Discovering the Reasons for Early Child Marriage among Teenage Girls in Machakos County, Kenya.

Loyce Barongo Omwenga

Ys82/00084/2022

A Proposal Submitted in Partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the completion of the Qualitative

Research Methods Course.

Institute of Youth Studies

Tangaza University College

Catholic University of Eastern Africa

22ndApril, 2024

Nairobi.
 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this work is my original piece of work and it has not been presented for a
degree in any other institution.

Rev. Dr. Henry Tucholski 22nd April 2024

Signature Dates

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I'm grateful to God Almighty first and foremost for enabling me to finish my coursework. I feel

fortunate to be in good condition, savvy, and have access to many resources that have been of use to

me. Rev. Dr. Fr. Henry has my sincere gratitude for his kind, patient, and caring guidance throughout

this research endeavor. With his help, I was able to finish this assignment effectively. Without his

encouragement, support, and perspectives explanation, I could not have achieved this accomplishment.

I also want to express my gratitude to the Institute of Youth Studies, which seized on the

responsibility of making sure my study was taught to a high standard. I would want to thank my parents

for their financial support during my academic career. I also want to express my gratitude to my

professors for their unwavering support and knowledge checks during my coursework. Lastly, I would

like to thank each and every one of my classmates for their unique contributions in helping me reach

my goal. All of you be blessed.

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 ABSTRACT
The study aims to explore the reasons for early child marriage among teenage girls in Machakos
County, Kenya. The study will examine attitudes and perspectives of early child marriage, the
economic variables that contribute to the practice, and the difficulties faced by teenage girls who enter
into early marriages, all while utilizing the feminist theoretical framework. The research will use
participant observation and interviews as part of an exploratory methodology to collect data from 23
respondents of the sample population, which includes parents, family members, and teenage girls. The
study uses thematic analysis to provide light on the underlying causes of early child marriage and to
guide treatments and policy meant to stop and deal with this harmful practice. The results of this study
are anticipated to further our understanding of early child marriage in Machakos County and support
the rights and empowerment of teenage girls.

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Table of Contents
DECLARATION.......................................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT...........................................................................................................................iii
ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................................................iv
LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................................................................vii
LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................................viii
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS.................................................................................................ix
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS............................................................................................x
CHAPTER ONE.......................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Background to the study...................................................................................................................1
1.3 Statement of the problem..................................................................................................................3
1.4 Purpose of the study.........................................................................................................................4
1.5 Research questions...........................................................................................................................4
1.5.1 Central question.............................................................................................................................4
1.5.2 Associated questions......................................................................................................................4
1.6 Significance of the study..................................................................................................................4
1.7 Scope and delimitations....................................................................................................................5
1.8 Assumptions of the study.................................................................................................................6
1.9 Chapter Summary.............................................................................................................................7
CHAPTER TWO......................................................................................................................................8
LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................................................8
2.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................................8
2.2 Theoretical framework.....................................................................................................................8
2.3 Empirical Literature Review............................................................................................................9
2.3.1 The perceptions and attitudes towards Early Child Marriage among teenage girls....................10
2.3.2 The economic factors that contribute to Early Child Marriage among teenage girls..................12
2.3.3 The challenges that teenage girls have while engaging in Early Child Marriage.......................14
2.4 Conceptual framework...................................................................................................................17
2.5 Chapter summary............................................................................................................................17
CHAPTER THREE...............................................................................................................................19

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METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................................................19
3.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................19
3.2 Research design..............................................................................................................................19
3.3 Research site...................................................................................................................................20
3.4 Participants.....................................................................................................................................20
3.5 Sampling design.............................................................................................................................21
3.5.1 Sampling technique..................................................................................................................21
3.5.2 Sample size determination.......................................................................................................21
3.6 Research instruments......................................................................................................................22
3.7 Pre-testing of instruments...............................................................................................................23
3.8 Trustworthiness..............................................................................................................................24
3.9 Data Collection Procedures............................................................................................................24
3.10 Data management.........................................................................................................................24
3.11 Data analysis.................................................................................................................................25
3.12 Ethical considerations...................................................................................................................25
3.13 Reflexivity....................................................................................................................................26
3.14 Envisaged outcome of the study...................................................................................................26
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................................28
APPENDICES........................................................................................................................................32

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Non-Verbal Language

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure1: Conceptual framework

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 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
ECE: Early Child Engagement

FFG: Family Financial Constraints and Gender Norms

PEA: Parental Expectations and Arrangements

TCG: Teenage Girls and Child Marriages

UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

UNICEF: United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund.

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 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
Early child marriage: refers to the practice of marrying girls under the age of eighteen to adult men.

The child involved experiences negative consequences to their physical, psychological, and social well-

being.

Teenage girls: are defined as people who fall between the ages of thirteen and nineteen. This phase of

life is marked by the passage from childhood to maturity as well as the growth of the body, mind, and

social life.

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction
This chapter provides the background to the study, statement of the problem, the purpose of the

study, Research questions, scope and delimitations, significance of the study, assumptions of the study

and finally the chapter will give the summary.

1.2 Background to the study

Early marriage is a detrimental custom that disproportionately affects girls worldwide and violates

their human rights by preventing them from living lives free from all sorts of violence. Any marriage in

which at least one of the partners is under the age of eighteen is considered an early marriage,

according to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (Durgut and Kisa,

2018). A number of human rights are violated by early marriage, such as the freedom from violence,

the right to work and education, the right to a sexual marriage, the right to reproductive rights, and the

right to healthcare related to sexual and reproductive health. Girls who marry young are also less able

to fully participate in the political, economic, and social spheres, and are more likely to experience

violence, discrimination, and mistreatment.

