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Chapter 07: Dental X-Ray Film
Iannucci: Dental Radiography, 5th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following statements is true regarding dental x-ray film and formation of the
latent image?
a. The film is placed to the buccal of the teeth.
b. The film is placed to the lingual of the teeth.
c. A periapical film is an extraoral film.
d. A bite-wing film is an extraoral film.
ANS: B
The film is placed to the lingual of the teeth. A periapical film is an intraoral film. A bite-wing
film is an intraoral film.
DIF: Comprehension REF: Page 60 OBJ: 3

TOP: CDA, RHS, I.B.1.b.iii. Describe the parts of a radiographic film packet, the different types of
digital image receptors, and the functions of both MSC: NBDHE, 2.5 General
2. Which component of x-ray film has a suspension of millions of microscopic silver halide
crystals?
a. Film base
b. Adhesive layer
c. Gelatin
d. Halide crystals
ANS: A
The film base provides a stable support for the emulsion. The adhesive layer serves to attach
the emulsion to the base. The gelatin is used to suspend and evenly disperse millions of
microscopic silver halide crystals. The halide crystals absorb radiation during x-ray exposure.

3. The film base is a flexible piece of

a. shellac.
b. cardboard.
c. acetate.
d. polyester plastic.
ANS: D
The film base is a flexible piece of polyester plastic.
DIF: Recall REF: Page 60 OBJ: 3

4. The film base is transparent with a slight ________ tint used to emphasize contrast and
enhance image quality.
a. amber
b. red
c. blue
d. green
ANS: C
The film base is transparent with a slight blue tint used to emphasize contrast and enhance
image quality.

5. The film base is ____ mm thick.

a. 0.02
b. 0.2
c. 2.0
d. 20
ANS: B
The film base is 0.2 mm thick.

6. The adhesive layer is added to the _________ before the __________ is (are) applied.
a. gelatin; halide crystals
b. halide crystals; gelatin
c. film base; emulsion
d. emulsion; film base
ANS: C
The adhesive layer is added to the film base before the emulsion is applied.

7. The film emulsion is

a. attached to both sides of the film.
b. attached to one side of the film.
c. made of polyester plastic.
d. opaque to block out the passage of light.
ANS: A
The film emulsion is attached to both sides of the film.

8. The film emulsion is composed of a homogenous mixture of

a. calcium tungstate and lead salt crystals.
b. gelatin and barium salt crystals.
c. gelatin and silver halide crystals
d. primer and silver halide crystals.
ANS: C
The film emulsion is composed of a homogenous mixture of gelatin and silver halide crystals.

9. ___________ is the main component of the silver halide crystals in dental x-ray film.
a. Iodide
b. Bromide
c. Chloride
d. Fluoride
ANS: B
The halide in dental x-ray film is primarily silver bromide.
DIF: Comprehension REF: Pages 60-61 OBJ: 3

10. The latent image is stored by the ______________ in dental x-ray film.
a. gelatin
b. film base
c. adhesive layer
d. silver halide crystals
ANS: D
The latent image is stored by the silver halide crystals in dental x-ray film.

11. The areas of the film that are _______ energized will be ________ when the film is processed.
1. more; darker
2. more; lighter
3. less; darker
4. less; lighter
a. 1 and 3
b. 1 and 4
c. 2 and 3
d. 2 and 4
ANS: B
The areas of the film that are more energized will be darker when the film is processed. The
areas of the film that are less energized will be lighter when the film is processed.
12. The invisible pattern of stored energy on the exposed film is called the
a. variable density pattern.
b. latent image.
c. x-ray photon.
d. emulsion.
ANS: B
The invisible pattern of stored energy on the exposed film is called the latent image. The
manufacturer-placed embossed variable density pattern on the lead foil sheet is visible on a
processed radiograph if the film packet is inadvertently positioned in the mouth backward and
then exposed. Photons are discrete bundles of energy with no mass or weight that travel as
waves at the speed of light and move through space in a straight line, “carrying the energy” of
electromagnetic radiation. The film emulsion is a coating attached to both sides of the film
base by the adhesive layer to give the film greater sensitivity to x-radiation.

13. Latent image centers are aggregates of

a. silver bromide crystals.
b. bromine atoms.
c. neutral silver atoms.
d. gelatin.
ANS: C
Latent image centers are aggregates of neutral silver atoms.

14. During formation of the latent image, irregularities in the lattice structure of the exposed
crystal, known as _________________, attract silver atoms.
a. the protective layer
b. the emulsion
c. sensitivity specks
d. the adhesive layer
ANS: C
During formation of the latent image, irregularities in the lattice structure of the exposed
crystal, known as sensitivity specks, attract silver atoms.

15. Which of the following types of dental x-ray film would you place inside your patient’s
mouth?
a. Intraoral film
b. Extraoral film
c. Duplicating film
d. Screen film
ANS: A
Intraoral film is placed inside the mouth. Extraoral film is placed outside the mouth.
Duplicating film is used to copy radiographs; it is not used inside the mouth. Screen film is
used for panoramic films, which are extraoral.
DIF: Application REF: Page 61 OBJ: 5

16. Which of the following statements is true of a two-film packet?

a. A two-film packet requires twice the amount of exposure to produce a single
radiograph.
b. A two-film packet has a single emulsion, whereas a one-film packet has a double
emulsion.
c. A two-film packet has a double emulsion, whereas a one-film packet has a single
emulsion.
d. Intraoral x-ray film is a double-emulsion type of film regardless of whether the
film packet contains one or two films.
ANS: D
A two-film packet requires the same amount of exposure to produce the films as a one-film
packet. Intraoral x-ray film is a double-emulsion type of film regardless of whether the film
packet contains one or two films.

