Calculation Software

FUNCTIONS
MS - EXCEL 2016
Overview

Date and time functions

WORKDAY(start_date,days,holidays) 3
NETWORKDAYS(start_date,end_date,holidays) 3
TODAY( ) 4
NOW( ) 4
WEEKNUM(serial_num,return_type) 4

Math and statistical functions

COUNT(value1; value2,...) 5
MIN(number1,number2, ..) 5
MAX(number1,number2,...) 6
SMALL(array,k) 6
LARGE(array,k) 6
RANK.EQ(number,ref,[order]) 7
AVERAGE(number1,number2,...) 7
COUNTIF(range,criteria) 8
ROUND(number,num_digits) 9
ROUNDDOWN(number,num_digits) 9
ROUNDUP(number,num_digits) 10
SUMIF(range,criteria,sum_range) 10
FREQUENCY(data_array,bins_array) 11

Lookup functions
VLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,col,_index_num,range_lookup) 12

Logical functions
IF(logical_test,value_if_true,value_if_false) 13
AND(logical1,logical2,...) 14
OR(logical1,logical2,...) 15

Text functions
LEFT(text,num_chars) 16
RIGHT(text,num_chars) 16
LEN(text) 16
MID(text,start_position,number_of_characters) 17
FIND(find_text,within_text,start_num) 17
REPLACE(old_text,start_num,num_chars,new_text) 18

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Date and time functions
WORKDAY(start_date,days,holidays) / dt. ARBEITSTAG(...)

Returns a number that represents a date that is the indicated number of working days before
or after a date (the starting date). Working days exclude weekends and any dates identified as
holidays. Use WORKDAY to exclude weekends or holidays when you calculate invoice due
dates, expected delivery times, or the number of days of work performed.

Important: Dates should be entered by using the DATE function, or as results of other formu-
las or functions. For example, use DATE(2008,4,23) for the 23rd day of April, 2008.
Problems can occur if dates are entered as text.

Example:
WORKDAY(DATE(2001,12,20),8) returns 2002/01/01.
If 2001/12/25, 2001/12/26 and 2002/01/01 are holidays named free, then
WORDAY(DATE(2001,12,20),8,free) returns 2002/01/04.

Start_date is a date that represents the start date.

Days is the number of nonweekend and nonholiday days before or after start_date. A posi-
tive value for days yields a future date; a negative value yields a past date.
Holidays is an optional list of one or more dates to exclude from the working calendar, such
as state and federal holidays and floating holidays. The list can be either a range of cells that
contain the dates or of the serial numbers that represent the dates.

NETWORKDAYS(start_date,end_date,holidays) / dt. NETTOARBEITSTAGE(...)

Returns the number of whole working days between start_date and end_date. Working days
exclude weekends and any dates identified in holidays. Use NETWORKDAYS to calculate
employee benefits that accrue based on the number of days worked during a specific term.
Important: Dates should be entered by using the DATE function, or as results of other formu-
las or functions. For example, use DATE(2008,4,23) for the 23rd day of April, 2008.
Problems can occur if dates are entered as text.

Example:
NETWORKDAYS(DATE(2001,12,20), DATE(2002,1,4),free) returns 9 workdays.
Remark: 2001/12/25, 2001/12/26 and 2002/01/01 are holidays named free.

Start_date is a date that represents the start date.

End_date is a date that represents the end date.
Holidays is an optional range of one or more dates to exclude from the working calendar,
such as state and federal holidays and floating holidays. The list can be either a range of cells
that contains the dates or an array constant of the serial numbers that represent the dates.

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TODAY( ) / dt. HEUTE( )

This function returns (the serial number of) the current date.

NOW( ) / dt. JETZT( )

This function returns (the serial number of) the current date and time.

Excel stores dates as sequential serial numbers so that they can be used in calculations. By
default, January 1, 1900 is serial number 1, and January 1, 2008 is serial number 39448 be-
cause it is 39,447 days after January 1, 1900. Microsoft Excel for the Macintosh uses a differ-
ent date system as its default.
Numbers to the right of the decimal point in the serial number represent the time; numbers to
the left represent the date. For example, the serial number 0.5 represents the time 12:00 noon.