A lot of young girls' and boys' ambitions have been dashed by the evil of child marriage. Before

they even realize who they are, their future has already been empty. While some of these kids are really

compelled to engage in these inappropriate acts, others simply find themselves in these cultures. A girl

child born into these marriages becomes pregnant at a young age. Poverty and school dropout are

frequently linked to early pregnancy. Anecdotal evidence from low-income nations suggests that early

school dropout rates are associated with an earlier marriage and pregnancy than high school dropout

rates. Primary school enrollment has expanded dramatically in several developing nations within the

past ten years. However, in most cases, secondary enrollment is substantially lower than primary

enrollment. Every year, some 7.3 million females under the age of 18 give birth in low- and middle-

income nations. In low-income countries, maternal complications rank as the fourth most prevalent

1
cause of death for girls between the ages of 15 and 19, and adolescent pregnancies have a higher risk of

prematurity and low birth weight, which increases morbidity and mortality (Mikhail, 2002).

Many young ladies do get married before turning eighteen. In many parts of the world, parents push

their daughters to marry while they are still young, believing that the marriage will ease the family's

financial responsibilities and benefit them socially and monetarily. The truth is that child marriage

violates human rights, stunting girls' growth, frequently leading to early pregnancy and social isolation,

and furthering the gendered structure of poverty with inadequate education and career training. Zambia

has an extremely high rate of child marriage, according to the Demographic and Health Survey. While

the percentage of women aged 20-24 who report getting married before turning 18 has decreased by

25%, from 41.6% to 31.4%, the data also indicates that more girls than boys are affected by child

marriage. This demonstrates how terrible child marriage is in Zambia; if we want a bright future, we

must look after the youth. Since without the offspring, there would be no future (Central Statistical

Office, 2014).

As of 2015, there were one-third more child marriages in rural areas (27.11%) than in urban areas

(17.09%). West Sulawesi (34.22%), South Kalimantan (33.68%), Central Kalimantan (33.56%), West

Kalimantan (32.21%), and Central Sulawesi (31.91%) are some of the Indonesian regions with a high

rate of child marriage (CPM, 2016). These five provinces have one thing in common: they are primarily

rural regions. This implies that a compared to metropolitan region, child marriage is more common in

rural areas. Even if the rate has decreased, the evidence indicates that child marriage is still common in

Indonesia.

More child marriages were conducted under the guise of poverty, gender inequity, and illiteracy,

according to Naveed and Butt (2015). They also clarified the effects of child marriages on social,

psychological, physical, and economic facets. In addition to being denied an education, girls are

frequently abused sexually, emotionally, and physically. According to Qibtiyah (2014), education and

2
place of living have a greater impact on the occurrence of child marriages than do economic and

cultural factors. This is consistent with Desiyanti's (2015) results that the likelihood of child marriages

is influenced by family communication, the educational attainment of the children, and the parents. The

primary cause of child marriages is the parental involvement in family communication.

According to data from 2015, Wajir (18 years) and Mandera (19 years) have lower median ages for

first marriages among women aged 25 to 49 than the country as a whole (20 years) (Kenya National

Bureau of Statistics and ICF International 2015).

Rules and behaviors are assigned based on gender according to gender norms (Marcus et al. 2015).

Child marriage is a result of unfair gender norms in Kenya that place household duties on women and

girls (Steinhaus et al. 2016). For instance, the practice is supported by social norms around girls'

sexuality and chastity, which dictate that young girls should be virgins when they get married (Boyden,

Pankhurst, and Tafere 2013; Adamu et al. 2017; Cislaghi et al.2019).

1.3 Statement of the problem

The alarming prevalence of early child marriage among teenage girls in Machakos County

necessitates an investigation into the underlying reasons behind this practice. Despite efforts to

eradicate child marriage, it persists as a deeply-rooted issue, posing significant consequences on the

lives of adolescent girls. Understanding the drivers that fuel early child marriage is crucial in

developing effective interventions and policies to combat this harmful practice. Therefore, this

qualitative research aims to explore and uncover the multifaceted factors that contribute to early child

marriage in Machakos County, ultimately guiding the development of targeted and sustainable

solutions to improve the lives of teenage girls and promote their empowerment.

Beyond the family, discriminatory practices targeting victims of child marriage persist in many

states. For instance, some states have policies that bar adult candidates from taking state civil service

3
exams if they were married as children (Alpha, 2009). Another discriminatory government rule limits

nutrition programs for pregnant mothers to women age 19 and older (Johanna, 2011)

1.4 Purpose of the study

The purpose of this phenomenological study is to discover the reasons for early child marriage

among teenage girls in Machakos county, Kenya. At this stage of the research, the phenomenon of early

marriage is defined in general terms as marrying at a young age

1.5 Research questions

In this study, the Research questions facilitate scientific investigation to discover the reasons for

Early Child Marriage among Teenage Girls in Machakos County, Kenya. According to Hancock and

Algozinne (2006), research questions are statements that provide clarification on the variables being

explored, who or what is being referred to, and what will be collected or reported in a study (p.10)

1.5.1 Central question

What are the Reasons for Early Child Marriage among Teenage Girls in Machakos County, Kenya?

1.5.2 Associated questions

1. What are the perceptions and attitudes towards Early Child Marriage among teenage girls in

Machakos County, Kenya?

2. What are the economic factors that contribute to Early Child Marriage among teenage girls in

Machakos County, Kenya?

3. What are some of the challenges that teenage girls among Machakos County have while

engaging in Early Child Marriage?

1.6 Significance of the study

Teenage girls at risk of early child marriage: The study will increase understanding of the

negative impact of young child marriage on the physical, mental, and social health of adolescent

females. This will support the community's efforts to eradicate any myths or cultural norms that might

support the practice of early child marriage. It is possible to prevent and end early child marriage by

teaching community members about the harmful consequences of the practice.

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 Parents and families: The results of the study can aid families and parents in understanding the

root causes and aggravating circumstances of early child marriage in the area. With this knowledge,

they can be better equipped to stop these unions and shield their daughters from being married off at an

early age.

Community leaders and Activists: The research findings can help leaders and activists better

understand the social, economic, cultural, and structural aspects that contribute to this detrimental

practice by offering insightful information about the underlying reasons of early child marriages in the

community. Then, with this information, advocacy campaigns and policy suggestions that target these

fundamental problems and develop successful interventions to stop early child marriage can be

informed.

