Jr. IPE 2024-25 IPE Study Material (PSV)

(VSAQ: 2 MARKS QUESTIONS & ANSWERS)
CHAPTER 1 :: PHYSICAL WORLD
1. What is the contribution of S. Chandrasekhar to Physics?
Ans. Chandrasekhar limit, He worked on the structure and evolution of stars. 2M
2. What is the discovery of Sir. C.V. Raman?
Ans. Raman effect

(or) 2M
Scattering of light by molecules of a medium when they are excited energy
levels.
3. What are fundamental forces in nature?
Ans. (i) Gravitational force

(ii) Electromagnetic force 2M
(iii) Nuclear forces (Strong nuclear forces and Weak nuclear force)
4. Which of the following has symmetry?
(a) Acceleration due to gravity
(b) Law of gravitation
Ans. Law of gravitation 2M
[No need to write in exam: for better understanding only

Reason: i) Law of gravitation has symmetry, because it does not depend on
any physical quantity
ii) Acceleration due to gravity varies on different parameters like height,
depth, shape of the planet and rotation of the planet etc.]
5. What is Einstein’s mass energy relation?
Ans. Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence equation: Energy E = mC2 2M

Where C is speed of light (C = 3 × 108 m/sec), m is mass of moving body
6. What is Physics?
Ans. A branch of science. Physics deals the study of the basic laws of nature and 2 M
their manifestation in different natural phenomena.
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CHAPTER 2 :: UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS
1. Distinguish between fundamental units and derived units.
Ans. Fundamental Units: The units for fundamental or base quantities are 1 M
called fundamental units.
Example: Mass in Kg, length in meter and time in sec.
Derived Units: The units obtained for derived physical quantities from 1 M
fundamental quantities are called derived units.
Example: Area in m2, Velocity in m/sec, Force in newton etc.
2. Distinguish between accuracy and precision
Ans. ACCURACY PRECISION

1. The closeness of measured value 1. The resolution or limit the 1M
to the true value is called Accuracy quantity is measured
(or)
The closeness among all measured
values is called Precision
2. It depends on errors 2. It does not depend on errors, it 1M

depends on the least count of the
measuring instruments
3. Express unified atomic mass unit in kg
Ans. 1 th
1 amu = 12 of the mass of an atom of carbon-12 isotope 126C.
2M
(or)
1amu = 1.67 × 10-27 kg.
4. What are the different types of errors that can occur in a
measurement?
Ans. (i) Systematic errors (Instrumental errors)
(ii) Random errors (Observational errors) 2M
(iii) Gross errors (due to either carelessness of the person or improper
adjustment of the apparatus)
5. How can systematic errors be minimized or eliminated?
Ans. (i) By selecting better instrument 1M

(ii) By improving experimental techniques (Any Two)
(iii) By removing personal bias 1M
6. What are significant figures and what do they represent when
reporting the result of a measurement?
Ans. (i) Significant figures: In a measurement the digits of a number that are 2 M
reliable or certain or know number + doubtful or uncertain numbers is
called significant numbers.
(ii) They represent precision of measurement when reporting results.
2
(ii) Measurement results are more accurate means results contain more
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significant figures.
7. The percentage error in the mass and speed are 2% and 3%
respectively. What is the maximum error in kinetic energy?
Ans. Given that:
∆𝑚 ∆𝑣
% = 2%, % = 3%
𝑚 𝑣
1
We know that, Kinetic energy = 2 𝑚𝑣 2
∆𝐾.𝐸 ∆𝑚 ∆𝑣
Percentage error in Kinetic energy = %= %+2× %
𝐾.𝐸 𝑚 𝑣
= 2% + 2(3%) = 2% + 6% = 8%
∆𝑲.𝑬
=> % = 8% 2M
𝑲.𝑬
8. The error in measurement of radius of a sphere is 1%. What is the

error measurement of volume?
Ans. Given That:
∆𝑟
% = 1%
𝑟
We know that,
4
Volume of a sphere V = 3 𝜋𝑟 3 where r: radius of a sphere
∆𝑉 ∆𝑟
Error in volume of sphere % = 3% × 𝑟 %
𝑉 2M
= 3% × 1% = 3%
∆𝑽
=> % = 3%.
𝑽
9. 𝑳
Calculate percentage error in the determination of g = 4𝝅𝟐 𝑻𝟐 when L
and T are measured with ±𝟐% and ±𝟑% respectively.
Ans. Given that:
𝑳
g = 4𝝅𝟐 𝑻𝟐
∆𝐿 ∆𝑇
% = ±2% and % = ±3%
𝐿 𝑇
Percentage error in the determination of g
∆𝑔 ∆𝐿 ∆𝑇
=> % = ±( % + (2 × %))
𝑔 𝐿 𝑇 2M
∆𝑔
=> % = (2% + 2(3%)) = ±( 2% + 6%) = ± 8%
𝑔
∆𝒈
=> % = ± 8%
𝒈
10. State the number of significant figures in the following:

(a) 6729 (b) 0.024 (c) 0.08240 (d) 6.032 (e) 4.57 × 108
Ans. (a) 4 SFs (b) 2 SFs (c) 4 SFs (d) 4 SFs (e) 3 SFs 2M
11. 5.74 gm of a substance occupies 1.2 cm3. Express its density to correct
significant figures.
Ans. Given that: 2M
3
Mass of substance (m) = 5.74 gm

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Volume of substance (V) = 1.2 cm3

Formula:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 5.74
(i) Density (𝜌) = = = 4.7833 g/cm3
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 1.2
(ii) m = 5.74 has 3 SFs 2M
V = 1.2 has 2 SFs
as volume has least significant figures, result or answer should have 2 SFs,
so Density(𝝆) = 4.8 g/cm3.
12. What is dimensional analysis?
Ans. The dimensions of a physical quantity are the powers to which the units of 2 M
base quantities are raised to represent a derived unit of that quantity.
Example: Force = [M1L1T-2]
13. Why do we have different units for the same physical quantity?
Ans. Because we have different system of units like MKS, CGS and FPS etc. 2M
14. How many orders of magnitude greater is the radius of the atom as
compared to that of the nucleus?
Ans. Vatom = 4 𝜋𝑅 3 …………. (1) where R = 10-10 m 2M
3
4
Vnuclus = 3 𝜋𝑟 3 ………….. (2) where r = 10-15 m
4
𝑉𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚 3
𝜋𝑅 3 𝑅3 10 −30
∴ (1)/(2) => 𝑉 = 4 = = = 1015
𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑢𝑠 𝜋𝑟 3 𝑟3 10 −45
3
15. Illustrate how the results of a measurement is to be reported indicating
the error involved.
Ans. We report result of the measurement in the form of number which indicates 2 M
the precision of measurement along with the unit of the same physical
quantity.
16. The velocity of a body is given by V = At2 + Bt + C. If V and t are
expressed in SI, what are the units of A, B and C?
Ans. Dimensional formula of V is [M0L1T-1] 2M
Dimensional formula of t is [M0L0T1]
Above given equation expressed in S.I Units then L is in meter and t is in
sec.
from principle of homogeneity
(i) Dimensional formula of V = Dimensional formula of At2
=> [M0L1T-1] = At2 = A[T1]2 => A = [L1T-3]; units: m sec-3
(ii) Dimensional formula of V = Dimensional formula of Bt
=> [M0L1T-1] = B[T] => B = [L1T-2]; units: m sec-2
(iii) Dimensional formula of V = Dimensional formula of C
=> [M0L1T-1] = C; units: m sec-1.
17. The distance of galaxy from earth is the order of 1025 m. Calculate the
order of magnitude the time taken by light to reach us from the galaxy.
Ans. Distance (d) = 1025 m, Speed of light in vacuum C = 3 × 108 m/s 2M
4
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 10 25
= 3 × 10 8 = 3.3 × 1016 sec.
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Time t = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
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CHAPTER 4 :: MOTION IN A PLANE
1. The vertical component of a vector is equal to its horizontal

component. What is the angle made by the vector with X-axis?
Ans. 𝑨 = 𝑨𝒙 𝒊 + 𝑨𝒚 𝒋 + 𝑨𝒛 𝒌 2M
Let θ be the angle made by 𝐴 with X-axis.
X-compoent of 𝑨 = Ax = Acosθ
Y-compoent of 𝑨 = Ay = Asinθ
Givent that:
Ax =Ay => Acosθ = Asinθ
=> tanθ =1
=> tanθ = tan450 => θ = 450
2. 𝑨 = 𝒊 + 𝒋, what is the angle between vector and X-axis?
Ans. 𝑨 = 𝑨𝒙 𝒊 + 𝑨𝒚 𝒋 ……………………. (1) 2M

Given that:
𝑨 = 𝟏𝒊 + 𝟏𝒋 ……………………… (2)
comparing (1) & (2), we get
Ax = 1 and Ay = 1
𝑨 1
=> tanθ = 𝑨𝒙 = 1 = 1
𝒚
=> tanθ = tan450
=> θ = 450
3. When two right angled vectors of magnitude 7 units and 24 units
combine, what is the magnitude of their resultant?
Ans. Given that: 2M
A = 7 units
B = 24 units
Magnitude of the resultant = R = 𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 + 𝟐𝑨𝑩𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
=> 72 + 242 + 2 7 24 𝑐𝑜𝑠900 => 72 + 242 + 0 => 49 + 576
=> 625 = 25 units.
4. Two forces of magnitudes 3 units and 5 units act at 600 with each other.
What is the magnitude of their resultant?
Ans. F1 = 3 units 2M
F2 = 5 units
Magnitude of the resultant = R = 𝑭𝟏 𝟐 + 𝑭𝟐 𝟐 + 𝟐𝑭𝟏 𝑭𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟔𝟎𝟎
1
=> 32 + 52 + 2 3 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠600 => 9 + 25 + 2 3 (5) 2
=> 9 + 25 + 15
=> 49 = 7 units.
5
5. What is the acceleration of projectile at the top of its trajectory?

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Ans. Acceleration of a projectile at the top of its trajectory is ‘g’ (acceleration 2 M
due to gravity) and it is acted vertically downwards (a = g )
6. If 𝑷 = 𝟐𝒊 + 𝟒𝒋 + 𝟏𝟒𝒌 and 𝑸 = 𝟒𝒊 + 𝟒𝒋 + 𝟏𝟎𝒌. Find the magnitude
of 𝑷 + 𝑸.
Ans. Given that: 2M
𝑃 = 2𝑖 + 4𝑗 + 14𝑘 and 𝑄 = 4𝑖 + 4𝑗 + 10𝑘
𝑃 + 𝑄 = (2𝑖 + 4𝑗 + 14𝑘) + (4𝑖 + 4𝑗 + 10𝑘 )
= 6𝑖 + 8𝑗 + 24𝑘
The magnitude of 𝑃 + 𝑄 = 62 + 82 + 242 = 36 + 64 + 576
= 674 = 26 units
7. A vector 𝑽 makes an angle θ with the horizontal. The vector is rotated
through an angle α. Does this rotation change the vector 𝑽?
Ans. Yes, due to rotation, the direction of vector changes but its magnitude 2 M
remains same.
8. Can a vector of magnitude zero have nonzero components?
Ans. No. A vector of zero magnitude cannot have non zero components. 2M
9. Can two vectors of unequal magnitude add up to give zero vector? Can
three unequal vectors add up to give zero vector?
Ans. No. Two vectors of unequal magnitude cannot add up to give zero vector. 2M
Yes. Three vectors of unequal magnitudes can add up to give zero vector.
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CHAPTER 5 :: LAWS OF MOTION
1. What is inertia? What gives the measure of inertia?
Ans. (i) The inability of a body to change its state of rest or state of uniform 2 M
motion.
(ii) Mass is the measure of inertia
2. Can the coefficient of friction be greater than one?
Ans. Yes, if the two surfaces are heavily polished then coefficient of friction (µ)
may greater than one. 2M
3. What happens to the coefficient of friction, if the weight of the body is
doubled?
Ans. No change (or) coefficient of friction is independent of weight of the body
2M
4. A horse has to pull harder during the start of the motion than latter.
Explain.
Ans. (i) Static friction is greater than other frictions 2M
(ii) To overcome friction (or) fs > fk
5. According to Newton’s third law, every force is accompanied by an
equal and opposite force. How can a movement ever take place?
Ans. Action and reaction always takes place on two different bodies, so they 2 M
never cancel each other.
6. Why does the car with flattened tyres stop sooner than the inflated
tyres?
Ans. (i) Flattened tyre has more deformation 1M
(ii) Hence rolling friction increases and thereby a car with a flattened tyre 1 M
stops sooner.
7. Define force. What are the basic forces in nature?
Ans. A physical quantity that changes or tends to change the state of the body is 1M
known as force.
Basic forces
(i) Gravitational force (ii) Electromagnetic force (iii) Nuclear forces 1M
8. When a bullet is fired from a gun, the gun gives a kick in the backward
direction. Explain.
Ans. According to law of conservation of linear momentum when a bullet is 2M
fired from a gun, the momentum of the gun becomes equal and opposite to
that of bullet, so the gun gives kick backward direction.
9. Why does a heavy riffle not recoil as strongly as a light riffle using the
same cartridge?
Ans. According to the law of conservation of linear momentum, P = mv = 2M
constant.
For heavy riffle, mass is more and hence velocity is less.
7
10. If a bomb at rest explodes into two pieces, the pieces must travel in
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opposite directions. Explain.

