KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, KUMASI

INSTITUTE OF DISTANCE LEARNING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MID SECOND SEMESTER EXAMINATION, 2021

ME 464, INSTRUMENTATION

JUNE 2021 Time: One Hour

Instructions:
i. Answer All Questions
ii. Students should not take any examination question paper outside.
iii. Circle the right answer on the question paper and shade it on the scannable sheet.
iv. Kindly show the calculations on the question paper.
SECTION A
An optical thermometer was used to take temperature of a body, use the Table 1 to answer
questions 1 to 10. Take Stefan-Boltzmann constant to be 5.6704 x 10 -8 W.m2.K-4
Table 1: Summary of the results from optical thermometer
Irradiance (W.m-2) Emissivity Temperature (K)
……… 0.44 318
271.6424 0.65 ………
172.8122 ……… 310
254.8905 0.57 ………
……… 0.78 320
136.0602 ……… 313
86.7492 ……… 308
……… 0.90 303
327.6898 0.84 ………
……… 0.49 300

1. The Irradiance (W.m-2) at emissivity 0.44 is ………………………………

A. 75.2485
B. 255.1378
C. 284.2728
D. None of the above

𝐺 = 𝜀𝜎𝑇

𝐺 = 0.44 × 5.6704 × 10 × 318 = 𝟐𝟓𝟓. 𝟏𝟑𝟕𝟖

The correct answer is option B.

2. The temperature (K) at emissivity 0.65 is ………………………………

A. 293
B. 238
C. 269
D. None of the above

𝐺 271.6424
𝑇= = = 𝟐𝟗𝟑𝑲
𝜀𝜎 5.6704 × 10 × 0.65
The correct answer is option B.
3. The emissivity at temperature (K) 310 is ………………………………
A. 0.57
B. 0.27
C. 0.33
D. None of the above
𝐺 172.8122
𝜀= = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑
𝜎𝑇 5.6704 × 10 × 310
The correct answer is option C.

4. The temperature (K) at emissivity 0.57 is ………………………………

A. 314
B. 238
C. 298
D. None of the above

𝐺 254.8905
𝑇= = = 𝟐𝟗𝟖𝑲
𝜀𝜎 5.6704 × 10 × 0.57
The correct answer is option C.

5. The Irradiance (W.m-2) at emissivity 0.78 is ………………………………

A. 417.6351
B. 463.7759
C. 752.1470
D. None of the above

𝐺 = 𝜀𝜎𝑇

𝐺 = 0.78 × 5.6704 × 10 × 320 = 𝟒𝟔𝟑. 𝟕𝟕𝟓𝟗

The correct answer is option B.

6. The emissivity at temperature (K) 313 is ………………………………

A. 0.35
B. 0.25
C. 0.40
D. None of the above
 𝐺 136.0602
𝜀= = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
𝜎𝑇 5.6704 × 10 × 313
The correct answer is option B.

7. The temperature (OC) at emissivity 0.17 is ………………………………

A. 35
B. 45
C. 10
D. None of the above
From the Table, emissivity of 0.17 is not included, hence cannot be solved.

𝐺 ??
𝑇= = = ??𝑲
𝜀𝜎 5.6704 × 10 × 0.17
The correct answer is option D.

8. The Irradiance (W.m-2) at emissivity 0.90 is ………………………………

A. 430.1567
B. 236.4743
C. 174.2472
D. None of the above

𝐺 = 𝜀𝜎𝑇

𝐺 = 0.90 × 5.6704 × 10 × 303 = 𝟒𝟑𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟔𝟕

The correct answer is option A.

9. The temperature (OC) at emissivity 0.84 is ………………………………

A. 25
B. 15
C. 35
D. None of the above

𝐺 327.6898
𝑇= = = 𝟐𝟖𝟖𝑲 = 𝟏𝟓 °𝑪
𝜀𝜎 5.6704 × 10 × 0.84
The correct answer is option B.
 10. The Irradiance (W.m-2) at emissivity 0.49 is ………………………………
A. 347.5540
B. 435.5478
C. 225.0582
D. None of the above

𝐺 = 𝜀𝜎𝑇

𝐺 = 0.49 × 5.6704 × 10 × 300 = 𝟐𝟐𝟓. 𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟐

