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Chapter 7: Ethnicity and Nationalism
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The text recounts the problems experienced by the French soccer team in the World Cup including
tempers and refusals to practice. The tensions on the French soccer team reflect a deeply held
perspective on what being “French” really means and is a window into the problems that surround
what concept?
a. nation c. ethnicity
b. nationality d. lineage
ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 7.0 Ethnicity and Nationalism
MSC: Understanding
2. A group of people who share an idea of cultural and ancestral connection and who see themselves
as distinct from people in other groups are described as a(n) ________.
a. society. c. cultural dominion.
b. ethnic group. d. nation.
ANS: B DIF: Easy
OBJ: 7.1 What does “ethnicity” mean to anthropologists? MSC: Remembering
3. The place where a person is born determines his or her affiliation with which entity?
a. community c. assimilation
b. nation-state d. ethnicity
ANS: B DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 7.1 What does “ethnicity” mean to anthropologists? MSC: Understanding
4. What term originally referred to a distinct group of people with a shared place of origin, but is now
most commonly used to refer to a country?
a. state c. nation
b. realm d. nation-state
ANS: C DIF: Easy
OBJ: 7.3 What are the relationships of ethnicity to the nation? MSC: Remembering
5. What term is used to describe a political entity located within a geographic boundary with enforced
borders whose population shares a sense of culture, ancestry, and destiny?
a. community c. state
b. nation-state d. society
ANS: B DIF: Easy
6. The term ________ was formerly used to identify people with a shared geographic place of origin,
but it is now synonymous with ________.
a. state; nation c. nation; nation-state
b. nation-state; nation d. nation; society
ANS: C DIF: Moderate
7. Swedish people share a common language, culture, and ideals; therefore, Sweden—the country
they live in—illustrates which concept?
a. dominion c. nation-state
b. state d. society
OBJ: 7.3 What are the relationships of ethnicity to the nation? MSC: Applying
8. Every year, Americans gather in summer to celebrate Independence Day—the Fourth of July.
Parades, fireworks, and hot dogs are all part of this annual ritual. What particular component of
ethnicity is embodied in this celebration?
a. citizenship status c. ethnic boundaries
b. origin myth d. negotiated identity
ANS: B DIF: Difficult
OBJ: 7.1 What does “ethnicity” mean to anthropologists? MSC: Applying
9. Illegal border crossings in the southwestern United States have led to the enactment of laws to try
to stop the influx of immigrants. Sometimes the legal language is written in a manner that signifies
“American-ness,” using veiled racial markers to clearly identify those who are “in” and those who
are “out.” This particular kind of demarcation is called ________.
a. apartheid c. ethnic boundary
b. cultural wall d. segregation
ANS: C DIF: Difficult
OBJ: 7.1 What does “ethnicity” mean to anthropologists? MSC: Analyzing
10. Most ethnic groups establish traits that set them apart from others and identify members of their
own group. Anthropologists call these ________.
a. culturally significant traits c. ethnic-making projects
b. ethnic boundary markers d. social signifiers
ANS: B DIF: Easy
11. Traditionally, in order to be Jewish, a person must have a Jewish mother, follow the Jewish
religion, and abide by kosher food limitations. Although they are not ironclad, these customs set
“traditional” Jewish people apart from others. What concept does this serve to illustrate?
a. ethnic boundary markers c. socially significant traits
b. ethnic-making projects d. religious determinism
ANS: A DIF: Moderate
12. A story that is told about the founding and history of a particular group to reinforce a common
sense of identity is called ________.
a. creation story c. origin myth
b. folktale d. history
ANS: C DIF: Easy
13. The text describes the way that immigrants from India have established their own cultural norms
within New York City. The way the Indian community has chosen to celebrate its ethnicity by
holding a large India Day festival is an example of what aspect of ethnicity?
a. ethnic cleansing c. national boundary making