WEEKNUM(serial_num,return_type) / dt. KALENDERWOCHE(…)

This function returns a number that indicates where the week falls numerically within a year.

Important: The WEEKNUM function considers the week containing January 1 to be the first
week of the year. However, there is a European standard that defines the first week as the one
with the majority of days (four or more) falling in the New Year. This means that for years in
which there are three days or less in the first week of January, the WEEKNUM function re-
turns week numbers that are incorrect according to the European standard.

Serial_num is a date within the week. Dates should be entered by using the DATE func-
tion, or as results of other formulas or functions. For example, use DATE(2008,4,23) for the
23rd day of April, 2008. Problems can occur if dates are entered as text.
Return_type is a number that determines on which day the week begins. The default is 1.

Example:
WEEKNUM(DATE(2001,11,19)) returns 47.

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Math and statistical functions
COUNT(value1; value2, ...) / dt. ANZAHL(...)

This function counts the number of cells that contain numbers, and counts numbers within
the list of arguments. Use the COUNT function to get the number of entries in a number field
that is in a range or array of numbers. For example, you can enter the following formula to
count the numbers in the range A1:A20: =COUNT(A1:A20)
In this example, if four of the cells in the range contain numbers, the result is 4.

Example:
A3 contains "Umsatz"
A4 contains 1990/12/8
A5 contains 19

COUNT(A3:A4) returns the value 1 and COUNT(A3:A5) returns the value 2

value1 Required. The first item, cell reference, or range within which you want to count
numbers.
value2, Optional. Up to 255 additional items, cell references, or ranges

Remarks
Arguments that are numbers, dates, or a text representation of numbers (for example, a num-
ber enclosed in quotation marks, such as "1") are counted.
Logical values and text representations of numbers that you type directly into the list of argu-
ments are counted.
Arguments that are error values or text that cannot be translated into numbers are not counted.
If an argument is an array or reference, only numbers in that array or reference are counted.
Empty cells, logical values, text, or error values in the array or reference are not counted.

MIN(number1,number2, ...) / dt. MIN(...)

This function returns the smallest number in a set of values.

Arguments can either be numbers or names, arrays, or references that contain numbers.
Logical values and text representations of numbers that you type directly into the list of argu-
ments are counted.
If an argument is an array or reference, only numbers in that array or reference are used.
Empty cells, logical values, or text in the array or reference are ignored.
If the arguments contain no numbers, MIN returns 0.
Arguments that are error values or text that cannot be translated into numbers cause errors.

Example:
A1:A5 contains 10, 7, 9, 27 und 2, then MIN(A1:A5) returns 2 and MIN(A1:A5,0) returns 0.

Number1, number2,.. . are 1 to 255 numbers for which you want to find the minimum value.

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MAX(number1,number2,...) / dt. MAX(...)

This function returns the biggest number in a set of values

Arguments can either be numbers or names, arrays, or references that contain numbers.
Logical values and text representations of numbers that you type directly into the list of argu-
ments are counted.
If an argument is an array or reference, only numbers in that array or reference are used.
Empty cells, logical values, or text in the array or reference are ignored.
If the arguments contain no numbers, MAX returns 0 (zero).
Arguments that are error values or text that cannot be translated into numbers cause errors.

Example:
If A1:A5 contains the numbers 10, 7, 9, 27 and 2, then:
MAX(A1:A5) returns 27
MAX(A1:A5;30) returns 30

Number1, number2, ...are 1 to 255 numbers for which you want to find the maximum value.

SMALL(array,k) / dt. KKLEINSTE(...)

This function returns the k-th smallest value in a data set. Use this function to return values
with a particular relative standing in a data set.

Example:
SMALL({3,4,5,2,3,4,5,6,4,7},4) returns 4
SMALL({1,4,8,3,7,12,54,8,23},2) returns 3

Array is an array or range of numerical data for which you want to determine the k-th
smallest value.
K …is the position (from the smallest) in the array or range of data to return.

LARGE(array,k) / dt. KGRÖSSTE(...)