The correct answer is option C.
A balloon is equipped with temperature and altitude measuring instruments and has radio
equipment that can transmit the output readings of these instruments back to ground. The balloon
is initially anchored to the ground with the instrument output readings in steady state. The
altitude-measuring instrument is approximately zero order, and the temperature transducer is first
order with time constant of 15 seconds. The temperature on the ground, T 0, is 10OC and the
temperature Tx at an altitude of x metres is given by the relation: 𝑇 = 𝑇 − 0.01𝑥. If the
balloon is released at time zero, and thereafter rises upwards at a velocity of 5 m/s, Table 2
shows the temperature and altitude measurements reported at intervals of 10 seconds over the
first 50 seconds of travel. Table 2 is a summary of the computation for the dynamic performance
characteristics. Note derive the Laplace solution for the general problem above and questions 11
to 15.
Table 2: Dynamic performance characteristics

Time Altitude x = 5t Temperature Temperature Error

reading Tr
0
10
20
30
40
50

11. The general Laplace solution above is ………………………………

𝒕
A. 𝑻𝒓 = 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝒆 𝟏𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓(𝒕 − 𝟏𝟓)
B. 𝑇 = 10 − 0.75𝑒 − 0.05(𝑡 + 15)
C. 𝑇 = 10 − 0.75𝑒 + 0.05(𝑡 − 15)
D. None of the above
 𝑇 𝑇 − 0.01𝑥
𝑇 = =
1 + 𝛽𝐷 1 + 15𝐷
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛽, 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡: 𝛽 = 15
𝑑
𝐷= 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐷 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑑𝑡
𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
𝑥 = 𝑣. 𝑡 = 5𝑡
𝑇 = 10
10 − 0.01(5𝑡) 10 − 0.05𝑡
𝑇 = =
1 + 15𝐷 1 + 15𝐷
𝑇 (1 + 15𝐷) = 10 − 0.05𝑡
𝑑𝑇
𝑇 + 15 = 10 − 0.05𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑇 + 15𝑇̇ = 10 − 0.05𝑡 (1)
Complementary solution:
1
1 + 15𝑚 = 0 ; 𝑚 = −
15

(𝑇 ) = 𝐶𝑒 = 𝐶𝑒
Particular solution.
Should take the form of the RHS of the equation.
(𝑇 ) = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑡

𝑇̇ =𝐵

Put into (1)

𝐴 + 𝐵𝑡 + 15𝐵 = 10 − 0.05𝑡
Comparing coefficients on both sides.
𝐵 = −0.05
𝐴 + 15𝐵 = 10 ; 𝐴 = 10.75
(𝑇 ) = 10.75 − 0.05𝑡
(𝑇 ) = 10 − 0.05𝑡 + 0.75 = 10 − 0.05𝑡 + 15 × 0.05
∴ (𝑇 ) = 10 − 0.05(𝑡 − 15)

𝑇 = (𝑇 ) + (𝑇 ) = 10 − 0.05(𝑡 − 15) + 𝐶𝑒
 𝑇 (0) = 𝑇 = 10
10 = 10 − 0.05(0 − 15) + 𝐶𝑒
𝐶 = −0.75
𝒕
𝑻𝒓 = 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝒆 𝟏𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓(𝒕 − 𝟏𝟓)
The correct answer is option A
12. Calculate the time ‘t’ at an altitude of 5000m if the velocity is 5m/s
………………………………
A. 10
B. 100
C. 1000
D. None of above
𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒙 = 𝟓𝒕; 𝒕 = = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒔
𝟓

The correct answer is option C.

13. What is the temperature T at an altitude of 5000m ………………………………

A. -13.52°C
B. -39.25°𝐂
C. -14.25°C
D. None of the above

𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 5000𝑚, 𝑡 = 1000𝑠

𝑇 = 10 − 0.75𝑒 − 0.05(1000 − 15)

𝑻𝒓 = −𝟑𝟗. 𝟐𝟓°C
14. What is the temperature error at time 50sec, altitude of 250m and temperature reading of
8.22°C ? ………………………………
A. 0.72
B. 0.75
C. 0.78
D. None of the above
Let’s try to complete the table that was given in the question.