b. ethnic boundary marking d. situational negotiation of identity
ANS: D DIF: Easy
14. According to legend, the Aztecs wandered across what is today Mexico until they came to an
island where an eagle was standing on a cactus with a snake in its mouth. According to prophecy,
this would be their new home. The Aztecs established their capital city on an island in Lake
Texcoco, where tradition says their ancestors found the eagle. What concept about ethnicity does
this demonstrate?
a. tall tale c. folktale
b. origin myth d. ethnohistory
15. Since ethnicity is not biologically fixed, self-identification with a particular ethnic group can
change through what process?
a. situational negotiation of identity c. naturalization of identity
b. rationalization of self d. ethnodetermination
ANS: A DIF: Easy
OBJ: 7.1 What does “ethnicity” mean to anthropologists? MSC: Understanding
16. A man from Cuba and a man from Peru both move to the United States. Although they did not
identify with one another while living in their countries of origin, they both come to identify
themselves as members of the same group (“Hispanic”) within the United States. This example
illustrates:
a. ethnic variation. c. national identification.
b. flexible nationalism. d. situational negotiation of identity.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate
17. Carlos Murphy is from an Irish Mexican family, and he rides with pride on the Sons of Erin float
in the St. Patrick’s Day parade and drinks horchata with his Mexican relatives the next day. In
these two different ethnic activities, Carlos is:
a. demonstrating a rigid concept of self.
b. applying situational negotiation of identity.
c. employing rationalization of identity.
d. using simulated nationalism.
18. Since the 1600s, there has been an influx of many different nationalities into the United States.
What particular process do many of today’s immigrants experience after they gain entry?
a. assimilation c. naturalization
b. indoctrination d. nationalization
ANS: A DIF: Easy
OBJ: 7.2 How and why is ethnicity created, mobilized, and contested?
MSC: Remembering
19. When minorities abandon their separate identity and adopt the culture and norms of the dominant
group, what are they practicing?
a. nationalization c. absorption
b. integration d. assimilation
ANS: D DIF: Easy
MSC: Remembering
20. What do we call the process through which new immigrants and their children enculturate into the
dominant national culture, but retain a distinct ethnic culture of their own?
a. assimilation c. multiculturalism
b. biculturalism d. naturalization
ANS: C DIF: Easy
MSC: Remembering
21. Chinese immigrants in the United States have a long history, but many Chinese American
communities still have a distinct Chinese character where they retain many aspects of their
traditional Chinese culture. What concept does this illustrate?
a. amalgamation c. integration
b. biculturalism d. multiculturalism
MSC: Applying
22. What metaphor has been used to describe the process of immigrant assimilation into U.S.
dominant culture?
a. nationalism c. melting pot
b. tossed salad d. whitening
ANS: C DIF: Easy
MSC: Remembering
23. As immigrant arrivals to the United States peaked in the mid-1900s, newcomers dispersed into
cities and towns, often attempting to “blend in.” This was in order to embrace their new lives, but
it was also a way of trying to stay safe from prejudice and hatred. What term describes this process
of “blending in”?
a. melting pot c. enculturation
b. discrimination d. amalgamation
MSC: Understanding
24. Many immigrant groups—Arab, Czech, French, Irish, Italian, Greek, Jewish, and others—have
contributed to what has been known as a “melting pot” in America. Now, anthropologists and
others prefer the term ________, which better reflects the role of ethnicity in the United States.
a. multiculturalism c. assimilation
b. illegals d. immigration
MSC: Understanding
25. The French have a strong sense of connection to their history and culture that binds them together.
This is not the case in some countries like Iraq, where different groups have been pitted against
each other in a battle for survival. In addition to historic factors like colonialism, what plays a role
in Iraq’s social divisions?
a. nationalism c. assimilation
b. ethnicity d. citizenship
26. What country only exists during the ninety minutes its team plays a soccer match?
a. United Kingdom c. France