Policy makers and Government officials. Through a more thorough understanding of the

factors that lead to early child marriage, government officials and legislators can design targeted

interventions that specifically address the issues that drive this practice in Machakos County. By

distributing resources in this way, they will be able to combat early child marriage more successfully

and effectively.

1.7 Scope and delimitations

According to Kathari C.R. (2004), defining the "scope" of a research study, project, or activity

involves figuring out its boundaries and breadth. It outlines what will and won't be included and offers

instructions for implementation and evaluation. Whereas According to Creswell J.W. (2014),

delimitations are the exact boundaries or restrictions that researchers acknowledge and accept in their

research.

The study will emphasize on the reasons for early Child Marriage among teenage girls. It aims

to understand the underlying factors that contribute to the issue and provide insights into possible

interventions and strategies to prevent and reduce child Marriage. It will also focus on teenage girls

5
who are subjected to early Child Marriage. The age will be limited to girls between the age of 13 to 29

years old. This is to ensure a specific target group is examined, as child Marriage can occur at different

ages in different contexts. Therefore, the study will incorporate 20 teenage girls who are married. It will

be conducted for about 2 months to make sure that the data collected and the analysis that will be done

is effective.

1.8 Assumptions of the study

Assumptions, in the words of Silvia (2020), are convictions that are accepted without strong

evidence. They frequently act as the cornerstone of discussions, deductions, and judgments. Implicit or

specific presumptions have a big impact on our understanding and deciphering of data. The following

presumptions will support this investigation:

1. The researcher assumes that the participants will fully participate in answering questions when they

will be interviewed.

2. The researcher will also assume that early Child Marriage among teenage girls in Machakos County

Kenya is being influenced by cultural norms and traditions.

3. It is also assumed that early Child Marriage among teenage girls in Machakos County Kenya, will be

influenced by poverty

4. Lastly, it is assumed that teenage girls who are being married at early age they undergo similar

difficulties like domestic violence.

1.9 Chapter Summary

In Machakos County, Kenya, early child marriage among teenage girls is a prevalent issue that

needs to be understood in order to address it effectively. This summary aims to highlight the reasons

behind this concerning phenomenon.

Early child marriage, defined as the union of a girl before the age of 18, persists due to various

factors. Firstly, poverty plays a significant role, as families view marrying off their daughters as a way
6
to lessen the financial burden and secure their future. This is often fueled by the notion that marriage

can provide economic stability and protect girls from the risks associated with singlehood. Secondly,

cultural and traditional norms contribute to the prevalence of early child marriage in Machakos County.

Deeply rooted practices and beliefs uphold the idea that marriage should occur at a young age,

promoting the perception that girls' primary purpose is to become wives and mothers.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
This chapter will delve into the existing body of knowledge on the topic of early child marriage

among teenage girls in Machakos County. It will first establish the theoretical framework that

underpins our research, by studying the theory that the researcher will use. It will also review relevant

literature in line with our research questions, exploring various factors that contribute to early child

marriage and the implications of this practice on the well-being of young girls. Additionally, it will

present a conceptual framework and finally it will give the summary.

2.2 Theoretical framework

A theoretical framework is essential to any research study because it provides a comprehensive

overview and understanding of the theories and concepts that are currently being used in relation to the

research issue under consideration. It serves as a guide or instruction book to help researchers formulate

their own hypotheses and claims (Vinz, 2023). The theory of feminists will be used in this

investigation. The theory of feminist was developed by Wollstonecraft in the year 1797.

With an emphasis on empowering and defending the rights of women, feminist theory is a

social and political movement that aims to confront and destroy the power dynamics and disparities that

exist between men and women. It looks at how systems of oppression and discrimination are formed

when gender interacts with other social categories like race, class, and sexual orientation. It also aims to

dispel preconceived notions about gender and promote the idea those women’s experiences and

viewpoints are valued and deserving of equal weight. It challenges and works to change the media, the

educational system, and the legal system all of which support gender inequality.

In addition, feminist theory highlights the significance of intersectional analysis in

comprehending and resolving systemic inequities and recognizes the intersections of gender with other

8
types of oppression, including race, class, sexual orientation, and ability. The practice of early child

marriage among teenage girls in Machakos County can be better understood by examining the power

dynamics and inequalities that underlie this phenomenon, as highlighted by feminist theory. Feminist

theory holds that patriarchal norms and attitudes that place a premium on male power and control over

women and girls are frequently the source of early child marriage. Due to lack of agency and

autonomy, economic hardship, and gender inequity, girls are frequently coerced into marriage at an

early age.

Feminist theory can assist us in comprehending how cultural expectations and traditional gender

roles contribute to early child marriage in the setting of Machakos County, Kenya. Parents may marry

off their daughters at a young age in order to relieve financial strain since they believe that girls are an

economic burden on their families. Girls may also be less able to access education and chances for

economic and personal empowerment, which increases their susceptibility to being married young.

2.3 Empirical Literature Review

The purpose of this part is to identify knowledge gaps in the field by reviewing empirical

literature that addresses research concerns. Once the researcher has identified gaps in the current body

of knowledge, they will propose future study to fill those gaps.

2.3.1 The perceptions and attitudes towards Early Child Marriage among teenage girls
A major problem that affects millions of teenage girls worldwide is early child marriage. The

marriage of girls under the age of eighteen is a practice that has serious negative effects on the physical,

emotional, and psychosocial development of young girls. Teenage girls' attitudes and opinions of early

child marriage differ based on social, cultural, and economic circumstances. Some girls would see an

early marriage as a secure and protective arrangement, but others might feel helpless, confined, and

trapped. It is important to tackle these attitudes and views in order to raise awareness, push for changes

in policy, and provide young girls the confidence to make decisions about their futures.

