Unit 1: Introduction to Wireless

Communication System & Services

Part 2
(Continue from ET01)
Fundamental of Wireless System
Elements in Wireless Digital
Systems
Transmitter

Encoder
Multiplexer
Modulator

Receiver

Decoder
Multiplexer
Modulator
Elements in Wireless Digital
Systems
Transmitter
 Encoder/Decoder?
Encoder
 is a {device, circuit, Multiplexer
transducer, software Modulator
program, algorithm or
person} that converts
information from one
format or code to Receiver
another, for the
purposes of
standardization, Decoder
speed, secrecy, Multiplexer
security or Modulator
compressions.
 Includes DPCM, and
RRC, CDMA, GSM,
UMTS, etc…
Elements in Wireless Digital
Systems
Transmitter
 Multiplexer?
Encoder
 (or mux) is a device Multiplexer
that selects one of Modulator
several analog or
digital input signals
and forwards the
selected input into a Receiver
single line
 Includes FDMA,
Decoder
TDMA, CDMA
Multiplexer
Modulator
Elements in Wireless Digital
Systems

 Multiplexer?
 (or mux) is a device
that selects one of
several analog or
digital input signals
and forwards the
selected input into a
single line
 Includes FDMA,
Decoder
TDMA, CDMA
Multiplexer
Modulator
Elements in Wireless Digital
Systems

 Mode of Transmission,
divided into 3 types
 Simplex
 Half-Duplex
 Full-Duplex
Elements in Wireless Digital
Systems

 Mode of Transmission,
divided into 3 types
 Simplex
 Half-Duplex
 Full-Duplex
Elements in Wireless Digital
Systems

 Channel Spreading & Dispreading

 Techniques that allow the actual transmission to be much
greater than the minimum bandwidth required to transmit
the information.

 Modulation and Demodulation

 Process where signal symbols are transformed into
waveforms that are compatible with the characteristics of
the channel
Elements in Wireless Digital
Systems

 Equalization
 Process of correcting the channel-induces distortion.
 Including:
 Linear equalizers
 Non-liner equalizers
 Adaptive equalizers
 Blind equalizers
Elements in Wireless Digital
Systems

 Diversity
 Used to reduce the fading effect, that will caused the
quality of the received signals.
 Diversity technique includes
 space diversity
 polarization diversity
 frequency diversity
 selection diversity
 maximal radio diversity
 equal gain diversity
History – The Theoretical Era

 Electro Magnetic (EM) waves

 1678 Huygens work on the phenomena of light reflection
and refraction
 1819 Fresnel demonstrates the wavelike nature of light
 1831 Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction
 1864 J. Maxwell introduces the theory of electromagnetic
fields, wave equations
 1886 H. Hertz demonstrates experimentally the
transmission and detection of an EM wave between two
points a few meters apart
 1896 Marconi recognized that longer waves propagate
over larger distances and demonstrates a communication
set-up over 3km
History – Developments & Application

 1898 - 1901 - Guglielmo Marconi

 first demonstration of wireless telegraphy (Morse code - digital!)
 long wave transmission over longer distances (transatlantic) at an
operating frequency of 1MHz
 1906 - 1st World Admin. Radio Conf. (WARC -> WRC)
 increasing popularity of radio systems and their extended use
 ability to define BW using filters led to spectrum control
 recommendations for the assignment of RF bands
 1907 - Commercial transatlantic connections
 huge base stations (30 100m high antennas)
 1915 - Wireless voice transmission N.Y. - San Francisco
 1920 - Discovery of short waves by Marconi
 reflection at the ionosphere
 smaller sender and receiver -> due to the invention of the vacuum tube
(1906 - Lee DeForest and Robert von Lieben)
History – Developments & Application

 1933 - Frequency modulation (E. H. Armstrong)

 1946 - Mobile Telephone Service (MTS) in US
 introduced in 1946, it allowed telephone calls between fixed
stations and mobile sers
 one single powerful transmitter/receiver (base station) provided
coverage of up to 50km
 1958 - A-Netz in Germany at 160MHz
 analog cellular, connection setup only from the mobile station, no
handover, 80% coverage, 1971 only 11000 customers
 1972 - B-Netz in Germany at 160MHz
 analog cellular, connection setup from the fixed network (location
of the mobile station had to be known)
History – Developments & Application

 Two major technological improvements

made the cellular concept a reality:
 the microprocessor -> allowed for complex
algorithms to be implemented, and
 digital control links between base station and
mobile unit -> allowed for increased control of
the system so more sophisticated services could
be made available:
 hand-overs

 digital signaling

 automatic location of mobile device

 History – Analog Celullar Era

 1979 - Analog Mobile Phone System (AMPS) in US

Company’s
 1979 - NMT at 450MHz in Scandinavian countries set-up
 1985 - France’s Radiocom 2000 All over
 1985 - UK’s TACS The world
 1986 - C-Netz in Germany at 450MHz

 1991 - Specification of DECT

 Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital
Starts Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)
of the
 1880-1900MHz, ~100-500m range, 120 duplex channels,
digital
1.2Mbit/s data transmission, voice encryption,
era
authentication, up to several 10000 user/km2, used in
more than 40 countries
History – Digital Cellular Era

 1992 - Start of GSM

 fully digital, 900MHz, 124 channels
 automatic location, hand-over, cellular
 roaming initially in Europe - now worldwide in more than 100
countries
 services: data with 9.6kbit/s, FAX, voice, ...
 Early 90’s - IS 54, IS 136, IS 95 in US in same spectrum as AMPS
 IS 54 is a TDMA digital standard that uses the old AMPS system
for transmission.
 IS 136 is the new TDMA standard and
 IS 95 is the CDMA based standard. All 4 systems are in
operation in the US!
 1994 - GSM at 1800MHz (called Digital Cellular Service (DCS1800))
 smaller cells, supported by 11 countries
History – Digital Wireless
Devices Era