𝒕
𝑻𝒓 = 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝒆 𝟏𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓(𝒕 − 𝟏𝟓)

𝑻𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝒙
Time Altitude x = 5t Temperature Tx Temperature
reading Tr Error |Tx-Tr|
0 0 10 10 0
10 50 9.86 9.5 0.36
20 100 9.55 9 0.55
30 150 9.15 8.5 0.65
40 200 8.70 8 0.70
50 250 8.22 7.5 0.72

From the above Table, at 50s, 250m the temperature error is 0.72.
The correct answer is option A.

15. The value of Tr at time 200 is ………………………………

A. 0.75
B. 1.54
C. 2.42
D. None of the above
𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝑻𝒓 = 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝒆 𝟏𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓(𝟐𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏𝟓)
𝑻𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓°𝐂
The correct answer is option A.
16. What is the geometric mean of 4 and 25?
A. 5
B. 10
C. 8
D. None of the above
𝒙𝒈 = 𝒏 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 … … 𝒙𝒏

𝒙𝒈 = √𝟒 × 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟏𝟎
The correct answer is option B.
17. Find the geometric mean of 4 and 3
A. 2√𝟑
B. 2
C. 3√2
D. None of the above
𝒙𝒈 = √𝟒 × 𝟑 = 𝟐√𝟑
The correct answer is option A.
18. The three geometric means between 2 and 32 are ………………………………
A. 4,6,8
B. 3,6,2
C. 4,8,16
D. None of the above
Let the series be: 2, g1, g2, g3, 32.
Geometric series of the form: 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 , 𝑎𝑟 , 𝑎𝑟

The common ratio 𝑟 = =2

𝑔 = 2 × 2 = 4, 𝑔 = 2 × 2 = 8, 𝑔 = 2 = 16
The correct answer is option C.

19. What is the geometric mean of 1, 3, 9, 27 and 81?

A. 3
B. 9
C. 12
D. None of the above

𝟓
𝒙𝒈 = √𝟏 × 𝟑 × 𝟗 × 𝟐𝟕 × 𝟖𝟏 = 𝟗
The correct answer is option B.

20. The arithmetic mean between √5 and 3√5 is

A. 5
B. 3
C. 4
D. None of the above
√𝟓 + 𝟑√𝟓
𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 = = 𝟐√𝟓
𝟐
X is a normally distributed variable with mean 𝜇 = 30 and standard deviation 𝜎 = 4.
Calculate question 21 to 23.

21. 𝑃(𝑥 < 40)

A. 0.9938
B. 0.8457
C. 0.2647
D. None of the above

The standard random variable is represented as X ~ 𝑵(𝝁, 𝝈𝟐 )

X ~ 𝑵(𝟑𝟎, 𝟏𝟔)
𝑿 − 𝝁 𝟒𝟎 − 𝟑𝟎
𝒁= = = 𝟐. 𝟓
𝝈 𝟒
ℙ(𝒁 < 𝟐. 𝟓) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟑𝟖 read from standard normal table.
The correct answer is option A.

22. 𝑃(𝑥 > 21)

A. 0.7589
B. 0.7543
C. 0.9878
D. None of the above
𝑿 − 𝝁 𝟐𝟏 − 𝟑𝟎
𝒁= = = −𝟐. 𝟐𝟓
𝝈 𝟒
ℙ(𝒁 > −𝟐. 𝟐𝟓) = 𝟏 − ℙ(𝒁 < −𝟐. 𝟐𝟓) = ℙ(𝒁 < 𝟐. 𝟐𝟓) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟕𝟕𝟖
read from standard normal table.
The correct answer is option C.

23. 𝑃(30 < 𝑥 < 35)

A. 0.8754
B. 0.3944
C. 0.2475
D. None of the above
𝟑𝟎 − 𝟑𝟎 𝟑𝟓 − 𝟑𝟎
ℙ <𝒁< = ℙ(𝟎 < 𝒁 < 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓)
𝟒 𝟒
= ℙ(𝒁 < 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓) − ℙ(𝒁 < 𝟎)
= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟗𝟒𝟑𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟒𝟑𝟓
The correct answer is option B.
 24. A radar unit is used to measure speeds of cars on a motorway. The speeds are normally
distributed with a mean of 90 km/hr and a standard deviation of 10 km/hr. what is the
probability that a car picked at random is travelling at more than 100 km/hr?
A. 0.1587
B. 0.5248
C. 0.4574
D. None of the above
X ~ 𝑵(𝟗𝟎, 𝟏𝟎𝟎)
𝑿 − 𝝁 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝟗𝟎
𝒁= = =𝟏
𝝈 𝟏𝟎

ℙ(𝒁 > 𝟏) = 𝟏 − ℙ(𝒁 < 𝟏) = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟏𝟑𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟖𝟔𝟔

The correct answer is option A.