9
 Early marriage frequently keeps young women from completing their education and has a

negative impact on adolescent girls' short- and long-term health (Reisel and Creighton, 2015). Girls

who marry as minors are at a significantly increased risk of maternal morbidity and mortality due to

early pregnancy and childbirth combined with limited access to healthcare. This increases the

likelihood of stillbirth, premature and low birth weight infants, neonatal death, and infant and child

morbidity and mortality.

Moreover, those who marry when still underage have a higher probability of having a large

number of children and low birth spacing even as adults. There is evidence regarding the negative

effects of child marriage on mental health in addition to these issues with mother and child health. Girls

who are married or engaged as minors are more likely to experience depression and suicidality, which

has been connected to various forms of gender-based abuse, according to research from South Asia and

Africa. Furthermore, there is a limited but increasing body of research suggesting that child marriage

raises a woman's chance of contracting HIV and other STIs (Raj, 2010).

Because of the persistent social pressure to marry young and avoid being "left behind," girls are

still pressured to marry young. Due to gendered expectations that they must get a career and assets, like

a house or car, in order to support their family before getting married, young men are under pressure to

get married between the ages of 22 and 25 (National Statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic &

UNICEF, 2019). Parents want marriage to give their daughters financial security and to fortify their

social networks.

According to UNFPA, UNICEF, and the Global Women's Institute (2019), there are an

estimated 650 million child brides. Inadequate economic or educational opportunities, teenage

pregnancy, natural disasters or conflicts that cause displacement, a lack of enforcement of laws and

policies prohibiting early marriage, inaccessibility to sexual and reproductive health services, and

gender inequality are some of the factors that contribute to child marriage (UNICEF Regional Office

10
for Europe and Central Asia, 2015). Another reason given for child marriage is religious convictions.

According to Kosheleva et al. (n.d.), it is considered culturally significant to preserve the "honor" of

teenage females by making sure they are virgins when they get married.

A study conducted in Indonesia with women in the 20–24 age range discovered that child

marriage had an effect on health and socioeconomic conditions. Compared to married women over the

age of 18, married women under the age of eighteen had a higher likelihood of living in poverty. In

addition, compared to married individuals over the age of 18, they were more likely to have greater

living expenses. Teenage pregnancy has a correlation with both maternal mortality and morbidity when

it comes to the health effects of child marriage. Compared to women aged 20–24, girls aged 10–14 had

a five times higher chance of dying during pregnancy or childbirth, and for those aged 15–19, the risk

doubled. In middle-class and low-income nations, the death rate for moms under the age of sixteen is

even six times greater. In Indonesia, the proportion of underweight infants born to women under the

age of 18 was somewhat more than that of underweight newborns born to women above the age of 18.

Compared to people who are married under the age of 18, those who marry after that age have a higher

chance of giving birth to children who weigh more than 2.5 kg. A UNICEF report from 2015 covered

the negative effects of girls' incapacity to control their menstruation in the classroom, including

decreased performance and involvement, absenteeism, and health hazards. A UNICEF report from

2015 covered the negative effects of girls' incapacity to control their menstruation in the classroom,

including decreased performance and involvement, absenteeism, and health hazards (United Nations

International Children's Emergency Fund, 2020)

Ethiopia has one of the highest rates of female child marriage worldwide, with one in two girls

getting married before becoming eighteen and one in five before turning fifteen. But prevalence rates

vary widely by area and are frequently higher than official numbers. For example, in northern

Ethiopia's Amhara region, nearly half of all girls marry before turning fifteen( Assefa, et; al 2005) Early

female child marriage is a public health issue that breaches international human rights treaties and
11
jeopardizes the wellbeing and development of people, families, communities, and nations. At least six

of the MDGs—including causes of poverty, barriers to education, opposition to gender equality and

female emancipation, increased rates of infant mortality, and issues with maternal health—are directly

impacted by female child marriage. Additionally, it undermines girls' health and wellbeing as well as

the general welfare of communities and is a risk factor for the spread of HIV and other STIs (Myers

&Harvey, n.d)

However this study will help me to fill in the gap by shedding light on the motivations behind

and contributing factors to the practice of early child marriage among adolescent girls, an

understanding of their thoughts and attitudes towards the practice can assist fill the gaps in the study.

2.3.2 The economic factors that contribute to Early Child Marriage among teenage girls
Early child marriage is a widespread issue that affects millions of teenage girls around the

world. One of the key factors driving this harmful practice is economic insecurity. Poverty and

economic hardship often force families to marry off their daughters at a young age in exchange for

financial benefits or to reduce the financial burden on the family.

(Vogelstein, 2013) The research implies that the age at which a girl is expected to marry is

influenced by social and cultural conventions, especially those pertaining to faith. In addition, a girl's

chances of getting married young are influenced by her community, education, and socioeconomic

standing. The rates of child marriage are highest in the poorest countries, and it is most prevalent

among the impoverished, who have less money and opportunity to invest in other possibilities for their

girls. Girls may not be given priority in a household's education investment decisions due to social

norms around women's participation in the formal labor force and girls' educational attainment. In other

situations, parents may weigh the advantages and disadvantages of marriage and choose to wed their

daughters young if they believe marriage will reduce their financial burden. The circumstances in

which females themselves choose to be married are less well understood. Money exchanges during

marriage also play a role in the custom. Families may benefit financially right away from marrying
12
their daughters in situations where bride wealth or bride price is customarily observed (i.e., a groom or

groom's family gives assets to the bride's family in exchange for marriage). In certain situations,

families might receive more money if the bride is younger. A younger and less educated bride would

demand a smaller dowry in situations where dowries are customarily paid (the bride's family

contributes assets to the groom's family), which would encourage parents to marry daughters at a

younger age. There are frequently societal and economic factors at play when parents decide to marry

off their daughter.

