling
4.6.4 Non -Aligned Couplings
The two shafts are not coaxial
 ME 206
Mechanical and Assembly Drawing

Limits, Tolerances, and Fits

 Necessary Data for Production
Limits, Tolerances, and Fits
The manufacture of interchangeable parts requires precision. Precision is the degree of accuracy
to ensure the functioning of a part as intended. However, experience shows that it is impossible
to make parts economically to the exact dimensions. This may be due to,

(i) Inaccuracies of machines and tools,

(ii) Inaccuracies in setting the work to the tool, and
(iii) Error in measurement, etc.

It should be kept in mind that,

Greater accuracy costs more money.

Limit system definitions
Tolerance
The permissible variation of a size is called tolerance. It is the difference between the
maximum and minimum permissible limits of the given size.
Limits
The two extreme permissible sizes between which the actual size is contained are
called limits. The maximum size is called the upper limit and the minimum size is
called the lower limit.
Deviation
It is the algebraic difference between a size (actual, maximum, etc.) and the
corresponding basic size.
Actual Deviation
It is the algebraic difference between the actual size and the corresponding basic size.
Upper Deviation
It is the algebraic difference between the maximum limit of the size and the
corresponding basic size.
Lower Deviation
It is the algebraic difference between the minimum limit of the size and the
corresponding basic size.
Limit system definitions

Allowance
It is the dimensional difference between the maximum material limits of the
mating parts, intentionally provided to obtain the desired class of fit. If the
allowance is positive, it will result in minimum clearance between the mating
parts and if the allowance is negative, it will result in maximum interference.

Basic Size
It is determined solely from design calculations. If the strength and stiffness
requirements need a 50mm diameter shaft, then 50mm is the basic shaft size.

Actual Size
It is the size obtained after manufacture.
Fundamental deviation
The deviation closest to the basic size.
 A a
For hole B b For shaft
Tolerance Denotation C
.
c
.
. .
Tolerance is denoted by two symbols  h
. .
1- A letter symbol called Degree of tolerance . .
2- A number symbol called Grade of accuracy Nominal size .
j
.
J
Zone of tolerance depends on : K k
Degree of tolerance L l
1- Nominal size (N.S) .
.
.
.
.
2- Grade of accuracy (G.A) .
Grade of accuracy Z z

1- A letter symbol for hole and shaft

A letter symbol is Capital letters for hole and small letters for shaft.
Diameter Range Production of Measuring Fitting in General Engineering Rough Fitting

Important Notes
Over
1
Up to
3
Devices & Precision Labs
IT1
1.5
IT2
2
IT3
3
IT4
4
IT5
5
IT6
7
IT7
9
IT8
14
IT9
25
IT10
40
IT11
60
IT12
90
(Pressing, Rolling, Drawing)
IT13 IT14 IT15 IT16
140 250 400 600
3 6 1.5 2 3 4 5 8 12 18 30 48 75 120 180 300 480 750
6 10 +mm
1.5 2 3 4 6 9
Capital Letters is a
15 22 36 58 90 150 220 360 580 900
10 18 1.5 2 3 5 8 11 18 27 43 70 110 180 270 430 Size 30
700 1100
18
30
30
50
1.5
2
2
3
4
4
6
7
9
11
13
16
mirror of Small letters
21
25
33
39
52
62
84
100
130
160
210
250
330
390
520
620
840 1300
1000 1600
50 80 2 3 5 8 13 19 30 46 74 120 190 300 460 740 1200 1900
80 120 3 4 6 10 15 22 35 54 87 140 220 350 540 870 1400 2200
120 180 4 5 8 12 18 25 40 63 100 160 250 400 630 1000 1600 2500
180 250 5 7 10 14 20 29 46 72 115 185 290 460 720 115 1850 2900
250 315 6 8 12 16 23 32 52 81 130 210 320 520 810 1300 2100 3200
315 400 7 9 14 18 25 36 57 89 140 230 360 570 890 1400 2300 3600
400 500 8 10 15 20 27 40 63 97 155 250 400 630 970 1550 2500 4000