Ans.
2M
According to the law of linear momentum,

P initial= P final
0 = m1v1 + m2v2
- m1v1 = m2v2
-ve sign indicates two pieces must travel in opposite directions after
explosion.
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CHAPTER 11 :: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
1. Define average pressure. Mention its units and dimensional formula. Is

it a scalar or a vector?
Ans. (a) The normal force acting per unit area 1M
(or)
𝐹
P = 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙
𝐴
S.I units: N/m2, Dimensional formula: [M1L-1T-2]
(b) Scalar quantity. 1M
2 Give the expression for the excess pressure in a liquid drop?
Ans. Excess pressure P = 2T (or) 2S 2M

R R
Where T (or) S: Surface tension of liquid and R: Radius of the liquid drop.
3. Give the expression for the excess pressure in an air bubble inside
liquid?
Ans. Excess pressure P = 2T (or) 2S 2M
R R
Where T (or) S: Surface tension of liquid and R: Radius of the bubble
4. Give the expression for the excess pressure in a soap bubble in air
Ans. A soap bubble has two free surfaces, so 2M

2T 2T 4T
P= + =
R R R
Where T (or) S: Surface tension of liquid and R: Radius of the bubble.
5. Why drops and bubbles are spherical?
Ans. Due to surface tension (or) to acquire minimum surface area 2M
6. What is angle of contact? What are its values for pure water and
mercury?
Ans. The angle between tangent to the liquid surface at the point of contact and 2 M
solid surface inside the liquid is termed as angle of contact.
Its value for pure water 00, for mercury 1400
7. What is the principle behind the carburetor of an automobile?
Ans. It works on Bernoulli’s principle

1 1M
P + 2 𝜌𝑣 2 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ = Constant
It has nozzle in which air flows with larger speeds. The chamber to nozzle
1M
at low pressure and provide correct mixing of air to fuel for combustion.
8. What is Magnus effect?
Ans. Dynamic lift due to air spinning motion of a ball is called Magnus effect. 2M
Mention any two examples that obey Bernoulli’s theorem and justify
9
9.
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them.
Ans. According to the Bernoulli’s theorem, pressure is more at a point where the 1 M
velocity of a fluid is less and vice versa.
Ex. (1) Air craft wing (Aerodynamic lift) (2) Spinning motion of a ball 1 M
through air
10. What are water proofing agents and wetting agents? What do they do?
Ans. Water proofing agents increase the angle of contact. 1M

Ex: Wax
Water wetting agents decreases the angle of contact 1M
Ex: soaps, detergents
11. What is the pressure on a swimmer 10 m below the surface of a lake?
Ans. Given that: h = 10 m, g = 10 m/s2, 𝝆 = 103 kg/m3, P0 = 1.01 × 105 pascal 2M

Formula:
P = P0 + 𝝆𝒈𝒉
Substitution and answer
P = 1.01 × 105 + 103 × 10 × 10 = 2.01 × 105 pascal = 2 atm.
12. The pressure at bottom of a lake due to water is 4.9 × 106 N/m2. What
is the depth of the lake?
Ans. Given that: P = 4.9 × 106 N/m2. We know that: density of water 𝝆 = 2 M
103 kg/m3, g = 9.8 m/s2.
Formula: P = 𝝆𝒈𝒉 => 4.9 × 106 = 103 × 9.8 × h
10 3
=> h = = 0.5 × 103 = 500 m.
2
13. Define viscosity. What are its units and dimensions?
Ans. The property of the fluid which opposes the relative motion between the 2 M
layers of the fluid is called ‘viscosity’.
SI unit: N-sec/m2
14. Calculate the work done in blowing a soap bubble of diameter 0.6 cm
against the surface tension (Surface tension of soap solution = 2.5× 10-2
Nm-1)
Ans. Given that: 2M
diameter of a soap bubble ‘d’ = 0.6 cm => Radius ‘r’ = 0.3 cm = 3 × 10-3 m
Surface tension ‘T’ = 2.5× 10-2 Nm-1
Formula:
Work done in blowing a soap bubble W = 8πr2T
= 8 × 3.14 × (3 × 10-3)2 × 2.5 × 10-2
= 8 × 3.14 × 9 × 10-6 × 2.5 × 10-2
W = 565.2 × 10-8 = 5.65 × 10-6 J.
15. If the diameter of a soap bubble is 10 mm and its surface tension is 0.04
Nm-1, find the excess pressure inside the soap bubble.
10
Ans. Given that: 2M

Diameter of a soap bubble ‘d’ = 10 mm => Radius of a soap bubble ‘r’ = 5
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mm = 5 × 10-3 m
Surface tension ‘T’ = 0.04 Nm-1
Formula:
𝟒𝐓
Excess pressure inside a soap bubble P =
𝐑
4 × 0.04 4 × 4 × 10−2 16
P= = =
5 × 10−3 5 × 10−3 5 × 10−1
-2
P = 3.2 × 10 = 32 Nm .
16. The density of the atmosphere at sea level is 1.29 km/m3. Assume that it
does not change with altitude. Then, how high would the atmosphere
extend?
Ans. Atmospheric pressure P0 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ 2M
5
=> 1.01 × 10 = 1.29 × 9.8 × h
1.01 × 10 5
=> h = = 0.07989 × 105 = 7989 m ≈ 8 km.
12.642
17. If the work done by an agent to form a bubble of radius R is W, then
how much energy is required to increase its radius to 2R.
Ans. Work done to form a bubble of radius R is W = 8πR2T 2M
2 2
Energy required to increase it radius from R to 2R = 8π 2𝑅 − 𝑅 𝑇
= 8π 3𝑅 2 𝑇
= 3 𝟖𝛑𝑹𝟐 𝑻 = 3W.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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CHAPTER 12 :: THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
1. Can substance contract on heating? Give an example.
Ans. Yes 1M
Ex:- Water (0 oC to 4 oC), Cast Iron, Indian rubber. 1M
2. Why gaps are left between rails on a railway track?
Ans. To allow the linear expansion of rails during summer due to raise in 2 M
temperature
3. Find the increase in the temperature of aluminium rod if its length is to
be increased by 1% (α for aluminium = 25 10-6 / 0C)
Ans. Formula α = 1M
Given That:
α for aluminium = 25 10-6 / 0C)
= 1%
Substitution and answer 1M
= = = 400 0C
4. What is latent heat of fusion?
Ans. The amount of heat per unit mass required to convert a substance from
solid to liquid state at the same temperature and pressure. 2M
Q/m = Lf where m is mass of a substance and Lf is latent heat of fusion (80
cal/gm or 80 × 4200 J/kg)
5. What is latent heat of vaporisation?
Ans. The amount of heat per unit mass required to convert a substance from
liquid state to gaseous state at the same temperature and pressure. 2M
Q/m = Lv where m is mass of a substance and Lv is latent heat of
vaporisation (540 cal/gm or 540 × 4200 J/kg)
6. State Wien’s displacement law
Ans. The wavelength corresponding to maximum intensity of radiation emitted 1 M

by black body λmis inversely proportional to its absolute temperature T.
The relation between λm and T is known as Wien’s displacement law.
λm = => λmT = Constant
1M
7. Why utensils coated black? Why are the bottoms of the utensils made
of copper?
Ans. (i) Black colour is a good absorber of heat 2M
(ii) Copper is a good conductor of heat
8. Distinguish between heat and temperature?
Ans. (i) (a) Heat: A form of energy that is transferred from a body and 1 M
surroundings by virtue of temperature difference between them.
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(b) It’s a cause to happen because temperature difference between two

bodies
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(c) SI unit: Joule (J) and Calorie (Cal) is the practical unit of heat
(ii) (a) Temperature: It is degree of hotness or coldness of a body
(b) Temperature is the effect 1M
(c) SI Unit: Kelvin (K)
9. What are lower and upper fixing points in Celsius scale and Fahrenheit
scale?
Ans.
Temperature Scale Lower fixed point Upper fixed point 2M
0
Celsius Scale 0 C 100 0C
0
Fahrenheit Scale 32 F 212 0F
10. Ventilators are provided in rooms just below the roof. Why?
Ans. The hot air in room moves upwards by means of convection, due to less
density. Ventilators are provided just below the roof to escape this hot air 2 M
out of the room.
11. State Newton’s law of cooling.
Ans. The rate of heat loss of a ho body is directly proportional to temperature

difference between the body and surroundings. 2M
−𝑑𝑄
∝ (Tbody - Tsurroundings)
𝑑𝑡
12. State the conditions under which Newtown’s law of cooling is
applicable?
Ans. (i) Temperature of the body is uniformly distributed over it 1M
(ii) loss of heat is negligible is conduction 1M
13. What is green house effect? Explain global warming.
Ans. (i) Heating up of earth’s surface and atmosphere due to absorption of

radiation by green house gases (CO2, CH4, N2O and O3) is known as
Greenhouse effect.
(ii) Due to Greenhouse effect the temperature of earth increases which 2 M
causes problem for human life. This is called Global warming.
(iii) Because of global warming ice caps are melting faster, sea level is
rising and weather pattern changing. (Any Two points)
14. The roof buildings often painted white in summer. Why?
Ans. White is a bad absorber and good reflector of heat, So, the buildings are 2 M
kept cool.
15. Why do liquids have no linear and areal expansion?
Ans. (i) Liquids do not have shape on their own. They always take the shape of 1 M
the container.
(ii) Liquids are not measured in length wise and area wise hence liquids 1 M
have no linear and areal expansion.
16. What is specific gas constant? Is it the same for all gases?
Ans. (i) Gas constant per unit mass is called specific gas constant 1M
𝑅 𝑃𝑉
Specific gas constant r = 𝑀 = 𝑀 where M: Molecular weight of given gas.
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1M
(ii) No, it varies from gas to gas.
17. What are the units and dimensions of specific gas constant?
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Ans. (i) SI Unit of specific gas constant (r): 𝐽 1M
𝑘𝑔 −𝐾
(ii) Dimensional formula: [M0L2T-2K-1] 1M
18. Define absorption power of a body. What is the absorption power of a

black body?
Ans. (i) Absorptive power (aλ): The ratio of the radiant energy absorbed per 1 M
unit time by unit surface area of the body, to the total energy incident per
unit time on unit surface area.
(ii) Absorptive power of a perfectly black body (aλ) = 1. 1M
19. Define emissive power and emissivity.
Ans. (i) Emissive power: At a given temperature, the energy radiated by a body
per unit time per unit surface area per wavelength.
𝑄
Eλ = 𝐴 × 𝑡𝜆 × 𝜆
𝐽 𝐽 1M
S.I units: 2 = 3
𝑚 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 − 𝑚 𝑚 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐
(ii) Emissivity (eλ): The ratio of emissive power of a body to that of
emissive power of black body
𝐸𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 1M
eλ =
𝐸𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦
20. State the units and dimensions of coefficient of convection
Ans. Coefficient of heat convection (h) = 𝑃

𝐴∆𝜃
where P: Rate of flow of heat by convection P = Q/t
A: Surface Area
∆𝜃 ∶ Difference in temperature between successive fluid layers.
1M
(i) SI Units:Wm-2K-1
1M
(ii) Dimensional formula: [M1L0T-3K-1]
21. What is thermal resistance of a conductor? On what factors does it
depend?
Ans. (i) The resistance offered by a conductor for the flow of heat is called
thermal resistance of a conductor (R).
𝑙 1M
thermal resistance (R) = where l - length of a conductor
𝐾𝐴
K - Coefficient of thermal conductivity and A - Area of cross section of a
thermal conductor
(ii) It depends on nature of material (bad or good thermal conductor in
1M
terms of K, Length of a conductor and area of cross section of a thermal
conductor.
22. Define temperature gradient and coefficient of thermal conductivity
Ans. (i) Temperature gradient: The change in temperature per unit length in 1 M
the direction of heat flow
(ii) Coefficient of thermal conductivity (K): The quantity of heat flowing
normally through unit area of the substance per unit time per unit 1 M
14
temperature
23. Does a body radiate heat at 0 K? Does it radiate heat at 0 0C?
Page
Ans. (i) No, A body does not radiate heat at 0 K
(ii) Yes, A body radiates heat at 0 0C 2M
24. State the different modes of transmission of heat. Which of these modes
require medium?
Ans. Modes of heat transfer: 2M
(a) Heat conduction b) Heat convection and c) Heat radiation
(ii) Heat conduction and heat convection requires medium.
25. If the wavelength for maximum intensity by radiation for a black body
is found at 2.65 µm. What is the temperature of the radiating body?
(Wien’s constant = 2.9 × 10-3mK)
Ans. Given that: 2M
-6
λ = 2.65 µm = 2.65 × 10 meter
Wien’s constant b = 2.9 × 10-3 meter-kelvin
Formula:
Wien’s Law: λm T = b
𝜆𝑚 2.9 × 10−3 29 × 10 4
T= = 2.65 × 10−6 = = 0.1094 × 104 = 1094 K
𝑏 265
15
Page
CHAPTER 14 :: KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
1. Define mean free path
Ans. The average distance travelled by a molecule between two consecutive or 2 M

successive collisions.
(or)
The average distance a molecule can travel without any collision
𝜆 +𝜆 +𝜆 +⋯+𝜆 𝑛
During ‘n’ collisions, mean free path = 1 2 𝑛3 Where λ: distance
travelled by a gas molecule.
(or)
1
The statistical study of heat give mean free path = 2𝑛𝜋 𝑑 2
Where n: number of gas molecules per unit volume and d: diameter of the
molecule.
2. When does a real gas behaves like an ideal gas?
Ans. At low pressure and high temperature 2M
3. What is the expression between pressure and kinetic energy of a gas

molecule?
Ans. PV = 2 K.E 2M
3
2
P = 3 K.E (per unit volume)
P: Pressure, V: Volume and K.E: Kinetic Energy
4. State Boyle’s law and Charles’s law
Ans. Boyle’s law: When temperature is constant, pressure of a given mass of gas 1 M
varies inversely with volume.
1
P ∝ 𝑉 (at constant temperature)
Charles’s law: At constant pressure, the volume of a gas is directly
1M
proportional to its absolute temperature.
V ∝ T (at constant pressure)
5. The absolute temperature of a gas is increased 3 times. What will be
the increase in rms velocity of the gas molecule?
Ans. 3𝑅𝑇 1M
Vrms = 𝑀
=> Vrms = 𝑇
Given that: T1 = T and T2 = 3T
Vrms1 = 𝑇 ............................................ (1)
Vrms2 = 3𝑇 ........................................... (2)
16
(2)
Page
by (1), we get, Vrms2 = 3 Vrms1 => Vrms increased by 𝟑 times 1M