Prior research carried out in non-South Asian nations has revealed several individual-level

characteristics linked to child marriage, such as living environment (mostly rural), educational

attainment, and poverty culture. Not being exposed to the media poor ability to make decisions and

religion In addition to these related factors, child marriage has also been linked to a number of other

factors, including an increase in school dropout rates. a rise in domestic abuse increased chance of

unwanted pregnancies increased maternal morbidity and mortality reduced use of services for prenatal

and postnatal care less deliveries made by competent birth attendants and institutional deliveries in

medical facilities. To inform region- and country-specific interventions that could reduce child

marriage in each South Asian nation and throughout the region, no study has, however,

comprehensively and methodically examined the most constant determinants over the whole South

Asia region. Therefore, this study's goal is to pinpoint the recurring elements leading up to and from

child marriage in South Asia (Rumble, et;al 2018).

The lower incomes and productivity that result from girls' lower educational achievement can

be used to quantify the economic effects. Taking away a girl of the chance to learn restricts her work

chances and her capacity to acquire practical skills or occupational training (UNESCO 2012) for the

formal labor field, thus affecting her lifetime earning potential (Khanna, Verma, & Weiss 2013).

Furthermore, it is common to see possible household spending movements away from investments that

are profitable when education levels are lower. A greater understanding of the particular economic
13
variables that contribute to this destructive practice will be provided by the study on the economic

factors influencing early child marriage among teenage girls, which will assist to fill the gap in the

literature. I may learn more about how these elements such as poverty, lack of access to school, and

restricted economic possibilities for girls affect the frequency of early child marriage by looking at

them. I can also find viable treatments and laws that can deal with these economic issues and stop early

child marriage.

2.3.3 The challenges that teenage girls have while engaging in Early Child Marriage
Millions of teenage girls around the world are impacted by the detrimental practice of early

child marriage. When coerced into marriage at a young age, these girls confront a host of difficulties,

such as restricted educational options, a higher chance of domestic abuse, early pregnancy and

childbirth, and fewer prospects for both personal and professional growth. These difficulties not only

affect adolescent girls' physical and mental health, but they also support cycles of poverty and gender

inequity.

According to research by( Durgut and Kisa ,2018) children in Turkey who were involved in

early marriage typically experienced challenges and issues during their periods of marital adjustment.

There was a negative correlation between marital adjustment and the likelihood of physical abuse

occurrences experienced by some of the 246 girls who were married before turning 18. The more often

a girl experienced physical abuse, the longer it took her to become used to marital life. Many girls

become victims of violence committed by their spouses due to discord in the home and in their

subcultures. It is difficult for them to adjust to the customs and way of life of their husbands' families.

Conflicts arise when incompatibility and an unwillingness to adjust reach a tipping point. Girls

typically bear the brunt of such conflict's losses (Mubasyaroh, 2016). The decision of when and with

whom to marry is often left up to the females in developing nations. Younger married women typically

have lower levels of education, begin caring for children at a younger age, and participate less in

14
household decision-making. Jensen and Thornton (2003) highlight the disturbing correlation between

early marriage and the likelihood of domestic abuse among young women.

Boyce et al. (2018) discovered that girls in Mexico under the age of 16 are susceptible to sexual

abuse, forced early marriage, and pregnancy. In contrast to love romances, which portray a pair as

being in love, child brides actually deal with a variety of dangerous issues. Wives' rights are not given

enough credit, and many young marriages end in polygamy that girls and women are helpless to

oppose. Mulia (2015) states that early marriage is typically motivated by two causes. First of all, the

majority of society continues to support the cultural belief that daughters are an investment and that

using girls can help families become wealthier or, at the very least, less financially burdened. The

quickest option is often for families to marry off their daughters when they experience financial

hardship. Second, some people continue to interpret Islamic teachings—particularly those pertaining to

marital requirements—in a prejudiced manner. The requirements pertaining to the marriageable age

were approved by the Indonesian Constitutional Court at the close of 2018 (Beritagar.id, December 13,

2018). Additionally, the government and the Indonesian House of Representatives (DPR) decided to

amend Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage, specifically Article 7. The legal age of majority for girls to

marry raised from sixteen to nineteen years. Boys are likewise subject to this limit. Raising the legal

age of marriage for both boys and girls is predicted to produce a golden generation that would advance

the nation's development objectives (Tajuk Rencana Kompas, September 23, 2019).

Early marriage forces most girls to drop out of education (Sakellariou, 2013; Williamson,

2014). Especially after women have kids, the chance to pursue higher education levels disappears.

Household chores and child care obligations can hinder educational prospects. Ideally, females should

seize the chance to further their education. Scholarships for girls to pursue education, at least in basic

school, are available in many nations. But solutions aren't always easily accessible for girls because of

social norms and practical factors like the ones this study uncovered. Adolescent girls frequently find

themselves thrust from their previous lives into new ones with their spouses due to familial constraints,
15
which may even be combined with parental violence. Those who are lucky might lead better lives.

However, for many who are less privileged, violence from their husbands and their spouses' families

often becomes their fate.

The difficulties adolescent girls encounter in early child marriage such as restricted educational

opportunities, health hazards, and heightened susceptibility to abuse can be used to pinpoint the

particular requirements of adolescent girls in Machakos County. With a better knowledge of these

difficulties, interventions can be designed to deal with the underlying issues and offer the assistance

required to stop early child marriage and the difficulties teenage girls face when getting married when

they are young. By developing tailored services and programs that cater to the special requirements of

teenage girls, this research will help to fill the gap and promote their possibilities for empowerment,

well-being, and a brighter future.

2.4 Conceptual framework

A conceptual framework is a written or visual plan that provides a clear structure and direction

for the research process, (Miles & Huberman, 1994). It supports researchers in defining their research

questions, making connections between the goals of the study and the body of current literature, and

offering an orderly and cogent framework for their evaluation.

