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Chapter 6: Economics
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The critical elements of any economic system are:

a. Reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange.
b. Production, distribution, and consumption.
c. Currency, capital, and exchange.
d. Government, exchange, and consumption.
e. Agriculture, trade, and taxation.
ANS: B DIF: Conceptual REF: 125 OBJ: 1
MSC: Pickup
2. In economics, economizing behavior is:

a. Behavior designed to save money for a household.
b. Choosing to buy a generic rather than a name brand product.
c. Attempting to increase profits by investing savings.
d. Only present in capitalist market economies.
e. Making choices in ways believed to provide the greatest benefit.
ANS: E DIF: Factual REF: 126 OBJ: 1
MSC: Pickup
3. Economics is defined as:

a. The study of financial fluctuations within a particular society.
b. The study of the ways in which the choices people make combine to determine
how their society uses resources for production and distribution.
c. The study of the interaction between culture, politics, and finances.
d. The study of how the financial market influences a society’s financial and cultural
elements.
e. The study of activities that affect distribution, exchange, and consumption.
ANS: B DIF: Factual REF: 126 OBJ: 1
MSC: Pickup
4. In Western cultures dominated by capitalism, extremely high emphasis is placed on:

a. Status.
b. Family and kinship connections.
c. Wealth and material prosperity.
d. Reciprocal relations of gift giving.
e. Behaving appropriately for one's social position.
ANS: C DIF: Applied REF: 127 OBJ: 1
MSC: Pickup
5. As social complexity and population increase, the differences between economic systems is
mostly measured as a difference in:
a. Access to productive resources.
b. Management of distribution systems.
c. Quantity of consumption of goods and services.
d. Fitness and leisure activities available to the population.
e. Political organizations.
ANS: A DIF: Conceptual REF: 127 OBJ: 1
MSC: New
6. Material goods, natural resources, or information used to create other goods or information
is known as the:
a. Economic system.
b. Consumption resources.
c. Distributive resources.
d. Productive resources.
e. Economizing behavior.
ANS: D DIF: Factual REF: 127 OBJ: 1
MSC: New
7. In foraging (hunting and gathering) societies, land:

a. Is generally owned by individuals who are generous about letting others use it.
b. Is customarily used by certain groups, but others are not denied access to it.
c. Is owned by the corporate group and not the individual.
d. Is owned by chiefs or headmen, who have the right to sell it if desired.
e. Is privately and exclusively owned by men.
ANS: B DIF: Applied REF: 128 OBJ: 2
MSC: Pickup
8. Where resources are scarce and large areas are needed to support the population, territorial
boundaries are:
a. Strictly defended and the cause of high amounts of conflict.
b. Loosely marked, but strictly defended by military coalitions.
c. Usually not defended.
d. Strictly marked, but loosely defended during certain seasons.
e. Marked and privately owned by influential members of the community.
ANS: C DIF: Conceptual REF: 128 OBJ: 2
MSC: New
9. How do contemporary pastoralists primarily obtain access to land for grazing?

a. Through contracts with landowners as they pass through areas.
b. Through legal documents that allow them permanent use rights.
c. Through labor exchange with agriculturalists as they pass through the areas.
d. Through warfare and acquisition of property as they migrate through areas.
e. Through inheritance of private property.
ANS: A DIF: Factual REF: 129 OBJ: 2
MSC: New
10. Which of the following is most essential in pastoralist societies?

a. Rights of ownership of land.
b. Rights of access to land.
c. The ability to sell land.
d. The ability to acquire land through inheritance.
e. The ability to transfer rights of land ownership as part of a marriage contract.
MSC: Pickup
11. Land in horticultural societies is:

a. Owned by individuals.
b. Owned by chiefs or headmen.
c. Owned by men but worked by women.
d. Communally owned by kin groups.
e. Not owned by anyone.
MSC: Pickup
12. Among the Lacandon Maya, an extensive cultivating society:

a. Individuals have the right to buy and sell any land use.
b. Individuals retain right to land they have cleared even if they leave it fallow.
c. Individuals and families must petition the chief yearly for an allotment of land.
d. Individuals may not buy and sell land but heads of families may do so.
e. Individuals may only gain access to land through inheritance.
MSC: Pickup
13. Among extensive cultivators, one of the key factors that determines whether land will be
considered exclusive and defended is:
a. Contact with Western cultures (societies that have Western contact defend, others
do not).
b. The types of crops planted (lands where tree crops are planted are defended but
root crops are not).
c. The presence of irrigation works (lands with such works are defended, others are
not).
d. The presence of warrior societies (cultures with warrior societies defend lands,
others do not).
e. The relationship of land and population (societies with high population density
defend lands, others do not).
ANS: E DIF: Applied REF: 129 OBJ: 2
MSC: Pickup
14. In agricultural societies, the principal form of resources is:

a. Capital.
b. Trade.
c. Labor.
d. Livestock.
e. Status.
MSC: New
15. The idea of private ownership of land tends to develop in societies where:
a. Material and labor investment in land becomes substantial.
b. Land is freely available to all.
c. Population is declining.
d. Technology is not widespread.
e. Men hunt and women gather.
MSC: Pickup
16. Peasants generally:

a. Own the land that they farm.
b. Support a wealthy, landowning class.
c. Have higher standards of living than horticulturalists.
d. Become landowners if they work hard enough.
e. Survive only by doing part time factory work for wages.
MSC: Pickup
17. The right of an individual or family to use a piece of land and pass that land to descendants,
but not to sell or trade the land is called:
a. Private property.
b. Rights of lien.
c. Patrimonial rights.
d. Usufruct right.
e. Rights of inheritance.
MSC: New
18. One critical economic difference between a firm and a household is:
a. Firms look for profit in their cash transactions, households rarely do.
b. Firms have no obligations to the communities in which they are found; households
have many.
c. Firms may grow with relative ease, but the structure of households limits their
growth.
d. Firms may expand their size through hiring new members but the membership of a
household is fixed.
e. Firms usually behave in a manner that is economically rational, households rarely
do.
ANS: C DIF: Conceptual REF: 31-132 OBJ: 2
MSC: Pickup
19. A high degree of specialization of labor:

a. Is characteristic of all human societies.
b. Occurs more among horticulturalists than pastoralists.
c. Is unrelated to the food-getting strategy of a group.
d. Exists only in industrialized societies.
e. Tends to correlate with high population and agricultural intensification.
MSC: Pickup
20. Marcel Mauss, and many other anthropologists, theorized that an important function of gift
giving is to:
a. Hold societies together.
b. Expand the technological base of a society.
c. Build up the economic resources of some families at the expense of other families.
d. Provide an outlet for the innate human desire to give and receive gifts.
e. Build up the power of the state.
MSC: Pickup
21. Generalized reciprocity is the dominant form of exchange in:

a. Foraging societies.
b. Pastoral societies.
c. Chiefdoms.
d. Peasant agricultural societies.
e. State societies.
MSC: Pickup
22. In a system of balanced reciprocity, giving a gift to someone:

a. Carries no obligations for either the giver or the receiver.
b. Starts a pattern in which the giver will continue to present gifts and the recipient
will show gratitude.
c. Requires that the recipient return a more-or-less equivalent gift at a later date.
d. Demands a counter-gift if the recipient is the same gender as the giver.
e. Is only permitted if the giver is an adult and the recipient a child.
ANS: C DIF: Factual REF: 133 OBJ: 3
MSC: Pickup
23. For the Trobriand Islanders, the central part of the Kula trade is:
a. The opportunity to prove their manhood by taking long sea voyages.
b. Trading for types of food that are unavailable on their home island.
c. Trading for bracelets and armbands.
d. The opportunity to meet potential mates.
e. The after-parties that accompany all trading.
ANS: C DIF: Applied REF: 136 OBJ: 4
MSC: Pickup
24. Balanced reciprocity is most typical of what kinds of trading relationships?

a. Industrialized peoples with market economies.
b. Non-industrialized peoples without market economies.
c. Non-industrialized peoples with market economies.
d. Foraging societies with no formal economies.
e. Exchange between household economies and firms.
MSC: New
25. Kluckhohn showed when the Navajo traded with outsiders:

a. They were extremely careful to be honest and fair.
b. They engaged in silent trade, placing the goods they wanted to trade in the open
and accepting whatever their trading partners gave.
c. They were particularly interested in jewelry and less interested in money.
d. It was considered morally acceptable to deceive.
e. They generally got taken.
ANS: D DIF: Applied REF: 137 OBJ: 3
MSC: Pickup
26. All of the following were part of historical moments in the development of Belizean cuisine
except:
a. Settlement by European Baymen that introduced processed and preserved breads
and meats.
b. Migration of Belizeans to the U.S. where they developed a more distinct national
Belizean cuisine that they then re-introduced to Belize.
c. Increasing numbers of tourists to Belize that cause development of more
international cuisine to cater to the tourists’ needs.
d. Reliance on an economy of slavery in which the slaves were fed on large amounts
of imported rations.
e. Growing numbers of indigenous peoples in Belize beginning to market local
products and foods.
ANS: E DIF: Applied REF: 134-135 OBJ: 3
MSC: New
27. Because formal government is not present in the kula trading groups:
a. It is important that relations between partners remain friendly to reinforce the close
ties of the participants.
b. Disorder often disrupts the stability of the trade networks.
c. Some groups are able to achieve economic dominance over others.
d. Participants are able to trade without fear of government laws and prohibitions.
e. It is often difficult for trading networks to remain stable and maintain reciprocal
relationships.
ANS: A DIF: Applied REF: 136 OBJ: 4
MSC: Pickup
28. Which of the following might a chief at a potlatch be likely to do?

