Chapter 42 Introduction to selected homologous series

Class practice 42.1 (p.6)

D

Class practice 42.2 (p.9)

1. (a) 3-methylhexane
(b) 2,3-dimethylbutane
(c) 2,2,4-trimethylpentane
(d) 2,4-dimethylhexane
2. (a) Structural formula of hexane:

Structural formula of 3-methylpentane:

OR

Structural formula of 2,2-dimethylbutane:

OR

(b) The boiling point decreases as the number of branches that the molecules of
these hydrocarbons have increases.
(c) Hexane is a straight-chain hydrocarbon while 3-methylpentane and
2,2-dimethylbutane are branched-chain hydrocarbons. Hexane molecules have a
greater area of contact with one another than 3-methylpentane molecules and
2,2-dimethylbutane molecules. Therefore, the van der Waals’ forces between
hexane molecules are the strongest among the molecules of these hydrocarbons.

1
 Compared with 3-methylpentane molecules, 2,2-dimethylbutane molecules have
a greater number of branches. They have a smaller area of contact with one
another. Hence, the van der Waals’ forces between 2,2-dimethylbutane
molecules are the weakest among the molecules of these hydrocarbons.

Class practice 42.3 (p.10)

(a) Pent-2-ene
(b) 3-methylbut-1-ene
(c) 2,4-dimethylhex-2-ene
(d) Hexa-1,4-diene

Class practice 42.4 (p.13)

(a) 1,2,2-trifluoro-1-iodopropane
(b) 4-bromo-1-chloro-2-methylbutane
(c) 5-chloro-3-ethyl-2-fluorohexane

Class practice 42.5 (p.16)

1. (a) 4-methylpentan-2-ol
(b) Pent-3-en-1-ol
(c) 6-chlorohex-4-en-2-ol
(d) 4-methylpentane-1,3-diol
2.

Propane-1,3-diol has a small molecular size. Besides, the two -OH groups in it can
form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

Class practice 42.6 (p.20)

(a) Methylpropanal
(b) 4-methylhexan-3-one
(c) 3-chloro-2-methylbutanal
(d) Hex-3-en-2-one

2
Class practice 42.7 (p.23)
1. (a) Butanoic acid
(b) 4-methylhexanoic acid
(c) 4,6-dimethylheptanoic acid
(d) Butenedioic acid
(e) 3-methylbut-2-enoic acid
2. Ethanoic acid has a small molecular size. Besides, the -COOH group in it can form
hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

Class practice 42.8 (p.27)

1. (a) Ethyl propanoate
(b) Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate
(c) Methyl pentanoate

2. (a)

(b)

Class practice 42.9 (p.30)

(a) C6H12O2
(b) Butanamide
(c) Molecules of Q are held together predominantly by hydrogen bonds, which are
stronger than the van der Waals’ forces between molecules of P. Thus, a larger
amount of energy is needed to overcome the intermolecular forces between
molecules of Q and separate them during boiling. Therefore, Q has a higher boiling
point.

Class practice 42.10 (p.34)

(a) Propan-1-amine
(b) Butan-2-amine
(c) Pentane-2,3-diamine
(d) 3-methylbutan-1-amine
(e) 2-chloroethanamine

3
(f) Pent-3-en-2-amine

Activity 42.1 (p.37)

(a) Ethanal
(b) Ethyne
(c) Hexanedioic acid
(d) Phenylmethanol
(e) Butanoic acid
(f) Ethanol
(g) Methanoic acid
(h) Propane-1,2,3-triol
(i) Triiodomethane
(j) Methylpropane
(k) Methylpropan-1-ol
(l) 2,2,4-trimethylpentane
(m) Ethanedioic acid
(n) Butanedioic acid
(o) Benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid
(p) Methylpropan-2-ol
(q) Methylbenzene
(r) Methanol

Chapter 42 Chapter exercise (p.42)

A. Fill in the blanks (p.42)

1. (a) chloroform
(b) isopropyl alcohol
(c) formaldehyde
(d) acetone
(e) acetic acid

B. Practice questions (p.42)

2. (a) 2,3-dimethylpent-1-ene
(b) 1,5-dichloro-4-methylpent-2-ene
(c) 3-bromopropene
(d) 3,4-dibromo-4-chlorobut-1-ene

4
 (e) 2-methylpentan-2-ol
(f) 4-chlorohex-4-en-2-ol
(g) 3,4-dimethylpentan-2-one
(h) 3-chlorohexanal
(i) 2,5-dimethylhex-4-enal
(j) 2-methylbutanedioic acid
(k) Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate
(l) But-3-en-1-amine
3.
(a) (i) (ii)

(b) (i) (ii)

(c) (i) (ii)

(d) (i) (ii)

(e) (i) (ii)

(f) (i) (ii)

(g) (i) (ii)

(h) (i) (ii)

5
 (i) (i) (ii)

C. Multiple-choice questions (p.43)

4. A
5. D
6. C
7. A

D. Structured questions (p.44)

8. (a) Structure of hexan-1-ol:

Structure of hexane-1,6-diol:

(b) Hexane-1,6-diol has one more -OH group than hexan-1-ol. 1

Hence, hexane-1,6-diol molecules can form more extensive hydrogen
bonding with water molecules as compared with hexan-1-ol molecules. 1
9. (a) The molecular size of these primary amines increases from CH3NH2 to
CH3(CH2)5NH2. 1
The boiling point of primary amines increases with molecular size. 1
(b) CH3NH2 is very soluble in water. 1
This is because water solubility of primary amines decreases with the
number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group (or decreases as the length of
the hydrocarbon chain increases). 1
10. (a) Propan-2-ol 1
(b) Isopropyl alcohol can be used as a disinfectant for killing bacteria and
other potentially harmful micro-organisms. 1
(c) Propanone 1

6
 (d) Acetone molecules can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. 1

hydrogen bond

Chapter 42 Exam practice (p.46)

A. Multiple-choice questions (p.46)

1. C
2. D
3. B
(The author is responsible for the solutions and that (a) they have neither been
provided nor approved by AQA and (b) they may not necessarily constitute the only
possible solutions.)
4. B
5. D
6. D
7. B
8. C
9. C
Each CH3CH2CONH2 molecule has two partially positively charged hydrogen atoms.
Each hydrogen atom can form a hydrogen bond with a lone pair of electrons on the
oxygen atom of another CH3CH2CONH2 molecule.
But for CH3CH2COOH, each of its molecules has only one partially positively
charged hydrogen atom. Hence, CH3CH2CONH2 molecules can form more extensive
hydrogen bonding with each other than CH3CH2COOH molecules.
As the intermolecular forces between CH3CH2CONH2 molecules are stronger than
those between CH3CH2COOH molecules, more energy is needed to overcome the
intermolecular forces between CH3CH2CONH2 molecules than those between
CH3CH2COOH molecules during evaporation. Hence, CH3CH2CONH2 is the least
volatile.

7
10. A
CH3CH2OH and CH3CH2NH2 are both miscible with water. However, as the polarity
of O-H bond is higher than that of N-H bond, CH3CH2OH is more polar than
CH3CH2NH2. Hence, CH3CH2OH molecules interact more strongly with water
molecules than CH3CH2NH2 molecules do. Therefore, CH3CH2OH is the most
soluble in water.

B. Structured questions (p.47)

11. (a) R, S and U 1

This is because they are all soluble in water. 1
(Note: molecules of ethanol, propan-1-ol and butan-1-ol can all form
hydrogen bonds with water molecules.)
(b) P and Q 1
This is because their boiling points are below 25°C. 1
(c) The boiling point of carbon compounds of the same homologous series
increases with the length of hydrocarbon chain in their molecules (or
the molecular size). 1
As the length of hydrocarbon chain (or the molecular size) increases,
the van der Waals’ forces between the molecules of carbon compounds
become stronger. 1
(d) P: butane 1
Q: propane 1
R: butan-1-ol 1
S: propan-1-ol 1
T: pentane 1
U: ethanol 1
12. (a) CH3COOCH2CH2CH(CH3)2 1
(b) 3-methylbutan-1-ol 1
(c) Isoamyl acetate is a relatively non-polar compound. The intermolecular
forces between its molecules and the molecules of most non-polar
organic solvents are of comparable strength. 1
(Molecules of isoamyl acetate and molecules of most non-polar organic
solvents can be attracted by weak intermolecular forces.)