25. For a certain type of computers, the length of time between charges of the battery is
normally distributed with a mean of 50 hours and a standard deviation of 15 hours. John
owns one of these computers and wants to know the probability that the length of time
will be between 50 and 70 hours.
A. 0.3658
B. 0.4082
C. 0.5478
D. None of the above
X ~ 𝑵(𝟓𝟎, 𝟐𝟐𝟓)

𝟓𝟎 − 𝟓𝟎 𝟕𝟎 − 𝟓𝟎
ℙ <𝒁< = ℙ(𝟎 < 𝒁 < 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑)
𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓

= ℙ(𝒁 < 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑) − ℙ(𝒁 < 𝟎)

= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟒 − 𝟎. 𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟒
The correct answer is option B.

The length of similar components produced by a company are approximated with normal
distribution model with a mean of 5 cm and a standard deviation of 0.02 cm. If a component is
chosen at random

26. What is the probability that the length of this component is between 4.98 and 5.02 cm?
A. 0.6826
B. 0.2457
C. 0.248
D. None of the above
 X ~ 𝑵(𝟓, 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟒)

𝟒. 𝟗𝟖 − 𝟓 𝟓. 𝟎𝟐 − 𝟓
ℙ <𝒁< = ℙ(−𝟏 < 𝒁 < 𝟏)
𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐

= ℙ(𝒁 < 𝟏) − ℙ(𝒁 < −𝟏) = ℙ(𝒁 < 𝟏) − 𝟏 − ℙ(𝒁 < 𝟏)

= 𝟐ℙ(𝒁 < 𝟏) − 𝟏
= (𝟐 × 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟏𝟑𝟒) − 𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖𝟐𝟔𝟖
The correct answer is option A.
27. What is the probability that the length of this component is between 4.96 and 5.04 cm?
A. 0.9544
B. 0.8675
C. 0.5741
D. None of the above
𝟒. 𝟗𝟔 − 𝟓 𝟓. 𝟎𝟒 − 𝟓
ℙ <𝒁< = ℙ(−𝟐 < 𝒁 < 𝟐)
𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐

= ℙ(𝒁 < 𝟐) − ℙ(𝒁 < −𝟐)

= 𝟐ℙ(𝒁 < 𝟐) − 𝟏
= (𝟐 × 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟕𝟐𝟓) − 𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟒𝟓
The correct answer is option A.
28. What is the geometric mean of 4, 8, 3, 9 and 17?
A. 4.25
B. 6.81
C. 7.41
D. None of the above

𝟓
𝒙𝒈 = √𝟒 × 𝟖 × 𝟑 × 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟕 = 𝟔. 𝟖𝟏
The correct answer is option B.
29. What is the geometric mean of the annual percentage growth rate of profits in business
corporate from the year 2000 to 20005 is 50, 72, 54, 82, 93.
A. 70.25
B. 67.45
C. 68.30
D. None of the above
𝟓
𝒙𝒈 = √𝟓𝟎 × 𝟕𝟐 × 𝟓𝟒 × 𝟖𝟐 × 𝟗𝟑 = 𝟔𝟖. 𝟐𝟔
The correct answer is option C.
 30. The harmonic mean of 1, 2 and 4 is?
A. 1.7
B. 2.1
C. 1.9
D. None of the above
3
𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = = 1.7

The correct answer is option A.

A load cell is calibrated in an environment at a temperature of 21℃ and has the following
deflection/load characteristic:

Load (kg) 0 50 100 150 200

Deflection (mm) 0 1 2 3 4

When used in an environment at 30℃, its characteristics changes to the following:

Load (kg) 0 50 100 150 200

Deflection (mm) 0.2 1.3 2.4 3.5 4.6

Use the above information to answer questions 31 to 36.

31. Find the sensitivity at 21℃

A. 0.02
B. 0.022
C. 45.45
D. None of the above
𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1
𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = = 0.02
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 50
The correct answer is option A.