17. A two-film packet requires ___________ exposure time as a one-film packet.

a. half the
b. the same
c. twice the
d. four times the
ANS: B
A two-film packet requires the same exposure time as a one-film packet.
DIF: Comprehension REF: Pages 61-62 OBJ: 5

18. When would you use a two-film packet when taking radiographs on your patient?
a. For maxillary radiographs where the bone is denser than in the mandible.
b. To prevent more photons from passing through the film into patient tissue.
c. When a duplicate record of a radiographic examination is needed.
d. Routinely for adults; however, a one-film packet should be used for children and
adolescents.
ANS: C
A two-film packet may be used when a duplicate record of a radiographic examination is
needed.
DIF: Application REF: Pages 61-62 OBJ: 5

19. Why would you use the identification dot when taking radiographs?
a. To determine film orientation
b. To identify whether or not a film has been exposed
c. To indicate the side of the film with an emulsion
d. To identify whether the film is D-speed film or F-speed film
ANS: A
The identification dot is used to determine film orientation; it is not used to determine whether
or not a film has been exposed; it is not used to determine which side of the film has an
emulsion as both sides have an emulsion; it is not used to determine the speed of the film.

20. What is the purpose of the lead foil sheet found within the film packet?
a. To cover the film and shield the film from light
b. To protect the film from moisture
c. To shield the film from primary radiation emitted by the x-ray tubehead
d. To shield the film from secondary backscattered radiation
ANS: D
The purpose of the paper film wrapper is to cover the film and shield the film from light. The
purpose of the outer package wrapping is to protect the film from exposure to light and saliva.
The purpose of the lead foil sheet found within the film packet is to shield the film from
secondary backscattered radiation.

21. Where is the thin lead foil sheet positioned in the film packet?
a. Behind the film
b. In front of the film
c. Behind the paper film wrapper
d. In front of the paper film wrapper
ANS: A
The thin lead foil sheet is positioned behind the film.

22. The embossed pattern placed on the lead foil sheet by the manufacturer will reveal
a. whether or not the film has been exposed.
b. if the film has been exposed to moisture.
c. if the film packet is inadvertently positioned in the mouth backward and then
exposed.
d. if the film packet is inadvertently opened before the film is processed.
ANS: C
The embossed pattern placed on the lead foil sheet by the manufacturer will not reveal
whether or not the film has been exposed; will not reveal if the film has been exposed to
moisture; will reveal if the film packet is inadvertently positioned in the mouth backward and
then exposed; will not reveal if the film packet is inadvertently opened before the film is
processed.

23. When you are placing the film packet in your patient’s mouth, which side of the film packet
would you place toward the patient’s teeth?
a. The side with the flap that is used to open the dental film
b. The solid white side
c. The color-coded side
d. The identification dot side
ANS: B
The label side of the dental film packet has a flap used to open the dental film and is placed
toward the tongue. The tube side of the dental film packet, which is placed toward the
patient’s teeth, is solid white. The label side of the dental film packet is color-coded and is
placed toward the tongue. The identification dot is on the label side of the film and is placed
toward the tongue.

24. The label side of the dental film packet

a. is solid white.
b. has a raised bump in one corner that corresponds to the identification dot.
c. should face the tubehead when placed in the mouth.
d. is color-coded to distinguish between one-film and two-film packets and between
film speeds.
ANS: D
The tube side of the dental film packet is solid white. The tube side of the dental film packet
has a raised bump in one corner that corresponds to the identification dot. The tubeside of the
dental film packet should face the tubehead when placed in the mouth. The label side of the
dental film packet is color-coded to distinguish between one-film and two-film packets and
between film speeds.
25. Your dentist asks you to take radiographs on your patient in order to check the interproximal
surfaces of the posterior maxillary and mandibular teeth for decay. Which type of film would
be the best to take the radiograph?
a. Maxillary and mandibular periapical film
b. Panoramic film
c. Bite-wing film
d. Occlusal film
ANS: C
The maxillary periapical film would show the crown and roots of maxillary teeth without
showing mandibular teeth. The mandibular periapical film would show the crown and roots of
mandibular teeth without showing maxillary teeth. Patient exposure to x-rays would be
doubled. Panoramic radiographs would show both maxillary and mandibular teeth in the same
film, but do not provide a clear image of the interproximal surfaces which is needed for the
detection of decay. The bite-wing film is used to examine the crowns of both the maxillary
and the mandibular teeth on one film. The bite-wing film is particularly useful in examining
interproximal tooth surfaces. The occlusal film would show maxillary or mandibular teeth on
one film.

TOP: CDA, RHS, I.A.2.a. Describe use and purpose of various intraoral and extraoral radiographic
images MSC: NBDHE, 2.5 General
26. The apex (tip) of the tooth roots may be seen on which type(s) of intraoral film?
a. Periapical
b. Bite-wing
c. Occlusal
d. Periapical and occlusal
ANS: D
The apex (tip) of the tooth roots may be seen on periapical and occlusal films.