This function returns the k-th largest value in a data set. You can use this function to select a
value based on its relative standing. For example, you can use LARGE to return the highest,
runner-up, or third-place score.

Example:
LARGE({3,4,5,2,3,4,5,6,4,7},3) returns 5
LARGE({3,4,5,2,3,4,5,6,4,7},7) returns 4

Array is the array or range of data for which you want to determine the k-th largest value.
K is the position (from the largest) in the array or cell range of data to return.

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RANK.EQ(number,ref,[order]) / dt. RANG.EQ(...)

This function returns the rank of a number in a list of numbers. Its size is relative to other
values in the list; if more than one value has the same rank, the top rank of that set of values
is returned.
If you were to sort the list, the rank of the number would be its position.
The RANK.EQ function syntax has the following arguments (argument: A value that pro-
vides information to an action, an event, a method, a property, a function, or a procedure.):
If order is 0 (zero) or omitted, Microsoft Excel ranks number as if ref were a list sorted in
descending order.
If order is any nonzero value, Microsoft Excel ranks number as if ref were a list sorted in
ascending order.

Example:
If A1:A5 contains 7, 3.5, 3.5, 1 and 2, then
RANK.EQ (A2,A1:A5,1) returns value 3 and RANK.EQ (A1,A1:A5,1) returns value 5

Number Required. The number whose rank you want to find.

Ref Required. An array of, or a reference to, a list of numbers. Nonnumeric values in ref are
ignored.
Order Optional. A number specifying how to rank number.

AVERAGE(number1,number2,...) / dt. MITTELWERT (...)

This function returns the average (arithmetic mean) of the arguments. For example, if the
range A1:A20 contains numbers, the formula =AVERAGE(A1:A20) returns the average of
those numbers.
Arguments can either be numbers or names, ranges, or cell references that contain numbers.
Logical values and text representations of numbers that you type directly into the list of argu-
ments are counted.
If a range or cell reference argument contains text, logical values, or empty cells, those values
are ignored; however, cells with the value zero are included.
Arguments that are error values or text that cannot be translated into numbers cause errors.

Example:
If range A1:A5 is named "points" with numbers 10, 7, 9, 27 and 2, then
AVERAGE(A1:A5) returns 11,
AVERAGE(points) returns 11,
AVERAGE(A1:A5, 5) returns 10,

Number1… Required. The first number, cell reference (cell reference: The set of coordinates
that a cell occupies on a worksheet. For example, the reference of the cell that appears at the
intersection of column B and row 3 is B3.), or range for which you want the average.
Number2, ….Optional. Additional numbers, cell references or ranges for which you want the
average, up to a maximum of 255.

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COUNTIF(range,criteria) / dt. ZÄHLENWENN(...)

This function counts the number of cells within a range that meet a single criterion that you
specify. For example, you can count all the cells that start with a certain letter, or you can
count all the cells that contain a number that is larger or smaller than a number you specify.
For example, suppose you have a worksheet that contains a list of tasks in column A, and the
first name of the person assigned to each task in column B. You can use the COUNTIF func-
tion to count how many times a person's name appears in column B and, in that way, deter-
mine how many tasks are assigned to that person. For example:
=COUNTIF(B2:B25,"Alfred")

Remarks:
You can use the wildcard characters — the question mark (?) and the asterisk (*) — in crite-
ria. A question mark matches any single character, and an asterisk matches any sequence of
characters. If you want to find an actual question mark or asterisk, type a tilde (~) before the
character.
Criteria are case insensitive; for example, the string "apples" and the string "APPLES" will
match the same cells.

Examples:
If the range A3:A6 contains the words "apples", "oranges", "peaches" und "apples":
COUNTIF(A3:A6,"apples") returns 2
If the range B3:B6 contains 32, 54, 75 and 86:
COUNTIF(B3:B6,">55") returns 2

Range Required. One or more cells to count, including numbers or names, arrays, or refer-
ences that contain numbers. Blank and text values are ignored.
Criteria Required. A number, expression, cell reference, or text string that defines which
cells will be counted. For example, criteria can be expressed as 32, ">32", B4, "apples", or
"32".