32. Find the sensitivity at 30℃

A. 0.02
B. 0.022
C. 45.45
D. None of the above
𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1.1
𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = = 0.022
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 50
The correct answer is option B.
 33. Find the difference in sensitivity
A. 0.002
B. 0.02
C. 0.0002
D. None of the above
= 0.022 − 0.02 = 0.002
The correct answer is option A.

34. Determine the zero drift.

A. 0.02
B. 4.5
C. 0.2
D. None of the above
35. Compute the sensitivity drift per change in temperature.
A. 0.002
B. 0.022
C. 0.0002
D. None of the above
𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 0.002
= = = 0.0002
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 30 − 21
The correct answer is option C.

36. Determine the zero-drift coefficient.

A. 0.002
B. 0.022
C. 0.0002
D. None of the above
𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑡 0.2
= = = 0.022
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 30 − 21
The correct answer is option B.

SECTION B
37. Which of the following is true about K, for NTC thermistor?
A. If K is negative, the resistance decreases with increasing temperature.
B. If K is positive, the resistance increases with increasing temperature.
C. If K is negative, the resistance decreases with decreasing temperature.
D. None of the above
38. Which of the following is true about K, for PTC thermistor?
A. If K is negative, the resistance decreases with increasing temperature.
B. If K is positive, the resistance increases with increasing temperature.
C. If K is negative, the resistance decreases with decreasing temperature.
D. None of the above

39. The acronym NTC thermistor means.

A. Negative temperature coefficient
B. Noice temperature coefficient
C. Neutral temperature coefficient
D. None of the above

40. The following are advantages of the resistance thermometer except

A. High accuracy
B. Suitable for precision applications.
C. Wide operating range
D. None of the above

41. Thermistors differ from resistance temperature detectors (RTD) in that the material used
in a thermistor is generally a ceramic or polymer, while RTDs
A. Alloy
B. Plastics
C. Pure metals
D. None of the above

42. Errors due to assignable causes are called:

A. Static errors
B. Systemic errors
C. Random errors
D. None of the above

43. ……………………………… describes the degree of readings from random errors

A. Sensitivity
B. Resolution
C. Precision
D. None of the above
44. The smallest change in measured value to which the instrument will respond is called:
A. Accuracy
B. Amplification
C. Resolution
D. None of the above

45. Hysteresis error in Bourdon tube can be minimized by

A. Using proper tube material
B. Using proper diameter and thickness of tube
C. Using it well within the designed pressure range
D. None of the above

46. For measuring temperature in the range of −20℃ to 600℃, following liquid is used in
glass thermometer:
A. Mercury
B. Alcohol
C. Pentane
D. None of the above

47. For measuring temperature in the range of −20℃ to 30℃, following liquid is used in
glass thermometer:
A. Mercury
B. Alcohol
C. Pentane
D. None of the above

48. To prevent self-heating errors becoming too great, the current through platinum element
(100 ohm) is kept at a very small value:
A. 0.1 raA
B. 1 mA
C. 5 mA
D. None of the above

49. A thermocouple produces e.m.f. in mV according to the temperature difference between

the sensor tip 𝜃 and the gauge head 𝜃 such that 𝑒 = 𝛼(𝜃 − 𝜃 ) + 𝛽 𝜃 − 𝜃 ,
𝛼 = 3.5 × 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 = 8.2 × 10 The gauge head is at 20℃. The mV output is 12
mV. Calculate the temperature at the sensor.
A. 252℃
B. 256℃
C. 251℃
 D. None of the above
𝑒 = 12 𝑚𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 = 20℃
12 = 3.5 × 10 (𝜃 − 20) + 8.2 × 10 𝜃 − 20
8.2 × 10 𝜃 + 3.5 × 10 (𝜃 ) − 12.70328 = 0
𝜃 = 336℃

50. A thermocouple produces e.m.f. in mV according to the temperature difference between

the sensor tip 𝜃 and the gauge head 𝜃 such that 𝑒 = 𝛼(𝜃 − 𝜃 ) + 𝛽 𝜃 − 𝜃 .
Given that 𝛼 = 3.5 × 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 = 8.2 × 10 determine the mV output when the tip is
at 220℃ and the gauge head is at 20℃.
A. 7.39454 mV
B. 7.324 mV
C. 7.294 mV
D. None of the above
𝑒 = 3.5 × 10 (220 − 20) + 8.2 × 10 (220 − 20 )
𝑒 = 7.3936 𝑚𝑉
The correct answer is option A.