27. Which type of intraoral film is best for visualizing interproximal surfaces?
a. Periapical
b. Bite-wing
c. Occlusal
ANS: B
Periapical film is used to examine anterior and posterior teeth. The bite-wing film is best for
visualizing interproximal surfaces. The occlusal film is used for examination of large areas of
the maxilla or the mandible. Periapical film is used to examine the crowns and roots of
anterior and posterior teeth; the occlusal film is used for examination of large areas of the
maxilla or the mandible.
DIF: Comprehension REF: Pages 64, 68 OBJ: 6
28. Which of the following film should you use on your young pediatric patient if you need to get
a radiograph of her maxillary teeth and maxilla?
a. Periapical
b. Bite-wing
c. Occlusal
ANS: C
Periapical film is used to examine the crowns and roots of anterior and posterior teeth. The
bite-wing film is best for visualizing interproximal surfaces. It is used to examine the crowns
of the maxillary and mandibular teeth in a single film. The occlusal film is best for
examination of large areas of the maxilla or mandible.

29. Which film size would you use to take posterior periapical radiographs on your adult patient?
a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 4
ANS: C
A #0 size film is used for very small children. A #1 size film is used primarily to examine the
anterior teeth in adults. A #2 size film is used for a standard adult posterior periapical and
bite-wings film. It can also be used for anterior periapical film. A #4 size film is used to show
large regions of the upper or lower jaw.

TOP: CDA, RHS, I.A.3.b. Select appropriate image receptor size depending on patient characteristics
and exposure technique indicated MSC: NBDHE, 2.5 General
30. You are taking bite-wing radiographs on a 3-year-old child. Which size film should you use?
a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 3
ANS: A
A #0 size bite-wing film is used to examine posterior teeth in very small children. A #1 size
film is used primarily to examine the anterior teeth in adults. A #2 size film is a standard adult
periapical film. The #2 size film is also the standard film for adult bite-wing film. A #3 size
film can be used for bite-wing film to examine posterior teeth in adults.

31. Which size film should you use to take a bite-wing film on your adult patient?
a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 3
ANS: C
Size #0 film is most frequently used to take bite-wing radiographs on a child. Size #1 film is
the most frequently to take anterior periapical radiographs on an adult. Size #2 film is the
most frequently used bite-wing film. It is also used for taking posterior periapical radiographs.
Size #3 film is used for bite-wing radiographs, but it is not the most frequently used bite-wing
film.

32. A fast film responds more quickly than a slow film, because
a. the tubehead shutter opens wider.
b. exposure times are longer for fast films.
c. the silver halide crystals in the emulsion are larger.
d. a different processing chemistry is used.
ANS: C
A fast film responds more quickly than a slow film, because the silver halide crystals in the
emulsion are larger; the tubehead does not have a shutter; exposure times are shorter for fast
films; the same processing chemistry is used for fast or slow film.
DIF: Recall REF: Pages 65-66 OBJ: 7

TOP: CDA, RHS, I.B.1.b.i. Define factors that influence quality of the radiographic image
MSC: NBDHE, 2.5 General
33. Which of the following film speed is the fastest film currently available?
a. C-speed film
b. D-speed film
c. E-speed film
d. F-speed film
ANS: D
C-speed film is no longer available. D-speed film is slower than F-speed film. E-speed film is
slower than F-speed film. F-speed film is the fastest film currently available.

34. Which of the following types of film exhibits the bony and soft tissue areas of the facial
profile?
a. Periapical
b. Bite-wing
c. Panoramic
d. Cephalometric
ANS: D
The periapical type of film exhibits the crown and root of the tooth. The bite-wing type of
film exhibits the crowns of maxillary and mandibular teeth. The panoramic type of film
exhibits the entire skull and jaw in frontal and side views. The cephalometric type of film
exhibits the bony and soft tissue areas of the facial profile.

35. Your adolescent patient is scheduled for an orthodontic evaluation and needs a single
radiograph of his side facial profile that includes his skeletal structure, tissues, jaws, and teeth.
Which one of the following radiographs should you take?
a. Periapical
b. Bite-wing
c. Panoramic
d. Cephalometric
ANS: C
The periapical type of film exhibits the crown and root of the tooth. The bite-wing type of
film exhibits the crowns of maxillary and mandibular teeth. The panoramic film shows a wide
view of the upper and lower jaws on a single radiograph. The cephalometric type of film
exhibits the bony and soft tissue areas of the facial profile.

36. Screen film

a. is sensitive to direct exposure to radiation.
b. is sensitive to fluorescent light.
c. requires more exposure time than nonscreen film.
d. is not recommended for use in dentistry.
ANS: B
Screen film is not sensitive to direct exposure to radiation. Screen film is sensitive to
fluorescent light. Screen film requires less exposure than nonscreen film. Screen film is used
for extraoral dental radiography.
DIF: Recall REF: Pages 66, 67 OBJ: 9

TOP: CDA, RHS, I.B.1.c.i. Identify function and maintenance of film cassettes and intensifying
screens MSC: NBDHE, 2.5 General
37. A screen that produces a green light must be paired with a __________-sensitive screen film.
a. red
b. yellow
c. blue
d. green
ANS: D
Blue-sensitive screen film must be paired with screens that produce blue light. Green-sensitive
screen film must be paired with screens that produce green light.

38. (1) An intensifying screen is a device that transfers x-ray energy into visible light; (2) the
visible light, in turn, exposes the screen film.
a. Both statements are true.
b. Both statements are false.
c. The first statement is true; the second statement is false.
d. The first statement is false; the second statement is true.
ANS: A
An intensifying screen is a device that transfers x-ray energy into visible light; the visible
light, in turn, exposes the screen film.