Increase in rms Velocity = Vrms2 - Vrms1 = 3 Vrms1 - Vrms1 = Vrms1[ 3 - 1]
=> Vrms2 = 0.732 Vrms1
6. State Dalton’s law of partial pressures
Ans. The total pressure of a mixture of ideal gases is the sum of partial pressures 2 M
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 +.......Pn
7. Pressure of an ideal gas in container is independent of shape of the
container - explain
Ans. Pressure exerted by a gas is due to the collisions of molecules made on the
walls of the container.
𝟏
The pressure of an ideal gas in a container = P = 𝟑 𝒏𝒎𝒗𝟐 which is 2 M
independent of container and it s measured by force acting on unit surface
area of the container wall.
8. Name two prominent phenomena which provide conclusive evidence of
molecular motion
Ans. (i) Brownian motion 2M
(ii) Diffusion
9. What is the law of equipartition of energy?
Ans. For any system in thermal equilibrium, the total energy is equally 2 M
distributed in all possible energy modes, with each mode having an average
energy equals to ½ kBT.
10. How does kinetic theory justify Avogadro’s hypothesis and show that
Avogadro’s number in different gases is same?
Ans. (i) Gases at low pressures and high temperatures satisfy a relation PV = KT 2 M
where K: Constant for a given sample, T: Absolute temperature in Kelvin
(ii) If K is proportional to the no. of molecules then K = N AkB where NA:
Avogadro number, kB = Boltzmann constant.
𝑃𝑉 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
(iii) PV = NAkBT => 𝑁𝑇 = kB => = = constant = kB
𝑁1 𝑇1 𝑁2 𝑇2
(iv) If P, V and T are same, then N is also same for all gases. This is
Avogadro’s hypothesis.
∴ NA = 6.02 × 1023 in 22.4 litres of any gas, In this way kinetic theory
justifies Avogadro’s hypothesis.
11. A flask contains argon and chlorine in the ratio of 2:1 by mass. The
temperature of the mixture is 27 oC. Obtain (i) the ratio of average
kinetic energy per molecule (ii) the ratio of Vrms of two gases
(Atomic mass of Argon = 39.9 units, Atomic mass of Chlorine = 70.9
units)
Ans. (i) K.E/molecule = 3/2 kBT which depends on temperature. 2M
o
since temperature = 27 C
𝐾 .𝐸
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒
𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑟𝑔𝑜𝑛 27 𝑜 𝐶
=> 𝐾 .𝐸 = 27 𝑜 𝐶
𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑕𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝐾 .𝐸
𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑟𝑔𝑜𝑛
=> 𝐾 .𝐸 =1
𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑕𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑒
17
Page
3𝑅𝑇
(ii) Vrms = 𝑀
1
=> Vrms ∝ 𝑀
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 (𝐴𝑟𝑔𝑜𝑛 ) 𝑀𝑐𝑕 𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑒
=> =
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 (𝐶𝑕 𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑒 ) 𝑀𝐴𝑟𝑔𝑜𝑛
𝑀𝐴𝑟𝑔𝑜𝑛 2
but given that 𝑀 = 1 and Atomic mass of Argon = 39.9 units, Atomic
𝐶𝑕 𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑒
mass of Chlorine = 70.9 units
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 (𝐴𝑟𝑔𝑜𝑛 ) 70.9
=> 𝑣 =
𝑟𝑚𝑠 (𝐶𝑕 𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑒 ) 39.9
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 (𝐴𝑟𝑔𝑜𝑛 )
=> = 1.77 = 1.33
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 (𝐶𝑕 𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑒 )
.................................................................................................................................................................
18
Page
(4 MARKS QUESTIONS & ANSWERS)
CHAPTER 3 :: MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE
1. A car travels the first third of a distance with a speed of 10 kmph, the second third at 20
kmph and the last third at 60 kmph. What is its mean speed over the entire distance?
Answer: (Formula - 1 Mark, Substitution - 2 Marks, Result -1 Mark)
𝟑𝒗𝟏 𝒗𝟐 𝒗𝟑
Formula: Average speed = Vaverage =
𝒗𝟐 𝒗𝟑 + 𝒗𝟑 𝒗 𝟏 + 𝒗𝟏 𝒗𝟐
Given that:
v1 = 10 kmph, v2 = 20 kmph and v3 = 60 kmph. vavg. = ?
3 × 10 × 20 × 60
=> Vaverage =
20 × 60 + 60 × 10 + (10 × 20)
1000 (3 × 1 × 2 × 6) 360 5
=> Vaverage = = = 18 km/hr (or) 18 × = 5 m/sec.
100 1 × 2 + 2 × 6 + (6 × 1) 20 18
(Alternative method)
Let total distance car travelled = 3s
Given that:
First 3rd of a distance (s1) = 𝑠 and speed (v1) = 10 kmph
Second 3rd of a distance (s2) = 𝑠 and speed (v2) = 20 kmph
Last 3rd of a distance (s3) = 𝑠 and speed (v3) = 60 kmph
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠1 𝑠
Time taken to travel first 3rd of a distance (s1), t1 = = =
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑣1 10
Time taken to travel second 3rd of a distance (s2), t2 = = =
Time taken to travel last 3rd of a distance (s3), t3 = = =
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 1 1 1 𝑠 6+3+1
Total time t = t1 + t2 + t3 = + + = + + =
10 20 60 10 1 2 6 10 6
𝑠 10 𝑠
= =
10 6 6
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒔+𝒔+𝒔 𝟑𝒔

Vaverage = = 𝒔 𝒔 𝒔 = 𝒔 = 18 kmph (or) 5 m/sec.
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 + +
𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟔𝟎 𝟔
19
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Page
2. A man walks on a straight road from his home to a market 2.5 km away with a speed of
5 km/hr. Finding the market closed, he instantly turns and walks back home with a
speed of 7.5 km/hr. What is the (a) magnitude of average velocity and (b) average speed
of the man over the time interval 0 to 50 minutes?
Answer:
Total distance travelled = 2.5 + 2.5 = 5 km
Total displacement = 0 km
2.5 1
Time taken to go from home to market (t1) = = 2 hr = 30 min.
5
2.5 1
Time taken to get back from market to home (t2) = 7.5 = 3 hr = 20 min.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 0
(a) Magnitude of average velocity = = 1 1 =0
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 + ℎ𝑟
2 3
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 2.5 + 2.5 5
(b) Average speed = = 1 1 = 5 = 6 km/hr.
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 + ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟
2 3 6
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. A ball dropped from the roof of a tall building and simultaneously another ball is
thrown horizontally with same velocity from the same roof. Which ball land first?
Explain your answer.
Answer: (4 Marks)
In vertically downward direction, initial velocities are zero for both balls.
In case of first ball
1
h1 = 2 g𝑡12 …………. (1)
In case of second ball
1
h2 = 2 g𝑡22 …………. (2)
As both balls are falling from same height, then h1 = h2

1 1
g𝑡12 = g𝑡22
2 2
𝑡12 = 𝑡22
=> t1 = t2 ………. (3)
Hence both the balls will reach the ground at the same time.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. Explain the terms ‘average velocity’ and ‘instantaneous velocity’. When they are equal?
Answer:
Average velocity: (1 Mark)
(i) Average velocity is the ratio of the total displacement to the total time interval in which
the displacement occurs.
20
∆𝑥 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
(ii) 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 . = = …………………………. (1)
∆𝑡 𝑡2 − 𝑡1
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(iii) 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 . is independent of path followed by the particle between initial and final positions.
Instantaneous velocity: (1 Mark)

(i) The velocity of the particle at any instant of time is called instantaneous velocity.
∆𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(ii) 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 . = lim∆𝑡 → 0 ∆𝑡 =
𝑑𝑡
∗ In uniform motion instantaneous velovity of a body is equal to the average velocity.
(2 Marks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
𝟏
5. Derive the equation 𝒙 = 𝒗𝟎 𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐 using graphical method where the terms have
𝟐
usual meaning.
Answer: (4 Marks)
(i) Consider a body starting with an initial velocity ‘vo’
and moves with uniform acceleration ‘a’ as shown in
fig.
(ii) Let ‘v’ be the final velocity after time ‘t’. The graph
drawn between velocity- time is straight line.
(iii) The area under v-t graph gives the displacement of
the body.
From the figure,
OC = AD = t; OA = CD = vo
BD = v -vo
(iv) Displacement (x) = Area of v- t graph
x = Area of rectangle OADC + Area of triangle ABD
1
x = (OC) (OA) + 2 AD (BD)
1
x = (t) (vo) + 2 t (𝑣 − 𝑣𝑜 ) …………………. (1)
𝑣 −𝑣𝑜
But a = => v -vo = at ………………………… (2)
𝑡
Now Eqn. (1) becomes,
1 𝟏
x = (t) (vo) + 2 t (𝑎𝑡 ) => x = (vot) + 𝟐 (𝐚𝐭 𝟐 ) ……………….. (3)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. A stone is dropped from a height 300 m and at the same time another stone is projected
vertically upwards with a velocity of 100 m/s. find when and where the two stones meet?
Answer: (4 Marks)
1
Height covered by the projectile from the ground => h = ut - 2 g𝑡 2
1
=> h = 100t - 2 9.8 𝑡 2
=> h = 100t - 4.9𝑡 2 ………………… (1)
21
Distance covered by the projectile thrown downward in time ‘t’

Page
1
300 - h = g𝑡 2
2
300 - (100t - 4.9𝑡 2 ) = 4.9𝑡 2 ……………….. (2)
300 - 100t = 0
t = 3 sec.
Thus particle meet each other at t= 3 sec and height at which bodies meet is
h = 100(3) - 4.9(9)
h = 300 - 44.1 = 255.9 m
……………………………………………………………………………………………
7. A car moving along a straight high way with speed of 126 km/hr is brought to a stop
within a distance of 200 m. What is the retardation of the car (assumed uniform) and
how long does it take for the car to stop?
Answer:
Initial velocity of the car u = 126 km/hr = 35 m/s
Final velocity of the car v = 0 m/s
Distance covered by the car before coming to rest s = 200 m
Retardation produced in the car = a
From third Eqn. of motion, a can be calculated as v2 - u2 = 2as
=> (0)2 - (35)2 = 2 (a)(200)
35 2 1225
=> a = 2 × 200 = = 3.06 m/s2
400
From 1st Eqn. of motion, time ‘t ‘ is taken as by the car to stop can to obtained v = u + at
𝑣−𝑢 − 35
=> t = = − 3.06 = 11. 44 sec.
𝑎
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. A man runs across the roof of a tall building and jumps horizontally on to the (lower)
roof of an adjacent building. If his speed is 9 m/s and the horizontal distance between
the buildings is 10 m and the height difference between the roofs is 9 m, will he be able
to land on the next building?
Answer:
Given that:
Horizontal speed of the man (ux) = 9 m/s; Horizontal distance between
the two buildings = 10 m; Height difference between the two
buildings = 9 m
Let,
The man jumps from point A and land on the roof of the next building
at point B.
Taking the motion in vertical direction, we have
1
=> y = ut + (at 2 )
2
22
1 𝟗 𝟑
=> 9 = 0 × 𝑡 + 2 (10t 2 ) => 9 = 5t2 => t = = sec.
𝟓 𝟓
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CHAPTER :: 4 MOTION IN A PLANE
1. State Parallelogram law of vectors. Derive an expression for the magnitude and
direction of the resultant vector.
Answer: (Statement - 1 Mark, Diagram - 1 Mark, Derivation - 2 Marks)
Parallelogram Law of vectors:
If two vectors are represented in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of a
parallelogram, the diagonal passing
through point of intersection of the two
sides gives the resultant of the two vectors
in magnitude and direction.
From the diagram,
𝑂𝐵 = 𝑃
𝑂𝐴 = 𝑄
𝑂𝑆 = 𝑅 and
from ∆OSN we have BN = Qcosθ
SN = Qsinθ.
(i) To find magnitude of Resultant vector:
From ∆OSN,
(OS)2 = (ON)2 + (SN)2
(OS)2 = (OB + BN)2 + (SN)2
(OS)2 = (OB)2 + (BN)2 + 2(OB)(BN) + (SN)2
R2 = (P)2 + (Qcosθ)2 +2(P)(Qcosθ) + (Qsinθ)2
R2 = (P)2 + (Q2)(cosθ)2 +2(P)(Qcosθ) + (Q2)(sinθ)2
R2 = (P)2 + (Q2) (sin2 θ + cos2 θ) + 2(P)(Qcosθ)
R2 = (P)2 + (Q)2 + 2(PQcosθ)
∴ R = 𝐏 𝟐 + 𝐐𝟐 + 𝟐𝐏𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉
(ii) To find direction of Resultant vector:

From ∆OSN,
𝑶𝒑𝒑 𝑺𝑵 𝑺𝑵 𝑸𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
tanα = = 𝑶𝑵 = 𝑶𝑨+𝑩𝑵 = 𝑷 + 𝑸𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝑨𝒅𝒋
𝑸𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
∴ α = tan-1 𝑷 + 𝑸𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. If 𝒂 + 𝒃 = 𝒂 − 𝒃 , prove that the angle between 𝒂 and 𝒃 is 90o.
Answer:
𝒂 + 𝒃 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
23
𝒂 − 𝒃 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 (1 Mark)
Page
If 𝒂 + 𝒃 = 𝒂 − 𝒃
=> 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 (1 Mark)
Squaring on both sides
=> a2 + b2 + 2abcosθ = a2 + b2 - 2abcosθ (1 Mark)
=> 4abcosθ = 0
=> cosθ = 0 => cosθ = cos90o
∴ θ = 90o (1 Mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Show that the trajectory of an object thrown at certain angle with the horizontal is a
parabola.
Answer: (Diagram - 1 Mark)
The projectile motion is the combination of
horizontal motion and vertical motion.
In Horizontal motion, we have
(i) ux =vx = ucosθ
(ii) ax = 0
(iii) The distance travelled by the object along
vertical direction in time ‘t’ is
1
=> sx = x = uxt + 2 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2
=> x = uxt = (ucosθ)t
𝒙
=> t = ………………………. (1) (1 Mark)
𝒖𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
In Vertical motion, we have
(i) uy = usinθ
(ii) ay = -g
(iii) The distance travelled by the object along vertical direction in time ‘t’ is
1
=> sy = y = uyt + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡 2
2
1 1
=> y = usinθ t + (−𝑔)𝑡 2 = usinθ t - (𝑔)𝑡 2 ………………… (2) (1 Mark)
2 2
Substitute ‘t’ value in (2) from (1), we get
𝑥 1 𝑥
=> y = usinθ 𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 - (𝑔) 𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
2
1 𝑥 2
=> y = (tanθ)x - (𝑔)
2 𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝒈
=> y = (tanθ)x - x2 ………………………….. (3) (1 Mark)
𝟐𝒖𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽
We know that, parabola equation is y = ax - bx2 ………. (4)
From (3) and (4) eqns. we conclude that the trajectory of an object thrown at certain angle
with the horizontal is a parabola.
𝑔
When comparing Eqns. (3) and (4) => a = tanθ, b =
24
2𝑢 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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𝑼𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 𝑼𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝜽
4. Show that the maximum height and range of projectile are and
𝟐𝒈 𝒈
respectively where the terms have their regular meanings.
Answer:
Maximum height:
From 3rd Equation of motion,
v2 - u2 = 2as
If s = H, v = 0, uy = usinθ and a = -g
02 - (usinθ)2 = 2 (-g)H
𝑢 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃
H= (2 Marks)
2𝑔
Range:
Range = (horizontal velocity component) x (time of flight)
2𝑢sin 𝜃
R = (ucosθ)
𝑔
𝑢 2 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑢 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃
R= (or) (2 Marks)
𝑔 𝑔
…………………………………………………………………………………………
5. A force 𝟐𝒊 + 𝒋 − 𝒌 newton acts on a body which is initially at rest. At the end of 20
seconds, the velocity of the body is 𝟒𝒊 + 𝟐𝒋 − 𝟐𝒌 m/s. What is the mass of the body?
Answer:
𝑣−𝑢
Force acting on the body 𝐹 = m𝑎 = m
𝑡
Given that initial velocity 𝑢 = 0, final velocity 𝑣 = 4𝑖 + 2𝑗 -2𝑘 m/sec, t = 20 sec and 𝐹 =
2𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘 N
𝑣
=> F = m
𝑡
𝑚
=> 2𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘 = 4𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 2𝑘
20
=> 2𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘 = m 4𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 2𝑘
=>20 × 6 = m 24
6 × 20 6 × 20 20
=> m = = = = 10 kg
24 6× 4 2
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. Show that the maximum height reached by a projectile launched at an angle of 45 o is
one quarter of its range.
25
Answer:
In case of a projectile thrown into space at an angle 45o,
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(i) The horizontal range