8
13. (a) Mole ratio of C atoms to H atoms to O atoms
40.0 6.7 53.3
= : : 1
12.0 1.0 16.0
= 3.33 : 6.7 : 3.33
=1:2:1
the empirical formula of X is CH2O. 1
Let the molecular formula of X be (CH2O)n, where n is an integer.
50 < (12.0 + 1.0 × 2 + 16.0) × n < 80
n=2
the molecular formula of X is C2H4O2. 1
(b)

and

(c) X has a low boiling point and a pleasant fruity smell. 2

14. (a) Methanal 1
(b)

1
(c) Formaldehyde molecules are held together by van der Waals’ forces,
which are weaker than the hydrogen bonds existing predominantly
between methanol molecules. 1
Thus, a smaller amount of energy is needed to overcome the
intermolecular forces between formaldehyde molecules and separate
them during boiling. 1

9
Chapter 43 Isomerism
Class practice 43.1 (p.52)

Class practice 43.2 (p.54)

1.

2. (a) 2-chlorobutane
(b)

(c)

10
 (d) The haloalkane in (c) has a straight carbon chain while the haloalkane in (b) has
a branched carbon chain. Compared with the molecules of the haloalkane in (b),
the molecules of the haloalkane in (c) have a greater area of contact with one
another. Hence, the van der Waals’ forces between its molecules are stronger.
Therefore, the haloalkane in (c) has a higher boiling point.

Class practice 43.3 (p.56)

1. (a) Chain isomers
(b) Identical compounds
(c) Functional group isomers
(d) Position isomers
2. (a) The systematic names of P and Q are but-2-en-1-ol and butanone respectively.
(b) Functional group isomerism

Class practice 43.4 (p.60)

1. (a)

(b) The systematic names of these isomers are cis-pent-2-ene and trans-pent-2-ene
respectively.
2. D

Class practice 43.5 (p.61)

(a) The systematic names of X and Y are cis-but-2-ene and trans-but-2-ene respectively.
(b) As X is polar while Y is non-polar, the van der Waals’ forces between molecules of X
are stronger than those between molecules of Y. More energy is needed to separate
the molecules of X during boiling. Hence, X has a higher boiling point.

Class practice 43.6 (p.65)

1. (a)

11
 (b)

2. (a)

(b)

Class practice 43.7 (p.70)

(a) Cis-trans isomers
(b) Identical compounds
(c) Identical compounds
(d) Enantiomers
(Explanation: no matter how we rotate the compound on the right-hand side, we
cannot get a compound exactly the same as the one on the left-hand side.)

12
Chapter 43 Chapter exercise (p.73)
A. Fill in the blanks (p.73)

1. Isomers
2. Chain
3. Position
4. Functional group
5. Cis-trans isomers
6. Enantiomers

B. Practice questions (p.73)

7. (a)

(b)

(c)

(Note: and are identical

compounds.)

13
8. (a)

(b)

9. (a)

(b)

10. (a) Structural isomers

(b) Identical compounds
(c) Identical compounds
(d) Stereoisomers

C. Multiple-choice questions (p.74)

11. A
12. C
13. B
Option (B): the C-2 of this compound is chiral.
14. B

14
D. Structured question (p.75)

15. (a) It means the ability to rotate the plane of polarization of a beam of plane
polarized light. 1
(b) Yes. This is because they have the same structural formula and functional
groups. They differ only in the spatial arrangements of atoms. 1
(c)

1
(d) No. This is because it does not have chiral carbons. 1

Chapter 43 Exam practice (p.76)

A. Multiple-choice questions (p.76)

1. B (60%)
2. D

Option (C): the systematic name of (or

CH3CH=CHCH2CH3) is pent-2-ene, not 1-methylbut-2-ene.

Option (D): 3-methylbut-1-ene is a chain isomer of pent-1-ene.
3. A
(3): its systematic name is 2,3-dimethylpent-3-enal.
4. C
Both of them give 2,3-dibromobutanedioic acid when reacting with bromine.
5. A (44%)
6. C
7. D (52%)
From the respective three-dimensional structures of these three compounds, they are
either identical to each other or enantiomers. Hence, they all have the same boiling
point. (Note: the compounds in liquids A and C are identical, and the compounds in
liquids B and A are a pair of enantiomers.)

15
B. Structured questions (p.77)

8. (a) Structural formula of X: 1

Structural formula of Y: 1
(b) The systematic names of X and Y are trans-1,2-dibromoethene and
cis-1,2-dibromoethene respectively. 2
(c) They exhibit cis-trans isomerism 1
because each doubly-bonded carbon atom in the compound is attached
to different atoms. 1
(d) The polarities of the two polar C-Br bonds cancel out each other in the
molecule of X but not in the molecule of Y. Hence, X is non-polar while
Y is polar. 1
Therefore, the van der Waals’ forces between molecules of X are weaker
than those between molecules of Y. 1
(e) Yes. This is because they are a pair of stereoisomers that have the same
functional group. 1
9. (a) Let the molecular formula of P is CnH2n, where n is an integer.
(12.0 + 1.0 × 2) × n = 84.0 1
n=6
the molecular formula of P is C6H12. 1
(b) 8

cis-hex-2-ene trans-hex-2-ene

cis-hex-3-ene trans-hex-3-ene
(1 mark for each correct structure and 1 mark for each correct
systematic name of the corresponding structure)

16
10. (a) Compound A has a branched carbon chain. Its molecules have a smaller
area of contact with one another. 1
Thus, a smaller amount of energy is needed to overcome the weaker van
der Waals’ forces between its molecules. 1
(b) (i) Hex-3-en-1-ol 1
(ii) Stereoisomers are compounds that have the same structural
formula but different arrangements of atoms in space. 1
(iii) Structure of the cis stereoisomer of compound C:

1
Structure of the trans stereoisomer of compound C:

1
11. (a) Carboxyl group/-COOH group 1
Amine group/-NH2 group 1
(b) (i) The C-2 of glutamic acid is chiral. 1
(ii) Enantiomerism 1
(iii) 2

(1 mark for each correct structure)

(iv) Measure the optical activities of the pair of stereoisomers. 1
One isomer of glutamic acid/(+)-glutamic acid rotates the plane of
polarization of a beam of plane polarized light clockwise, while
another isomer of glutamic acid/(-)-glutamic acid rotates the plane
of polarization of a beam of plane polarized light anticlockwise to
the same extent. 1

17
 85.7 100 - 85.7
12. (a) Mole ratio of C atoms to H atoms = : 1
12.0 1.0
= 7.14 : 14.3
=1:2
the empirical formula of this hydrocarbon is CH2. 1
Let the molecular formula of this hydrocarbon be (CH2)n, where n is an
integer.
(12.0 + 1.0 × 2) × n = 56.0
n=4
the molecular formula of this hydrocarbon is C4H8. 1
(b)
P: Q:

R: S:

(1 mark for each correct answer) 4

(c) CH3CH=CHCH3 + H2 ® CH3CH2CH2CH3 1
(d) Methylpropane 1

18
Chapter 44 Typical reactions of various functional

groups
Class practice 44.1 (p.81)

Amine group (-NH2), amide group ( ), hydroxyl group (-OH) and carboxyl

group ( )

Class practice 44.2 (p.83)

1.

chloroethane 1,1-dichloroethane 1,2-dichloroethane

2. Reagent: use an excess of methane
Conditions: UV light or light or heat

Class practice 44.3 (p.86)

1. (a)

(b) The orange (or brown) bromine solution is decolourized rapidly.

2. Q: H2, Pt (Also accept using Pd or Ni as the catalyst.)
R: Cl2 (dissolved in an organic solvent)

Class practice 44.4 (p.90)

1.
(a)

(major product)

19
 (b)

(major product)
(c)

(They are identical compounds.)

(d)

(2)
(1)
(major product)

(3) (4)
((2) and (3) are identical compounds.)
2. The respective structures of W, X and Y are:

Class practice 44.5 (p.91)

(a)

propan-1-ol
(b)

propane-1,2-diol

20
Class practice 44.6 (p.94)
(a)

2-chlorobutane
(b)

2-chloro-2-methylpropane

Class practice 44.7 (p.97)

(a)

but-2-ene but-1-ene
(b)

penta-2,4-diene penta-1,4-diene

Class practice 44.8 (p.103)

1.