b. England d. South Africa
27. In Zimbabwe, guerrilla fighters of different ethnicities turned to Shona spirit mediums to receive
the blessing of ancient Shona kings and gain legitimacy and unity in their fight against British
colonialism. This allowed them to promote what?
a. colonialism c. nationalism
b. conversion to the Shona religion d. distinct ethnic groups
28. Some Native American groups strategically expand into an “ethno-corporation,” chosing to see
their ethnicity as ________.
a. an opportunity c. a loss
b. an independent nation-state d. American
ANS: A DIF: Difficult
MSC: Applying
29. Babylon, Mesopotamia, and the “cradle of civilization” are all terms of historical importance we
implicitly link to the nation of Iraq. Although this creates the sense that Iraq is an ancient
nation-state, Iraq:
a. never existed at all. c. has only existed for 200 years.
b. has only existed since World War I. d. has existed for at least 2,000 years.
OBJ: 7.3 What are the relationships of ethnicity to the nation? MSC: Understanding
30. The Tutsi and Hutu originally considered themselves a single group of people differing primarily
by occupation; however, the Belgium colonial administration began treating the pastoral Tutsi
people as different from and superior to the Hutu farmers. Eventually, these two groups of people
also began to see each other as different, which led to a terrible genocide. This was set in motion
by the promotion of misinformation about the Tutsi, accomplished by those in a position of power,
who are called ________.
a. negotiators c. identity entrepreneurs
b. racists d. ethnic cleansers
MSC: Applying
31. Despite their often obvious ethnic, socioeconomic, occupational, and religious differences, and the
fact that most will never meet each other, the majority of people in the United States see
themselves as members of a large community called “America.” What concept does this
demonstrate?
a. ethnic making c. imagined community
b. nation building d. diaspora
32. Anthropological research reveals that most ethnic groups and nations are recent historical
creations, our connection to people within these groups is relatively new, and our shared traditions
are recently invented. In addition, most members will never meet each other. This allows us to
observe that most nations today are ________.
a. achieved communities c. multicultural
b. conglomerates d. imagined communities
33. The sense of connection that underlies identification with a particular ethnic group or nation even
among members who will likely never meet refers to ________.
a. nationalism c. invented identity
b. imagined community d. nation-state
ANS: B DIF: Easy
34. Which of the following might an anthropologist consider to be a kind of “imagined community”?
a. New York Times editorials c. Facebook groups
b. Burning Man d. Meetups
35. In New York, the annual India Day Parade excluded the South Asian Lesbian and Gay Alliance
(SALGA) for 15 years before allowing the group to participate. This exclusion happened despite
the existence of the hijra, a third gender that is legally recognized in India. In considering the
process of assimilation, the exclusion of SALGA might be understood as a(n):
a. form of segregation. c. type of ethnic prejudice.
b. exclusive nationalism. d. type of ethnic boundary marker.
MSC: Applying
36. Prior to 1800, the French were a scattered collection of groups that spoke different languages,
celebrated different holidays and festivals, and practiced different religions. The development of
schools, road systems, and a national language united them as French rather than as Gascons,
Burgundians, and Parisians, which has resulted in what kind of social structure today?
a. imagined community c. nation-state
b. ethnic state d. citizen coalition
OBJ: 7.3 What are the relationships of ethnicity to the nation? MSC: Analyzing
37. A long history of violence, repression, and war in the tiny nation of Eritrea has resulted in a large
out-migration of the citizenry. As a means of “striking back,” many of these migrants have banded
together to maintain close emotional ties to their homeland. These groups of people living outside
their homelands but maintaining strong emotional and material ties to it are referred to as
________.
a. refugees c. asylum seekers
b. diaspora d. immigrants
38. What is the primary difference between assimilation and multiculturalism?