𝑢 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃
R=
𝑔
𝑢 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2(45 𝑜 )
R=
𝑔
𝑢 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (90𝑜 )
R=
𝑔
𝑢2
Rmax = …………………………. (1)
𝑔
1 2
𝑢 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 𝑢 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 (45𝑜) 𝑢2 𝑢2
2
(ii) Maximum height H = = = =
2𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔 4𝑔
𝑢2
Hmax. = ………………………….. (2)
4𝑔
From Eqns. (1) and (2),

𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑢2
Hmax. = =
4 4𝑔
Thus maximum height reached is one quarter of its maximum range (Rmax. if angle of
projection is θ = 45o)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
7. If θ is the angle of projection, R is the range, h is the maximum height, T is the time of
𝟒𝒉 𝒈𝑻𝟐
flight then show that (a) tanθ = (b) h = .
𝑹 𝟖
Answer:
Given that,
(a) h: Max. height = h = …………………….. (1)
2𝑔
𝑢 2 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
R: Range = …………………………… (2)
𝑔
𝑢2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
(1) ℎ 2𝑔 u2 sin2 θ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
=> = 𝑢 2 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = =
(2) 𝑅 u 2 2sin θcos θ 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑔
4ℎ
=> = tanθ => 4h = Rtanθ ……………………. (3)
𝑅
(b) We know that,
2𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 4𝑢 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃
T= => T2 = ………………….... (4)
𝑔 𝑔2
26
𝑢2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
(1) ℎ 2𝑔 g 𝑔𝑇 2
=> = = 4𝑢 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 = 8 => h = …………. (5)
Page
(4) 𝑇2 8
𝑔2
8. Define unit vector, null vector and position vector.
Answer: (4 Marks)
Unit vector:
(i) A vector whose magnitude is unity (1) is called unit vector.
(ii) For a given vector 𝐴 its unit vector represented by 𝐴
𝐴
(iii) The unit vector along the direction of 𝐴 is given by 𝐴 = 𝐴
(iv) It has no units and dimensions
Ex: In a coordinate system, 𝑖, 𝑗 and 𝑘 are the unit vectors along X, Y and Z axis respectively.
=> 𝑖 = 𝑗 = 𝑘 = 1.
Null vector:
(i) A vector whose magnitude is zero (0) and its acts in the arbitrary direction is called a null
vector.
(ii) It is represented by 0 and 0 = 0𝑖 + 0𝑗 + 0𝑘
Example: The position of a particle at the origin.
Position vector:
(i) A vector which specifies the position of an object with respect to the origin of a
coordinate system is called position vector of the object in the system.
(ii) The position vector of an object at P is represented by 𝑂𝑃
Example: If P(x,y,z) are the coordinates of the object P and O is the origin of the system then
position vector is given by
𝑂𝑃 = x𝑖 + y𝑗 + z𝑘
(iii) Magnitude of 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
9. Two balls are projected from the same point in directions 300 and 600 with respect to
the horizontal. What is the ratio of their initial velocities, if (a) attain the same height
(b) have the same range?
Ans.
(a) Case - I
H max =
2𝑔
0
at θ = 30
Height reached by the first ball
𝑢 1 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 (30𝑜) 𝑢 1 2 (1/4) 𝑢12
H1 = = = ………………….. (1)
2𝑔 2𝑔 8𝑔
at θ = 600
27
Height reached by the second ball

Page
𝑢 2 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 (60𝑜) 𝑢 2 2 (3/4) 3𝑢 2 2
H2 = = = ………………… (2)
2𝑔 2𝑔 8𝑔
According to the question, H1 = H2
𝑢12 3𝑢 2 2
=> =
8𝑔 8𝑔
𝑢12 3
=> = => u1:u2 = 𝟑:1 ……………………….. (3)
𝑢22 1
(b) Case - II
𝑢 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃
R=
𝑔
at θ = 300
Range of the first ball
𝑢 1 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2(30 𝑜 ) 𝑢 1 2 sin ⁡
(60𝑜 ) 3𝑢 1 2
R= = = …………. (4)
𝑔 𝑔 2𝑔
at θ = 600
Range of the second ball
𝑢 2 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2(60𝑜 ) 𝑢 2 2 sin ⁡
(120𝑜 ) 3𝑢 2 2 3
R= = = ………… (5) (since sin1200 = )
𝑔 𝑔 2𝑔 2
According to question, R1=R2
3𝑢 1 2 3𝑢 2 2
=> =
2𝑔 2𝑔
𝑢12 1
=> = => u1:u2 = 𝟏:1 ……………………. (5)
𝑢22 1
Toppers Task :: Jr. Inter NARAYANA IPE study material: Motion in a plane (Important)
Page no. 74 Question: 3, 4

Page no. 75 Question: 6
28
Page
CHAPTER 5 :: LAWS OF MOTION
1. Explain Advantages and Disadvantages of friction

Answer:
Advantages of friction:
Friction is necessary,
1. To hold objects,
2. To write on paper,
3. To stop the vehicles,
4. To safe walk on the ground. (2 Marks)
Disadvantages of friction:
1. Due to friction fuel will be wasted,
2. Wear and tear of machine parts,
3. Friction opposes the relative motion and there by dissipates in the form of heat (2 Marks)
(Any two advantages and two disadvantages)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Mention the methods used to decrease friction
Answer:
Methods used to decrease friction:
1. Polishing: By polishing the surfaces, frictional force can be reduced. (1 Mark)
2. Using Lubricants: A lubricant forms a thin layer between two surfaces in contact and
it reduces the friction (1 Mark)
3. Using ball bearings: The wheels of motor vehicles, cycles and shafts of motors,
dynamos are provided with ball bearings to reduce friction (1 Mark)
4. Stream lining: Airplanes and Auto mobiles have special construction to reduce
friction due to air. (1 Mark)
…………………………………………………………………………..…………………..
3. Define terms momentum and impulse. State and Explain the law of conservation of
linear momentum. Give examples
Answer: (Momentum and impulse - 1 Mark, Law of conservation of momentum - 2 Marks,
Example 1 Mark)
Momentum: The product of mass and velocity of a body is called momentum. It‟s vector
𝑘𝑔 −𝑚
quantity. It‟s S.I units:
𝑠
=> 𝑃 = 𝑚𝑣
Impulse:
The product of force and time that produces a finite change in momentum is called impulse.
𝑘𝑔 −𝑚
It‟s a vector quantity. It‟s S.I units:
𝑠
29
=> 𝐼 = 𝐹 ∆𝑡 = ∆𝑃
Page
Law of conservation of momentum:
If the external force acting on the system is equal to zero, then the total momentum of the
system remains constant is called law of conservation of momentum.
𝑑𝑃
Fexternal ∝ 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑃
Fexternal = 𝑘 𝑑𝑡 where k is proportionality constant
If Fexternal = 0, then
𝑑𝑃
0 = 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑃
=> =0
𝑑𝑡
=> P = constant => mv = constant => m1v1 = m2v2.
Example:
(1) If a shell of mass „m‟ at rest break into two pieces of masses m1 and m2 moving with
velocities v1 and v2 respectively.
According to law of conservation of momentum => Final momentum = initial momentum
=> 0 = m1v1 +m2v2

=> m2v2 = - m1v1
Hence two exploded pieces fly off or moved in opposite direction with equal momentum.
(2)
=> Pgun = - Pbullet

=> Mvgun = - mvbullet
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. State Newton’s second law of motion. Hence derive the equation of motion F = ma from
it.
Answer: (Statement of 2nd Law of motion = 1 Mark, Derivation - 3 Marks)
Newton’s second law of motion:
“The rate of change in momentum of a body is
directly proportional to the net external force
acting on the body and it takes place in the
direction of force that acts.”
30
∆𝑃
Fexternal ∝ ∆𝑡
Page
∆𝑃
Fexternal = 𝑘 ∆𝑡 where k is proportionality constant …………………. (1)
∆𝑃 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑃
If lim∆𝑡 → 0 ∆𝑡 = => Fexternal = 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑃 𝑑 (𝑚𝑣)
=> Fexternal = 𝑘 𝑑𝑡 => 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒎 𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒎
=> Fexternal = k 𝒎 𝒅𝒕 + 𝒗 = 𝒎 𝒅𝒕 + 𝒗 (if k = 1)………………….. (2)
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
Eqn. (2) depicts Newton‟s second law of motion.
Note:
(1) a). If mass is constant and then eqn. (2) becomes,
𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒗
=> Fexternal = 𝒎 𝒅𝒕 = ma (since a = ) …………… (3)
𝒅𝒕
2
b). from eqn. (3), if m = 1 kg, a = 1 m/s then F = 1N.
(2) If m is variable, the eqn. (2) becomes,
𝒅𝒎 𝒅𝒎
=> Fexternal = 𝒗 where = rate of change in mass with respect to time „t‟
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. Why are shock absorbers used in motor cycles and cars? Explain.
Answer:
(1) When a vehicle moves on uneven road, it receives a jerk. So the vehicle receives the
impulsive force. (1 Mark)
(2) To minimize this impact we are using shock absorbers.
1
Impulse (∆𝑃) = F(∆𝑡) => F ∝ ∆𝑡 (2 Marks)
(3) The shock absorbers increase the time of jerk, thereby reduce the impulsive force. The
damage of vehicles should be minimized by using shock absorbers. (1 Mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. State the laws of rolling friction?
Answer:
(1) Rolling friction is depend on area of contact => smaller the area of contact, lesser will be
the rolling friction. (1 Mark)
(2) Rolling friction is directly proportional to the normal reaction (N) and inversely
proportional to the radius (r) of the rolling cylinder or wheel.
𝑁
F rolling = 𝜇𝑟 (2 Marks)
𝑟
(3) The velocity of point of contact with respect to the surface remains zero all the time, the
centre of the wheel moves forward. (1 Mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Toppers Task :: Jr. Inter NARAYANA IPE study material: Laws of motion (Important)
31

Page
CHAPTER 7 :: SYSTEM OF PARTICLES & ROTATIONAL MOTION
1. Distinguish between centre of mass and centre of gravity

Answer: (Any 4 differences) (4 Marks)
Centre of Mass Centre of Gravity
1. The point at which the total mass is 1. The point at which the weight of the body
supposed to be concentrated. acts.
2. It refers mass of the body 2. It refers weight of the body
3. It is independent of acceleration due to 3. It depends upon acceleration due to gravity
gravity (g) (g)
4. It may or may not lie inside the body 4. It always lies inside the body
……………………………………….. …………………………………..
5. This concept deals with the motion of the 5. This concept deals with the stability of
body body
6. It depends on distribution of mass in the 6. It depends on the mass distribution and
body gravitational field also.
7. About the centre of mass 𝑟𝑑𝑚 = 0 7. About the centre of gravity 𝜏𝑖 =0
8. For small and regular bodies centre of 8. For big and irregular bodies centre of mass
mass coincides with the centre of gravity does not coincides with centre of gravity
………………………………………………………………………………………………...
2. Define vector product. Explain the properties of a vector product with two examples
Answer:
Vector product (or) Cross product: (1 Mark)
If 𝑎, 𝑏 are two vectors, then vector product 𝒂 × 𝒃 = a b sinθ 𝒏
Where 𝑛 = normal unit vector
θ = angle between the vectors
Properties of vector product (2 Marks)
(1) Vector product does not obey commutative law.
𝒂 × 𝒃 ≠ 𝒃 × 𝒂 but 𝒂 × 𝒃 = - (𝒃 × 𝒂)
(2) Vector product obey distributive law
𝒂 × (𝒃 + 𝒄) = 𝒂 × 𝒃 + 𝒂 × 𝒄
(3) If 𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘 are unit vectors along x, y, z axes
𝑖 × 𝑗 = 𝑘 ; 𝑗 × 𝑘 = 𝑖; 𝑘 × 𝑖 = 𝑗
𝑖×𝑖= 0
𝑗×𝑗= 0
𝑘×𝑘 = 0
Example:
(i) 𝜏 = 𝑟 × 𝐹 (ii) 𝐿 = 𝑟 × 𝑃 (1Mark)
32
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Page
3. Find the torque of a force 7𝒊 + 3𝒋 - 5𝒌 about the origin. The force acts on a particle
whose position vector is 𝒊 - 𝒋 + 𝒌.
Answer:
Given that:
Position vector is 𝑟 = 𝑖 - 𝑗 + 𝑘 and Force is 𝐹 = 7𝒊 + 3𝒋 - 5𝒌 then torque 𝜏 = 𝑟 × 𝐹 is,
(1 Mark)
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜏 = 𝑟 × 𝐹 = 1 −1 1 (2 Mark)
7 3 −5
= 𝑖(5-3) - 𝑗(-5-7) +𝑘(3-(-7))
𝝉 = 2𝒊 + 12𝒋 + 10𝒌 (1 Mark)
…………………………………………………….………………………………………..
4. Write the equation of motion for a particle rotating about a fixed axis
Answer: (4 equations)
The equations of motion for a particle rotating about a fixed axis are,
(i) 𝜔 = 𝜔0 + 𝛼𝑡 (1 Mark)
1
(ii) 𝜃 = 𝜔0 + 2 𝛼𝑡 2 (1 Mark)
(iii) 𝜔2 = 𝜔02 + 2𝛼𝜃 (1 Mark)
𝛼
(iv) 𝜃𝑛 = 𝜔0 + 2 2𝑛 − 1 (1 Mark)
Where 𝜔0 = initial angular velocity
𝛼 = angular acceleration and t = time.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Define angular acceleration and torque. Establish the relation between angular
acceleration and torque
Answer:
(i) Angular acceleration (𝜶): The rate of change of angular velocity is defined as
angular acceleration.
𝒅𝝎
𝜶= (S.I unit: rad/sec2) (1 Mark)
𝒅𝒕
(ii) Torque (𝝉):
𝒅𝑳
𝝉= (S.I unit: N-m) (1 Mark)
𝒅𝒕
Relation between angular acceleration and torque is,
𝑑𝐿 𝑑(I𝜔 )
𝜏= = (since L = I𝜔) (1 Mark)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
33
𝑑(𝜔 )
𝜏 =I = Iα (1 Mark)
𝑑𝑡
Page
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. The moment of inertia of a flywheel making 300 revolutions per minute is 0.3 kgm2.
Find the torque required to bring it to rest in 20 s.
Answer:
2πn 2𝜋(300)
Initial angular velocity 𝜔0 = = = 10π rad/sec.
𝑡 60
Where n = No. of revolutions = 300 revolutions
Final angular velocity 𝜔 = 0 (1 + 1 Marks)
𝐼(𝜔 0 −𝜔) 0.3 × 10π 0.3 × π 0.942
Torque 𝜏 = Iα = = = = = 0.471 N-m. (2 Mark)
𝑡 20 2 2
………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Derive angular velocity (𝝎). Derive v = r 𝝎