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ROUND(number,num_digits) / dt. RUNDEN (...)

This function rounds a number to a specified number of digits. For example, if cell B1 con-
tains 28.7825, and you want to round that value to two decimal places, you can use the fol-
lowing formula: =ROUND(B1, 2)
The result of this function is 28.78.

More examples:
ROUND(2.15, 1) returns 2.2
ROUND(2.149, 1) returns 2.1
ROUND(-1.475, 2) returns -1.48
ROUND(21.5, -1) returns 20

Number …Required. The number that you want to round.

num_digits Required. The number of digits to which you want to round the number argu-
ment.

Remarks:
If num_digits is greater than 0, then number is rounded to the specified number of decimal
places.
If num_digits is 0, the number is rounded to the nearest integer.
If num_digits is less than 0, the number is rounded to the left of the decimal point.

ROUNDDOWN(number,num_digits) / dt. ABRUNDEN(...)

This function rounds a number down, toward zero.

Examples:
ROUNDDOWN(3.2, 0) returns 3
ROUNDDOWN(76.9,0) returns 76
ROUNDDOWN(3.14159, 3) returns 3.141
ROUNDDOWN(-3.14159, 1) returns -3.1
ROUNDDOWN(31415.92654, -2) returns 31.400

Number Required. Any real number that you want rounded down.
Num_digits Required. The number of digits to which you want to round number.

Remarks:
ROUNDDOWN behaves like ROUND, except that it always rounds a number down.
If num_digits is greater than 0 (zero), then number is rounded down to the specified number
of decimal places.
If num_digits is 0, then number is rounded down to the nearest integer.
If num_digits is less than 0, then number is rounded down to the left of the decimal point.

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ROUNDUP(number,num_digits) / dt. AUFRUNDEN(...)

This function rounds a number up, away from 0 (zero).

Examples:
ROUND(3.2,0) returns 4
ROUND(76.9,0) returns 77
ROUND(3.14159, 3) returns 3,142
ROUND(-3.14159, 1) returns -3,2
ROUND(31415.92654, -2) returns 31500

Number Required. Any real number that you want rounded up.
Num_digits Required. The number of digits to which you want to round number.

Remarks:
ROUNDUP behaves like ROUND, except that it always rounds a number up.
If num_digits is greater than 0 (zero), then number is rounded up to the specified number of
decimal places.
If num_digits is 0, then number is rounded up to the nearest integer.
If num_digits is less than 0, then number is rounded up to the left of the decimal point.

SUMIF(range,criteria,sum_range) / dt. SUMMEWENN(...)

You use this function to sum the values in a range that meet criteria that you specify. For
example, suppose that in a column that contains numbers, you want to sum only the values
that are larger than 5. You can use the following formula: =SUMIF(B2:B25,">5")
In this example, the criteria is applied the same values that are being summed. If you want,
you can apply the criteria to one range and sum the corresponding values in a different range.
For example, the formula =SUMIF(B2:B5, "John", C2:C5) sums only the values in the range
C2:C5, where the corresponding cells in the range B2:B5 equal "John."

Example:
Column A contains the names of regions, column B their sales, then
SUMIF(A1:A20,”Bavaria”,B1:B20) sums the Bavarian sales

range Required. The range of cells that you want evaluated by criteria. Cells in each range
must be numbers or names, arrays, or references that contain numbers. Blank and text values
are ignored.
Criteria Required. The criteria in the form of a number, expression, a cell reference, text, or
a function that defines which cells will be added. For example, criteria can be expressed as
32, ">32", B5, 32, "32", "apples", or TODAY().
sum_range Optional. The actual cells to add, if you want to add cells other than those spec-
ified in the range argument. If the sum_range argument is omitted, Excel adds the cells that
are specified in the range argument (the same cells to which the criteria are applied).

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FREQUENCY(data_array,bins_array) / dt. Häufigkeit(…)

This function calculates how often values occur within a range of values, and then returns a
vertical array of numbers. For example, use FREQUENCY to count the number of test scores
that fall within ranges of scores. Because FREQUENCY returns an array, it must be entered
as an array formula, that means you have press CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER.