2. (a) M
(b) L

Class practice 44.9 (p.107)

(a)

(b)

(c) CH2=CHCH2CH2OH

21
Class practice 44.10 (p.111)
1. (a)

(b)

2. (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Class practice 44.11 (p.113)

W: X: Y:

propan-1-ol ethanoic acid propanoic acid

22
Class practice 44.12 (p.116)
1.
P: Q: R:

ethanoic acid ethyl ethanoate

ammonium ion
2. (a)
W: X:

(b)
Y: Z:

Chapter 44 Chapter exercise (p.124)

A. Fill in the blanks (p.124)

1. Substitution
2. Addition; hydrogen; halogens; hydrogen halides
3. greater
4. alcohols
5. haloalkanes
6. alkenes; sulphuric acid; aluminium oxide
7. (a) alkanals; carboxylic acids
(b) ketones
8. Aldehydes; ketones
9. primary; secondary
10. primary
11. Esterification
12. carboxylic acid; alcohol

23
13. carboxylate; alcohol
14. carboxylic acid
15. carboxylate; ammonia

B. Practice question (p.125)

16. (a) K: CH3CH=CHCH2CH3

(b) L: H2, Pt (Also accept using Pd or Ni as the catalyst.)
(c) M:

(d) N:

(e) O:

(f) P: (CH3)2C=CHCH2CH2CH3
Q: CH2=C(CH3)CH2CH2CH2CH3
(g) R:

(h) S:

(i) T: 1. PCl3 2. NH3

(j) U:

(k) V:

24
 (l) W:

X:

(m) Y:

Z:

C. Multiple-choice questions (p.126)

17. B
18. A
19. B
20. C

D. Structured questions (p.127)

21. (a) V:

W:

(b) P: HBr 1
Q: Cr2O72-(aq)/H+(aq) 1
(c) Addition reaction 1
(d) Heat under reflux 1

25
22. (a) It acts as a dehydrating agent. 1
(b) 2

They exhibit cis-trans isomerism. 1

Chapter 44 Exam practice (p.128)

A. Multiple-choice questions (p.128)

1. C
Menthol is a secondary alcohol. A water molecule can be eliminated from a menthol
molecule in two ways:
(1)

Al2O3
heat

By rotating the organic product along its axis through 180° clockwise, we get the
compound which is identical to that in option (C).
(2)

Al2O3
heat

2. D
Esterification is involved and it is a reversible reaction. Concentrated H2SO4 acts as a
catalyst. The organic product of this reaction is butyl propanoate.
3. C

26
4. C (49%)
(1): when the sunblock cream containing that compound is heated under reflux with

NaOH(aq), the compound hydrolyses to form and

(3): when acidified KMnO4(aq) is added to the sunblock cream containing that
compound, the compound undergoes addition reaction to form

5. C (65%)
6. B
(1): propan-2-ol is a secondary alcohol. Oxidation of propan-2-ol gives propanone (a
ketone).
(2): acid hydrolysis of ethyl propanoate gives propanoic acid and ethanol.

H+(aq)
heat

(3): alkaline hydrolysis of propanamide gives propanoate and ammonia.

7. D (65%)
Option (A): the pair of reagents would undergo hydrohalogenation.
Option (B): the pair of reagents would undergo acid hydrolysis.
Option (C): the pair of reagents would undergo substitution reaction.

B. Structured questions (p.129)

8. The acidified potassium dichromate crystals inside the breathalyser change

from orange to green if the breathed air contains ethanol. 1
Ethanol in the breathed air can reduce Cr2O72-(aq) ions (orange) to Cr3+(aq)
ions (green). 1

27
9. (a) C10H18O 1

(b) Carbon-carbon double bond/ 1

Hydroxyl group/-OH group 1

(c) (i) Cr2O72-(aq)/H+(aq), heat (with distillation) 1
(ii) Cr2O72-(aq)/H+(aq), heat (under reflux) 1
(d) Mix M and N with sodium hydrogencarbonate (or sodium carbonate)
solution respectively. 1
Only N reacts with the solution to give colourless gas bubbles (or only N
reacts with the solution to form a colourless gas which can turn
limewater milky). 1
OR
Heat M and N with an alcohol in the presence of concentrated H2SO4
respectively. (1)
Only N reacts with the alcohol to give a pleasant fruity smell. (1)
10. (a) The orange acidified potassium dichromate solution turns green. 1
(b) (i) Butanoic acid 1
(ii)
OR

1
(c) LiAlH4, dry ether; then H+(aq) 1
OR NaBH4(aq) (1)
(d) Esterification 1
(e) CH3CH2CH2COOCH2CH2CH2CH3 1

11. (a) HCl can react with the of oct-1-en-3-ol through addition
reaction 1

to give / 2-chlorooctan-3-ol (major product) and 1

/ 1-chlorooctan-3-ol (minor product). 1

28
 (b) Phosphorus trichloride/PCl3 1
(c)

1
12. Add bromine (dissolved in an organic solvent) to each of these liquids
separately. Only CH2=CHCH2CH2OH can decolourize the orange (or brown)
bromine solution rapidly. 1
Then add sodium hydrogencarbonate (or sodium carbonate) solution to each
of the remaining three liquids separately. Only CH3CH2CH2COOH forms
colourless gas bubbles (or forms a colourless gas which can turn limewater
milky). 1
Finally, warm each of the two remaining liquids with acidified potassium
dichromate solution separately. Only CH3CH2CH2CH2OH can turn the
orange acidified potassium dichromate solution to green. 1
Communication mark 1
13. (a)

(b) Concentrated H2SO4, heat 1

(c)

1
(d) (i) Propane-1,2,3-triol 1
(ii)

1
and

1
14. HKDSE 2020 Paper 1B Q11

29
Chapter 45 Inter-conversions of carbon compounds
Class practice 45.1 (p.136)
NaOH(aq), heat

Class practice 45.2 (p.140)

1.
E: F: G:

2. L: 1. LiAlH4, dry ether 2. H+(aq)

OR
L: NaBH4(aq)
M: Cr2O72-(aq)/H+(aq), heat

N:

3. P: CH3OH
Q: CH3CH2COO-
R: CH3CH2COOH
S: CH3CH2CH2OH
4.

H+(aq) 1. LiAlH4, dry ether

heat 2. H+(aq)

PCl3

(Accept other correct synthetic routes.)

Class practice 45.3 (p.143)

OH-(aq) conc. H2SO4
heat heat

HCl

(Accept other correct synthetic routes.)

30
Class practice 45.4 (p.150)
Number of moles of CH3CHBrCH2CH3 used
8.20
= mol
12.0 × 4 + 1.0 × 9 + 79.9
= 0.0599 mol
From the equation, mole ratio of CH3CHBrCH2CH3 to CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3 = 1 : 1.
number of moles of CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3 obtained = 0.0599 mol
Theoretical yield of CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3
= 0.0599 × (12.0 × 4 + 1.0 × 10 + 16.0) g
= 4.43 g
3.55 g
Percentage yield of CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3 = × 100% = 80.1%
4.43 g

Class practice 45.5 (p.155)

(a) HCOOH + CH3CH2CH2CH2OH ⇌ HCOOCH2CH2CH2CH3 + H2O

(b) Butyl methanoate

15.00
(c) Number of moles of HCOOH = mol = 0.326 mol
1.0 × 2 + 12.0 + 16.0 × 2
Number of moles of CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
10.00
= mol = 0.135 mol
12.0 × 4 + 1.0 × 10 +16.0
Since 0.135 mol of CH3CH2CH2CH2OH requires only 0.135 mol of HCOOH for the
reaction, HCOOH is in excess.
From the equation, mole ratio of CH3CH2CH2CH2OH to HCOOCH2CH2CH2CH3
= 1 : 1.
theoretical yield of HCOOCH2CH2CH2CH3
= 0.135 × (12.0 × 5 + 1.0 × 10 + 16.0 × 2) g
= 13.8 g
(d) Percentage yield of HCOOCH2CH2CH2CH3
5.65 g
= × 100% = 40.9%
13.8 g

31
Class practice 45.6 (p.157)
(a)

H+(aq)

(b) Acid hydrolysis of ethyl benzoate is a reversible reaction and it never goes to
completion.

Chapter 45 Chapter exercise (p.161)

A. Fill in the blanks (p.161)

1. multi-step; functional groups

2. intermediate
3. availability; cost; rate; percentage yield, steps; by-products
4. reflux; distillation
5. catalyst; acidic; ethanol; water
6. sodium benzoate; suction; recrystallization

B. Practice questions (p.161)

7. (a)

H2, Pt OH-(aq)
heat
PCl3

(Accept other correct synthetic routes.)

(b)

OH-(aq) Cr2O72-(aq)/H+(aq)
heat heat

1. PCl3
2. NH3

(Accept other correct synthetic routes.)

32
 (c)

excess OH-(aq) conc. H2SO4

heat heat

excess Cl2 (in organic solvent)

(Accept other correct synthetic routes.)