(Definition of angular velocity - 1 Mark, Diagram - 1 Mark and Derivation - 2 Marks)
Answer:
Angular velocity (𝝎): The rate of change of
angular displacement of a particle is called angular
velocity.
𝒅𝜽
𝝎= (S.I Unit: rad/sec)
𝒅𝒕
Derivation of v = r 𝝎
1. Let a particle moving along a circular path.
r = radius of the circular path and AB = arc length
v = linear velocity of the circulating particle
𝜔 = angular velocity of the particle
𝐴𝑟𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡 ℎ 𝐴𝐵 𝑠
2. From diagram, angle θ = = =
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑅 𝑅
=> s = R θ ………………………. (1)
Eqn. (1) differentiating with respect to t. we get,
ds d(Rθ) dθ ds
= => v = R (since v = )
dt dt dt dt
v = R𝝎 …………………………… (2)
Eqn. (2) shows the relationship between linear velocity (v) and angular velocity (𝜔).
………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. State the principle of conservation of angular momentum. Give two examples.
Answer:
Conservation of angular momentum: When there is no external torque acting on the

system, the angular momentum of a system always remains constant.
When 𝝉 = 0 then L = I𝜔 = constant (1 Mark)

34
When a torque 𝜏 acts on a rotating system then its angular momentum L = I𝜔

Page
𝑑𝐿 𝑑 (𝐼𝜔 )
Torque 𝜏 = = (1 Mark)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
If the net torque is equal to zero, then

𝑑𝐿 𝑑(𝐼𝜔 ) 1
0= = => L = I𝜔 = constant => 𝐼1 𝜔1 = 𝐼2 𝜔2 or I ∝ 𝜔 .
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Examples:
(1) a) A ballet dancer decreases his angular velocity by increasing his moment of inertia
by stretching hands.
b) A ballet dancer increases his angular velocity by decreasing his moment of inertia by
folding hands.
(2) a) When planet comes closer to the Sun its moment of inertia decreases and its
angular velocity increases.
b) When planet moves away some distance from the Sun its moment of inertia increases
and its angular velocity decreases. (2 Marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Find the centre of mass of three particles at the vertices of an equilateral triangle.
The masses of the particles are 100 g, 150 g and 200 g respectively. Each side of the
equilateral triangle is 0.5 m long.
Answer: (Diagram - 1 Mark, Calculation of
X and Y - 2 Marks and Answer - 1 Mark)
m1 = 100 g, m2 = 150 g and m3 = 200 g
O: (x1, y1 = 0, 0); A = (x2, y2 = 0.5, 0)
and B = (x3, y3 = 0.25, 0.25 3)
Let, centre of mass coordinates C: (X, Y)
𝑚 1𝑥1 + 𝑚 2𝑥2 + 𝑚 3𝑥3
X=
𝑚 1 +𝑚 2 +𝑚 3
100 0 +150 0.5 + 200(0.25)
X= 100+150+200
0 + 75 + 50 125 5
X= = 450 = 18 m.
450
𝟓
X = 𝟏𝟖 m.
𝑚 1 𝑦1 + 𝑚 2 𝑦2 + 𝑚 3 𝑦3
Y=
𝑚 1 +𝑚 2 +𝑚 3
100 0 +150 0 + 200(0.25 3)
Y= 100+150+200
50 3 3 1
Y= 450
= 9
=3 3
m
𝟏
Y = 𝟑 𝟑 m.
35
5 1
Co-ordinates of centre of mass C: (X, Y = 18 m, 3 3
m).
Page
10. Show that a system of particles moving under the influence of an external force
moves as if the force is applied at its centre of mass
Answer:
Consider a system of particles of masses m1, m2, m3,…..mn and total mass M.
M = m1 + m2 + m3 +……+ mn
Let r1, r2, r3, …rn be the position vectors.
𝑚 1 𝑟1 + 𝑚 2 𝑟2 + 𝑚 3 𝑟3
rCM = ………………………………........ (1) (1 Mark)
𝑚 1 +𝑚 2 +𝑚 3
Eqn. (1) differentiating with respect to t, we get
dr CM dr 1 dr 2 dr 3 dr n
(m1 + m2 + m3) = m1 + m2 + m3 + …….. + mn
dt dt dt dt dt
dr CM dr 1 dr 2 dr 3 dr n
M = m1 + m2 + m3 + …….. + mn
dt dt dt dt dt
MvCM = m1v1 + m2v2 + m3v3 + ……… + mnvn …………. (2) (1 Mark)
Eqn. (2) differentiating with respect to t, we get
dv CM dv 1 dv 2 dv 3 dv n
M = m1 + m2 + m3 + …….. + mn
dt dt dt dt dt
MaCM = m1a1 +m2a2 +m3a3 +……..+ mnan ………………. (3)
Finternal + Fexternal = F1 + F2 + F3 +……… + Fn ……………….. (4) (1 Mark)
Since internal forces do not affect the motion centre of mass => Finternal = 0.
From Eqns. (3) & (4),
∴ MaCM = Fexternal ……………………………… (5) (1 Mark)
Eqn. (5) shows that the centre of mass of a system of particles moves under the influence
of external force.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
11. The angular momentum of a body changes by 60 kg m2 s-1, when its angular velocity
changes from 10 rads-1 to 30 rads-1. Find the change in its kinetic energy of rotation.
Answer:
Let I be the moment of inertia of the body and L be the angular momentum => L = I𝜔
(1 Mark)
L1 = 10I and L2 = 30I
Change in angular momentum => L2 - L1 = 20I ………………. (1) (1 Mark)
2
Given that, 60 = 20I => I = 3 kg m ……………… (2) (1 Mark)
-1 -1
𝜔1 = 10 rads and 𝜔2 = 30 rads
1 1 1 1
Change kinetic energy = 2 𝐼𝜔12 − 𝐼𝜔22 = 2 𝐼 𝜔12 − 𝜔22 = 2 × 3 × 302 − 102
2
1 1
=> 2 × 3 × 900 − 100 = 2 × 3 × 800 = 3 × 400 = 1200 J
Change kinetic energy = 1200 J (1 Mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
36
Page
Toppers Task :: Jr. Inter NARAYANA IPE study material: System of Particles &
Rotational Motion (Important)
Page no. 173 Problem: 8
Page no. 194 Problem: 3, 4
Page no. 196 Problem: 9, 10, 12
Page no. 197 Problem: 15.
37
Page
CHAPTER 9:: GRAVITATION
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
1. What is escape velocity? Obtain expression for it.
Answer: (Definition - 1 Mark, Derivation - 2 Marks and Answer - 1 Mark)
Escape Velocity (ve): The minimum velocity with which a body is to be projected, so that is
escape from the gravitational field of a planet is called its escape velocity of the planet.
(OR)
When an object is projected with certain velocity by which the object will not return to the
earth is known as Escape velocity.
Derivation for escape velocity:
Let ‘m’ be the mass of an object which
is projected from a planet of mass ‘M’
and radius ‘R’.
(i) Total energy of the particle at
infinity is
=> E (∞) = (K.E)B + (P.E)B = 0 …. (1)
Note: Zero energy refers to the
bound system that can be separated.
(ii) If object is thrown with initial
speed vi at a distance (R + h) from the
centre of the planet, then total energy
of the particle is,
1 𝐺𝑀𝑚
EA = 2 𝑚𝑣𝑒2 - ………... (2)
𝑅+ℎ
By the principle of conservation of
energy, Eqns. (1) & (2) are equal.
EA = EB
1 𝐺𝑀𝑚 1 𝐺𝑀𝑚
𝑚𝑣𝑒2 - = 0 => 𝑚𝑣𝑒2 =
2 𝑅 +ℎ 2 𝑅 +ℎ
1 𝐺𝑀𝑚 1 𝐺𝑀
𝑚𝑣𝑒2 = since R >>>> h => h can be neglected => 𝑣𝑒2 = ………. (1)
2 𝑅 2 𝑅
𝐺𝑀 𝑅 𝐺𝑀 𝐺𝑀
𝑣𝑒2 = 2 =2 R = 2gR (we know that g = )
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅2 𝑅2
𝒗𝒆 = 𝟐𝒈𝑹 …………………….. (2)
For an object on the earth, its escape velocity is 11.2 km/sec.
(Alternative method)
If an object of ‘m’ is thrown with escape velocity ‘ve’ then,
Kinetic Energy = Potential Energy
1 𝐺𝑀𝑚 1 𝐺𝑀 𝐺𝑀 𝑅 𝐺𝑀
38
𝑚𝑣𝑒2 = => 𝑣𝑒2 = => 𝑣𝑒2 = 2 =2 R = 2gR => 𝒗𝒆 = 𝟐𝒈𝑹

2 𝑅 2 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅2
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For an object on the earth, its escape velocity is 11.2 km/sec.

2. What is orbital velocity? Obtain expression for it.
Answer: (Definition - 1 Mark, Derivation - 2 Marks and Answer - 1 Mark)
Orbital Velocity: The minimum velocity required by a body to revolve around a planet in
circular orbit is known as orbital velocity.
Derivation for orbital velocity:
(i) Consider,
M: Mass of Earth
R: Radius of earth
(ii) A satellite or a body of mass ‘m’ which is
revolving with horizontal orbital velocity ‘vo’
around the mother planet at a height ‘h’ from
the surface of the earth.
(ii) Gravitational force of attraction between
the earth and a satellite is
𝐺𝑀𝑚
FGravitational = ……………. (1)
(𝑅 + ℎ)2
(iii) Centrifugal force on the satellite
𝑚 𝑣𝑜2
FCentrifugal = ………………. (2)
𝑅 +ℎ
(iv) The gravitational force between the earth
and a satellite provides the necessary
centripetal force.
FCentrifugal = FGravitational
𝑚 𝑣𝑜2 𝐺𝑀𝑚
=> = …………….. (3)
𝑅 +ℎ (𝑅 + ℎ)2
𝐺𝑀
=> 𝑣𝑜2 =
𝑅 +ℎ
𝐺𝑀 𝑅 𝐺𝑀𝑅
=> 𝑣𝑜2 = = = gR
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅2
=> 𝒗𝒐 = 𝒈𝑹 …………………… (4)
Equation (4) is the expression for orbital velocity of a satellite, its value for the earth is 7.92
km/hr.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. What is geostationary satellite? State its uses.
Answer:
Geostationary satellite:
If the period of revolution of an artificial satellite around the Earth is equal to the period of
rotation of the Earth that satellite is called ‘Geostationary satellite’. (1 Mark)
39
Uses: (1) To study the change in atmosphere.

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(2) In telecommunication systems (Any 3 uses)

(3) To study the size and shape of the Earth
(4) To locate mineral deposits on and inside the Earth. (3 Marks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. The relation between acceleration due to gravity at surface of a planet and
Gravitational constant G.
Answer:
Relation between g and G:
Consider a body of mass ‘m’ on the surface of a planet of radius R and mass M.
The gravitational force acting on the body => F = mg ……… (1) (1 Mark)
According to Newton’s universal law of gravitation, the Gravitational force between the
𝐺𝑀𝑚
earth and a body, FG = … (2) (1 Mark)
𝑅2
From Eqns. (1) & (2)
=> F = FG
𝐺𝑀𝑚
=> mg =
𝑅2
𝑮𝑴
=> g = …………….. (3) (2 Marks)
𝑹𝟐
Eqn. (3) shows the relationship between g and G.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. State Kepler’s laws of planetary motion
Answer: (4 Marks)
The three Kepler’s laws are.
(1). Law of orbits: All planets move around the Sun in elliptical orbits with the sun situated
at one of the two foci.
Where,
F1 and F2 are two foci of orbital ellipse
‘a’ is length of semi major axis and ‘b’ is length of semi-minor axis of ellipse
(2). Law of areas: The line that joins any planets to the Sun sweeps out equal areas of
ellipse in equal intervals of time.
𝑑𝐴
Areal velocity = constant
𝑑𝑡
(3). Law of periods: The square of the time period of revolution of a planet proportional to
the cube of the semi-major axis of the ellipse traced out by the planet.
T2 ∝ a3
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
40
Page
CHAPTER 10 :: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS
1. Describe the behavior of a wire under gradually increasing load

Answer: (Diagram - 1 Mark, Explanation - 3 Marks)
Explanation:
1. Proportional limit: In the graph
from O to A curve is linear, stress is
proportional to strain. Hooke‟s law is
obeyed.
„A‟ is called proportional limit.
2. Elastic limit: Between A and B
when the load is removed the wire
regains its original dimensions but
stress is not proportional to strain. It
does not obey Hooke‟s law but has
elastic nature, so B is the elastic limit
or yield point.
3. Permanent set: Beyond B When
load is removed, the body does not
regain its original dimension. It will
have permanent increase in its length.
4. Yield point: When the wire crosses the point C the strain increases rapidly even for a
small change in the stress. Beyond this yield point C the wire becomes thin.
5. Tensile point: The stress corresponding to D is called Tensile strength. Tensile strength is
defined as the ratio of maximum load to the original area of cross section.
6. Fracture point: Additional strain is produced, even by a reduced applied force. Fracture
occurs at point E.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. Define strain and explain different types of strain
Answer:
Strain: The ratio between change in dimension to original dimension of the body is called
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
strain. (OR) Strain = (No units) (1 Mark)
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
Types of strain:
(1) Longitudinal strain: The ratio of change in length (∆𝐋) to the original length (L) of the
body is known as “Longitudinal strain”.
∆𝑳
Longitudinal strain = Strain = (1 Mark)
𝑳
(2) Tangential (or) Shearing strain: The ratio of relative displacement between the opposite
41
faces (∆x) and vertical distance between the faces (L) is known as shearing strain.
∆𝒙
Page
Shearing strain = = tanθ (1 Mark)

𝑳
(3) Volume strain: The ratio of change in volume (∆V) to the original volume (V) is known
as volume strain.
∆𝑽
Shearing strain = (1 Mark)
𝑽
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Define stress and explain different types of stress

Answer:
Stress: The restoring force developed in the body per unit area is called stress. (1 Mark)
Types of stress:
(1) Longitudinal stress: The normal restoring force per unit area to change its length is
known as longitudinal stress.
𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝑭𝒏𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍
Longitudinal stress = = (S.I units: N/m2) (1 Mark)
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝑨
(2) Volume (Bulk) stress: The normal restoring force per unit area to change its volume is
known as Volume (Bulk) stress.
𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝑭𝒏𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍
Bulk stress = = (S.I units: N/m2) (1 Mark)
(3) Tangential (Shear) stress: When the tangential restoring force acting per unit area to
change the shape of the body is known as shearing stress.
𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝑭𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍
Tangential stress = = (S.I units: N/m2) (1 Mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Explain the concept of elastic potential energy in a stretched wire and hence obtain the
expression for it.
Answer: (Diagram + Definition - 1 Mark, Derivation - 3 Marks)
Strain Energy:
The elastic potential energy stored in a body when stretched is called strain energy
Expression for strain energy:
Let force F be applied on a wire fixed at the upper end.
Original length of wire = L
Area of cross section of a wire = A
Increased (or) stretched length of a wire = l
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝐹)
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝐴) 𝐹𝐿
From Young‟s Modulus (Y) = = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑐 ℎ 𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡 ℎ (𝑙) =
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑙
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡 ℎ (𝐿)
𝑌𝐴𝑙
FL = YAl => F = ……………………….. (1)
𝐿
Small work done in stretching a wire with small length dl= dw = Fdl
𝑙 𝑙 𝑌𝐴𝑙
Total work done in stretching a wire from 0 to l = W = 0
𝐹𝑑𝑙 = 0 𝐿
𝑑𝑙
𝑙2 𝑙 2
42
𝑌𝐴 𝑙 𝑌𝐴 1 1 2
W= 0
𝑙𝑑𝑙 = = Y(𝐴𝐿) 𝐿
= × Y × Strain × Volume of the wire.
𝐿 𝐿 2 2 2
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1 Stress 2
W= × × Strain × Volume of the wire.
2 Strain
𝟏
=> W = × Stress × Strain × Volume of the wire.
𝟐
This work done is stored in the wire in the form of elastic potential energy. Therefore, Elastic
1 1
potential energy per unit volume (U) = W = × Stress × Strain. = σε.
2 2
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Toppers Task :: Jr. Inter NARAYANA IPE study material: Mechanical Properties of
Solids (Important)
Page no. 269 Problems: 1, 2,3
Page no. 272 Problems: 9
43
Page
CHAPTER 12
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER, THERMAL EXPANSION and HEAT

TRANSFER
1. In what way is the anomalous behavior of water advantageous to aquatic animals?