The number of elements in the returned array is one more than the number of elements in
bins_array. The extra element in the returned array returns the count of any values above the
highest interval. For example, when counting three ranges of values (intervals) that are en-
tered into three cells, be sure to enter FREQUENCY into four cells for the results. The extra
cell returns the number of values in data_array that are greater than the third interval value.

Example:
A table with the results of a test. The point values are 79, 85, 78, 85, 83, 81, 95, 88, 97 in the
range A1:A9 (This example is on the condition that the point values are integers). These val-
ues will be the argument data_array in the function. The limits for the grades of the evalua-
tion will be the argument bins_array in the function. In this example it is the range C4:C6
with the limits 70, 79 and 89. If you want to get the function frequency as result in the range
D4:D7 as an array, you can use the function to calculate how often point values are within the
ranges 0-70, 71-79, 80-89 and 90-100. After selection of the four vertical cells adjacent to
your bins_array you can enter the function and the shortcut CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER.

FREQUENCY(A1:A9,C4:C6) returns {0,2,5,2}

Data_array Required. An array of or reference to a set of values for which you want to
count frequencies. If data_array contains no values, FREQUENCY returns an array of zeros.
Bins_array Required. An array of or reference to intervals into which you want to group the
values in data_array. If bins_array contains no values, FREQUENCY returns the number of
elements in data_array.

Remarks
FREQUENCY ignores blank cells and text.
FREQUENCY is entered as an array formula after you select a range of adjacent cells into
which you want the returned distribution to appear.

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Lookup functions
VLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,col_index_num,[range_lookup]) /
dt. SVERWEIS(…)

You can use this function to search the first column of a range of cells, and then return a
value from any cell on the same row of the range.

Example:
A B
1 0 Grade E
2 30 Grade D
3 50 Grade C
4 70 Grade B
5 90 Grade A

The function VLOOKUP (if the range B1:B5 is named “grading”) will have the results:
VLOOKUP(35;Grading;2) returns Grade D
VLOOKUP(35;Grading;2;False) returns #N/A
VLOOKUP(70;Grading;2) returns Grade B
VLOOKUP(70;Grading;2;Falsch) returns Grade B

lookup_value Required. The value to search in the first column of the table or range. The
lookup_value argument can be a value or a reference. If the value you supply for the
lookup_value argument is smaller than the smallest value in the first column of the table_ar-
ray argument, VLOOKUP returns the #N/A error value.
table_array Required. The range of cells that contains the data. You can use a reference to a
range (for example, A2:D8), or a range name. The values in the first column of table_array
are the values searched by lookup_value. These values can be text, numbers, or logical values.
Uppercase and lowercase text are equivalent.
col_index_num Required. The column number in the table_array argument from which the
matching value must be returned. .
range_lookup Optional. A logical value that specifies whether you want VLOOKUP to find
an exact match or an approximate match:

Remarks:
If range_lookup is either TRUE or is omitted, an exact or approximate match is returned. If an
exact match is not found, the next largest value that is less than lookup_value is returned.
Important: If range_lookup is either TRUE or is omitted, the values in the first column of ta-
ble_array must be placed in ascending sort order; otherwise, VLOOKUP might not return the
correct value.
If range_lookup is FALSE, the values in the first column of table_array do not need to be
sorted.
If the range_lookup argument is FALSE, VLOOKUP will find only an exact match. If there
are two or more values in the first column of table_array that match the lookup_value, the
first value found is used. If an exact match is not found, the error value #N/A is returned.

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Logical functions
IF(logical_test,value_if_true,value_if_false) / dt. WENN(...)