39. An intensifying screen is a smooth plastic sheet coated with minute fluorescent crystals
known as
a. nuclei of crystallization.
b. germinal centers.
c. sensitivity specks.
d. phosphors.
ANS: D
An intensifying screen is a smooth plastic sheet coated with minute fluorescent crystals
known as phosphors. Irregularities in the lattice structure of exposed silver halide crystals are
known as sensitivity specks.

40. Rare earth screens

a. have phosphors that emit blue light.
b. have phosphors that emit green light.
c. are less efficient than calcium tungstate intensifying screens.
d. are slower than calcium tungstate intensifying screens.
ANS: B
Rare earth screens have phosphors that emit green light. Rare earth screens are more efficient
than calcium tungstate intensifying screens. Rare earth screens are faster than calcium
tungstate intensifying screens.

41. Lack of contact between screen and film results in

a. an overexposed film.
b. an underexposed film.
c. a light leak.
d. a loss of image sharpness.
ANS: D
Excessive exposure time, kVp, or milliamperage would result in an overexposed film.
Insufficient exposure time, kVp, or milliamperage would result in an underexposed film. An
opening in the screen would cause a light leak. Lack of contact between screen and film
results in a loss of image sharpness.

42. Duplicating film

a. is exposed to x-rays.
b. has emulsion on both sides.
c. is used to make an identical copy of an intraoral or extraoral radiograph.
d. is the second film in a two-film intra-oral film packet.
ANS: C
Duplicating film is used to make an identical copy of an intraoral or extraoral radiograph
individual film that was made; it has an emulsion on one side, and intraoral film that has an
emulsion on two sides; it is exposed to fluorescent light instead of x-rays.

TOP: CDA, RHS, I.B.1. Describe how to acquire radiographic images using various techniques
43. Film is best stored in an area that is

a. hot.
b. humid.
c. cool and dry.
d. exposed to radiation.
ANS: C
Film is best stored in an area that is cool and dry.

44. The optimum temperature for film storage ranges from ____ to ____ degrees Fahrenheit.
a. 30; 50
b. 50; 70
c. 70; 90
d. 90; 110
Test Bank for Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques 5th Edition
ANS: B
The optimum temperature for film storage ranges from 50 degrees to 70 degrees Fahrenheit.

45. (1) Non-screen film is sensitive to fluorescent light. (2) Screen films are sensitive to the
visible light emitted from the intensifying screen.
ANS: D
Non-screen film is sensitive to x-rays. Screen film is sensitive to the visible light that is
emitted from the intensifying screen. X-rays strike the intensifying screen which causes the
screen to fluoresce and expose the screen film.
DIF: Comprehension REF: Pages 55, 67 OBJ: 10

46. (1) A panoramic radiograph is an example of an intraoral film. (2) An occlusal radiograph is
an example of an extraoral film.
ANS: B
An extraoral film is used to take radiographs outside of the patient’s oral cavity. A panoramic
radiograph is an example of an extraoral radiograph. An intraoral radiograph is used to take
radiographs inside the patient’s mouth. An occlusal radiograph is an example of an intraoral
radiograph.

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{681}
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international law, which now rest upon the United States under
the Treaty of Paris. The convention elected by the people to
frame a constitution is approaching the completion of its
labors. The transfer of American control to the new government
is of such great importance, involving an obligation resulting
from our intervention and the treaty of peace, that I am glad
to be advised by the recent act of Congress of the policy
which the legislative branch of the government deems essential
to the best interests of Cuba and the United States. The
principles which led to our intervention require that the
fundamental law upon which the new government rests should be
adapted to secure a government capable of performing the
duties and discharging the functions of a separate nation, of
observing its international obligations, of protecting life
and property, insuring order, safety and liberty, and
conforming to the established and historical policy of the
United States in its relation to Cuba.
"The peace which we are pledged to leave to the Cuban people

must carry with it the guarantees of permanence. We became
sponsors for the pacification of the island, and we remain
accountable to the Cubans no less than to our own country and
people for the reconstruction of Cuba as a free commonwealth,
on abiding foundations of right, justice, liberty and assured
order. Our enfranchisement of the people will not be completed
until free Cuba shall 'be a reality, not a name—a perfect
entity, not a hasty experiment, bearing within itself the
elements of failure.'
"While the treaty of peace with Spain was ratified on February

6, 1899, and ratifications were exchanged nearly two years
ago, the Congress has indicated no form of government for the
Philippine Islands. It has, however, provided an army to
enable the Executive to suppress insurrection, restore peace,
give security to the inhabitants and establish the authority
of the United States throughout the archipelago. It has
authorized the organization of native troops as auxiliary to
the regular force. It has been advised from time to time of
the acts of the military and naval officers in the islands, of
my action in appointing civil commissions, of the instructions
with which they were charged, of their duties and powers, of
their recommendations and of their several acts under
Executive commission, together with the very complete general
information they have submitted.
"These reports fully set forth the conditions, past and
present, in the islands, and the instructions clearly show the
principles which will guide the Executive until the Congress
shall, as it is required to do by the treaty, determine 'the
civil rights and political status of the native inhabitants.'
The Congress having added the sanction of its authority to the
powers already possessed and exercised by the Executive under
the constitution, thereby leaving with the Executive the
responsibility for the government of the Philippines, I shall
continue the efforts already begun until order shall be
restored throughout the islands, and as fast as conditions
permit will establish local governments, in the formation of
which the full co-operation of the people has been already
invited, and when established will encourage the people to
administer them.
{682}
"The settled purpose, long ago proclaimed, to afford the