16
 Fig2: Reasons for Early Child Marriage among Teenage Girls

Structural factors

Laws and policies

Social services

Socio-cultural factors

Individual factors Gender roles

Early Child Marriage Education levels
Poverty

Lack of agency

Consequences of early child

marriage

Physical and mental issues

2.5 Chapter summary

The literature on early child marriage among teenage girls in Machakos County was examined

in this chapter. The chapter talked about the theoretical framework that guides our work, which focuses

on the attitudes, perceptions, and economic and other factors that lead to and are affected by early child

marriage. We emphasized the detrimental effects on health, obstacles to education, and societal

repercussions that young girls who are coerced into early marriage must deal with. The chapter also

looked at the financial reasons why families choose to marry off their daughters at a young age, as well

as the difficulties teenage girls encounter in early child marriage, including domestic violence, a lack of

educational options, and health hazards.

17
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction
The methodology for the research is presented in this chapter. The first section of the chapter

explains epistemology, research design, and location of study, target population, sampling design,

sampling technique, and sample size determination. It also highlights the research instruments,

pretesting of instruments, validity and reliability of the study, data collection procedure, data

management, data analysis, ethical considerations, reflexivity, and finally the study's envisaged

outcome.

3.2 Research design

According to Creswell and Plano Clark (2007), p. 58, a research design is the "procedures for

collecting, analyzing, interpreting and reporting data in research studies. The process for gathering the

necessary data, the techniques to be used for gathering and analyzing this data, and how all of this will

contribute to the resolution of the research question are all outlined in the study design (Grey, 2014).

The study will use a qualitative methodology. Qualitative research will enables I as a researcher to

probe more deeply into people's ideas, emotions, and experiences related to the research topic. This

study will also utilize exploratory approach to explore the perceptions and attitude of teenage girls who

have already engaged in early child marriage. Therefore, since there may not be much information

currently available on early child marriage in Machakos County, an exploratory strategy will need to be

used to obtain fresh information and new perspectives.

In order to better understand the perspectives of teenage girls who participated in early child marriage

in Machakos County.The study would employ a phenomenological approach. A cross-sectional

technique will be used by the study to get into and out of the field. Participant observation and face-to-

face interviews are two of the qualitative methods of data collection that will be used to get the

18
information. The researcher will utilize systematic analysis of information to help generate well-

informed ideas and suggestions.

3.3 Research site

The research will be carried out at Machakos County. There are many primary schools in

Machakos County, including Machakos Primary School, Kathiini primary School and Machakos

Academy. The local climate is semi-arid with hilly terrain and an altitude of 1000 to 2100 metres above

sea level. In 2019, the county's population was 1,421,932. Due to the semi-arid nature of the region,

maize and other drought-resistant crops like sorghum and millet are the most common crops farmed for

subsistence. The open-air market concept is also practiced in the county, with significant market days

dedicated to the exchange of substantial quantities of produce. These marketplaces sell fruits,

vegetables, and other food items like beans and maize. The county was chosen to house the future

Konza Technology City because of its large land availability, excellent infrastructure, and close

proximity to Nairobi. Athi River and Mlolongo are two significant industrial and residential hubs

located in Machakos County, which borders Nairobi to the east. Regretfully, much of the vast county is

not included in the developments, but that will soon change with the approval of a proposed

technological city development.

3.4 Participants
According to ( Mugenda & Mugenda ,2003) the target population is the complete group that the

researcher is studying or trying to gain conclusions about. Teenage girls who got married at early

childhood, those teenage girls who have not married, Parents and other family members who reside

with the teenage girls who have participated in early child marriage will be among the targeted

demographic. The survey will look at the respondents' income level, spirituality, ethnicity belonging,

and degree of education, among other demographic traits. According to the Kenya National Census,

2019, there are around 1,421,932 people living in the entire county.

19
3.5 Sampling design
The process of choosing a number of people or a sample from the intended population is known

as a sampling design (Odalipo et al., 2015). The methods and the factors that determine sample size

will be covered in this section. The researcher might choose between probability and non-probability

sampling strategies for sample processes. Due to the non-probability sampling technique used in this

study, participants' chances of getting selected for the project are not equal. This sampling technique

was chosen by the researcher because it is efficient in terms of money and time, and it also makes it

easier to find specific information about "Reasons for Early Child Marriage among Teenage Girls in

Machakos County, Kenya."

3.5.1 Sampling technique

In order to create sample links for generalization purposes for any population, the sampling

technique is crucial (Kombo & Tromp, 2009). A government document from the region's prior census

will serve as the basis for the population estimating method used by the researcher. The established

criteria will be used to choose the study's sample population. The people that fit this description will be

qualified for this study and have the requisite attributes. To ensure that the study accurately represents

the total population, purposeful sampling will be employed. The design will help collect data from a

target group that shares characteristics and will enable the researcher to use instances that include

crucial information about the initial study questions and aims.

3.5.2 Sample size determination

Kombo & Tromp (2009) define a sample size as A group that is part that is specifically selected

to represent the full population with the pertinent qualities. The number of teenage girls from Machakos

County who have previously engaged in early child marriage will be included in the study sample,

which is referred to as the sample size. When saturation is reached, the population for this study will

consist of 23 respondents. To avoid the information from changing the size of the population, the

researcher will also consider the factor of saturation if they are unable to obtain new data from the

sampled individuals.
20
3.6 Research instruments
According to Cohen, Manion, and Morrison (2011), a research instrument is a tool used to

gather data and a planned method of analyzing the data using information and abilities. The research

will employ a participation observation tool and an interview guide as means of collecting data. Semi-

structured interview questions will be the main method used in this study to gather data. The

questionnaire will be given out as a guide for interviews to the chosen population, which consists of

parents, family members, married and single teenage girls, and early child marriage among teenage

girls. In order to obtain accurate information, all of these participants must be in contact with this

population. The interview guide will include demographic information based on the following factors:

gender, age, and marital status, place of residence, nationality, and educational attainment. This will

enable personal identification for the research and help the researcher analyze the data. Interview

questions that address the three research questions that are to be addressed will come after the

demographic questions. These questions are: research question one; what are the perceptions and

attitudes towards Early Child Marriage among teenage girls in Machakos County, Kenya? Research

question two; What are the economic factors that contribute to Early Child Marriage among teenage

girls in Machakos County, Kenya? research question three; What are some of the challenges that

teenage girls among Machakos County have while engaging in Early Child Marriage?. By means of

participant observation, the researcher will collect data on non-verbal communication by examining

various aspects of body language, such as hand posture, facial expressions, and eye contact. These

observations will be documented throughout the data collection process. The researcher will make use

of the symbols to help her take accurate notes on any body language that relates to the behavior of the

participants.

