 Problem and objectives are to be written specifically and clearly.

 Hypotheses (if any) are to be formulated wherever applicable (either null hypothesis /es or
alternative hypothesis/es to be mentioned, not both). Hypothesis/es also need(s) to be written
in a proper manner. Journals and research methodology textbooks must be referred to
understand how objectives and hypothesis/es is/are to be written.

 Operational definition refers to the variable(s) has been defined in your research.

 Sample represents the population. The size and nature of the sample will depend on the topic
selected. While providing details about nature and size of the sample, also mention the
sampling technique used.

 Tests/tools for primary data collection (if any) are to be selected based on the objectives of
the research. Standardized tools need to be used. This section will include details about the
test like name of the author(s), number of items, dimensions or domains, reliability, validity
and norms.

In case interview schedule is used to collect data, details about the questions or domains included
should be provided.

In case of critical review, sources from where secondary data was collected need to be
mentioned. A critical analysis needs to be done rather than just citing and/or discussing the
studies.

 Data analyses methods are then used to interpret, and understand the data and arrive at
conclusions. Specific techniques for analysing data should be mentioned in this section.

If the study is intervention based, details about intervention to be carried out, like duration,
number of sessions involved, nature and content of intervention needs to be specified.

References: References of the literature review is to be written in American Psychological

Association (APA) citation and format style. These should be alphabetically listed. Please see
below few examples to how to cite studies taken from different sources.

Text taken from Books

Derwing, T. M., Rossiter, M. J., & Munro, M. J. (2002). Teaching native speakers to listen to foreign-
accented speech. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 23(4), 245-259.
Krech Thomas, H. (2004). Training strategies for improving listeners' comprehension of foreign-accented
speech (Doctoral dissertation). University of Colorado, Boulder.

Dennision, B. (1984). Bringing corporate culture to the bottomline. Organizational Dynamics, 13, 22-24.
Book Chapter
Khan, A.W. (2005). Distance education for development. In S. Garg, (Eds.) Open and distance
education in global environment: Opportunities for collaboration. New Delhi: Viva Books.
Websites
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