a. Assimilation is the same thing as multiculturalism.
b. Assimilation is a fully voluntary process.
c. Assimilation means preserving ethnic identity.
d. Assimilation implies a loss of ethnic identity.
MSC: Understanding
39. What do we call the deliberate and systematic destruction of an ethnic or religious group?
a. apartheid c. mass murder
b. assimilation d. genocide
ANS: D DIF: Easy
MSC: Remembering
40. The work of anthropologist Tone Bringa in Bosnia examines the underlying causes of the civil war
in what was once called Yugoslavia. Similarly, scholar Mahmood Mamdami studied the Rwandan
conflict. What characterized both cases?
a. multiculturalism c. situational negotiation of identity
b. assimilation d. genocide
MSC: Understanding
41. Adolf Hitler rose to power on the basis of a claim to “Aryan supremacy.” The Nazi rise to
dominance, however, happened largely because the Nazis leveraged and made full use of
________.
a. genocide c. multiculturalism
b. citizenship d. nationalism
42. A particular ethnic group may attempt to assert its domination over a nation-state and to affirm its
values, ambitions, and common destiny. What is this an expression of?
a. ethnic cleansing c. situational negotiation of identity
b. patriotism d. nationalism
43. In 2014, Scots voted in a referendum whether or not to make their nation an independent country,
separate from the United Kingdom. Although the referendum was defeated, what particular
sentiment were the Scots expressing by seeking independence?
a. a desire for ethnic cleansing c. the sentiment of being in diaspora
b. nationalism d. rebellion
44. The stark contrast between 1987 and 1994 in Bosnia that Tone Bringa found—all four hundred
Muslim villagers had fled or been killed—is a powerful illustration of what kind of action?
a. ethnic cleansing c. situational negotiation of identity
b. ethnocide d. creating a nation-state
ANS: A DIF: Easy
45. China has attempted to assimilate the nation of Tibet as part of ethnic China. One way this is done
is by the repopulation of many Tibetan towns with native-born Chinese Han people. Although no
clear evidence suggests that this is done through force, most observers agree that this is a case of
________.
a. genocide c. ethnocide
b. ethnic cleansing d. repatriation
46. As part of a territorial conflict in Bosnia, ethnic Croats expelled, imprisoned, or killed the Muslim
people with whom they had lived peacefully for more than 500 years. What concept does this
illustrate?
a. ethnic cleansing c. fascism
b. patriotism d. expulsion
47. In South Africa, the Bafokeng were able to eventually get much of their land back from the white
settlers who had taken it through the formation of the Royal Bafokeng Nation, Inc. This effort has
subsequently flourished. This a good example of ________.
a. national agency c. an ethno-corporation
b. black supremacy d. a multinational corporation
ANS: C DIF: Difficult
MSC: Applying
48. According to the text, what ended 500 years of peace between Bosnian Muslims, Catholic Croats,
and Orthodox Christian Serbs in the former Yugoslavia?
a. ethnic and cultural policies imposed by state leaders
b. differences in religious beliefs
c. growing ethnic rivalries as a result of economic inequality
d. interference from the United States
MSC: Remembering
49. Colonial powers redrew the political boundaries of much of the world to suit their economic needs,
without regard to local ethnic groups, politics, or religions. When colonialism ended, these new
boundaries often resulted in civil war, ethnic cleansing, and ethnic conflict. In cases such as
Yugoslavia, it has also led to ________.
a. political stability c. ethnic diversity
b. ethno-corporations d. genocide
ANS: D DIF: Easy
50. The Bafokeng people of South Africa formed the corporation known as Royal Bafokeng Nation,
Inc. because:
a. they wanted to recover land taken by white settlers.
b. they wanted to get wealthy from platinum mining.
c. the corporation wanted to make the Bafokeng people wealthy.
d. the corporation wanted to take advantage of native sovereignty.
MSC: Remembering
51. The chapter opens with an account of the World Cup soccer match and the way in which the
nationality of some of the players challenges the ideas of ethnicity and nationality. How does the
example later in the chapter about Argentina convey a strong sense of how soccer supports
ethnicity and nationality?
a. Soccer matches bring in huge amounts of tourist dollars.