(d)

OH-(aq) Cr2O72-(aq)/H+(aq) NaOH(aq)

heat heat

(Accept other correct synthetic routes.)

(e)

1. LiAlH4, dry ether conc. H2SO4 H2, Pt

2. H+(aq) heat

(Accept other correct synthetic routes.)

(f)

H+(aq) 1. LiAlH4, dry ether HBr

heat 2. H+(aq)

(Accept other correct synthetic routes.)

(g)

conc. H2SO4 Cl2 (in organic solvent)

heat

(Accept other correct synthetic routes.)

8. X:

Y: NaBH4(aq)
Z:

33
C. Multiple-choice questions (p.162)

9. C
10. D

Cr2O72-(aq)/H+(aq) 1. PCl3
heat 2. NH3

11. D
12. A

D. Structured questions (p.163)

13. (a) CH2ClCH2Cl 1

(b) Both ethene and chlorine are non-polar substances. They are more
soluble in organic solvents than in water. 1
(c) Excess NaOH(aq) or excess KOH(aq) 1
(d) No. This is because CH2ClCH3 would form in the reaction but not
compound P (or CH2ClCH2Cl). 1
14. (a) X:

1
Y:

2.0
(b) Number of moles of benzyl benzoate = mol = 9.4 × 10-3 mol
212.0
Since the hydrolysis of 1 mol of benzyl benzoate under alkaline
conditions gives 1 mol of benzoic acid, number of moles of benzoic
acid formed = 9.4 × 10-3 mol.
Percentage yield of benzoic acid
0.6 g
= × 100% 1
(9.4 ×10-3 × 122.0) g
= 52% 1

34
Chapter 45 Exam practice (p.164)
A. Multiple-choice questions (p.164)

1. D
2. B
3. D (83%)

The structure of the intermediate compound is .

4. C (74%)

The structure of X is .
5. C (40%)

The structure of Y is .
The carboxyl group of Y is converted to an ester group by reacting with its hydroxyl
group through intramolecular esterification.

conc. H2SO4
heat

6. B
3.0 g
Percentage yield of propanoic acid = 3.0 × 100% = 81%
"60.0 × 74.0# g
7. C (83%)

35
B. Structured questions (p.165)

8. (a) For Step (1): conc. H2SO4, heat 1

OR
For Step (1): Al2O3, heat (1)
For Step (2): HBr 1
(b) Substitution (reaction) 1
CH3CH2CH(OH)CH2CH3 + HBr ® CH3CH2CHBrCH2CH3 + H2O 1
OR
3CH3CH2CH(OH)CH2CH3 + PBr3
® 3CH3CH2CHBrCH2CH3 + H3PO3 (1)
(c) It gives a higher yield of the desired product (3-bromopentane). 1
(Note: the conversion of pentan-3-ol to 3-bromopentane using two-step
conversion suggested by the student gives two different products
(3-bromopentane and 2-bromopentane), while the conversion using the
single-step conversion gives only one product (3-bromopentane).)
9. (a) 3-methylbut-2-en-1-ol 1
(b) The orange (or brown) bromine solution is decolourized rapidly. 1
(c) (i)

1
(ii) Measure the optical activities of the two isomeric compounds. 1
One of which rotates the plane of polarization of a beam of plane
polarized light clockwise, while the other one rotates the plane of
polarization of a beam of plane polarized light anticlockwise to the
same extent. 1
(d) (i) It acts as an oxidizing agent. 1
(ii) No. This is because prenol undergoes addition reaction but not
oxidation with alkaline potassium permanganate solution (to give
3-methylbutane-1,2,3-triol instead). 1

36
10. (a) Structure I
Since Q reacts with sodium hydroxide solution to give a salt, it contains
a -COOH group. This suggests that P is a primary alcohol. 1
Oxidation of a primary alcohol by acidified potassium dichromate
solution can convert its -OH group to a -COOH group. 1
(b)

1
(c)

Number of moles of P
20.0
= mol = 0.175 mol
(12.0 × 7 + 1.0 × 14 + 16.0)
(Note: when 1 mol of P is oxidized, 1 mol of Q is produced.)
Mass of sodium hydroxide needed
= 0.175 × (23.0 + 16.0 + 1.0) g 1
= 7.00 g 1
11. (a) This is to prevent bumping due to overheating of the reaction mixture. 1
(b) X: conc. H2SO4 1
Y: 1-methylcyclohexene 1
(c)

(d) Distil the product obtained (or carry out fractional distillation on the
product obtained). 1
Collect the liquid that boils between 108.3°C and 112.3°C.
12. HKDSE 2020 Paper 1B Q10

37
 81.8 (100 - 81.8)
13. (a) Mole ratio of C atoms to H atoms = : 1
12.0 1.0
= 6.82 : 18.2
= 1 : 2.67 (≈ 3 : 8)
the empirical formula of RCH3 is C3H8. 1
(b) By applying Avogadro’s Law, 10 cm3 of gaseous RCH3 and 10 cm3 of
CO2 contain the same number of molecules (and hence equal numbers
of moles of molecules) at room temperature and pressure. As equal
volumes of gaseous RCH3 and CO2 have the same mass, they have the
same relative molecular mass. 1
Let the molecular formula of RCH3 be (C3H8)n, where n is an integer.
n × (12.0 × 3 + 1.0 × 8) = 44.0 1
n=1
the molecular formula of RCH3 is C3H8. 1
(c) Cl2 (in organic solvent); UV light or light or heat 1
(d) NaOH(aq) KOH or OH-(aq) 1
(e) Y is Na2Cr2O7(aq)/H+(aq), K2Cr2O7(aq)/H+(aq) or Cr2O72-(aq)/H+(aq) . 1
This is to ensure the complete oxidation of RCH2OH to RCOOH so that
RCOOH is the only product of the reaction. 1
14. (a) Ethyl propanoate 1
(b) 1

water out

reflux condenser

water in

CH3CH2COOH(l), CH3CH2OH(l)
anti-bumping granule
and conc. H2SO4
heat

38
 (c) Let the volume of the reaction system is V cm3.
Initial concentration of CH3CH2COOH
18.5
74.0 0.250
= mol dm-3 = mol dm-3
V V
Initial concentration of CH3CH2OH
23.0
46.0 0.500
= mol dm-3 = mol dm-3
V V
Initial concentration of H2O
22.5
18.0 1.25
= mol dm-3 = mol dm-3
V V
0.140
Equilibrium concentration of the ester = mol dm-3
V
Concentration
CH3CH2COOH(l) + CH3CH2OH(l) ⇌ CH3CH2COOCH2CH3(l) + H2O(l)
/ mol dm-3

0.250 0.500 1.25

Initial 0
V V V

0.140 0.140 0.140 0.140

Change - - + +
V V V V

0.110 0.360 0.140 1.39

Equilibrium
V V V V

1
[CH3 CH2 COOCH2 CH3 (l)][H2 O(l)]
Kc = 1
[CH3 CH2 COOH(l)][CH3 CH2 OH(l)]
0.140 1.39
( V mol dm-3 )( V mol dm-3 )
= 0.110 0.360
( V mol dm-3 )( V mol dm-3 )

= 4.91 1
15. (a) Alkaline hydrolysis 1
(b) X:

39
 Y:

(c) Concentrated HCl 1

(d) Dissolve the crude benzoic acid in a minimum volume of hot distilled
water. Filter the hot solution to remove any insoluble impurities. 1
Allow the hot filtrate to cool at room temperature and then in an
ice-water bath. 1
Separate the crystals from the residual solution by suction filtration. 1
(e) Theoretical yield of benzoic acid
5.00 g
= × 122.0 g mol-1
135.0 g mol-1
= 4.52 g
Percentage yield of benzoic acid
3.12 g
= × 100% 1
4.52 g
= 69.0% 1

40
Chapter 46 Important organic substances
Class practice 46.1 (p.173)
(a)

(b) Any TWO of the following:

l Reduce inflammation
l Treat arthritis
l Reduce the risks of heart attacks and strokes
(c) Aspirin is acidic. It can irritate the lining of the stomach.