inhabitants of the islands self-government as fast as they
were ready for it will be pursued with earnestness and
fidelity. Already something has been accomplished in this
direction. The government's representatives, civil and
military, are doing faithful and noble work in their mission
of emancipation, and merit the approval and support of their
countrymen. The most liberal terms of amnesty have already
been communicated to the insurgents, and the way is still open
for those who have raised their arms against the government
for honorable submission to its authority.
"Our countrymen should not be deceived. We are not waging war

against the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands. A portion
of them are making war against the United States. By far the
greater part of the inhabitants recognize American
sovereignty, and welcome it as n guarantee of order and
security for life, property, liberty, freedom of conscience
and the pursuit of happiness. To them full protection will be
given. They shall not be abandoned. We will not leave the
destiny of the loyal millions in the islands to the disloyal
thousands who are in rebellion against the United States.
Order under civil institutions will come as soon as those who
now break the peace shall keep it. Force will not be needed or
used when those who make war against us shall make it no more.
May it end without further bloodshed, and there be ushered in
the reign of peace, to be made permanent by a government of
liberty under law."
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901 (March).

Rejection by the British government of the Interoceanic Canal
Treaty as amended by the Senate.
See (in this volume)

CANAL, INTEROCEANIC: A. D. 1901 (MARCH).
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901 (March).

Death of Ex-President Harrison.
Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States 1889-1893,

died at his home in Indianapolis, on the afternoon of March
13, 1901, after an illness of a few days.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901 (March-April).

Capture of Aguinaldo, the Filipino leader.
His oath of allegiance to the United States.

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1901 (MARCH-APRIL).
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901 (April).

Organization of the enlarged regular army.
Its strength, 76,000 men.
A Press despatch from Washington, April 24, announced that the

Secretary of War had approved recommendations of
Lieutenant-General Miles for the organization of the army, not
raising it to the full strength of 100,000 men authorized by
Congress, but providing for a force of 76,787 enlisted men,
distributed as follows:
"Line of the army, 74,504;
ordnance department, 700;
signal corps, 760;
post quartermaster sergeants, 150;
post commissary sergeants, 200;
electrician sergeants, 100;
Military Academy detachment and band, 298;
Indian scouts, 75.
The cavalry is to be organized into fifteen regiments,

consisting of 12 troops of 85 enlisted men, which, with the
bands, will make a cavalry force of 15,840 men. The infantry
is to consist of 38,520 men, divided into 30 regiments of 12
companies each. The artillery corps will have a total of
18,862 men, of which the coast artillery will have 13, 734,
organized into 126 companies of 109 men each; and the field
artillery, 4,800 men, organized into 30 batteries of 150 men
each. The engineer battalions will consist of 12 companies
amounting to 1,282 men. This plan makes no provision for the
employment of Filipino natives, but this is explained by the
fact that the 12,000 authorized for the native military force
was made a distinctive feature of the Army bill by Congress
and separated from the Regular Army."
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901 (April).

Petition from the workingmen of Porto Rico.

PORTO RICO: A. D. 1901 (APRIL).
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901 (May).

Decision of the Supreme Court in the cases involving
questions touching the status of the new territorial
possessions of the nation.
The opinions of the Supreme Court in the cases before it known

as "the insular cases," involving questions touching the
relations of the government of the United States to the
insular possessions lately acquired (see above: A. D.
1900-1901), were announced on the 27th of May, as these sheets
of the present volume were about to go to press.
In the case of Elias S. A. De Lima et al. the opinion of the

majority of the Court, delivered by Justice Brown, was against
the claim of the government to duties on goods imported into
the United States from Porto Rico after the ratification of
the treaty of peace with Spain and before the passage of the
Porto Rican act of April 12, 1900.
See, (in this volume),

PORTO RICO: A. D. 1899-1900; and 1900, APRIL).
It was held in this decisive opinion that Porto Rico, at the

time the duties in question were collected, was not a foreign
country, but a territory of the United States. Said Justice
Brown: "If an Act of Congress be necessary to convert a
foreign country into domestic territory, the question at once
suggests itself, What is the character of the legislation
demanded for this purpose? Will an act appropriating money for
its purchase be sufficient? Apparently not. Will an act
appropriating the duties collected upon imports to and from
such country for the benefit of its government be sufficient?
Apparently not. Will acts making appropriations for its postal
service, for the establishment of lighthouses, for the
maintenance of quarantine stations, for erecting public
buildings, have that effect? Will an act establishing a
complete local government, but with the reservation of a right
to collect duties upon commerce, be adequate for that purpose?
None of these, nor all together, will be sufficient, if the
contention of the government be sound, since acts embracing
all these provisions have been passed in connection with Porto
Rico, and it is insisted that it is still a foreign country
within the meaning of the tariff laws. We are unable to
acquiesce in this assumption that a territory may be at the
same time both foreign and domestic. We are, therefore, of the
opinion that at the time these duties were levied Porto Rico
was not a foreign country within the meaning of the tariff
laws, but a territory of the United States; that the duties
were illegally exacted, and that the plaintiffs are entitled
to recover them back."
But in the case of Samuel B. Downes et al. a different set of