b. Members of the Argentinian soccer team are all native Argentinians.
c. Soccer acts as a force to unify national identity.
d. Most members of the national soccer team have strong political ties.
MSC: Understanding
ESSAY
1. Explain what is meant when we say that a nation is an imagined community, and give an example.
ANS:
Typically, a community is composed of people who interact with each other in person on a regular
basis. In a large nation like the United States, most of the people within it have never met, and
because there are so many people, they can never actually meet and interact with most other
Americans. There are also divisions within American society, such as racial, religious, and
socioeconomic, and these often prevent people from interacting or even identifying with each
other. Yet, despite many divisions, the United States acts like a community with shared common
interests, goals, and customs. An African American police officer in Los Angeles has more in
common with an Amish farmer in Pennsylvania than he does with a South African politician, in
part because they imagine themselves to have a common heritage and collective responsibility to
one another and their nation. Across the world over the past 200 years, people have shifted their
primary associations and identifications from family, village, town, and city to an identification
with a nation or the desire to create a nation.
DIF: Moderate OBJ: 7.1 What does “ethnicity” mean to anthropologists?

MSC: Analyzing
2. In the opening discussion of Chapter 7, the author discusses how Jerome and Kevin-Prince
Boateng have become soccer stars. Their father was Ghanian and their mothers were German; one
played soccer for the German national team and the other played for the Ghanian national team. In
a brief essay, explain how they can have different nationalities that allow them to play on different
national teams. Do they have different ethnicities as well? Why?
ANS:
Yes, they do have different ethnicities that can be realized through situational negotiation of
identity. If they are living in and identifying with different countries with different customs and
speaking different languages, then they would belong to different ethnic groups even though they
are closely related. Again, this is based on the definition of the term, but the text does not
specifically say how they identified themselves ethnically.
DIF: Difficult OBJ: 7.1 What does “ethnicity” mean to anthropologists?