Class practice 46.2 (p.183-184)

1. C
2. D

Class practice 46.3 (p.188)

(a) Condensation polymerization

(b)

Class practice 46.4 (p.191)

A

41
Feature reading (p.193)
1. Ester group 1
2. (a) 2

1. OH-(aq), heat CH3OH, conc. H2SO4

+
2. H (aq) heat

(1 mark for the correct reagent and conditions used for step 1 and the intermediate
formed in step 1; 1 mark for the correct reagent and conditions used for step 2.)
(b) Percentage yield of oil of wintergreen
1.00 g
= 1.50 × 100% 1
"180.0 × 152.0# g
= 78.9% 1
(c) Disagree. Even if there is a demand for oil of wintergreen, it can be
synthesized from salicylic acid directly (by esterification) rather than
from aspirin./ 1
Aspirin is synthesized from salicylic acid. Oil of wintergreen is a
natural product. There is no point making a natural product from a
synthetic product unless the demand is so great that it cannot meet the
supply. (1)

Chapter 46 Chapter exercise (p.199)

A. Fill in the blanks (p.199)

1. Acetylsalicylic acid; inflammation; heart attacks

2. ionic; hydrocarbon; hydrophilic; hydrophobic
3. wetting
4. emulsifying
5. polyamide; amide
6. polyester; ester

B. Multiple-choice questions (p.199)

7. A
8. D
9. C
10. A

42
C. Structured questions (p.200)
11. (a) H+(aq) 1
(b)

1
(c) Percentage yield of aspirin
18.0 g
= 20.0 × 100% 1
"152.0 × 180.0# g
= 76% 1
12. (a) Saponification 1
(b)

(c) The soap obtained has an ionic head (-COO-) and a hydrocarbon tail
(CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)2(CH2)6-). When it is added to an oil-water
mixture, the hydrocarbon tails of the soap particles dissolve in the oil
while the ionic heads of the soap particles dissolve in the water. 1
Upon shaking, tiny oil droplets, which carry negative charges, form.
Repulsion of the negatively charged droplets prevents them from joining
together. As a result, a stable emulsion forms. 1
13. (a) Amide linkage 1
(b) Ethane-1,2-diamine 1

AND

43
 Heptanedioic acid 1

OR
Heptanedioyl dichloride (1)

(1)

(c) (i) Heptanedioic acid OR Heptanedioyl dichloride 1

(ii) 1

OR
(1)

(d) Y
Fibres of Y are resistant to water and most chemicals. Besides, they
have a low density. 1
(e) X
Fibres of X are tough, strong and elastic. 1

Chapter 46 Exam practice (p.201)

A. Multiple-choice questions (p.201)

1. D
Since the structure of aspirin has an ester group, it can be hydrolysed readily by acids
and alkalis.
2. C
In saponification, triesters undergo alkaline hydrolysis to give glycerol and soaps i.e.
sodium (or potassium) salts of long-chained carboxylic acids.
3. D
4. A
5. B
(2): the polymerization involves condensation.

44
6. B (43%)
(3): CH3CH(OH)CO2H is lactic acid. It is the monomer of polylactide (PLA), which
is a condensation polymer. Every two lactic acid molecules react in an acidic medium
to form a cyclic intermediate called lactide. During the reaction, two water molecules
are eliminated.

H+(aq)

B. Structured questions (p.202)

7. HKDSE 2019 Paper 1B Q15

8. HKDSE 2019 Paper 1B Q13c
9. HKDSE 2021 Paper 1B Q13
10. (a) It is a reaction in which monomer molecules join together repeatedly to
form polymer molecules with the elimination of small molecules (such
as H2O, HCl). 1
(b) 1

(c)

1
(d) The molecules of ethane-1,2-diol have two -OH groups while the
molecules of ethanol have only one -OH group. 1
Each molecule of ethane-1,2-diol can react with two molecules of
benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid to form a polymer chain eventually but
the molecules of ethanol cannot. 1
(e) Concentrated H2SO4 breaks the ester linkages in the polymer chains of
PET through acid hydrolysis. 1
(f) PET is resistant to water and most chemicals. 1
PET has a low density. 1

45
Chapter 46 Part exercise (p.203)
A. Multiple-choice questions (p.203)

1. A
2. B
3. D
4. B
5. D
6. A (59%)
7. C
Option (A): its systematic name is propan-2-ol.
Option (B): it is a secondary alcohol.

Option (D): it reacts with acidified Cr2O72-(aq) to give propanone, .

8. B
9. C
10. D
NaBH4(aq) can reduce the aldehyde group and ketone group of a carbon compound
but cannot reduce the carbon-carbon double bond and ester group of a carbon
compound.
11. B
Acid hydrolysis of a cyclic ester gives a compound that contains both a -COOH
group and an -OH group.
12. A

(1) LiAlH4, dry ether HBr

(2)
H+(aq)

13. D (37%)
(1): HCOOCH2CH3(l) + NaOH(aq) ® HCOONa(aq) + CH3CH2OH(aq)
(2): CH3CH2CH2Cl(l) + NaOH(aq) ® CH3CH2CH2OH(aq) + NaCl(aq)
(3): 3CH3CH2CHO(l) + Cr2O72-(aq) + 8H+(aq)
® 3CH3CH2COOH(aq) + 2Cr3+(aq) + 4H2O(l)
14. C (63%)

46
15. A

Partial hydrolysis of X gives (the compound as

shown in option A) and .

16. A (75%)
Option (A): Y is lactic acid. Refer to the explanation for Exam practice, Q6 again.

B. Structured questions (p.206)

17. HKDSE 2020 Paper 1B Q5

18. (a) Two colourless liquid layers form. 1
(b) (i) OCl-(aq) + Cl-(aq) + 2H+(aq) ® Cl2(aq) + H2O(l) 1
(ii) Chlorine/Cl2 1
(c) Hexane, which has a lower density than water, is non-polar. Chlorine is
more soluble in hexane than in aqueous solution. 1
(d) To release the gas pressure built up inside the test tube when shaking 1
(e) UV light or light 1
(f) 1-chlorohexane 1
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 + Cl2
® CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2Cl + HCl 1
(Accept other correct organic products and the corresponding equation
for the reaction that involves.)
19. (a) 10
M: N:

L: O:

47
 P: Q:

R: S:

T: U:

(1 mark for each correct answer)

(b) (i)

water out

reflux condenser

water in

M + Cr2O72-(aq)/H+(aq)
anti-bumping granule

heat
2
(1 mark for correct drawing; 1 mark for correct labelling)
(ii) The reaction mixture changes from orange to green. 1
(c) LiAlH4 or NaBH4 1
20. (a) Propanal 1
(b) Upon heating, little propan-1-ol vaporized and escaped from the hot
reaction mixture (without being oxidized). Then its vapour condensed to
liquid when it was cooled in the test tube immersed in an ice-water bath. 1
(c) Propanal has a low boiling point. It distilled off once it was produced
without being further oxidized by acidified K2Cr2O7(aq). 1
(d) Propanone 1
(e) Heat the mixture of propan-1-ol and acidified K2Cr2O7(aq) in a
pear-shaped flask connected to a reflux condenser (for a period of time). 1

48
 (f) (i)

Propanamide 1
(ii) 1. PCl3 2. NH3 1
OR
NH3(aq), heat (1)
21. (a) 3

conc. H2SO4 HCl OH-(aq)

heat heat

(b) 2

1. LiAlH4, dry ether CH3COOH

+
2. H (aq) conc. H2SO4, heat

(c) 3

1. OH-(aq), heat 1. LiAlH4, dry ether

+
2. H (aq) 2. H+(aq)

excess HCl

(For each of the above questions, 1 mark for the correct reagents and
conditions used for step 1 and the intermediate formed in this step; 1 mark
for the correct reagents and conditions used for step 2 and the intermediate
formed in this step; 1 mark for the correct reagents and conditions used for
step 3 (if any))
22. HKDSE 2021 Paper 1B Q11
23. (a) (i) Oxidation 1
(ii) To ensure that all the 4-chloro-2-methylbutan-1-ol is reacted 1
(b) Substitution (reaction) and neutralization 1
(c) It acts as a catalyst to speed up the (esterification) reaction. 1
(d)