circumstances was dealt with, since the duties in question
were on goods imported from Porto Rico after the passage of
the Act of April 12 (called "the Foraker Act"). On the
question thus presented the majority of the Court sustained
the contention of the government, saying, in an opinion
delivered by Justice Brown:
{683}
"We are of opinion that the island of Porto Rico is a

territory appurtenant and belonging to the United States, but
not a part of the United States within the revenue clause of
the Constitution; that the Foraker act is constitutional so
far as it imposes duties upon imports from such island and
that the plaintiff cannot recover the duties exacted in this
case." The following general conclusions were held by Justice
Brown to be established:
"First—That the District of Columbia and the Territories are

not States, within the judicial clause of the Constitution
giving jurisdiction in cases between citizens of different
States.
"Second—That Territories are not States, within the meaning of

revised statutes, section 709, permitting writs of error from
this court in cases where the validity of a State's statute is
drawn in question.
"Third—That the District of Columbia and the Territories are

States as that word is used in treaties with foreign powers,
with respect to the ownership, disposition and inheritance of
property.
"Fourth—That the Territories are not within the clause of the

Constitution providing for the creation of a Supreme Court and
such inferior courts as Congress may see fit to establish.
"Fifth—That the Constitution does not apply to foreign

countries or trials therein conducted, and that Congress may
lawfully provide for such trials before consular tribunals,
without the intervention of a grand or petit jury.
"Sixth—That where the Constitution has been once formally

extended by Congress to Territories, neither Congress nor the
Territorial Legislature can enact laws inconsistent
therewith."
Five of the nine justices of the Court concurred in the decree

announced by Justice Brown; but three of them, viz., Justices
White, Shims and McKenna, placed their concurrence on
different and quite opposed grounds, in an opinion prepared by
Justice White. In their view of the case before the court,
"the sole and only issue is, had Porto Rico, at the time of
the passage of the Act in question, been incorporated into and
become an integral part of the United States?" and their
conclusion is reported to have been, that "the question when
Porto Rico was to be incorporated was a political question, to
be determined by the American people, speaking through
Congress, and was not for the courts to determine."
The minority of the Court, consisting of Chief Justice Fuller,

Justices Harlan, Brewer and Peckham dissented from the decree
rendered by the majority, and from the varying grounds on
which the two sections of that majority had rested it. As
summarized in press despatches of the day, their opinion,
delivered by the Chief Justice, "absolutely rejected the
contention that the rule of uniformity [that is, the
constitutional provision that 'all duties, imposts and excises
shall be uniform throughout the United States'] was not
applicable to Porto Rico because it had not been incorporated
into and become an integral part of the United States; the
word incorporation had no occult meaning, and whatever its
situation before, the Foraker act made Porto Rico an organized
Territory of the United States." "The concurring opinion of
the majority," said the Chief Justice, "recognized that
Congress, in dealing with the people of new territories or
possessions, is bound to respect the fundamental guarantees of
life, liberty and property, but assumes that Congress is not
bound in those territories or possessions to follow the rules
of taxation prescribed by the Constitution. And yet the power
to tax involves the power to destroy and the levy of duty
touches all our people in all places under the jurisdiction of
the Government. The logical result is that Congress may
prohibit commerce altogether between the States and
Territories, and may prescribe one rule of taxation in one
Territory, and a different rule in another. That theory
assumes that the Constitution created a government empowered
to acquire countries throughout the world, to be governed by
different rules than those obtaining in the original States
and Territories, and substitutes for the present system of
republican government, a system of domination over distant
provinces in the exercise of unrestricted power. In our
judgment, so much of the Porto Rican act as authorized the
imposition of these duties is invalid and plaintiffs were
entitled to recover."
Justice Harlan announced his concurrence with the dissenting

opinion delivered by the Chief Justice. He regarded the
Foraker act as unconstitutional in its revenue provisions, and
believed that Porto Rico, after the ratification of the treaty
with Spain, became a part of the United States. In conclusion,
Justice Harlan said: "The addition of Porto Rico to the
territory of the United States has been recognized by direct
action upon the part of Congress. It has legislated in
recognition of the treaty with Spain. If Porto Rico did not by
such action become a part of the United States it did become
such, at least, when Congress passed the Foraker act. I can
not believe that Congress may impose any duty, impost or
excise with respect to that territory and its people which is
not consistent with the constitutional requirement that all
duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the
United States."
No decision was rendered in the case of the Fourteen Diamond

Rings, which involved questions relative to the status of the
Philippine Islands in their relations to the government of the
United States.
----------UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: End--------
UNITED STATES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.

Its formation and dissolution.

CENTRAL AMERICA: A. D. 1821-1898.
UNITED STATES STEEL CORPORATION.

TRUSTS: UNITED STATES: THE CLIMAX, &c.
UNIVERSITIES.

EDUCATION.
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA:
Expeditions to explore the ruins of Nippur.

ARCHÆOLOGICAL, RESEARCH: BABYLONIA: AMERICAN
EXPLORATION.
UNYORO:
British regulation of the kingdom.