MSC: Analyzing
3. In the text, the author notes that the French national soccer team imploded at the 2010 World Cup
because one of the team’s stars questioned if some members of the team were actually French.
They have to be citizens of France to play on the team. Explain why this became an issue for the
French team.
ANS:
There is debate in France over who is French. The text states that there has been considerable
immigration from former French colonies, but just because people come from former French
colonies and speak the French language may not mean they are French in the same sense of the
word. The text notes that Europeans justified colonialism because they saw the colonized people as
primitive, backward, and in need of civilization. These ideas have not necessarily gone away
because these countries are no longer French colonies. In fact, the text notes that France “seethes
with conflicts” over who is really French. The recent influx of immigrants from the Middle East
has exacerbated the situation, and recent acts of terrorism have made a bad situation worse. All of
this has led to conflict and riots within France and questions about whether some people can
become French.

MSC: Analyzing
4. Identify three things that are used as ethnic boundary markers, and explain in what cultures they
are used and how.
ANS:
This may include things such as a collective name, food, costume, custom, architecture, common
history, religion, language, association with a particular territory, or even an imagination of shared
physical characteristics. Each will have an appropriate example.
DIF: Moderate OBJ: 7.1 What does “ethnicity” mean to anthropologists?

MSC: Understanding
5. Explain why England is called the “90-minute nation,” and why it has become a point of
contention for people who identify as English.
ANS:
England does not exist separately within the United Kingdom, as Scotland and Wales do.
Therefore, it is only during the 90 minutes of a soccer match when England is playing that the
people who identify themselves as ethnically English have a chance to band together, support their
national team, and celebrate their common identity as English.
DIF: Easy OBJ: 7.3 What are the relationships of ethnicity to the nation?
MSC: Analyzing
6. The United States has been described as a so-called melting pot for immigrants, but not all
immigrant groups follow the same trajectory. In a brief essay, compare and contrast the
experiences of Italian, Jewish, Greek, or other European immigrants with those of immigrants from
China or India.
ANS:
The melting pot metaphor describes the process of immigrant assimilation into the dominant U.S.
culture. Examples include Italian, Irish, Greek, and most other European immigrant populations
who start speaking English, intermarry, and adopt most other mainstream American cultural
traditions and, after a couple of generations, have become “white” Americans. Immigrants from
other groups, such as Chinese or Indian, are different in two ways: (1) they have long, distinct
histories and civilizations of their own, and (2) they physically look different. They cannot simply
become “white” by speaking English without an accent. These groups must adopt a multiculturalist
approach in order to be fully “American,” taking on some aspects of mainstream American culture
but maintaining a lot more of their traditional ethnic customs. Many cities in the United States
have a Chinatown where most Chinese immigrants live, many still speak Chinese as their first
language, Chinese food is sold, and traditional Chinese holidays are celebrated. These immigrants
have lived in the United States for generations and they are Americans. They vote in elections and
pay taxes, but have not adopted all aspects of the dominant or mainstream American culture.
DIF: Difficult OBJ: 7.3 What are the relationships of ethnicity to the nation?
MSC: Analyzing
7. In a brief essay, identify three ways that various immigrants from India have created a new and
unique Indian American identity in the United States. Is this assimilation or multiculturalism, and
why?
ANS:
Indian immigrants arrive in the United States from all over India, speaking different languages,
following different religions and cultural practices, and identifying with different ethnicities and
caste stratifications. The Indian community in New York works to be inclusive of variety to
maintain political influence in the city. Indian immigrants come from all over to visit Little India,
where Indian food stores, clothing and jewelry shops, restaurants, and music stores fill the streets
with the sights, smells, and sounds of India. These also include a wide-ranging infrastructure of
ethnic associations, religious temples, cultural societies, newspapers, television programming, and
major public festivals to promote the construction of ethnic identity. The largest festival is the
India Day Parade, which marks India’s independence from British colonialism and nationhood,
and is used by organizers to promote unity among the diverse immigrants from India. They have
erased many traditional ethnic boundary markers dividing the various ethnic groups from India,
and recently opened the festival up to gays and lesbians from the visible Indian American
community, allowing their organization, the South Asian Lesbian and Gay Alliance (SALGA), to
participate in the very symbolic India Day Parade. All of this is multiculturalism because the
Indian American community still maintains a distinct identity marked by traditions of food,
religion, and other customs. They have not simply assimilated themselves and disappeared into
“white” America.