 1996 - HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area Network)

 ETSI, standardization of type 1: 5.15 - 5.30GHz, 23.5Mbit/s
 recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4 (17GHz) as
wireless ATM-networks (up to 155Mbit/s)
 1997 - Wireless LANs
 many products with proprietary extensions out there already
 IEEE-Standard, 2.4 - 2.5GHz, 2Mbit/s
 1998 - Specification of GSM successors
 UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) as the European
proposal for IMT-2000
 1998 - Specification for next generation CDMA starts
 Qualcomm starts work on wideband CDMA spec.
 1999 - Specificatipn of IEEE802.11b
 increased BW to 11Mbit/s
 2000 - Bluetooth Specification
 1Mbit/s specification, single cell
 Work on 10Mbit/s spec. with multi cell capability initiated
 History – Worldwide Wireless
Subscribers (till 2001)
700
Million

600

500
Americas
400 Europe
Japan
300 others
total
200

100

0 Years

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

History – Nowadays Scenario
History – The Generation
History – The Generation
History – The Generation
History – The Generation
History – The Generation
History – The Generation
History – The Generation
History – The Generation
History – The Generation
Unit 1 – Conclusion
: Elements of Wireless Communication
System
Unit 1 – Conclusion
: Communication technology timeline
Unit 1
–
Conclu
sion
: Wireless
Towards
5G
Unit 1 – Conclusion
: Wireless Technology Emergence
Unit 1 – Conclusion
: Some wireless terms

 Mobile Telephony
 Mobile telephony is the provision of telephone
services to phones which may move around
freely rather than stay fixed in one location.
 Mobile Phone!
 Voice over Radio System
 VoIP Radio is a method of communications that
enables digital two-way radios to interconnect
using Voice over IP protocols over radio, satellite
(Iridium, etc) and other networks.
 Radio over IP!
Unit 1 – Conclusion
: Some wireless terms

 VOIP

 Voice over Radio System

Unit 1 – Conclusion
: Comparison of Wireless Network

3G, 4G and 5G
Unit 1 – Conclusion
: Terrestrial Telecommunications Infra

 Paging Systems
 In a mobile network, the paging operation is used to indicate the
subscriber's position in order to establish a connection with
another user, calling from a fixed or mobile environment.
Unit 1 – Conclusion
: Terrestrial Telecommunications Infra

 Trunked Radio Systems

 A trunked radio system is a two-way radio system that uses a
control channel to automatically assign frequency channels to
groups of user radios.
Unit 1 – Conclusion
: Terrestrial Telecommunications Infra
 Cellular Radio Systems
 Cellular radio describes a method of increasing the number of
simultaneous radio conversations that can be supported by a
fixed number of radio frequency (RF) channels by limiting the
range of transmitters to a single cell, to which a proportion of the
available channels is allocated.
Unit 1 – Conclusion
: Terrestrial Telecommunications Infra
 Wireless Broadband Communication
System
 Wireless broadband connects a home or business to the Internet
using a radio link between the customer's location and the
service provider's facility. Wireless broadband can be mobile or
fixed
Unit 1 – Conclusion
: Terrestrial Telecommunications Infra
 Satellite Based Mobile Comm. System
 A communication
satellite is an artificial
satellite that transmits
the signal via a
transponder by creating
a channel between the
transmitter and the
receiver at different
Earth locations.
Telephone, radio,
television, internet, and
military applications use
satellite
communications.
Unit 1 – Conclusion
: Terrestrial Telecommunications Infra
 Wireless Personal Area System
 A small-scale wireless network that requires little or no
infrastructure and operates within a short range. A WPAN is
typically used by a few devices in a single room instead of
connecting the devices with cables.
 Unit 1 – Conclusion
: Trends in Wireless Comm. System

 5G
 5G is the 5th
generation mobile
network. It is a
new global
wireless standard
after 1G, 2G, 3G,
and 4G networks.
5G enables a new
kind of network
that is designed to
connect virtually
everyone and
everything
together including
machines, objects,
and devices..
 Unit 1 – Conclusion
: Trends in Wireless Comm. System

 5G
 5G is the 5th
generation mobile
network. It is a
new global
wireless standard
after 1G, 2G, 3G,
and 4G networks.
5G enables a new
kind of network
that is designed to
connect virtually
everyone and
everything
together including
machines, objects,
and devices..
 Unit 1 – Conclusion
: Trends in Wireless Comm. System

 Smart Antenna
 A smart antenna is an
adaptive antenna array
consisting of multiple
antennas. It uses
intelligent algorithms to
calculate the optimal
antenna combination so
that the signals
transmitted by the
antennas are
superimposed and
enhanced at the receive
end. Doing so increases
the signal coverage
distance and improves the
transmission rate.
 Unit 1 – Conclusion
: Trends in Wireless Comm. System

 Software Radios
 Software-defined radio
(SDR) is a radio
communication system
where components that
have been traditionally
implemented in analog
hardware
 Unit 1 – Conclusion
: Trends in Wireless Comm. System

 Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) wireless

 Software-defined radio (SDR) is a radio communication system where
components that have been traditionally implemented in analog hardware
 Unit 1 – Conclusion
: Trends in Wireless Comm. System

 Wireless IoT (Internet of Things)

 A method of connection within an IoT system that includes sensors,
platforms, routers, applications, and other systems. Each option has trade-
offs between power consumption, bandwidth, and range.
The End of Tutorial 1/2