21
Table 1: Non-Verbal Language

Symbol Meaning Symbol Meaning

Happy Unhappy

Satisfy Not satisfy

Believe Doubtful

3.7 Pre-testing of instruments

According to Simon (2011), pre-testing of instruments is the process of testing a research

instrument on a small scale before to the study's completion in order to try it out. This is carried out

prior to the completion of the primary study with the aim of ensuring the instrument's effectiveness and

understandability. To ensure that the questions in this study are clear and well-formulated, a set of

prepared questions will be sent to the participant. If necessary, corrections will be made prior to the

primary research. One-on-one interviews with ten participants—five married teenage girls, two single

teenage girls, two parents, and one community leader—will be conducted by the researcher using

interview questionnaires. By analyzing the data, the researcher will be able to ascertain the validity and

reliability of the instruments. We would consider providing participants with all the required

explanations to help them comprehend the procedures and questions.

3.8 Trustworthiness
According to Hardin (2002), an instrument's trustworthiness is determined by how certain it is

of its clarity, how easily it can be approved by an official body or institution, and how well participants

22
can give their informed consent. By taking notes in her notebook, the researcher will ensure the validity

of primary data, and the field data will be objectively examined. This will help to prevent the

manipulation of unprocessed data. In order to translate the analysis to another form of communication

and achieve the record goal, the researcher will communicate the data findings with her supervisor. In

order to assist the researcher in verifying the paper, the supervisor of the researcher and the research

committee of Tangaza University College will be participating in the writing process.

3.9 Data Collection Procedures

Data collection, as defined by Mugenda & Mugenda (2003), is the process of gathering

information from the chosen research topic. In advance of proceeding with the research, the researcher

will obtain permission from the program leader. After obtaining the institution's letter, the researcher

will be brought before a local official, who will grant her permission to proceed with the project. The

chosen demographic to be studied will be scheduled for an appointment by the research after receiving

permission from the local chief. The goal of the study will subsequently be explained to the

respondents by the research, and this should happen on different days. The interview should take

45minutes. The researcher will pay close attention to not just verbal but also non-verbal cues during the

interview. The two techniques that will be utilized to gather data are the participant observations and

the interview guide.

3.10 Data management

Data management pertains to the manner in which the researcher intends to store the data,

including the organization and structures that will be employed to ensure the safety and well-being of

the information gathered. Since participant observation and interviews will be used in this study's data

gathering, the researcher will take care to preserve and secure the data. The handwritten information

will be held in a tightly sealed bag that only the researcher has access to, and the password will be used

to secure the data that will be recreated in hardware. This measure will be followed prior to, during, and

after the process of acquiring and analyzing data.

23
3.11 Data analysis
The process of methodically using statistical or logical tools to explain and depict, summarize

and analyze, and assess data is known as data analysis. As stated by Resnik and Shamoo (2003).

Thematically analyzed data is going to be utilized in this qualitative investigation. Using the six data

management procedures necessary for thematic analysis are as follows: learning about the data;

categorizing it; assigning reference, open, and axial codes; searching for patterns and themes; reviewing

themes; defining and labeling themes; and finally, composing the report. In the early stages of data

analysis, the researcher will thoroughly ingrain himself in the material by first extracting written and

recorded information, reading (and rereading) the transcripts, and/or listening to recordings. We'll write

down our initial ideas. Assuring meaningful connections between data inside themes while maintaining

distinct and recognizable themes is the researcher's responsibility. In the course of the continuing

investigation, the researcher is required to provide topic titles and concise, unambiguous working

descriptions that capture the essence of each subject. Last but not least, the investigator will compose

an analysis based on the research's conclusions.

3.12 Ethical considerations

According to Creswell and Poth (2016), researchers should acknowledge the subjectivity of their

own lens, acknowledge their important role in the study, and acknowledge that the participants—or the

co-construction of the consideration between the investigators and the participants—are the initial

holders of the information that they collect. The researcher for this study will receive a letter from the

institutes introducing her and granting her permission to visit the field. With this consent, the research

can now move forward and ask the head of the community of Machakos County for permission to

conduct the study in his place. The researcher will be able to enter the field with this permission.

Participants will also be required to sign a consent document in addition to the authorization mentioned

above. The consent form will include information about how privacy will be each individual's privacy,

the implementation of anonymity when necessary, and the respondent's right to withdraw at any time.

24
The participant will receive a thorough explanation of each of these components so they may

understand their freedom to cancel their participation.

3.13 Reflexivity
In qualitative research, reflexivity pertains to the investigator's ongoing self-reflection and awareness

of oneself. This assists in making the researcher aware of any biases that might have an impact on the

study's conclusion. It further helps the researcher comprehend the participant's common beliefs,

viewpoints, and experiences, as well as how they might be constructive. Through journaling, the

researcher will put reflexivity into practice for this study. The researchers will journal the dairy entry

and give her time to consider what else she might have written. She will be able to stay informed about

the thoughts and experiences of the participants thanks to this. She will also arrange for her colleagues

to discuss the current study; this will allow her to share her ideas and help her maintain neutrality while

conducting her research. She will be able to avoid things that might have an impact on the research

since she will be aware of them.