49
 (e) Theoretical yield of Y
10.0 g
= × 100.0 g mol-1 = 8.16 g 1
122.5 g mol-1
(Note: the molar masses of 4-chloro-2-methylbutan-1-ol and Y are 122.5
g mol-1 and 100.0 g mol-1 respectively.)
Mass of Y obtained = 8.16 g × 30% = 2.45 g 1
24. (a) W: CH3CH2CH=CH2 1
X: CH3CH2CHBrCH3 1
(b) Y: NaOH(aq) or KOH(aq) or OH-(aq) 1
Z: K2Cr2O7(aq)/H+(aq) or Na2Cr2O7(aq)/H+(aq) or Cr2O72-(aq)/H+(aq) 1
(c) (i) Theoretical yield of butanone
10 g
= × 72.0 g mol-1 = 9.73 g 1
74.0 g mol-1
(Note: the molar masses of butan-1-ol and butanone are 74.0 g
mol-1 and 72.0 g mol-1 respectively.)
Mass of butanone obtained = 9.73 g × 65% = 6.32 g 1
(ii) One possible side product is butanal or butanoic acid. 1
Addition reaction between compound W and HBr produces
1-bromobutane as the minor product. When this minor product
undergoes substitution reaction with NaOH(aq), butan-1-ol forms.
Upon oxidation, butan-1-ol can be converted to butanal or butanoic
acid. 1
25. HKDSE 2018 Paper 1B Q12
26. (a) Soaps have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail in their structure
and lipids are hydrophobic. 1
Lipids dissolve in soaps. In case of coronavirus, the lipid membrane
ruptures in soap solution and this destroys the virus. 1
(Besides, washing our hands with soap solution can prevent coronavirus
from adhering to our hands.)
(b) Breaking the lipid membrane of the coronavirus takes time. Hence, it is
safer to wash hands for a longer period of time. 1
(c) Coronavirus are not bacteria. Antibacterial soaps work no better in
destroying viruses. 1

50
 (d) Any one of the following reasons:
l Hydroalcoholic gels work less well if our hands are greasy or dirty. 1
l Soaps can destroy viruses and we can get rid of inactive viruses
from the skin by washing away the soap solution on our hands.
Hydroalcoholic gels may leave inactive viruses that remain on the
skin as no rinsing is required after rubbing our hands with these
gels. (1)
(Accept other correct reasons.)

Chapter 46 Revision test (p.211)

A. Multiple-choice questions (p.211)

1. C
This ester is produced from the reaction between ethanol and 2-methylbutanoic acid.
2. B
According to Markovnikov’s rule, the hydrogen atom is added to the terminal
doubly-bonded carbon atom (as it already carries two hydrogen atoms). The bromine
atom is added to the second carbon of H2C=CH-CH2-OH. Besides, the -OH group
of H2C=CH-CH2-OH is substituted by a bromine atom.
3. B
4. C
Option (A): acidified Cr2O72-(aq) is not strong enough to oxidize propene.
Option (B): propene undergoes addition reaction with H2(g) in the presence of
platinum while propan-1-ol does not react with H2(g).
Option (C): propan-1-ol is dehydrated to propene by heating with conc. H2SO4.
Option (D): propene undergoes addition reaction with HCl(g) while propan-1-ol
undergoes substitution reaction with HCl(g).
5. D
6. D
Ethanamide undergoes alkaline hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide solution. The
equation for the reaction is:

heat

51
7. C
(2): X is a tertiary alcohol and Y is a primary alcohol. Thus, only Y can be oxidized by
acidified Cr2O72-(aq).
(3): both of them have the same carbon skeleton with seven carbon atoms. Moreover,
both of them have the same functional group (-OH group). The -OH group of X is
attached to C-2 of the carbon chain while it is attached to C-1 in Y.
8. D

(1): this compound contains only one chiral carbon:

(2): the H atom and the Br atom of HBr are added across the carbon-carbon double
bond of this compound.

(3): this compound can react with NaBH4, converting the to .

9. A
(3): this detergent has a carboxylate group (-COO-), which is the ionic head for
soaps. Hence, it is made from fats or oils.
10. B
(1): no matter how we rotate the compound on the left-hand side, we cannot get a
compound exactly the same as the one on the right-hand side.

(2): flip the compound on the left-hand side from top to down, and then from left to
right. We get the compound exactly the same as the one on the right-hand side.
(3): the ester on the left-hand side is ethyl propanoate while that on the right-hand
side is propyl ethanoate.
11. C

52
B. Structured questions (p.213)
12. (a) 2-methylpropyl ethanoate 1
(b) X: HOCH2CH(CH3)2 1
Y: CH3CH2OH 1
(c) P: NaOH(aq) or KOH(aq) or OH-(aq) 1
Q: conc. H2SO4 1
(d) Incomplete oxidation of CH3CH2OH occurred. 1
Add a few drops of acidified K2Cr2O7(aq) to the product mixture
formed in Reaction 2. If the mixture changes from orange to green, it
indicates that CH3CHO is present. 1
(e) It has a relatively low boiling point. 1
OR
It is volatile. (1)
13. (a) P: HBr 1
(b) Q: Cr2O72-(aq)/H+(aq); heat (under reflux) 1
(c) R: H2, Pt 1
(Accept using Pd or Ni as the catalyst.)
14. 3

1. LiAlH4, dry ether conc. H2SO4

2. H+(aq) heat

H2, Pt

(1 mark for the correct reagents and conditions used for step 1 and the
intermediate formed in this step; 1 mark for the correct reagents and
conditions used for step 2 and the intermediate formed in this step; 1
mark for the correct reagents and conditions used for step 3)
15. (a) (i) Y
In the structure of Y, the two hydrogen atoms are on the opposite
sides of the carbon-carbon double bond. 1
(ii) The rotation about the carbon-carbon double bond is restricted in
the molecules of fatty acid C17H33COOH. 1
(iii) Compared with X, the molecules of Y have a more symmetrical
structure. They can pack more closely in the solid state. Thus,
more energy is needed to overcome the van der Waals’ forces
between them during melting. 1

53
(b)

1
(c) It raises the level of ‘bad’ cholesterol in our body. 1
(d) (i)

1
(ii) When (a solution of) W is added to a water-oil mixture, the ionic
heads (-COO-) of the anions of W dissolve in the water while the
hydrocarbon tails (C17H33-) of the anion of W dissolve in the oil.
Upon shaking, oil droplets, which carry negatively charges, form.
Repulsion of these negatively charged droplets prevent them from
joining together. As a result, an emulsion forms. 1

54
Chapter 47 Periodic variation in physical properties of

the elements from Li to Ar

Class practice 47.1 (p.222)
Element Bonding of the element Structure of the element
(a) Lithium Metallic bonding Giant metallic structure
(b) Carbon (diamond) Covalent bonding Giant covalent structure
(c) Nitrogen l Within a nitrogen Simple molecular structure
molecule: covalent
bonding;
l Between nitrogen
molecules: van der
Waals’ forces
(d) Silicon Covalent bonding Giant covalent structure
(e) Aluminium Metallic bonding Giant metallic structure
(f) Argon Van der Waals’ forces Simple molecular structure

Class practice 47.2 (p.227)

B

Class practice 47.3 (p.229)

B

Chapter 47 Chapter exercise (p.232)

A. Fill in the blanks (p.232)

1. IV; V; 0
2. delocalized electrons

B. Multiple-choice questions (p.232)

3. D
4. B
5. C
6. D

55
B. Structured questions (p.232)

7. Carbon (diamond) has a giant covalent structure. A large amount of energy is

needed to break a large number of strong covalent bonds between the carbon
atoms in melting. 1
Beryllium has a giant metallic structure. A relatively smaller amount of
energy is needed to break incompletely the strong metallic bonds between
the beryllium ions and delocalized electrons in melting. 1
8. (a) The covalent bond binds phosphorus atoms together within a
phosphorus molecule. The bonding is a result of the electrostatic
attraction between nuclei and shared electrons of the bonded
phosphorus atoms. 1
(b) Both molecules of phosphorus and sulphur are held together by van der
Waals’ forces. 1
As phosphorus has a smaller molecular size than sulphur, the van der
Waals’ forces between phosphorus molecules are weaker than those
between sulphur molecules. 1

Chapter 47 Exam practice (p.233)

A. Multiple-choice questions (p.233)

1. A
2. B
(2): carbon but not boron has the highest melting point among the elements in Period
2 of the Periodic Table.
3. B (73%)

B. Structured questions (p.233)

4. HKDSE 2019 Paper 1B Q14

5. Phosphorus has a simple molecular structure. A small amount of energy is
needed to overcome the weak van der Waals’ forces between the phosphorus
molecules in melting. 1
Sodium and magnesium both have giant metallic structures. A large amount
of energy is needed to break the strong metallic bonds between the metal
ions and delocalized electrons in melting. The metallic bond in magnesium is
stronger than that in sodium because each magnesium atom has two
outermost shell electrons while each sodium atom has one only. 1