This function returns one value if a condition you specify evaluates to TRUE, and another
value if that condition evaluates to FALSE. For example, the formula =IF(A1>10,"Over
10","10 or less") returns "Over 10" if A1 is greater than 10, and "10 or less" if A1 is less than
or equal to 10.
The IF function syntax has the following arguments (argument: A value that provides infor-
mation to an action, an event, a method, a property, a function, or a procedure.):
Examples:
A table for cost control and the range B2:B4 which contains the actual costs incurred in Janu -
ary, February and March. ("actual costs incurred", 1500, 500, 500) and the range C2:C4
which contains the estimated costs during the same period ("estimated costs", 900, 900, 925).
Now you are able to check whether there is a budget overrun in a certain month:
IF(B2>C2,"budget overrun","OK") returns "budget overrun"
IF(B3>C3,"budget overrun","OK") returns "OK"
You want to change points into grades as the result of a test
Points Grade
> 89 A
80 - 89 B
70 - 79 C
< 70 D
Use the following nested IF-function
IF(Points > 89,"A",IF(Points > 79,"B",IF(points > 69,"C","D")))
logical_test Required. Any value or expression that can be evaluated to TRUE or FALSE.
For example, A10=100 is a logical expression; if the value in cell A10 is equal to 100, the
expression evaluates to TRUE. Otherwise, the expression evaluates to FALSE. This argu-
ment can use any comparison calculation operator.
value_if_true Optional. The value that you want to be returned if the logical_test argument
evaluates to TRUE. For example, if the value of this argument is the text string "Within bud-
get" and the logical_test argument evaluates to TRUE, the IF function returns the text
"Within budget." If logical_test evaluates to TRUE and the value_if_true argument is omitted
(that is, there is only a comma following the logical_test argument), the IF function returns 0
(zero). To display the word TRUE, use the logical value TRUE for the value_if_true argu-
ment.
value_if_false Optional. The value that you want to be returned if the logical_test argument
evaluates to FALSE. If logical_test evaluates to FALSE and the value_if_false argument is
omitted, (that is, there is no comma following the value_if_true argument), the IF function
returns the logical value FALSE. If logical_test evaluates to FALSE and the value of the
value_if_false argument is blank (that is, there is only a comma following the value_if_true
argument), the IF function returns the value 0 (zero).

Remarks:
Up to 64 IF functions can be nested as value_if_true and value_if_false arguments to con-
struct more elaborate tests.

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AND(logical1,logical2...) / dt. UND(...)

This function returns TRUE if all its arguments evaluate to TRUE; returns FALSE if one or
more arguments evaluate to FALSE.

Examples:
AND(TRUE,TRUE) returns TRUE
AND(TRUE,FALSE) returns FALSE
AND(2+2=4, 2+3=5) returns TRUE
If B4 contains a number between 1 and 100 then
AND(1<B4,B4<100) returns TRUE

If you want to get the content of cell B4 only if it contains a value between 1 and 100, other-
wise you want a special comment. For example, if B4 contains 104 then
IF(AND(1<B4, B4<100), B4, "The value is out of the valid range.") returns "The value is out
of the valid range."
If B4 contains the value 50, then
IF(AND(1<B4, B4<100), B4, "The value is out of the valid range.") returns 50.

logical1 Required. The first condition that you want to test that can evaluate to either
TRUE or FALSE.
logical2, ... Optional. Additional conditions that you want to test that can evaluate to either
TRUE or FALSE, up to a maximum of 255 conditions.

Remarks:
The arguments must evaluate to logical values, such as TRUE or FALSE, or the arguments
must be arrays (array: Used to build single formulas that produce multiple results or that op-
erate on a group of arguments that are arranged in rows and columns. An array range shares a
common formula; an array constant is a group of constants used as an argument.) or refer-
ences that contain logical values.
If an array or reference argument contains text or empty cells, those values are ignored.
If the specified range contains no logical values, the AND function returns the #VALUE!
error value.

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OR(logical1,logical2;...) / dt. ODER(...)

This function returns TRUE if any argument is TRUE; returns FALSE if all arguments are
FALSE.

Examples:
OR(TRUE) returns TRUE
OR(1+1=1,2+2=5) returns FALSE
If the range A1:A3 contains TRUE, FALSE and TRUE, then OR(A1:A3) returns TRUE

Logical1, logical2, ...Logical1 is required, subsequent logical values are optional. 1 to 255
conditions you want to test that can be either TRUE or FALSE.