Answer: (4 Points - 4 Marks)
(1) When water is heated from 0 0C to 4 0C it contracts instead of
expansion. This expansion of water from 4 0C to 0 0C is called
anomalous behavior of water. Water has maximum density at 4 0C.
This property has an important environmental effect.
(2) Cold countries or cold places in winter, water in lakes and ponds
the temperature reaches to 4 0C, as a lake cools toward 4 0C, water
near the top layers become denser and sinks.
(3) The less dense water near the bottom rises to the top layer and gradually attains 0 0C and
finally freezes.
(4) Ice is a bad conductor of heat and it prevents further heat transfer. If water did not have
this properties, lakes and ponds would freeze from the bottom up, which would destroy much
of their aquatic animals and plant life.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Pendulum clocks generally go fast in winter and slow in summer. Why?
Answer: (4 Marks)
(1) During winter, the pendulum clock goes fast because length of the pendulum decreases
due to decrease in temperature, so time period decreases.
𝑙
=> 𝑇 = 2𝜋 => 𝑇 ∝ 𝑙
𝑔
(2) During summer, the pendulum clock goes slow because length of the pendulum increases
due to increase in temperature, so time period increases.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Explain conduction, convection and radiation with examples
Answer: (4 Marks)
Modes of heat transfer are 3 modes (1) by Conduction (2) by Convection and (3) by radiation
Conduction: (1) The process of heat energy transfer through a medium without any actual
movement of the particles of the medium is called conduction.
(2) Conduction takes place in solids. When we heat a long rod, the molecules at the hot end
get thermally agitated and transfer a part of their energy to the nearly molecules towards
other cold end etc and so on.
Example: In all solids and mercury heat transfer by conduction of heat
Convection: (1) The process of heat energy transfer through a medium with actual
44
movement of the particles of the medium is called convection.

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(2) If water in a beaker is heated, the particles at the bottom receive the heat first. These
particles density become less and rise up.
Example: In all fluids (liquids and gases) heat flows by the convection mode.
Radiation: (1) The process of heat energy transfer from one place to another place without
requirement of any medium is called Radiation.
Example: Earth receives radiation from the Sun.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. Explain the Celsius scale and Fahrenheit scale of temperature. Obtain the relation
between Celsius and Fahrenheit scales of temperature.
Answer.
Celsius Scale
1. Lower fixed point is 0 C and Upper fixed point is 100 0C
0
2 Marks
2. The difference between two fixed point values is 100 0C
3. The scale divided into 100 equal parts.
4. Each part is 1 0C
Fahrenheit Scale
1. Lower fixed point is 32 0F and Upper fixed point is 212 0F 2 Marks
0
2. The difference between two fixed point values is 180 F
3. The scale divided into 180 equal parts.
4. Each part is 1 0F
Relation between Celsius and Fahrenheit scales of temperature
𝐶−0 𝐹− 32 𝐶 𝐹− 32
= => =
100 180 5 9
𝟓
=> C = 𝑭 − 𝟑𝟐
𝟗
……….………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Write a short note on triple point of water.
Answer: (4 Marks)
Triple Point: A point in the phase diagram at a particular pressure and temperature, at this
triple point the three states of matter ice, water and steam coexist in equilibrium.
Triple point of water: 272.16 K and 613.1 Pa (or) 273.16 K and 4.58 mm of Hg (or) 273.16 K
and 0.06 atm.
There are three curves in the phase
diagram.
(1) Ice line (PB): At all the points on
this curve ice and water are in
equilibrium. It has negative slope. As
pressure increases, melting point of ice
decreases.
(2) Steam line (PA): At all the points
45
on this curve steam and water are in

Page
equilibrium. It has positive slope. As

pressure increases, boiling point of water also increases.
(3) Sublimation line (PC): At all the points on this curve ice and steam are in equilibrium.
It has positive slope. As pressure increases, sublimation point of water also increases.
The intersection of these three curves is triple point.
…………………………………………….…………………………………………………….
6. State and explain Newton’s law of cooling. State the conditions under which Newton’s
law of cooling is applicable.
Answer: (4 Marks)
Newton’s law of cooling:
“The rate of loss of heat of a hot body is directly proportional to temperature difference
between the body and its surroundings.”
Explanation:
𝒅𝑸
Let - is the rate of heat loss by the hot body at temperature Tbody and Tsurroundings is the
𝒅𝒕
temperature of surroundings, then
𝒅𝑸
- ∝ (𝑻𝑩𝒐𝒅𝒚 − 𝑻𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔 )
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝑸 𝒅𝑸
- = 𝐂(𝑻𝑩𝒐𝒅𝒚 − 𝑻𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔 ) => = − 𝐂(𝑻𝑩𝒐𝒅𝒚 − 𝑻𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔 ) …………… (1)
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
But dQ = msdT …………………. (2)
From equations (1) and (2),
msdT = − 𝐂(𝑻𝑩𝒐𝒅𝒚 − 𝑻𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔 )dt
𝑑𝑇 𝑐 𝑑𝑇
=- (𝑻𝑩𝒐𝒅𝒚 − 𝑻𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔 ) => = - 𝐾(𝑻𝑩𝒐𝒅𝒚 − 𝑻𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔 )…………. (3)
𝑑𝑡 𝑚𝑠 𝑑𝑡
𝑐
Where K = = cooling constant, dT = (𝑻𝑩𝒐𝒅𝒚 − 𝑻𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔 ) = Difference in
𝑚𝑠
𝑇1 + 𝑇2
temperature and average temperature of a body (Tb) = .
2
Now equation (3) becomes,
𝒅𝑻 𝑻𝟏 −𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟏 + 𝑻𝟐
= = -K − 𝑻𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔 …………………. (4)
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝟐
Equation (4) is the Newton’s law of cooling.
Newton’s law of cooling applicable, when
(1) Heat lost by the hot body is mainly due to convection and loss of heat by conduction is
negligible.
(2) Temperature of the body uniformly distributed over it.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
7. A body cools down from 60 0C to 50 0C in 5 minutes and to 40 0C in another 8 minutes.

Find the temperature of the surroundings.
46
Answer: (4 Marks)
Given that: 60 0C (5 mins) 50 0C (8 mins) 40 0C
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𝒅𝑻 𝑻𝟏 −𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟏 + 𝑻𝟐
= = -K − 𝑻𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔
Given that:
(i) When body cools from 60 0C to 50 0C in 5 minutes then,
T1 = 60 0C
T2 = 50 0C
Tsurroundings = ?
dt = 5 min
According to Newton’s law of cooling,
𝟔𝟎 −𝟓𝟎 𝟔𝟎 +𝟓𝟎
= -K − 𝑻𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔
𝟓 𝟐
𝟏𝟎
= -K 55 − 𝑻𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔 ………………………. (1)
𝟓
(ii) When body cools from 50 0C to 40 0C in 8 minutes then,
T1 = 50 0C
T2 = 40 0C
Tsurroundings = ?
dt = 8 min
𝟓𝟎 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟓𝟎 +𝟒𝟎
= -K − 𝑻𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔
𝟖 𝟐
𝟏𝟎
= -K 45 − 𝑻𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔 ………………………. (2)
𝟖
(1) 8 55−𝑇
=> 5 = 45−𝑇 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠
(2) 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠
On solving, we get Tsurroundings =28.33 0C

……………………………………………………………………………….………………….
8. A body cools down from 60 0C to 40 0C in 7 minutes. What will be its temperature after
next 7 minutes if temperature of its surrounding is 10 0C?
Answer: (4 Marks)
Given that: 60 0C (7 mins) 40 0C (7 mins) T 0C
𝒅𝑻 𝑻𝟏 −𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟏 + 𝑻𝟐
Given that:
T1 = 60 0C
T2 = 40 0C
Tsurroundings = 10 0C
dt = 7 min
𝟔𝟎 − 𝟒𝟎
47
𝟔𝟎 + 𝟒𝟎
= -K − 10
𝟕 𝟐
𝟐𝟎
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= -K 50 − 10
𝟕
𝟐𝟎
= -K 40
𝟕
𝟏
K=- …………………………….. (1)
𝟏𝟒
(ii) When body cools from 40 0C to T 0C in 7 minutes then,
T1 = 40 0C
T2 = T 0C
dt = 7 min
𝒅𝑻 𝑻𝟏 −𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟏 + 𝑻𝟐
𝟒𝟎 − 𝑻 𝟏 𝟔𝟎 + 𝑻
= − 10
𝟕 𝟏𝟒 𝟐
𝟒𝟎 − 𝑻 𝟏 𝟔𝟎 + 𝑻−𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎 + 𝑻
= 𝟏𝟒 => 40 - T = => 160 - 4T = 20 + T => 140 = 5T => T =28 0C.
𝟕 𝟐 𝟒
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
9. A body cools down from 80 0C to 50 0C in 5 minutes. Calculate the time it takes to cools
from 60 0C to 30 0C. (Given: The temperature of the surroundings is 20 0C).
Answer: (4 Marks)
Given that: 80 0C (5 mins) 50 0C 60 0C (t mins) 30 0C
T1 = 80 0C
T2 = 50 0C
dt = 5 min
𝟖𝟎 − 𝟓𝟎 𝟖𝟎 + 𝟓𝟎
= -K − 20
𝟓 𝟐
6 = - K (65-20)
𝟔
K=-
𝟒𝟓
(i) When body cools from 60 0C to 30 0C in t minutes then,
T1 = 60 0C
T2 = 30 0C
dt = t min
60 − 30 6 60 + 30
= − 20
t 45 2
30 6 5 1
48
= 45 − 20 =>
25 => t = 9 mins. =
t 45 t 45
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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CHAPTER 13: THERMODYNAMICS (8 Marks LAQ)
1. Explain reversible and irreversible processes. Describe the working of Carnot engine.
Obtain an expression for the efficiency.
Reversible process - 1 Mark

Irreversible process - 1 Mark
Figure - 1 Mark
Derivation & Expression for efficiency - 3 to 5 Marks
Answer:
Reversible Process:
A thermodynamic process is reversible if the process can be turned back such that both
the system and the surroundings return to their original states, with no other change
anywhere else in the universe.
Ex: Fusion of ice and vaporization of water) [1 Mark]
Irreversible Process:
A process that cannot be retraced back in opposite direction is called irreversible process.
Ex: Heat flow from hot body to cold body, free expansion of ideal gas [1 Mark]
Carnot engine Description:
A reversible heat engine operating between two temperatures is called a Carnot engine.
Carnot’s engine consists of a source at high temperature, working substance, insulating stand
and sink at low temperature. This is working in cyclic process through the following
sequence of steps:
Figure: [1Mark]
(a) Isothermal Expansion: Curve (a)

49
(P1, V1, T1)  (P2, V2, T2)

V2
Page
W12 = Q1 = nRT1ln ……… (1) [1Mark]

V1
(b) Adiabatic Expansion: Curve (b)
(P2, V2, T1)  (P3, V3, T2)
𝑛𝑅 (𝑇1 −𝑇2 )
W23 = ……… (2) [1Mark]
1−𝛾
(c) Isothermal Compression: Curve (c)
(P3, V3, T2)  (P4, V4, T2)
V4 V3
W34 = Q2 = nRT2ln = - nRT2ln ……… (3) [1Mark]
V3 V4
(d) Adiabatic Compression: Curve (d)
(P4, V4, T2)  (P1, V1, T1)
𝑛𝑅 (𝑇1 −𝑇2 ) 𝑛𝑅 (𝑇1 −𝑇2 )
W41 = =- ……… (4) [1Mark]
𝛾 −1 1−𝛾
Total Work done (Wtotal) = W12 + W23 + W34 + W41

V2 𝑛𝑅 (𝑇1 −𝑇2 ) V3 𝑛𝑅 (𝑇1 −𝑇2 )
= nRT1ln + - nRT2ln -
V1 1−𝛾 V4 1−𝛾
V2 V3
= nRT1ln - nRT2ln ……… (5)
V1 V4
Now, since step 23 is an Adiabatic process and V-T equation: TVγ-1 = Constant
1
𝑉2 𝑇2 𝛾 −1
T1V2γ-1 = T2V3 γ-1
==> =
𝑉3 𝑇1
Step 4 1 is an adiabatic process V-T equation:
1
𝑉1 𝑇2 𝛾 −1
T2V4γ-1 = T1V1 γ-1
=> =
𝑉4 𝑇1
𝑉2 𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉3
 ∴ = => = ……… (6)
𝑉3 𝑉4 𝑉1 𝑉4
V2 V
nRT1 ln − nRT2 ln 3
𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 V1 V4
Efficiency of Carnot engine  = = V2
𝑄1 nRT1 ln
V1
V V
nRT1 ln 2 − nRT2 ln 2
V1 V1 𝑉1 𝑉3
= V2 [since = from
nRT1 ln 𝑉2 𝑉4
V1
equation (6)]
V2
nRln T1 − T2 (T1 − T2 ) T2
V1
= V2 = = 1- .
nRln T1 T1 T1
50
V1
𝐓𝟐
Efficiency of Carnot engine  = 1- .
Page
[1Mark]
𝐓𝟏
2. State second law of thermodynamics. How is heat engine different from a refrigerator?
Second law of thermodynamics statement - 2 Marks