-0.020 -0.020 -0.020

Basic Size
-0.033

 d=30
-0.041

Deviation near zero line is the -0.053

- same for the same letter with
different grade of accuracy
2- A number symbol
There are 20 tolerance grades recommended
TOLERANCES IT1 - IT16 :
Tolerances are written in mm = 0.0001 mm
Diameter Range Production of Measuring Fitting in General Engineering Rough Fitting
Devices & Precision Labs (Pressing, Rolling, Drawing)
Over Up to IT1 IT2 IT3 IT4 IT5 IT6 IT7 IT8 IT9 IT10 IT11 IT12 IT13 IT14 IT15 IT16
1 3 1.5 2 3 4 5 7 9 14 25 40 60 90 140 250 400 600
3 6 1.5 2 3 4 5 8 12 18 30 48 75 120 180 300 480 750
6 10 1.5 2 3 4 6 9 15 22 36 58 90 150 220 360 580 900
10 18 1.5 2 3 5 8 11 18 27 43 70 110 180 270 430 700 1100
18 30 1.5 2 4 6 9 13 21 33 52 84 130 210 330 520 840 1300
30 50 2 3 4 7 11 16 25 39 62 100 160 250 390 620 1000 1600
50 80 2 3 5 8 13 19 30 46 74 120 190 300 460 740 1200 1900
80 120 3 4 6 10 15 22 35 54 87 140 220 350 540 870 1400 2200
120 180 4 5 8 12 18 25 40 63 100 160 250 400 630 1000 1600 2500
180 250 5 7 10 14 20 29 46 72 115 185 290 460 720 115 1850 2900
250 315 6 8 12 16 23 32 52 81 130 210 320 520 810 1300 2100 3200
315 400 7 9 14 18 25 36 57 89 140 230 360 570 890 1400 2300 3600
400 500 8 10 15 20 27 40 63 97 155 250 400 630 970 1550 2500 4000

Accuracy 1,2 3,4 5,6 7,8,9,10,11 12,13,14,15,16

Class

Calibrating devices Measuring Precise Eng. Genearl Eng. Elements Non-machined elements
devices Elements (Shaft, Hole) (Casting, Forging)
(Bearing)
Method of Placing Limit Dimensions (Tolerance Individual Dimensions)
Method 1
+0.021
+0

-0
-0.036 -0.280
-0.120

-0
+0.058 -0.160
+0

-0
-0.021
Method 2
Method 3

Tolerance dimensioning of assembled parts

Fits
The relation between two mating parts is known as a fit. Depending upon the actual limits of
the hole or shaft sizes, fits may be classified as clearance fit, transition fit and interference fit.

Clearance Fit
Fits
Interference fit
Fits
Transition fit
Hole Basis and Shaft Basis Systems

Zero Line Zero Line Zero Line

Tolerances for the Basic Hole System:
Position of Tolerance Fields to the Zero-Line
Clearance Fits Transition Fits Interference Fits
Slide Push Wringing Fit Drive Med. Force Fit
Running Fits Fit
Fit Fit Force Fits
a b c d e f g h j k m n p r s t u (v) (x) (y) (z)

Tolerance of Shaft

+mm
ZL

+mm
Tolerance of Hole
  25 H7/f7 +mm
Clearance Fit
Hole
Kind of Fit : Clearance +0.021
Production System Used: Basic Hole System
Limit Dimensions:
Hole
Min. Diam. = 25 mm

Max. Clear.

Min. Clear.
Max. Diam. = 25 + 0.021 = 25.021 mm -0.02

Basic Size
Shaft

 d=25
Min. Diam. = 25 - 0.041 = 24.959 mm
Max. Diam. = 25 - 0.020 = 24.980 mm -0.041
Limits of Deviation:
Hole Shaft
-
Lower Limit Dev. = 0 mm
Upper Limit Dev. = 0.021 mm
Shaft
Lower Limit Dev. = -.041 mm
Upper Limit Dev. = -0.020 mm
Limits of Fit:
Max. Clearance = 0.041 + 0.021 = 0.062 mm
Min. Clearance = 0 + 0.020 = 0.020 mm
  15 H7/r6 +mm +0.034

Min. Inter.
Kind of Fit : Transition
Production System Used: Basic Hole System +0.023