UGANDA: A. D. 1897-1898.
UR.
See (in volume 1)

BABYLONIA, PRIMITIVE;
See (in volume 4)

SEMITES;
and (in this volume)
ARCHÆOLOGICAL RESEARCH: BABYLONIA.
{684}
URUGUAY: A. D. 1896-1899.
Revolutionary movement.
Assassination of President Borda.
Blancos and Colorados.
Restoration of tranquil government by the
Vice President, Cuestas.
In November, 1896, a movement for the overthrow of President

Borda was begun, with strong assistance from the neighboring
Brazilian State of Rio Grande do Sul. Months of civil war
followed, with varying fortunes, but the summer of 1897 found
the President parleying with the insurgents, endeavoring to
make terms. His original opponents had been the party called
that of the Blancos, or Whites; the Colorados, or Reds, had
supported him; but he seemed to be making enemies among them.
By an assassin of his own party he was shot, on the 25th of
August, as he came from a service in the cathedral at
Montevideo which commemorated the anniversary of Uruguayan
independence. Senor Juan Luis Cuestas, the President of the
Senate and ex-officio Vice President of the Republic, assumed
the administration of the government, made peace with the
insurgents, and prepared to deal with a faction in the
Chambers which is said to have made good government
impossible. "The Representatives had made themselves hated by
violence, corruption, and attacks on property. Senor Cuestas
accordingly removed all officials devoted to the Chambers,
called out a thousand National Guards, and being thus master
of the situation, on February 10th dissolved the Chambers and
declared himself provisional President. He then appointed a
'Council' of eighty prominent citizens of all parties,
invested them with the legislative power, and directed them to
elect a new President, and to settle the method and time of
the next elections. … According to the 'Times',
correspondent, the citizens of Monte Video of all parties
approved his action, not a stroke was struck for the Chambers,
and public securities rose at once by from eight to fourteen
points. Senor Cuestas, in fact, is trusted and competent."
The Spectator (London),

March 26, 1898.
In due time, the Provisional President had to deal with a

military revolt, which he effectually suppressed. Then, on the
1st of March, 1899, he was constitutionally elected President,
after resigning his dictatorial powers for a fortnight, in
order that the election might be freely held.
UTAH: A. D. 1895-1896.
Prohibition of polygamous marriages.
Proclamation of admission to the Union.
On the 4th of January, 1896, a proclamation by the President

of the United States, after reciting the provisions of the Act
of Congress approved July 16, 1894, and the action taken by a
convention of the people of Utah, held in accordance with the
said act, in March, 1895, which convention "did, by ordinance
irrevocable without the consent of the United States and the
people of said State, as required by said act, provide that
perfect toleration of religious sentiment shall be secured and
that no inhabitant of said State shall ever be molested in person
or property on account of his or her mode of religious
worship, but that polygamous or plural marriages are forever
prohibited," thereupon declared and proclaimed the creation of
the State of Utah and its admission into the Union to be
accomplished. The constitution of the new State has some
radical features, providing for an eight-hours labor-day, and
giving to women equal rights with men in suffrage and in
eligibility to public office.
V.
VASSOS, Colonel, in Crete.

TURKEY: A. D. 1897 (FEBRUARY-MARCH).
"VEGETARIANS," The.

CHINA: A. D. 1895 (AUGUST).
VENEZUELA: A. D. 1895.
Revolt suppressed.
An attempted rising, in the interest of Dr. Rojas Paul,

against the government of President Crespo, in the autumn of
1895, was quickly suppressed.
VENEZUELA: A. D. 1895 (July).

The question of the boundary of British Guiana taken up by the
government of the United States.
Despatch of Secretary Olney to Ambassador Bayard.
For a number of years the government of the United States had

been exerting itself to bring about the settlement of a long
standing dispute between Great Britain and Venezuela
concerning the line of boundary between the territory of
Venezuela and that of British Guiana. In 1895 the effort
became more resolute, as appeared in a lengthy despatch
addressed, on the 20th of July, by the American Secretary of
State, Mr. Olney, to the American Ambassador in London, Mr.
Bayard. In this despatch Mr. Olney reviewed the long
controversy which had been in progress, and recalled the
communications on the subject which had passed between the
governments of the United States and Great Britain since 1886.
He then summarised "the important features of the existing
situation" as represented in his recital, by the following
statement:
"1. The title to territory of indefinite but confessedly very

large extent is in dispute between Great Britain on the one
hand, and the South American Republic of Venezuela on the
other.
2. The disparity in the strength of the claimants is such that

Venezuela can hope to establish her claim only through
peaceful methods—through an agreement with her adversary
either upon the subject itself or upon an arbitration.
3. The controversy with varying claims on the part of Great

Britain has existed for more than half-a-century, during which
period many earnest and persistent efforts of Venezuela to
establish a boundary by agreement have proved unsuccessful.
4. The futility of the endeavour to obtain a conventional line

being recognized, Venezuela, for a quarter of a century, has
asked and striven for arbitration.
5. Great Britain, however, has always and continuously

refused, and still refuses, to arbitrate except upon the
condition of a renunciation of a large part of the Venezuelan
claim, and of a concession to herself of a large share of the
territory in controversy.
{685}
6. By the frequent interposition of its good offices at the

instance of Venezuela, by constantly urging and promoting the
restoration of diplomatic relations between the two countries,
by pressing for arbitration of the disputed boundary, by offering
to act as Arbitrator, by expressing its grave concern whenever
new alleged instances of British aggression upon Venezuelan
territory have been brought to its notice, the Government of
the United States has made it clear to Great Britain and to
the world that the controversy is one in which both its honour
and its interests are involved, and the continuance of which
it cannot regard with indifference."
Mr. Olney proceeds next to consider the rights, the interests

