SUMER

The Sumerian civilization emerged upon the flood plain of the lower reaches of the Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers about 4000 B.C. The social structure of the Sumerians was decidedly different
from other societies of that and later times. The Sumerian communities were city states
organized around a temple and ruled by a priesthood. The bulk of the people of the community
were considered to be the servant-slaves of the god of the temple. The insecurities of life
justified the role of the priesthood. When calamities occured despite the best efforts of the
priesthood this was explained as being the result of the actions of other gods acting in concert
which over-ruled the wishes of the local god.

There was a class of craftsmen in addition to the priests and peasants. The craftmen devoted
most of their time to producing things for either the temples or the warrior-soldiers which
protected the temple community. The people were to devote their lives to propitiating the gods to
prevent calamities from befalling the community.

The political structure of Sumer was independent city-states. The map shows the important
communities. Note that in Sumerian times the Persian Gulf extended to the area of the city-
states. Since then the rivers have filled in hundreds miles of Gulf and Ur which was once almost
on the coast is hundreds of miles from the sea. Along with the map of Sumer there is a schematic
depiction of the layout of the city of Ur with a branch of the Euphrates River running through the
city with a protected harbor at the city walls. There was another protected harbor at the city
walls. The temple grounds were separated from the rest of the city.

The temple community city-states of Sumer did not form leagues and alliances until after the
glory of the era of Sumer. With wars of defense the role of the priesthood declined relative to the
role of the warriors. Eventually the dominance of the warriors was manifested in the rule of
kings.

The origin of the Sumerians is uncertain. They apparently came from the south through the
Persian Gulf. Their literature speaks of their homeland being Dilmun, which could have been one
of the islands in the Persian Gulf such as Bahrain. But no ruins comparable in age and
complexity to those of Sumer have been found in the proposed locations of Dilmun. However the
balance of the evidence is that Dilmun was the island of Bahrain.

The Sumerians apparently had practiced trading in their original homeland. The frequency of
animal beings in the pantheon of their gods suggests some previous pastoral history. The
Sumerian language is of no help in identifying their origins because it appears to be unrelated to
any other language in the world. It is an agglutinating language like Turkish, Hungarian, Finnish
and Inuit (Eskimo); i.e., statements are constructed by adding prefixes and suffixes onto the core
word. For more on the language of the Sumerians click here.

The Sumerians disappeared from history about 2000 B.C. as a result of military domination by
various Semitic peoples. In particular, in about 2000 B.C. Sargon established an empire in
Mesopotamia which included the area of Sumer. But long before Sargon's conquest Semitic
peoples had been entering the area of Sumer.
Many technical innovations are attributed to the Sumerians. Among these are:

 Writing (the cuneiform script on clay tablets) and systematic record keeping
 the Plow
 Social and economic organization
 Units of time (the division of a day into 24 hours and one hour into 60 minutes)

The Sumerian civilization influenced other civilization, notably that of Babylon to the north.
Egypt was also influenced by the Sumerians. Upper Egypt would have been influenced through
the sea routes from the Persian Gulf to the Red Sea. Lower Egypt could have had contact with
the Sumerians by that same route or by way of the overland route along the coast of the eastern
Mediterranean. The civilization of the Indus River Valley (Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro) may
also have been influenced. One prominent scholar, Samuel Noah Kramer, believes that the term
Dilmun in Sumerian literature refers not to the Sumerian homeland but to the Indus civilization
as the land of opportunity. However there is just as much chance that the Indus River Valley
Civilization was the source of the civilization of Dilmun.

The Sumerian civilization became known to the modern world as a result of references to Sumer
in writings found through the investigation of the ruins of Babylon and related cities. These
Babylonian references were to a civilization that was ancient even in Babylonian times.

The story of Sumer is like the plot to a science fiction story. The modern world learns of its
existence through references in an ancient literature to a still more ancient times. The Sumerian
appeared at the dawn of history as a fully developed society with a technology and organization
that was different and superior to the other societies of the time. And civilization itself seems to
have stemmed from this alien and mysterious people. Communists proposed what they claimed
was a new and progressive structure of society but what they seemed to be trying to create was
basically the same sort of society that the Sumerians created with a priesthood controlling the
society and its economy five thousand years ago.