Differences between heat engine and refrigerator - 6 Marks
Answer:
Second law of Thermodynamics
Kelvin Statement:
No process is possible whose sole result is the absorption of heat from a reservoir and the
complete conversion of the heat into work.
(or)
Clausius statement:
No process is possible whose sole result is the transfer of heat from a colder object to a
hotter object. [2 Marks]
Heat Engine Refrigerator
1. Heat engine is a device which 1. A refrigerator is a heat pump which is
converts heat into work. the reverse of a heat engine.
2. It consists of working substance that is 2. In a refrigerator the working
the system. substance is in gaseous form.
Ex: Fuel vapour in diesel engine Ex: Freon or ammonia gas
steam engine
3. It absorbs a total amount of heat Q1 3. The working substance extracts heat
from an external reservoir at some high Q2 from the cold reservoir at
temperature T1. temperature T2.
4. The working substance releases a total 4. Some external work W is done on gas
amount of heat Q2 to an external and heat Q1 is released to the hot
reservoir at some lower temperature T2. reservoir at temperature T1.
5. 5.
6 Marks
𝐓𝟐 𝐐𝟐 6. Coefficient of performance
6. Efficiency  = 1- (or)  = 1- 𝟏−  𝐐𝟐 𝑸
𝐓𝟏 𝐐𝟏
β= (or) = 𝟐
 𝐐𝟏 −𝐐𝟐 𝑾
(or)
𝐓𝟐
β=
𝐓𝟏 −𝐓𝟐
51
(Any six differences)

Page
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Problems:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
1. A refrigerator is to maintain eatables kept inside at 9 0C. If room temperature is 36 0C,
calculate the coefficient of performance.
Answer:
Given that:
Room temperature (T1 or THigh) = 36 0C = 36 + 273 = 309 K
Temperature inside the refrigerator (T2 or TLow) = 9 0C = 9 + 273 = 282 K
Formula:
𝐓𝟐
Co-efficient of performance β = [1 Mark]
𝐓𝟏 −𝐓𝟐
Substitution and results:
282 282
β=
309 −282
= 27
= 10.44 [1 Mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Find the efficiency of a heat engine if the temperature of the source is 100 0C and sink is
27 0C.
Answer:
Given that:
Temperature of the source (T1) = 100 0C = 100 + 273 = 373 K
Temperature of the sink (T2) = 27 0C = 27 + 273 = 300 K
Formula:
𝐓𝟐
Efficiency  = 1- [1 Mark]
𝐓𝟏
300
=1- = 1 - 0.8043 = 0.1957
373
% = 19.57% [1 Mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Five moles of hydrogen when heated through 20 K expand by an amount of 8.3×10-3 m3
under a constant pressure of 105 N/m2. If Cv = 20 J/mol-K. Find Cp.
Answer:
From Mayer’s equation: The relation between Cp and Cv is Cp - Cv = R ……….. (1)
Multiplying by n∆𝑇 on both sides, we have
52
 n∆𝑇 (Cp - Cv) = n∆𝑇(R)

Page
 n∆𝑻 (Cp - Cv) = P∆𝑽 ……………. (2) [1 Mark]

Given that:
Number of moles (n) = 5; Pressure (P) = 105 pascal; Change temperature (∆𝑇) = 20 K
Change in volume (∆𝑉) = 8.3 × 10-3 m3 and Cv = 20 J/mol-K.
Substation and results:

From equation (2),
 5 × 20 (Cp - Cv) = 105 × 8.3 × 10-3
 Cp = 8.3 + 20 = 28.3 J/mol-K. [1 Mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. A steam engine delivers 5.4 × 108 J of work per minute and services 3.6 × 109 J of heat
per minute from its boiler. What is the efficiency of the engine? How much heat is
wasted per minute?
Answer:
Given that:
Output (useful work done per minute) = 5.4 × 108 J
Input (heat absorbed per minute) = 3.6 × 109 J
Formula:
Output
Efficiency  = [1 Mark]
input

5.4 × 10 8
 Efficiency  = 3.6 × 10 9 = 0.15
 % = 0.15 × 100% = 15%. [1 Mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Toppers Task :: Jr. Inter NARAYANA IPE study material: Thermodynamics

Page no. 353 - 356 Problems: 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9
Page no. 357 Problems: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..........
53
Page
CHAPTER 8: OSCILLATIONS (8 Marks LAQ)
1. Show that the motion of a simple pendulum is simple harmonic motion and hence
derive an equation for its time period. What is seconds pendulum?
Diagram - 1 Mark
Derivations - 6 Marks
Seconds pendulum statement -1 mark
Answer:
 Consider a simple pendulum consists of a bob of mass ‘m’ and length of pendulum ‘l’ is
suspended from a rigid support as shown in the figure.
 If the pendulum is pulled a side through small angle
θ, it oscillates in a plane about the vertical line
through the support.
 There are only two forces acting on the bob.
(i) Tension T
(ii) Vertical force due to gravity (weight) mg.
 The force ‘mg’ can be resolved into two components
and from diagram
(i) T = mgcosθ ………………. (1)
(ii) FR (Restoring force) = - mgsinθ ……………. (2) [1 Mark for fig.]
If θ is small sinθ ≈ θ then FR = - mgθ ……….. (3)
Arc length 𝑥
 The angle is defined as θ = = …………... (4)
Radius 𝐿
𝒙
 Now equation (3) becomes FR = - mgθ = - mg(𝑳)
𝑥
 ma = - mg(𝐿 )
𝒙
 a = - g(𝑳) ………….. (5)
But from,
𝒙
 Simple harmonic motion standard equation, a = - 𝝎𝟐 (𝑳) ……….. (6)
𝑔 𝑔
 a ∝ - x ……………. (7) (∴ 𝜔 2 = ) = 𝜔 =
𝐿 𝐿
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝑳
 Time period T = = = 𝟐𝝅
𝝎 𝒈 𝒈
𝑳
Note: -ve sign indicates that a and x are in opposite in direction.

Acceleration of a bob executing SHM is directly proportional to displacement and but in
54
opposite in direction. [6 Marks]

Seconds pendulum:
Page
A seconds pendulum whose time period is 2 sec is called seconds pendulum. [1Mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. Define Simple Harmonic Motion. Show that the motion of (point) projection of a
particle performing Uniform Circular Motion, on any diameter is simple harmonic.
What is the length of simple pendulum?
Definition of SHM -1 Mark

Diagram - 1 Mark
Derivations - 5 Marks
Problem - 1 Mark
Answer:
A motion is said to be simple harmonic motion if
i. A particle moves back and forth about mean position
ii. Acceleration of the particle is directly proportional to the displacement (a ∝ x), but in
opposite direction (a ∝ - x). [1 Mark]
[1 Mark]
Proof:
 Consider a particle ‘P’ moving on a circular path of radius ‘A’ with angular speed 𝜔 in
anti-clock wise direction as shown in figure.
 The initial position vector 𝑂𝑃at t = 0 makes an angle ϕ with +ve x-axis. After some time
‘t’ the particle covers angular displacement ‘θ = 𝜔𝑡’, particle’s position vector 𝑂𝑃 makes
an angle (𝜔𝑡 + ϕ) with +ve x-axis.
 The projection of the position vector 𝑂𝑃 on the x-axis is OM.
55
 The position of P on the x-axis is given by 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴 cos (𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) …….. (1),

Page
this equation is known as displacement equation in SHM.

 From diagram, ∆ OPN
𝑂𝑁 𝑦
sinθ = 𝑂𝑃 ; sinθ = 𝐴 ; y = Asinθ
The displacement of a particle which is executing SHM is
y = Asin𝝎𝒕 …………………. (2) (since θ = 𝜔𝑡)
The velocity of a particle which is executing SHM is
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
v= = 𝑑𝑡 (Asin𝜔𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
v = (A𝝎cos𝝎𝒕) ……………….. (3)
The acceleration of a particle which is executing SHM is
𝑑𝑉 𝑑
a= = 𝑑𝑡 (A𝜔cos𝜔𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
a = - A𝝎2sin𝝎𝒕 …………………. (4)
From equation (2) and (4),
a = - 𝜔2Asin𝜔𝑡 = a = - 𝜔2y
∴ a ∝- y ………………………… (5) This is SHM.
From the above equation, we have concluded that in uniform circular motion, the
projection of a particle on any diameter is simple harmonic motion. [4 Marks]
The length of the seconds pendulum:

𝑙
Time period of simple pendulum T = 2π 𝑔
In seconds pendulum, T = 2 sec,

𝑙 𝑙
2 = 2π => 1 = π
𝑔 𝑔
𝑙 𝑔 9.8
1 = π2 => l = = = 0. 99 m
𝑔 𝜋2 9.8596
l = 1 m = 100 cm.
Length of the seconds pendulum is 1m or 100 cm. [2 Marks]
………………………………………………………………………………..…………………
3. Derive the equation for the kinetic energy and potential energy of a simple harmonic
oscillator and show that the total energy of a particle in simple harmonic motion is
constant at any point on its path.
Derivation of Kinetic energy - 2 Marks

Derivation of Potential energy - 2 Marks
Proof of conservation of energy in SHM - 4 Marks
Answer:
56
A body or a system executing SHM is called simple harmonic oscillator.

Expression for Kinetic Energy (K.E): [2 Marks]
Page
Consider a particle of mass ‘m’ executing SHM between two extreme positions y = +A and
y = -A.
𝑦
Displacement of the Simple harmonic oscillator is y = 𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕 => 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕= 𝐴 …………. (1)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
Velocity of the Simple harmonic oscillator is v = = 𝑑𝑡 (Asin𝜔𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
v = (A𝝎cos𝝎𝒕)
v = A𝜔 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑤𝑡 (since sin2𝜔𝑡 + cos2 𝜔𝑡 =1)
𝑦2
v = A𝜔 1 − 𝐴2 (from equation (1))
𝐴𝜔 𝐴2 −𝑦 2
v=
𝐴
v =𝜔 𝐴2 − 𝑦 2 …………………… (2)
1
Kinetic energy of Simple harmonic oscillator is K.E = 2mv2
1 2
K.E = 2m 𝜔 𝐴2 − 𝑦 2
1
K.E = 2m2 𝜔 2 𝐴2 − 𝑦 2 ………… (3)
Expression for Potential Energy (P.E): [2 Marks]
When a particle executing SHM is displaced through ‘y’ from equilibrium position,
then the restoring force is F = -ky ……………………. (4)
Work done against restoring force is dw = -Fdy
dw = -(-ky)dy = kydy
d𝑤 = 𝑘𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝑦2
W = 𝑘 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑘 2
1 2 2
W = 2m 𝜔 y ……………… (5)
This work done is stored as potential energy in Simple harmonic oscillator.
Proof:
Conservation of total energy (T.E) of Simple harmonic oscillator:
(i) The total energy associated with Simple harmonic oscillator at any point is the sum of
K.E and P.E
Total energy (T.E) = K.E + P.E
1 1
= 2m2𝜔 2 𝐴2 − 𝑦 2 + 2m 𝜔 2y2
1 1 1
= 2m2𝜔 2A2 - m2 𝜔 2y 2 + 2m 𝜔 2 y2
2
𝟏
T.E = 𝟐m2𝝎 2A2 ……………. (6)
(ii) At mean position or at y = 0
1
Potential energy (P.E) = 2m 𝜔 2y2 = 0 (Minimum)
57
1 1 1
Kinetic energy (K,E) = 2m2𝜔 2 𝐴2 − 𝑦 2 = 2m2𝜔 2 𝐴2 − 02 = 2m 𝜔 2A2 (Maximum)
Page
1
Now, Total Energy of a Simple harmonic oscillator at mean position = K.E + P.E = 2m 𝜔 2A2
………….. (7)
(iii) At extreme position y = ±𝑨
1
Potential energy (P.E) = 2m 𝜔 2A2 (Maximum)
1
Kinetic energy (K,E) = 2m2𝜔 2 𝐴2 − 𝐴2 = 0 (Minimum)
1
Total energy of a Simple harmonic oscillator at extreme position = 2m 𝜔 2A2 ……….. (8)
Thus the total energy of a particle in a Simple harmonic motion is constant at any point.
Hence, conservation of energy has proved in SHM.
[4 Marks]
.………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Problems
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
1. On an average a human heart is found to beat 75 times in a minute. Calculate its
frequency and time period.
Answer:
Given that:
75 75
(i) The beat frequency of a human heart (f) = 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐
= 1.25/sec = 1.25 Hz
1 1
(ii) Time period (T) = 𝑓 = 1.25 = 0.8 sec.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
58
Page
2. The bob of a pendulum is made of a hollow brass sphere. What happens to the time
period of the pendulum, if the bob is filled with water completely? Why?
Answer:
Formula:
𝑙
Time period of simple pendulum T = 2π 𝑔
(i) T depends on length of the pendulum (l)

(ii) T independent of mass of the bob (m)
No change in time period of simple pendulum if the bob is filled with water completely.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. A mass of attached to a spring of force constant 260 N/m makes 100 oscillations. What
is the time taken?
Answer:
Given that:
Mass attached (m) = 2 kg
Force constant (k) = 260 N/m
Formula:
𝑚
Time period of simple pendulum T = 2π 𝑘

2 1
(i) T = 2π = 2π = 2π 0.0769 = 2π × (0.0878) = 0.551 sec
260 130
(ii) Time taken for 100 oscillations = 100 × 0.551 = 55.1sec.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. A particle executes SHM such that, the maximum velocity during the oscillation is
numerically equal to half the maximum acceleration. What is the time period?
Answer:
Given that:
vmax = ½ amax
But from SHM we have, vmax = A𝜔 and amax = A𝜔2
 A𝜔 = ½ A𝜔2
59
 𝜔 = 2 rad/sec.
 Time period T = 2π/ 𝜔 = 2π/2 = π sec.
Page
5. Calculate the change in the length of a simple pendulum of length 1 m, when its time
period of oscillation changes from 2 sec to 1.5 sec.
Answer:
Given that:
T1 = 2 sec; l1 = 1 m
T2 = 1.5 sec; l2 = ?
Formula:
𝑙 𝑻𝟏 𝒍𝟏
Time period of simple pendulum T = 2π => T ∝ 𝒍 = =
𝑔 𝑻𝟐 𝒍𝟐
𝟐 𝟏
 =
𝟏.𝟓 𝒍𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝒍𝟏 => l1 = l2
𝟏.𝟓 𝟐 𝟏.𝟓
𝟑 𝟐
𝟏.𝟓 𝟐 ( ) 𝟑 𝟐 𝟗
 l2 = l1 = (1) 𝟐
= = m.
𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟏𝟔
𝟗 𝟕
 Change in length ∆𝑙 ≈ l1 - l2 = 1 - = m.
𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. What is the length of a seconds pendulum on the earth?
Answer:
We know that:
𝑙
Time period of simple pendulum T = 2π = T2 = 4π2(l/g)
𝑔
𝑔 𝑇2 9.8 22 9.8 4 𝟗.𝟖
=> l = = = = = 0.998 m
4 𝜋2 4 𝜋2 4 𝜋2 𝟗.𝟖𝟔
=> l ≈1 m
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. The mass and radius of a planet are doubled that of the earth. If the time period of a
simple pendulum on the earth is T, find the time period on the planet.
Answer:
Given that:
Mass of the earth Me = M
Radius of the earth Re = R; ge = GM/R2 and Time period on earth = Te
Mass of the planet Mp = 2M
60
Radius of the planet Rp = 2R; gp = G2M/(2R)2 = ge/2 and Time period on the planet = ?
Page
We know that:
𝑙
Time period on the earth is Te = 2π ……………………. (1)
𝑔𝑒
𝑙
Time period on the earth is Tp = 2π ………………. (2)
𝑔𝑝
Equations (2)/(1) we get,