Max. Inter.
+0.018
Limit Dimensions: Shaft
Hole
Min. Diam. = 15 mm
Max. Diam. = 15+0.018 = 15.018 mm
Shaft
Max. Diam. = 15+0.034 = 15.034 mm Hole
Min. Diam. = 15+0.023 = 15.023 mm

Basic Size
Limits of Deviation:

 d=15
Hole Inter. Fit
Lower Limit Dev. = 0 mm
Upper Limit Dev. = 0.018 mm -
Shaft
Lower Limit Dev. = 0.023 mm
Upper Limit Dev. = 0.034 mm

Limits of Fit:
Max. Interference = 0-0.034 =-0.034 mm
Min. Interference = 0.018 -0.023 = -0.005 mm
  30 H8/m7

Max. Clear.
+mm

+0.033
Shaft +0.029
Kind of Fit : Transition
Production System Used: Basic Hole System
+0.008
Limit Dimensions:
Hole
Min. Diam. = 30 mm Hole

Max. Inter.
Max. Diam. = 3 0 + 0.033 = 30.033 mm

Basic Size
Shaft

 d=30
Min. Diam. = 30 + 0.008 = 30.008 mm
Max. Diam. = 30 + 0.029 = 30.029 mm
Limits of Deviation: Transition
Hole Fit
Lower Limit Dev. = 0 mm -
Upper Limit Dev. = +0.033 mm
Shaft
Lower Limit Dev. = +0.008 mm
Upper Limit Dev. =+ 0.029 mm

Limits of Fit:
Max. Clearance = 0.033 - 0.008 = 0.025 mm
Max. Interference = 0 - 0.029 = -0.029 mm
  30 M8/h7
+mm

Max. Clear.

Max. Inter..
Kind of Fit : Transition
Production System Used: Basic Shaft System
Shaft
Limit Dimensions:
Hole -0.008
Min. Diam. = 30 mm
Max. Diam. = 3 0 - 0.008 = 29.992 mm

Basic Size
Shaft -0.021

 d=30
Min. Diam. = 30 - 0.021 = 29.979 mm
Max. Diam. = 30 + 0 = 30 mm
Limits of Deviation: Transition -0.041

Hole Fit Hole

Lower Limit Dev. = -0.041 mm -
Upper Limit Dev. = -0.008mm
Shaft
Lower Limit Dev. = -0.021 mm
Upper Limit Dev. =+ 0 mm

Limits of Fit:
Max. Interference = -0.041-0= -0.041 mm
Max. Clearance = -0.008-( - 0.021) = 0.013 mm
 ME 206
Mechanical and Assembly Drawing

Surface Roughness
Prescribing of surface Quality on drawings
Introduction:
- Surfaces of machine parts must have a certain grade of finish
depending on its function. If the finish of a surface is not
important, it may not be necessary to specify the grade quality. It
is to be used when needed only, since the cost of production of a
surface becomes greater as the quality of surface is higher.

- Surface roughness is judged according to the kind, outer

appearance and depth of the markings that are left by the tool on
the surface of components.
Surface Texture Characteristics
There are two principal reasons for surface finish control:
1. To reduce friction
2. To control wear

Roughness
Roughness consists of the finer
irregularities in the surface
texture, resulted from production
process.
These include traverse feed marks
and other irregularities within the
limits of the roughness-width
cutoff.
Surface Roughness Number
The geometrical characteristics of a surface
include,
1. Macro-deviations,
2. Surface waviness, and
3. Micro-irregularities.

Mean Roughness Index, Ra

It is the arithmetic mean of the
absolute values of the heights hi
between the actual and mean
profiles. It is given by,
Machining Symbol
 Mark Meaning
1- Un-machined surface of usual roughness (casting,
forging, ….)

2- Un-machined surface of prescribed roughness

(Limited roughness)

3- Area machined without allowances.

(Ra=25 mm at maximum)
4- Area machined of prescribed roughness.
(Limited roughness)
5- When it is necessary to keep roughness within
certain limits
Surface Texture Ratings
Basic Surface Texture Symbol.

Equivalent surface roughness symbols

Surface roughness expected from various manufacturing processes
Symbols specifying the directions
of lay.
Indication of Surface Roughness
Symbols on Drawings