56
 Silicon has a giant covalent structure. A larger amount of energy is needed to
break a large number of strong covalent bonds between the silicon atoms in
melting. 1
Communication mark 1
6. (a) P has the highest melting point while T has the lowest among these
elements. Hence, P has a giant covalent structure while T has a simple
molecular structure. 1
Therefore, P is carbon and T is neon. 2
(b) Both molecules of T (neon) and S (fluorine) are held together by van der
Waals’ forces. 1
T is monoatomic and S is diatomic. As T has a smaller molecular size
than S, the van der Waals’ forces between molecules of T are weaker
than those between molecules of S. 1
(c) Bonding in U (sodium): metallic bonding 1
Structure of U: giant metallic structure 1
(d) Both U and V (magnesium) have giant metallic structures and each
atom of V has more outermost shell electrons than each atom of U. 1
So the metallic bond in V is stronger than that in U. Hence, the melting
point of V is higher than that of U. 1
7. (a) 2,8 1
(b) Both molecules of X (fluorine) and Y (neon) are held together by van
der Waals’ forces. 1
X is diatomic and Y is monoatomic. As X has a larger molecular size
than Y, the van der Waals’ forces between molecules of X are stronger
than those between molecules of Y. Hence, X has a higher melting point. 1
(c) Z (sodium) has a giant metallic structure and its metal ions and
delocalized electrons are held together by metallic bonds. W (oxygen)
has a simple molecular structure and its atoms within each molecule are
linked together by covalent bond. 1
Z is a better electrical conductor than W because only Z contains
delocalized electrons. 1

57
8. (a)

Electrical conductivity

(b) Both sodium and aluminium have giant metallic structures. 1

As the number of delocalized electrons providing for conducting
electricity per atom is smaller for sodium than aluminium, sodium has
lower electrical conductivity than aluminium. 1
(c) Sulphur does not contain delocalized electrons in its structure. 1

58
Chapter 48 Bonding, behaviour in water and acid-base

properties of the oxides of elements from Na to Cl

Class practice 48.1 (p.239)
(a) Q: aluminium; R: phosphorus; X: silicon; Z: sulphur
(b) Q2O3 consists of Q3+ and O2- ions. When Q2O3 is in the molten state, its ions are
mobile and hence it can conduct electricity.
(c) Melting of R2O5 needs only a small amount of energy to overcome the weak van der
Waals’ forces between its molecules.

Class practice 48.2 (p.241)

Oxide Water soluble or not? Effect on pH of water
(a) Na2O yes increases
no (just slightly soluble in
(b) MgO increases
water)
(c) Al2O3 no no effect
(d) SiO2 no no effect
(e) P4O10 yes decreases
(f) SO2 yes decreases
(g) Cl2O yes decreases

Class practice 48.3 (p.245)

1.
Oxide Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P4O10 SO2 Cl2O
Acid-base
basic basic amphoteric acidic acidic acidic acidic
property
2. (a) Na2O(s) + 2H+(aq) ®2Na+(aq) + H2O(l)
(b) Al2O3(s) + 6H+(aq) ® 2Al3+(aq) + 3H2O(l)
(c) Al2O3(s) + 2OH-(aq) + 3H2O(l) ® 2Al(OH)4-(aq)
(d) SO2(g) + 2OH-(aq) ® SO32-(aq) + H2O(l)

59
Chapter 48 Chapter exercise (p.249)
A. Fill in the blanks (p.249)

1. increases; ionic; covalent

2. hydroxides
3. insoluble
4. acidic
5. (a) magnesium oxide
(b) aluminium oxide
(c) silicon dioxide; phosphorus pentoxide

B. Multiple-choice questions (p.249)

6. D
7. A
8. A
9. B
10. A
(3): it reacts with excess KOH(aq) to form K3PO4(aq).

C. Structured questions (p.250)

11. (a) P4(s) + 5O2(g) ® P4O10(s) 1

(b) The reaction in (a) is a redox reaction because the oxidation number of
phosphorus increases from 0 to +5 and that of oxygen decreases from 0
to -2. 1
(c) Add water to the mixture of P4 and P4O10. Then filter the resultant
mixture to obtain the solid left behind on the filter paper (P4). 1
P4 is insoluble in water while P4O10 is very soluble in water. 1
12. (a) Sodium oxide dissolves and the litmus solution turns blue. 1
Sodium oxide reacts (vigorously) with water to form sodium hydroxide
solution, which is (strongly) alkaline. 1
Na2O(s) + H2O(l) ® 2NaOH(aq) 1
(b) The litmus solution turns red. 1
Sulphur dioxide reacts with water to form sulphurous acid. 1

SO2(g) + H2O(l) ⇌ H2SO3(aq)

1
H2SO3(aq) ⇌ 2H (aq) + SO3 (aq)
+ 2-

60
 (c) (i) Amphoteric 1
(ii) (1) Al2O3(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) ® Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2O(l) 1
OR
Al2O3(s) + 6H+(aq) ® 2Al3+(aq) + 3H2O(l) (1)
(2) Al2O3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 3H2O(l) ® 2NaAl(OH)4(aq) 1
OR
Al2O3(s) + 2OH-(aq) + 3H2O(l) ® 2Al(OH)4-(aq) (1)

Chapter 48 Exam practice (p.251)

A. Multiple-choice questions (p.251)

1. C
P4O10 is an acidic oxide. It does not react with sulphur dioxide.
2. B
P is a metal and Q is a non-metal.
3. A (75%)
4. B

B. Structured questions (p.252)

5. (a) P (carbon) and Q (oxygen) 1

(b) X (carbon dioxide) is acidic because it dissolves in water to form a
solution which is acidic. 1
(c) R (magnesium) and Q 1
(d) Y (magnesium oxide) is an ionic oxide which consists of ions. Y
contains molten ions for conducting electricity when it is in the molten
state. 1
(e) S (silicon) and Q 1
(f) Z (silicon dioxide) reacts with hot concentrated sodium hydroxide
solution to form silicate and water. This lowers the concentration of
OH-(aq) ions in the reaction mixture. 1
6. (a) W: SO2 1
X: Al2O3 1
Y: Cl2O 1
Z: SiO2 1
(b) These four oxides can also be distinguished by looking at their
appearance. 1

61
(c) 3SO32-(aq) + Cr2O72-(aq) + 8H+(aq)
® 3SO42-(aq) + 2Cr3+(aq) + 4H2O(l) 1
OR
3SO2(g) + Cr2O72-(aq) + 2H+(aq)
® 3SO42-(aq) + 2Cr3+(aq) + H2O(l) (1)
(d) Al2O3(s) + 6HCl(aq) ® 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l) 1
OR
Al2O3(s) + 6H+(aq) ® 2Al3+(aq) + 3H2O(l) (1)
(e) No. This is because X can react with both dilute and concentrated
sodium hydroxide solution but Z can only react with hot concentrated
sodium hydroxide solution. 1

62
Chapter 49 General properties of transition metals
Class practice 49.1 (p.256)
(a) Atomic number of zinc: 30
Atomic number of silver: 47
(b) One common use of zinc: making zinc-carbon cells/producing galvanized iron (for
making metal fences, metal buckets, etc.)
One common use of silver: making jewellery/electrical and electronic
components/production of brass (for making musical instruments, ornaments, etc.)

Class practice 49.2 (p.260)

(a) Yellow
(b) Pink
(c) Green
(d) Orange

Class practice 49.3 (p.265)

(a) Concentrated hydrochloric acid is a reducing agent in this reaction because it reduces
MnO2(s) to MgCl2(aq). The oxidation number of manganese decreases from +4 to
+2.
(b) 4HCl(aq) + MnO2(s) ® MnCl2(aq) + Cl2(g) + 2H2O(l)
(c) The oxidation number of manganese in MnO2 is +4. MnO2 can be reduced to a
chemical species in which the oxidation number of manganese is +2 or +3 (MnO2
acts as an oxidizing agent). Or MnO2 can be oxidized to a chemical species in which
the oxidation number of manganese is +5, +6 or +7 (MnO2 acts as a reducing agent)
in a redox reaction.