MSC: Analyzing
8. The concepts of ethnicity, nation-state, nationality, and nationalism are closely related, and the
terms themselves can have a serious impact on countries in the world today. In a brief essay,
discuss the situation in Iraq with regard to nation, nation-state, ethnicity, and nationality, and
provide examples to support your points.
ANS:
The state of Iraq is a nation or country, which is an independent political entity, and the nationality
of people who live there is “Iraqi” by definition, because they are citizens of the country. Iraq is
not a nation-state because ethnically there are no Iraqis. There are Kurds in the north, Sunnis in the
middle, and Shi’ia in the south, and these three groups are regularly at odds with each other over
control of the nation. The country could reasonably be divided into three nation-states to
accommodate each of these groups, but following World War I, British and French authorities
established the borders of the country to fit their colonial economic needs with little regard for the
needs of the people who lived there. This has led to bloody massacres and civil war in the past, and
continues to cause problems to this day. Students should include appropriate examples.
MSC: Analyzing
9. In a brief essay, compare and contrast how the Bafokeng and Native American tribes have formed
corporations to achieve specific goals. Use specific examples from the class to illustrate your
answer.
ANS:
Royal Bafokeng Nation, Inc. (RBN) was formed in South Africa to try to reclaim land that had
been taken by white settlers. They were able to pool their resources under the name of the
corporation and, with the aid of a German missionary, were able to purchase back much of their
land. RBN was able to engage in legal battles with the South African state to maintain control of
its land, especially when valuable mineral deposits were discovered there. RBN has been very
successful in putting the money to use and is now a massive and wealthy ethno-corporation. One
major issue, though, is that the money from the corporation is reinvested in its operations and not
in the people themselves. Many of the Bafokeng people live in poverty, with a 39 percent
unemployment rate. They have been labeled a “rich nation of poor people.”
Many Native American tribes have established tribal corporations to pursue the gaming
industry and other industries on Indian land. One of the most successful has been the
Mashantucket Pequot tribe, who established the extremely lucrative Pequot Foxwoods Resort. The
tribe has become very wealthy, and they have used the funds to establish a Pequot Museum and
Research Center, library, archives, and linguistic collection of the Pequot peoples. Many other
tribes have followed their model; however, this has created questions about who is actually a
member of the tribe. Many tribes have tightened the rule of tribal membership because of the
money involved. Ethnic corporations have been very successful for some groups in accomplishing
goals, but they have had some unintended consequences as well.
DIF: Difficult OBJ: 7.2 How and why is ethnicity created, mobilized, and contested?
MSC: Analyzing
10. Define ethnic cleansing versus genocide and give an example of each to illustrate your answer.
ANS:
Ethnic cleansing is the efforts of one ethnic group to remove another from a particular territory,
usually through violent eviction and murder. An example would be Bosnia, where Croats and
Serbs evicted, killed, raped, and imprisoned many of their former Muslim neighbors to get them
out of Bosnia. Genocide is the systematic destruction of a particular ethnic or religious people.
Territory is not a concern because their purpose is to eliminate the people. An example is the Hutu
genocide of the Tutsi.
DIF: Moderate OBJ: 7.3 What are the relationships of ethnicity to the nation?
MSC: Analyzing
11. The text notes that for most of the world’s people, ethnicity is not a pressing matter in daily life;
instead, it becomes active when power relationships undergo negotiation in a community or nation.
In a brief essay, give an example and explain how ethnicity has been activated to accomplish some
end. Explain the power relationship under negotiation, who was involved, and how ethnicity was
activated to accomplish the goal. Describe the outcome of these efforts.
ANS:
The answer must describe the ethnic groups involved, the purpose behind motivating the group to
action, and how it was accomplished. Examples from the text could include the motivation behind
ethnic-religious land and power grabs in Bosnia, fighting British colonialism in Zimbabwe, uniting
for political influence in New York City, or political domination in Rwanda. Whichever example is
chosen, the outcome must be described, for example, ethnic cleansing in Bosnia, independence in
Zimbabwe, or genocide in Rwanda.
DIF: Difficult OBJ: 7.2 How and why is ethnicity created, mobilized, and contested?
MSC: Analyzing
12. Compare how and why ethnic-making projects in Rwanda and Bosnia have given rise to conflict.
ANS:
Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology A Toolkit for a Global Age 1st Edition Kenneth J. Guest
Ethnic-making projects occur when political, military, or religious leaders promote a worldview
through the lens of ethnicity. They use war, propaganda, and state power to mobilize people
against what they perceive as a danger. However, it is a struggle for wealth and power and it uses
the convenient narrative of ethnicity to galvanize a population to collective action. The Hutu
government in Rwanda used old animosities created by the Belgians and created the threat of Tutsi
violence to centralize power and frighten the Hutu people into lashing out and murdering the Tutsi
minority. This did not save the government, as the genocide drove Tutsi resistance to win the civil
war and the Hutu leaders lost power. In Bosnia, the breakup of the old Yugoslavia led to a
scramble for control over land and power. The text notes that ethnic leaders were able to play on
minor differences in religious practice to divide local communities. This led to ethnic cleansing, as
Croats evicted, killed, raped, and imprisoned their former Muslim neighbors in what turned out to
be essentially a land grab. These events created fear and distrust in formerly stable areas that may
continue to cause problems for some time to come. The text notes that once the “wedge of ethnic
difference has been driven into a population and used to achieve power, it can be self-perpetuating
and difficult to break.”
MSC: Analyzing
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38. What is the primary difference between assimilation and multiculturalism?

a. Soccer matches bring in huge amounts of tourist dollars.

DIF: Moderate OBJ: 7.1 What does “ethnicity” mean to anthropologists?

DIF: Difficult OBJ: 7.1 What does “ethnicity” mean to anthropologists?

DIF: Difficult OBJ: 7.1 What does “ethnicity” mean to anthropologists?

DIF: Moderate OBJ: 7.1 What does “ethnicity” mean to anthropologists?

DIF: Difficult OBJ: 7.1 What does “ethnicity” mean to anthropologists?

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