Remarks:
The arguments must evaluate to logical values such as TRUE or FALSE, or in arrays (array:
Used to build single formulas that produce multiple results or that operate on a group of argu-
ments that are arranged in rows and columns. An array range shares a common formula; an
array constant is a group of constants used as an argument.) or references that contain logical
values.
If an array or reference argument contains text or empty cells, those values are ignored.
If the specified range contains no logical values, OR returns the #VALUE! error value.
You can use an OR array formula to see if a value occurs in an array. To enter an array for-
mula, press CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER.

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Text functions
LEFT(text,num_chars) / dt. LINKS(...)

This function returns the first character or characters in a text string, based on the number of
characters you specify.

Examples:
LEFT("sale price",4) returns "sale"
If A1 contains "Germany", then LEFT(A1) returns "G"

Text is the text string containing the characters you want to extract.
Num_chars specifies the number of characters you want LEFT to extract.

Remarks
Num_chars must be greater than or equal to zero.
If num_chars is greater than the length of text, LEFT returns all of text.
If num_chars is omitted, it is assumed to be 1.

RIGHT(text,num_chars) / dt. RECHTS(...)

This function returns the last character or characters in a text string, based on the number of
characters you specify.

Examples:
RIGHT("sale price",5) returns "price"
RIGHT("stock number") returns "r"

Text is the text string containing the characters you want to extract.
Num_chars specifies the number of characters you want RIGHT to extract.

Remarks
Num_chars must be greater than or equal to zero.
If num_chars is greater than the length of text, RIGHT returns all of text.
If num_chars is omitted, it is assumed to be 1.

LEN(text) / dt. LÄNGE(...)

This function returns the number of characters in a text string.

Examples:
LEN("Munich,ISM") returns 10
LEN("") returns 0

Text the text whose length you want to find. Spaces count as characters.

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MID(text,start_num,num_chars) / dt. TEIL(...)

This function returns a specific number of characters from a text string, starting at the posi-
tion you specify, based on the number of characters you specify.

Examples:
MID("merry month of may",1,11) returns "merry month"
MID("merry month of may",16,3) returns "may"
MID("1234",5,5) returns "" (empty text)

Text is the text string containing the characters you want to extract.
Start_num is the position of the first character you want to extract in text. The first charac-
ter in text has start_num 1, and so on.
Num_chars specifies the number of characters you want MID to return from text.

FIND(find_text,within_text,start_num)/ dt. FINDEN(...)

This function locates one text string within a second text string, and returns the number of the
starting position of the first text string from the first character of the second text string.

Examples:
FIND("M","Miriam Meier") returns 1
FIND("m","Miriam Meier") returns 6
FIND("M","Miriam Meier",3) returns 8

Take a list with part names and part numbers, and you want to get only the names without the
numbers. You can use the function FIND to locate the character „#“ and then the function
MID to extract the names without the numbers. The cells A2:A4 contain the following
values:
"Ceramic Insulators #124-TD45-87", "Copper spoils #12-671-6772", "Variable resistors
#116010".
MID(A2,1,FIND(" #",A2,1)-1) returns "Ceramic Insulators"
MID(A3,1,FIND(" #",A3,1)-1) returns "Copper spoils"
MID(A4,1,FIND(" #",A4,1)-1) returns "Variable resistors"

Find_text is the text you want to find.

Within_text is the text containing the text you want to find.
Start_num specifies the character at which to start the search. The first character in
within_text is character number 1. If you omit start_num, it is assumed to be 1.

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REPLACE(old_text,start_num,num_chars,new_text) / dt. ERSETZEN(...)

This function replaces part of a text string, based on the number of characters you specify,
with a different text string.

Examples:

The following function replaces five characters, starting with the sixth character

REPLACE("abcdefghijk",6,5,"*") returns "abcde*k"

The following function replaces the last two digits of 2012 with 13:
REPLACE("2012",3,2,"13") returns "2013"

If A2 contains "123456", then REPLACE(A2,1,3,"@") returns "@456"

Old_text is text in which you want to replace some characters.

Start_num is the position of the character in old_text that you want to replace with
new_text.
Num_chars is the number of characters in old_text that you want to replace with new_text.
New_text is the text that will replace characters in old_text.

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