and the duty of the United States in the matter, and to what
extent, if any, it "may and should intervene in a controversy
between and primarily concerning only Great Britain and
Venezuela," and his conclusions on these points are founded on
the doctrine set forth by President Monroe, of resistance to
European intervention in American affairs. Quoting President
Monroe's celebrated Message on the subject, in 1823, Mr. Olney
remarks:
"The Message just quoted declared that the American continents

were fully occupied, and were not the subjects for future
colonization by European Powers. To this spirit and this
purpose, also, are to be attributed the passages of the same
Message which treat any infringement of the rule against
interference in American affairs on the part of the Powers of
Europe as an act of unfriendliness to the United States. It
was realized that it was futile to lay down such a rule unless
its observance could be enforced. It was manifest that the
United States was the only Power in this hemisphere capable of
enforcing it. It was therefore courageously declared, not
merely that Europe ought not to interfere in American affairs,
but that any European Power doing so would be regarded as
antagonizing the interests and inviting the opposition of the
United States.
"That America is in no part open to colonization, though the

proposition was not universally admitted at the time of its
first enunciation, has long been universally conceded. We are
now concerned, therefore, only with that other practical
application of the Monroe doctrine the disregard of which by
an European Power is to be deemed an act of unfriendliness
towards the United States. The precise scope and limitations
of this rule cannot be too clearly apprehended. It does not
establish any general Protectorate by the United States over
other American States. It does not relieve any American State
from its obligations as fixed by international law, nor
prevent any European Power directly interested from enforcing
such obligations or from inflicting merited punishment for the
breach of them. It does not contemplate any interference in
the internal affairs of any American State, or in the
relations between it and other American States. It does not
justify any attempt on our part to change the established form
of Government of any American State, or to prevent the people
of such State from altering that form according to their own
will and pleasure. The rule in question has but a single
purpose and object. It is that no European Power or
combination of European Powers shall forcibly deprive an
American State of the right and power of self-government, and
of shaping for itself its own political fortunes and
destinies. That the rule thus defined has been the accepted
public law of this country ever since its promulgation cannot
fairly be denied. …
"It is manifest that, if a rule has been openly and uniformly

declared and acted upon by the Executive Branch of the
Government for more than seventy years without express
repudiation by Congress, it must be conclusively presumed to
have its sanction. Yet it is certainly no more than the exact
truth to say that every Administration since President
Monroe's has had occasion, and sometimes more occasions than
one, to examine and consider the Monroe doctrine, and has in
each instance given it emphatic indorsement. … A doctrine of
American public law thus long and firmly established and
supported could not easily be ignored in a proper case for its
application, even were the considerations upon which it is
founded obscure or questionable. No such objection can be
made, however, to the Monroe doctrine understood and defined
in the manner already stated. It rests, on the contrary, upon
facts and principles that are both intelligible and
incontrovertible. That distance and 3,000 miles of intervening
ocean make any permanent political union between an European
and an American State unnatural and inexpedient will hardly be
denied. But physical and geographical considerations are the
least of the objections to such a union. Europe, as Washington
observed, has a set of primary interests which are peculiar to
herself. America is not interested in them, and ought not to
be vexed or complicated with them. …
"If, … for the reasons stated, the forcible intrusion of

European Powers into American politics is to be deprecated—if,
as it is to be deprecated, it should be resisted and
prevented—such resistance and prevention must come from the
United States. They would come from it, of course, were it
made the point of attack. But, if they come at all, they must
also come from it when any other American State is attacked,
since only the United States has the strength adequate to the
exigency. Is it true, then, that the safety and welfare of the
United States are so concerned with the maintenance of the
independence of every American State as against any European
Power as to justify and require the interposition of the
United States whenever that independence is endangered? The
question can be candidly answered in but one way. The States
of America, South as well as North, by geographical proximity,
by natural sympathy, by similarity of Governmental
Constitutions, are friends and allies, commercially and
politically, of the United States. To allow the subjugation of
any of them by an European Power is, of course, to completely
reverse that situation, and signifies the loss of all the
advantages incident to their natural relations to us. But that
is not all. The people of the United States have a vital
interest in the cause of popular self-government. … To-day the
United States is practically Sovereign on this continent, and
its fiat is law upon the subjects to which it confines its
interposition. Why? It is not because of the pure friendship
or good-will felt for it. It is not simply by reason of its
high character as a civilised State, nor because wisdom and
justice and equity are the invariable characteristics of the
dealings of the United States. It is because, in addition to
all other grounds, its infinite resources, combined with its
isolated position, render it master of the situation, and
practically invulnerable as against any or all other Powers.
{686}
All the advantages of this superiority are at once imperilled
if the principle be admitted that European Powers may convert
American States into Colonies or provinces of their own. The
principle would be eagerly availed of, and every Power doing
so would immediately acquire a base of military operations
against us. What one Power was permitted to do could not be
denied to another, and it is not inconceivable that the
struggle now going on for the acquisition of Africa might be
transferred to South America. If it were, the weaker countries

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DIF: Comprehension REF: Page 60 OBJ: 3

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3. The film base is a flexible piece of

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5. The film base is ____ mm thick.

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7. The film emulsion is

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8. The film emulsion is composed of a homogenous mixture of

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13. Latent image centers are aggregates of

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16. Which of the following statements is true of a two-film packet?

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17. A two-film packet requires ___________ exposure time as a one-film packet.

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24. The label side of the dental film packet

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36. Screen film

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40. Rare earth screens

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41. Lack of contact between screen and film results in

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42. Duplicating film