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CASS MILITARY STUDIES
Edited by
Anna Stavrianakis and
Jan Selby
Militarism and International
Relations
Part I
Theorizing militarism 1
Part III
The political economy of militarism 131
References 177
Index 203
Contributors
Scholarship at its best is collaborative, and producing an edited volume has gen-
erated opportunities for engagement that have surpassed our expectations, as
well as unexpected challenges whose struggle, if not resolution, have provided
their own stimulation in turn. This book began life in a conversation between the
editors in 2008 and has grown and developed in myriad ways in the intervening
four years. In the process we have accrued several debts. In particular, Iraklis
Oikonomou played an instrumental role in the original conference on which the
volume is based, and in an early editorial capacity. We are grateful for his
unstinting intellectual and practical contribution to the development of the
project, for his seemingly boundless energy, and for his friendship. The Univer-
sity of Sussex, Sussex’s Centre for Global Political Economy, the British Inter-
national Studies Association, the Transnational Institute and the Network of
Activist Scholars of Politics and IR, all provided material support for the confer-
ence, and a small army of student volunteers ensured the proceedings ran
smoothly in what proved to be a fruitful and collegial collective endeavour.
Many thanks also to Matthieu Hughes for transcribing the editors’ interview
with James Der Derian, and to Vanessa Iaria for her precision and timeliness in
copy-editing.
We are grateful to Oxford University Press for permission to reprint an
abridged version of Chapter 1 of Andrew J. Bacevich’s The New American
Militarism: How Americans are Seduced by War (2005).
Abbreviations
AD Anno Domini
ALBA Bolivarian Alternative for the Peoples of Our America
ASD AeroSpace and Defence
BOPE Special Police Operations Battalion
CEO Chief Executive Officer
CMC Central Military Commission
COSTIND Commission for Science, Technology and Industry for National
Defence
CPC Communist Party of China
CSF Central Security Forces
EADS European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company
EC European Commission
EDA European Defence Agency
ELN National Liberation Army
EMF European Metalworker’s Federation
EP European Parliament
ESA European Space Agency
ESDP European Security and Defence Policy
EU European Union
FARC Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
FMM Four Mothers Movement
FRNP National Popular Resistance Front
GAESA Grupo de Administración Empresarial S.A.
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GLD General Logistics Department
GMES Global Monitoring for Environment and Security
GNP Gross National Product
GPS Global Positioning System
G-MOSAIC GMES services for Management of Operations, Situational
Awareness and Intelligence for regional Crises
HTS Human Terrain System
IDF Israel Defense Forces
IFI International Financial Institutions
xviii Abbreviations
IMF International Monetary Fund
IR International Relations
LIMES Land and Sea Integrated Monitoring for European Security
MIC Military Industrial Complex
MIME-NET Military Industrial Media Entertainment Network
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
PAPF People’s Armed Police Force
PLA People’s Liberation Army
PLO Palestine Liberation Organization
PRC People’s Republic of China
PRS Public Regulated Service
RCC Revolutionary Command Council
RMA Revolution in Military Affairs
R&D Research and Development
SAF Second Artillery Force
SASTIND State Administration for Science, Technology, and Industry for
National Defence
SCAF Supreme Council of the Armed Forces
SOE State Owned Enterprises
SPASEC Space and Security Panel of Experts
UAR United Arab Republic
UK United Kingdom
USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
US United States
US United States of America
WEU Western European Union
WMD Weapon of Mass Destruction
Part I
Theorizing militarism
1 Militarism and international
relations in the twenty-first
century
Anna Stavrianakis and Jan Selby
Conclusion
Is militarism waxing or waning? This volume does not provide a conclusive
answer to this question, and perhaps none is possible. The contributions show
that there are social domains and regions of the world where militarism is being
transformed, determined by other political, economic, technological and cultural
transformations. They demonstrate that there are regions and domains where
militarism exercises enduring power and influence, even in the face of chal-
lenges – such as economic liberalization, democratization, and the reduction in
levels of inter-state warfare – that might be thought to undercut militarized atti-
tudes, institutions and social relations. They show that military power is being
extended into new arenas, despite (or perhaps to some degree because of ) pro
cesses of quantitative demilitarization. And some also show that anti-militarist
political movements are evidently in retreat in certain parts of the world. There
is clearly much more to be said about continuities and transformations in con-
temporary militarism. It is hoped that this volume, modest as it is, serves as a
stimulus to further research on the subject.
The contributions to this volume demonstrate the transformations and
ongoing salience of militarism in contemporary international politics. But there
are various aspects of militarism which are conspicuous by their absence herein.
In particular, none of the contributions focus centrally on the gendered or racial-
ized character of militarism (though the chapter by Aly does touch on the
former), or on the key regions of Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. This is
regrettable but not for want of trying or a result of analytical exclusion. These
lacunae are in some cases the outcome of logistical difficulties encountered on
the long road to producing an edited volume. In other cases, however, they are a
function of the problems that much contemporary scholarship seems to have in
engaging with the concept of militarism. This applies especially to scholarship
on Sub-Saharan Africa, where ‘failed states’, ‘new wars’ and ‘security’ dis-
courses are especially hegemonic. As editors we hope that these limitations of
this volume will be taken up as a challenge by other scholars to help in broaden-
ing the scope of research on militarism and militarization.
2 Twenty-first century militarism
A historical-sociological framework
Martin Shaw
in war all life is negotiated around weapons. Societies are reordered into
sharply defined new hierarchies: into those who have weapons and those
who have not. A man with a gun can walk to the front of the bread or petrol
queue. With his militia friends he can take over a petrol station if he likes
and reorganize the distribution while skimming money off the top. With a
rifle you can order a woman to have sex. Weapons redistribute wealth
through ‘taxes’, protection rackets and straight theft. Scores can be settled,
under the cover of generalized violence. This is only the most recent form
of core relations which exist in all organized warfare.
(Beaumont, 2009)
24 M. Shaw
These fundamental categories are also keys to important secondary distinctions.
For example, different social bases and methods of mobilization, as well as dif-
ferent military methods, give us distinctions such as those between regular and
guerrilla forms of modern war. The armed actor-civilian distinction enables us to
distinguish between ‘legitimate’ war, which is primarily between armed actors
and in which civilian harm arises as an unintended consequence; degenerate war,
in which civilians are targeted as a method of pursuing war against an armed
enemy; and genocide, in which civilian populations are targeted as enemies in
themselves and where their destruction is an end rather than a means. The dis-
tinction of terrorism as a specific variant of warfare uses both distinctions, since
if it has any social-scientific meaning it must imply specific types of military
method and social mobilization and a specific type of civilian targeting.
The concept of the mode of warfare brings to the fore a series of key analyti-
cal questions: how should we specify particular modes of warfare historically?
When and why do transitions between different modes arise? How are transi-
tions between modes of warfare related to transitions in other social domains?
Of course these are very large questions which I cannot answer fully here. But
modes of warfare should be specified on the basis of their own internal charac-
teristics, rather than prior concepts of transitions in the mode of production or
international systems; the articulation of modes of warfare, production, etc. is
complex; causality is not simply in one direction; and historical transitions in
one mode are not mechanically synchronized in another.