3.14 Envisaged outcome of the study

Through this study, a thorough understanding of the elements influencing this detrimental practice

will be obtained. The study intends to discover important variables such as poverty, lack of access to

school, gender disparity, cultural norms, and family dynamics by examining the underlying causes of

early child marriage. The study aims to shed light on the lived experiences of young girls who are

coerced into early marriages, as well as the viewpoints of their families, communities, and important

stakeholders, through in-depth interviews and data analysis. The study is to provide focused

interventions and policy recommendations that can successfully address this issue and help prevent

future occurrences by identifying the underlying causes of early child marriage. The study also seeks to

increase public knowledge of the detrimental effects of early child marriage, such as harm to girls'

general well-being, education, and health. This study aims to advocate for change at the individual,

community, and social levels by emphasizing the value of gender equality and girl empowerment. The

25
study's ultimate goal is to add to the body of knowledge about early child marriage in Machakos

County and support initiatives aimed at defending and advancing teenage girls' rights, ensuring their

access to opportunities and education, and giving them the power to make decisions about their own

lives.

26
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approaches. Sage publications.

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Durgut, S., and S. Kisa (2018), “Predictors of marital adjustment among child brides, Archives of

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 APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

Consent Form for Participants

Consent Form for Participants

CUEA – Tangaza University College

The Research's Title: Discovering the Reasons for Early Child Marriage among Teenage Girls

in Machakos County, Kenya.

 Tangaza University College is doing this study as a requirement for its BA Proposal in
Counseling Psychology program.

 It has been approved by the supervisors (contact: tucholskisdb@gmail.com)

 Participants in this study are not at risk, and no deception is employed. It will take roughly
45 minutes to finish the current section of the study.

 To complete the activity, a participant must provide answers to a series of questions.

 The identities of all respondents are kept totally confidential. Each participant's findings will
be reported collectively rather than individually.

 Participants in this study will not get any financial or other kind of compensation. Every
participant has the right to withdraw from the study at any time, and there will be no
consequences for leaving.

Name of the researcher: LOYCE BARONGO OMWENGA

Position of the researcher: STUDENT IN BA PROGRAMME
Address of the University College:
Tangaza University College, Langata, Nairobi, Kenya, 15055-00509,
Telephone number of the Program Leader:

Signed by researcher…………………………………………...Date……………………..…

Statement to be signed by the participant

 I attest that I have received an information sheet and that the organizer has provided me
with a sufficient explanation of the project's purpose and the range of operations I will be
31
 involved in. I certify that I've got lots of chances to ask questions concerning this project.

 I understand that participation in this study is completely voluntary and that I may stop at
any time without providing a reason.

 I agree to be involved in this project by participating in the interviews.

Signed by participant…………………………………………….Date……………………….

32
 APPENDIX B

Interview Guide for family members

This interview guide is divided into two sections: part A contains participant demographics, and part B

contains comprehensive questions about the topic being studied.

Part A: Demographic Information of Participants

Demographic Information Form

Location: [ ]
Age: [ ]
Religion: Catholic Christian Muslim Hinduism Other…….
Education: Class 1-2 Class 2-3 Class 3-4 Class5-6 Class7 and above
Period spent in marriage: [ ] 1-5years [ ] 6-10 years, [ ] more 10years
Nationality : Kenyan [ ] , Ugandan[ ] , Tanzanian [ ] , other [ ]
Explain ………………………………………
INTERVIEW APPOINTMENT
Date, place, and hour of interview………………………………………………………..….

Part B: Interview Questions

RQ – 1
What are the perceptions and attitudes towards Early Child Marriage among teenage girls in Machakos

County, Kenya?

Interview questions

a. Could you please elaborate on your knowledge of early child marriage and the impact it has on

young girls in Machakos County?

b. In your society, what are some prevalent viewpoints or attitudes regarding early child marriage?

c. In what ways do you believe that early child marriage affects the educational prospects and life

experiences of young girls in Machakos County?

33
 d. Have you personally dealt with early child marriage or do you know someone who has? If yes,

could you tell us about them and how their experience has affected your own?What attitudes and

perceptions do teenage girls in Machakos County, Kenya have regarding early child marriage?

e. What, in your opinion, can be done to help adolescent girls in Machakos County make wise

decisions about their futures and stop early child marriage?

RQ – 2
What are the economic factors that contribute to Early Child Marriage among teenage girls in

Machakos County, Kenya?

Interview questions

a. Could you talk about the particular financial difficulties that Machakos County families

experience and how these can cause adolescent girls to marry young children?

b. How do economic, cultural, and traditional beliefs interact to affect the community's incidence

of early child marriage?

c. How does the lack of access to higher education and work possibilities affect the probability

that young girls in Machakos County may be coerced into marriages at a young age?

d. Have any community-based interventions or initiatives been put in place to address the financial

issues causing early child marriage? If yes, what effect have they had?

e. How can the public and private sectors collaborate to address the underlying economic issues

that lead to early child marriage in Machakos County and stop it from happening in the future?

34
RQ – 3
What are some of the challenges that teenage girls among Machakos County have while engaging in

Early Child Marriage?

Interview questions

a. Could you list a few of the factors that Machakos County's adolescent girls most frequently

marry young children?

b. What are examples of the community's social and cultural practices that encourage or uphold

early child marriage?

c. How do the difficulties that young girls in Machakos County encounter as a result of being

coerced into child marriage affect their lives?

d. In Machakos County, how does early child marriage impact adolescent girls' access to

healthcare, school, and other opportunities?

e. What tactics or programs do you think could be used to stop young girls in Machakos County

from being married when they're still in their teens, and what obstacles are in the way of putting these

ideas into practice?

35
 APPENDIX C

Data Collection Time Framework

Category January February March April

Finalize the Proposal 21th

Getting all Permits 15th

Pre-testing of Instruments 10st

Data Collections 18th

Final Report 28th

Final Submission 24th

36
 APPENDIX D

Budget of the Study

Category Quantity Amount

Stationary Printing papers and pens 450

Photocopy expenses (Informed consent) 500

Transports (offices for Nairobi, - Machakos County 1500

approval)

Communication Airtime 200

Pre-testing Transport 2500

Lunch 4 Times 1200

Assistant 1 Person 1800

Printing and Biding Research Reports 1300

Others costs Miscellaneous 500

Total (KSH) 9,950

37
 APPENDIX E

Location of the Study

38