Class practice 49.4 (p.268)

(a) Ni(s) or Pd(s) or Pt(s)
(b) Fe(s)
(c) Pt(s) or Rh(s)

63
Feature reading (p.269)
1. Aluminium and iron 1
2. Aluminium 1
3. Any TWO of the following:
l Titanium steel has a lower density than carbon steel. 1
l Titanium steel has much higher corrosion resistance than carbon steel. 1
l Titanium steel can withstand extreme temperatures. (1)
4. Titanium alloys are biocompatible. 1
5. TiO2 is added to some other catalysts for making photocatalysts. 1
TiCl3 is the catalyst for the production of stereospecific polypropene. 1

Chapter 49 Chapter exercise (p.275)

A. Fill in the blanks (p.275)

1. scandium; chromium; manganese; nickel; zinc

2. purple; green; yellow; pink; green; blue
3. +2; +3; +6
4. oxidizing; reducing
5. manganese(II) ions; manganese(IV) oxide
6. catalysts
7. enzymes

B. Multiple-choice questions (p.275)

8. B
Mn3+(aq) is red.
9. A
(1): possible oxidation states exhibited by chromium in its compounds are +1, +2, +3,
+4, +5 and +6.
(2): possible oxidation states exhibited by titanium in its compounds are +2, +3 and
+4.
(3): zinc forms compounds with a fixed oxidation state of +2.
10. D
(A): the oxidation state of vanadium in VO2+ is +4.
(B): the oxidation state of manganese in MnO4- is +7.
(C): the oxidation state of iron in FeCl2 is +2.
(D): (oxidation state of Cr) + (-1) × 2 + 0 × 4 = +1

64
 oxidation state of Cr = +3
11. C
(2): the oxidation state of chromium in CrO42-(aq) is +6. The highest possible
oxidation state for chromium is +6.
12. B
13. D

C. Structured questions (p.276)

14. (a) +5 1
(b) 2VO2+(aq) + 3Mg(s) + 8H+(aq) ® 2V2+(aq) + 3Mg2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) 1
(c) From yellow to violet 1
15. (a) (i) Acidified potassium permanganate solution changes from purple to
brown. 1
(ii) No observable change 1
(b) 2MnO4-(aq) + 16H+(aq) + 10Br-(aq)
® 2Mn2+(aq) + 8H2O(l) + 5Br2(aq) 1
(c) MnO4-(aq) is a stronger oxidizing agent than Cl2(aq). When dilute
hydrochloric acid is added to potassium permanganate solution, a redox
reaction occurs. MnO4-(aq) ions will oxidize Cl-(aq) ions to Cl2(aq) and
it itself is reduced to Mn2+(aq) ions. 1

Chapter 49 Exam practice (p.277)

A. Multiple-choice questions (p.277)

1. D (45%)
(2): it illustrates that transition metals can exhibit variable oxidation states in their
compounds, e.g., Fe can exist as Fe2+ and Fe3+.
(3): it illustrates that transition metals can form coloured ions in aqueous solution,
e.g., Cu2+(aq) is blue.

B. Structured questions (p.277)

2. (a) Cr3+(aq) + 8OH-(aq) ® CrO42-(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 3e- 1

(b) From green to yellow 1
(c) 2CrO42-(aq) + 2H+(aq) ® Cr2O72-(aq) + H2O(l) 1
(d) The reaction in (c) is not a redox reaction because the oxidation number
of every element remains unchanged in the reaction. 1

65
3. Iron forms coloured ions in aqueous solution, e.g., Fe2+(aq) is pale green and
Fe3+(aq) is yellow, while magnesium forms Mg2+(aq) in aqueous solution,
which is colourless. 1
Iron exhibits variable oxidation states in its compounds, e.g. iron can form
iron(II) and iron(III) compounds, while magnesium always form compounds
with an oxidation state of +2. 1
Iron and its compounds exhibit catalytic properties, e.g., finely divided iron
is used as a catalyst in the Haber process, while magnesium and its
compounds do not exhibit any catalytic properties. 1
Communication mark 1
4. HKDSE 2017 Paper 1B Q14

Chapter 49 Part exercise (p.278)

A. Multiple-choice questions (p.278)

1. C
2. B (69%)
3. B (64%)
4. C (81%)
5. B
6. A (37%)
7. A
8. A (58%)

B. Structured questions (p.279)

9. (a) Similarity: their atoms have the same number of occupied electron
shells. 1
Difference: their atoms show a gradual increase in the number of
electrons in the outermost shell. 1
(b) The increase in melting point from sodium to aluminium indicates that
the strength of metallic bonds of these metals increases from sodium to
aluminium. 1
This shows that for metals within Period 3 in the Periodic Table, the
strength of metallic bond increases with the number of outermost shell
electrons in the atoms of a metal. 1
It is likely that the greater the number of outermost shell electrons per
atom (participating in metallic bond formation), the stronger is the
metallic bond of that metal. 1

66
10. (a) 2CuFeS2(s) + O2(g) ® Cu2S(s) + 2FeS(s) + SO2(g) 1
Decreases from +2 to +1. 1
(b) CuFeS2(s) + O2(g) ® Cu(s) + FeS(s) + SO2(g) 1
(c) Number of moles of CuFeS2
100 × 1000 g
= = 544.96 mol
(63.5 + 55.8 + 32.1 × 2) g mol-1
From the equation in part (b), mole ratio of CuFeS2 to SO2 = 1 : 1.
number of moles of SO2 formed = 544.96 mol
Mass of SO2 formed = 544.96 mol × (32.1 + 16.0 × 2) g mol-1 1
= 349 32 g
= 34.9 kg 1
(d) This extraction leads to formation of a huge mass of SO2. SO2 is an air
pollutant and it can cause acid rain. 1
(e) Making electric wires/water pipes 1
(Accept other correct use of copper.)
11. (a) The oxidation number of iron decreases from +6 to +3 and that of
oxygen increases from -2 to 0. 1
(b) The colour of the solution changes from purple to yellow. 1
(Colourless) gas bubbles form. 1
(c) Iron exhibits variable oxidation states in its compounds. 1
Iron forms coloured ions in aqueous solution. 1
12. (a) Manganese(IV) oxide/MnO2 1
(b) MnO4-(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 3e- ® MnO2(s) + 4OH-(aq) 1
(c) (i) 2H2O2(aq) ® 2H2O(l) + O2(g) 1
(ii) MnO2(s) produced in the reduction of KMnO4(aq) by water acts as
a catalyst to speed up the decomposition of H2O2(aq). 1
13. HKDSE 2020 Paper 1B Q12
14. HKDSE 2021 Paper 1B Q12

67
Chapter 49 Revision test (p.281)
A. Multiple-choice questions (p.281)

1. B
2. A
3. B
4. C
5. C
6. B
7. C
Option (A): the oxidation number of vanadium changes from +4 to +3.
Option (B): the oxidation number of vanadium changes from +3 to +2.
Option (C): the oxidation number of vanadium changes from +3 to +5.
Option (D): the oxidation number of vanadium changes from +5 to +4.
8. C
(1): Fe3+(aq) is yellow.
(2): iron(II) chloride solution reacts with sodium carbonate solution according to the
following equation: FeCl2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) ® FeCO3(s) + 2NaCl(aq).
(3): displacement reaction occurs. In the reaction, Mg(s) reduces Fe3+(aq) ions to
Fe2+(aq) ions.
9. A
10. C
11. A

B. Structured questions (p.282)

12. (a) V: magnesium; W: aluminium; X: silicon; Y: phosphorus; Z: sulphur 1

(b) (i)
Melting point

68
 (ii)

Relative electrical conductivity

1
(c) Formula of the oxide of W: W2O3/Al2O3 1
Formula of the oxide of X: XO2/SiO2 1
(d) When oxide of V is added to an acid, it reacts with the acid to form salt
and water. Hence, it is a basic oxide.
VO(s) + 2H+(aq) ® V2+(aq) + H2O(l) 1
OR MgO(s) + 2H+(aq) ® Mg2+(aq) + H2O(l)
When oxide of Y is added to an alkali, it reacts with the alkali to form
salt and water. Hence, it is an acidic oxide.
Y4O10(s) + 12OH-(aq) ® 4YO43-(aq) + 6H2O(l) 1

OR P4O10(s) + 12OH-(aq) ® 4PO43-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

13. (a) X: sulphur dioxide/SO2 1
W: calcium oxide/CaO 1
(b) 2H2S(g) + 3O2(g) ® 2H2O(l) + 2SO2(g) 1

(c) SO2(g) + H2O(l) ⇌ H2SO3(aq) 1

(d) CaO(s) + H2O(l) ⇌ Ca(OH)2(s) 1

(e) Neutralization 1
(f) Calcium sulphite/CaSO3 1
14. (a) It acts as a reducing agent. 1
(b) Chemical formula for the green coloured species: V3+ 1
Chemical formula for the violet coloured species: V2+ 1
(c) VO2+(aq) + 2H+(aq) + e- ® V3+(aq) + H2O(l) 1
(d) Zn(s) + 2VO2+(aq) + 4H+(aq) ® Zn2+(aq) + 2V3+(aq) + 2H2O(l) 1

69
(e) V2O5 can be used as a catalyst to speed up the conversion of SO2 to SO3
in the Contact process. 1
(f) Any one of the following:
Transition metals generally have higher melting points/boiling
points/densities than main group metals. 1
Transition metals are generally stronger/harder than metal group metals. (1)

70