𝑇𝑝 𝑔𝑝
= = 2
𝑇𝑒 𝑔𝑒
Tp = 𝟐Te
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
8. The displacement in S.H.M is given by y = asin(20t + 4). What is the displacement when
𝟐𝝅
it is increased by ?
𝝎
Ans: The displacement will not change
Toppers Task :: Jr. Inter NARAYANA IPE study material: Oscillations

Page no. 210 Problem: 5, 6, 7
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
61
Page
CHAPTER 6: WORK, ENERGY AND POWER (8 Marks LAQ)
1. a) Develop the notions of work and kinetic energy and show that it leads to work-energy
theorem.
b) A machine gun fires 360 bullets per minute and each bullet travels with a velocity of
600 m/s. If the mass of each bullet is 5 gm then find the power of a machine gun.
a) Notions on Work - 1 Mark

Notions on Kinetic Energy -1 Marks
Work Energy Theorem - 2 Marks
b) Problem - 2 Marks
Answer:
a) Work:
Work is said to be done when a body undergoes displacement parallel to the line of action
of force. (or) The dot product of force and displacement is work.
W = 𝑭. 𝑺 = FScosθ …………… (1) [1 Mark]
Kinetic Energy:
The energy possessed by an object or a system by virtue of its motion is called Kinetic
Energy.
𝟏
K.E = 𝟐 mv2 …………………. (2) [1 Mark]
Work Energy Theorem:
The change in Kinetic energy of a particle is equal to the work done on it by the net force.
Wnet = ∆𝐾. 𝐸 = K.E2 - K.E1. …………….. (3)
Proof: Let a body of mass ‘m’ is moving with initial velocity ‘u’.
When a constant resultant force or external force ‘F’ applied on a body covers a
displacement ‘s’, its velocity changes to ‘v’ moves with uniform acceleration ‘a’.
𝑚
We know 3rd equation of motion v2-u2 = 2as and multiplying both sides with 2 then, equation
𝒎 𝒎 𝒎 𝒎
is (v2-u2) = (2as) => (v2) - (u2) = mas
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
 mv2 - 𝟐 mu2 = FS
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
 mv2 - 𝟐 mu2 = W
62
𝟐
 K.E f - K.E i = W. => Wnet = ∆𝑲. 𝑬 = K.E2 - K.E1. ……………. (4)
Page
Hence, work-energy theorem has proved.

b)
Answer:
Given that:
Number of bullets n = 360 bullets
Time t = 1 minute = 60 sec
Mass of bullet m = 5× 10-3 kg
Speed of bullets v = 600 m/sec
Formula:
𝟏
𝒏𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝟐
Power of machine gun P = [1 Mark]
𝒕

1
360× 5× 10−3 ×(600)2
2
P=
60
1
36×10× 5× 10−3 × 36 (10)4
2
P=
6×10
1
6× 5×36×10 10800
2
P= = = 5400 watt = 5.4 kilo watt or 5.4 kW. [1 Mark]
6 2
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(or)
b) A pump is required to lift 600 kg of water per minute from a well of 25 m deep and
to eject it with a speed of 50 m/sec. Calculate the power required to perform the above
task?
Answer:
Given that:
Mass of water m = 600 kg
Well depth or height h = 25 m
Ejection speed v = 50 m/sec
Time t = 1 minute = 60 sec
Acceleration due to gravity g ≅ 10 m/sec
Power P =?
Formula:
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐾.𝐸+𝑃.𝐸
63
Power = = [1 Mark]
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Page
1
𝑚 𝑣 2 + 𝑚𝑔 𝑕 1
600×50 2 +(600×10×25)
2
Power = =2
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 60
300 × 50 2 + (150×10 3 ) 750 × 10 3 + (150 × 10 3 ) 900 × 10 3 90 × 10 3
P= = = == = 15× 103 W
60 60 60 6
P= 15 kW [1 Mark]
............................................................................................................................................................
2. What are collisions? Explain the possible types of collisions? Develop the theory of one
dimensional elastic collision.
Collisions - 1 Mark
Types of collisions - 2 Mark
Derivation - 3 Marks
Velocities of separation after collision - 2 Marks
Answer:
a) Collision:
The strong physical interaction among the bodies involving exchange of their linear
momentum is called a collision.
Ex: Collision between billiards balls [1 Mark]
b) Types of Collisions.
1. Elastic Collision: A collision in which both linear momentum and kinetic energy are
conserved.
Ex: Collision between the atomic particles [1 Mark]
2. Inelastic Collision: A collision in which only linear momentum is conserved.
Ex: collision between two vehicles on a road [1 Mark]
c) Derivation [3 Marks]
One dimensional elastic collision:
Consider two smooth spheres of masses m1 and m2 are moving with their initial velocities u1
and u2 (u1> u2) in same direction.
1. Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum:

64
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

m1(u1 - v1) = m2(u2 - v2) …………………………. (1)
Page
2. Law of Conservation of Kinetic Energy:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒎𝟏 𝒖𝟏 𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒎𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝟐 = 𝟐 𝒎𝟏 𝒗𝟏 𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒎𝟏 𝒗𝟐 𝟐 => 𝟐 𝒎𝟏 𝒖𝟏 𝟐 - 𝟐 𝒎𝟏 𝒗𝟏 𝟐 = 𝟐 𝒎𝟏 𝒗𝟐 𝟐 - 𝟐 𝒎𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝒎𝟏 (𝒖𝟏 𝟐 - 𝒗𝟏 𝟐 ) = 𝟐 𝒎𝟐 (𝒗𝟐 𝟐 - 𝒖𝟐 𝟐 )
𝟐
=> 𝒎𝟏 (𝒖𝟏 𝟐 - 𝒗𝟏 𝟐 ) = 𝒎𝟐 (𝒗𝟐 𝟐 - 𝒖𝟐 𝟐 ) …………. (2)
Dividing (2) by (1),

𝒎𝟏 (𝒖𝟏 𝟐 − 𝒗𝟏 𝟐 ) 𝒎𝟐 (𝒗𝟐 𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 𝟐 ) (𝒖𝟏 𝟐 − 𝒗𝟏 𝟐 ) (𝒗𝟐 𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 𝟐 )
= => =
𝒎𝟏 (𝒖𝟏 − 𝒗𝟏 ) 𝒎𝟐 (𝒗𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 ) (𝒖𝟏 − 𝒗𝟏 ) (𝒗𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 )
(𝒖𝟏 + 𝒗𝟏 )(𝒖𝟏 − 𝒗𝟏 ) (𝒗𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 )(𝒗𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 )
=> = (since 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = (a + b)(a -b))
(𝒖𝟏 − 𝒗𝟏 ) (𝒗𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 )
=> 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒗𝟏 = 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐
=> 𝒖𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 = 𝒗𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 ………………….. (3)
By solving from equations (1) and (3), we get

𝒎𝟏 − 𝒎𝟐 𝟐𝒎𝟐
v1 = 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 ………….. (4) [1 Mark]
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
𝟐𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐 − 𝒎𝟏
v2 = 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 ………….. (5) [1 Mark]
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
where v1 and v2 are final velocities of colliding bodies after collision.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. State and prove law of conservation of energy in case of a freely falling body. A
machine gun fires 360 bullets per minute and each bullet travels with a velocity of 600
m/s. If the mass of each bullet is 5 gm then find the power of a machine gun.
Statement -1 Mark
Diagram - 1 Mark
Derivation - 4 Marks
Problem - 1 Mark
Answer:
Statement:
Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but energy can be
transformed from one form to another.
(or)
The total energy of an isolated system remains constant.
[1 Mark]
At point ‘A’
1
K.E = 2 m𝑣𝐴 2 = 0. (since VA = 0, Dropped)
65
P.E = mgh
Total Energy EA = K.E + P.E = mgh ………… (1)
Page
At Point ‘B’
Using equation of motion v2 - u2 =2as = 𝑣𝐵 2 - 𝑣𝐴 2 = 2gx
𝑣𝐵 2 - 02 = 2gx => 𝑣𝐵 2 = 2gx
1 1
K.E = 2 m𝑣𝐵 2 = 2 m2gx = mgx
P.E = mg(h-x)
= mgh -mgx
Total Energy EB = (K.E)B + (P.E)B = mgx + mgh-mgx
EB = mgh ……………….. (2)
At point C
1
K.E = 2 m𝑣𝐶 2
but 𝑣𝐶 2 = 2gh
1
K.E = 2 m2gh = mgh
P.E =0 (since h =0)
Total Energy EC = (K.E)C + (P.E)C = mgh +0 = mgh ……….. (3)
From equations (1), (2) & (3) EA = EB = EC. Hence the law of Conservation of Energy is
proved. [4 Marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Problems:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
1. Find the useful power used in pumping 3425 m3 of water per hour from a well 8 m
deep to the surface, suppose 40% of the horse power during pumping is wasted.
What is the horse power of the engine?
Answer:
Given that:
Volume of the water to be pumped V = 3425 m3
Density of water 𝜌 = 1000 kg/m3 = 103 kg/m3
Mass of the water M = (Density 𝜌)(Volume V) = (103)(3245) kg
Height h=8m
Time t = 1 hour = 3600 sec
1 hp = 746 watt
Formula:
𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙
Efficiency () = => P total = (1/)(Puseful) [1 Mark]
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
66
=> P total = (100/60)(mgh/t)

Page
100 3425 ×10 3 ×10×8 3425 ×10 3 ×8 27400 × 10 3
=> P total = = =
60 3600 6×36 216
=> P total = 126 × 103 watt = 126 kW [1 Mark]
2. A ball falls from a height of 10 m on to a hard horizontal floor and repeatedly

𝟏
bounces. If the coefficient of restitution is , What is the total distance travelled by
𝟐
the ball before it ceases to rebound?
Answer:
Given that:
Height h = 10 m
𝟏
The coefficient of restitution e = 𝟐
1+ 𝑒 2
Total distance travelled before it ceases to rebound => d=h [1 Mark]
1− 𝑒 2
1 2
3
1+ ( ) 2
2
=> d = 10 1 2 => d = 10 1 = 30 m. [1 Mark]
1− ( ) (2 )
2
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. In a ballistic demonstration, a police officer fires a bullet of mass 50 gm with a speed
200 m/sec on soft plywood of thickness 2 cm. The bullet emerges with only 10% K.E.
What is the emergent speed of the bullet?
Answer:
Given that:
Mass of Bullet m = 50 gm = 50 × 10-3 kg
Initial velocity u = 200 m/sec
1
Initial kinetic energy = K.E1 = 2 m𝑢2
1
= 2 (50 × 10−3 × 2002 )
= 1000 J
Final K.E = 10% KE1 = 10% (1000)
1
m𝑣 2 = 100
2
m𝑣 2 = 200
200
v2 = 50 × 10 −3 = 4000
v = 20 10 = 20 × 3.167 = 63.24 m/sec.
[2 Marks]
67
………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(VSAQ: 2 MARKS QUESTIONS & ANSWERS)

CHAPTER 1 :: PHYSICAL WORLD

1. What is the contribution of S. Chandrasekhar to Physics?

Ans. Chandrasekhar limit, He worked on the structure and evolution of stars. 2M

2. What is the discovery of Sir. C.V. Raman?

Ans. Raman effect

Ans. (i) Gravitational force

[No need to write in exam: for better understanding only

5. What is Einstein’s mass energy relation?

Ans. Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence equation: Energy E = mC2 2M

1. Distinguish between fundamental units and derived units.

Ans. ACCURACY PRECISION

2. It depends on errors 2. It does not depend on errors, it 1M

Ans. (i) By selecting better instrument 1M

8. The error in measurement of radius of a sphere is 1%. What is the

10. State the number of significant figures in the following:

Mass of substance (m) = 5.74 gm

Volume of substance (V) = 1.2 cm3

1. The vertical component of a vector is equal to its horizontal

2. 𝑨 = 𝒊 + 𝒋, what is the angle between vector and X-axis?

Ans. 𝑨 = 𝑨𝒙 𝒊 + 𝑨𝒚 𝒋 ……………………. (1) 2M

5. What is the acceleration of projectile at the top of its trajectory?

1. What is inertia? What gives the measure of inertia?

opposite directions. Explain.

According to the law of linear momentum,

1. Define average pressure. Mention its units and dimensional formula. Is

Ans. Excess pressure P = 2T (or) 2S 2M

Ans. A soap bubble has two free surfaces, so 2M

Ans. Due to surface tension (or) to acquire minimum surface area 2M

Ans. It works on Bernoulli’s principle

Ans. Water proofing agents increase the angle of contact. 1M

Ans. Given that: h = 10 m, g = 10 m/s2, 𝝆 = 103 kg/m3, P0 = 1.01 × 105 pascal 2M

Ans. Given that: 2M

1. Can substance contract on heating? Give an example.

Ans. The wavelength corresponding to maximum intensity of radiation emitted 1 M

(b) It’s a cause to happen because temperature difference between two

Ans. The rate of heat loss of a ho body is directly proportional to temperature

Ans. (i) Heating up of earth’s surface and atmosphere due to absorption of

18. Define absorption power of a body. What is the absorption power of a

Ans. Coefficient of heat convection (h) = 𝑃

22. Define temperature gradient and coefficient of thermal conductivity

1. Define mean free path

Ans. The average distance travelled by a molecule between two consecutive or 2 M

Ans. At low pressure and high temperature 2M

3. What is the expression between pressure and kinetic energy of a gas

by (1), we get, Vrms2 = 3 Vrms1 => Vrms increased by 𝟑 times 1M

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒔+𝒔+𝒔 𝟑𝒔

As both balls are falling from same height, then h1 = h2

Instantaneous velocity: (1 Mark)

Distance covered by the projectile thrown downward in time ‘t’

(ii) To find direction of Resultant vector:

(i) The horizontal range

From Eqns. (1) and (2),

Height reached by the second ball

Page no. 74 Question: 3, 4

1. Explain Advantages and Disadvantages of friction

=> 0 = m1v1 +m2v2

=> Pgun = - Pbullet

Page no. 101 Question: 2

1. Distinguish between centre of mass and centre of gravity

7. Derive angular velocity (𝝎). Derive v = r 𝝎

Conservation of angular momentum: When there is no external torque acting on the

When 𝝉 = 0 then L = I𝜔 = constant (1 Mark)

When a torque 𝜏 acts on a rotating system then its angular momentum L = I𝜔