a. Ask God for forgiveness of his sins.
b. Brag about his wealth and power.
c. Praise the wealth and power of the people he has invited.
d. Demand that his followers worship him.
e. Demand that those whom he invited give him gifts.
MSC: Pickup
29. When a group collects goods and then gives them out to their own members or members of
other groups, they are participating in:
a. Reciprocity
b. A market economy.
c. Redistribution
d. The institutionalization of unequal wealth.
e. The kula trade.
ANS: C DIF: Factual REF: 137 OBJ: 4
MSC: Pickup
30. Which of the following best describes the economics of potlatch of the tribes of the Pacific
Northwest Coast?
a. An irrational destruction of valuable property.
b. An imitation of European parties and feasting.
c. The most fundamental reason why these tribes have such a low standard of living.
d. A method increasing productivity and distributing food and goods to a large
dispersed population.
e. An expression of a cultural value that emphasizes charity and helping the poor.
ANS: D DIF: Conceptual REF: 138 OBJ: 4
MSC: Pickup
31. Leveling mechanisms are ways of evening out the distribution of wealth in society. Which
of the following is not an example of a leveling mechanism?
a. The Mexican cargo system whereby wealthy adults take turns in sponsoring
religious feasts.
b. The inheritance pattern by which all of a man's children share equally in his
property.
c. Witchcraft accusations against especially prosperous persons.
d. The welfare and social security systems of modern industrialized nations.
e. A public stock offering by a private firm in a capitalist society.
MSC: Pickup
32. In Mexico, a cargo is:

a. The amount of a handicraft that can be produced in a single day.
b. The requirement that women carry water and cook food for the family.
c. The quantity of a crop that can be carried from field to village.
d. The obligation of a son-in-law to provide for his wife’s parents.
e. A religious office held for a year and requiring substantial financial outlay.
ANS: E DIF: Factual REF: 139 OBJ: 4
MSC: Pickup
33. Today’s market exchange system can be characterized by the phrase, “caveat emptor,”
which means:
a. “Let the buyer beware.”
b. “All trade is equal.”
c. “You break it, you buy it.”
d. “Fair trade is empty trade.”
e. “Heed all warnings.”
MSC: Pickup
34. The difference between a productive resource and a capital resource is:
a. Capital resources can exist only in modern industrialized nations. Productive
resources exist everywhere.
b. Capital resources can exist only in modern industrialized nations. Productive
resources exist only in traditional societies.
c. The ownership of capital resources makes one wealthy, but the ownership of
productive resources does not.
d. Capital resources are used to generate profit for their owners, while productive
resources do not necessarily have this function.
e. Capital resources can be sold or inherited, productive resources cannot.
ANS: D DIF: Conceptual REF: 140-141 OBJ: 5
MSC: Pickup
35. Which of the following best describes capitalism?

a. An economic system that has become predominant in the last 300 years.
b. A system designed to provide equal life-chances for all.
c. A system designed to minimize differences in wealth among people.
d. A critical means governments use to control the economy.
e. An idea present in all societies.
MSC: Pickup
36. Which of the following is one of the fundamental attributes of capitalism?

a. People in capitalist societies sell their labor for wages in order to survive.
b. Government plays a very little role in the regulation of the economy.
c. All people in capitalist societies are involved in capitalism.
d. Ownership of capital resources is spread roughly evenly throughout the population.
e. People receive approximately the full value of their labor.
ANS: A DIF: Conceptual REF: 140-141 OBJ: 6
MSC: Pickup
37. When discussing anthropological research, Francisco Aguilera states that:

a. Anthropologists often have difficulty incorporating their beliefs into the corporate
world.
b. Anthropologists do not use their participant-observer methodology outside of work
conducted in the field.
c. Disciplines in the social sciences have little to offer corporate businesses.
d. Anthropologists are more apt at talking about culture than people from other
disciplines.
e. Anthropologists have better analytical skills than people from other disciplines.
ANS: D DIF: Applied REF: 142-143 OBJ: 7
MSC: Pickup
38. Anthropologist Eleanor Wynn’s work in a corporation demonstrates:

a. The ease of using anthropological skills outside of an academic setting.
b. How anthropologists are able to achieve independent status and recognition when
conducting research for a corporation.
c. The difficulty anthropologists experience when trying to find jobs outside of
academia.
d. The limited area of research available to anthropologists.
e. How anthropological skills are essential at the corporate level.
MSC: Pickup
39. The economic production of Turkish women:

a. Is slight and has little impact on the overall economy.
b. Is best understood in terms of their social obligations and relations of reciprocity.
c. Is clearly demonstrated in women’s basket weaving.
d. Is best understood through the lens of market exchange.
e. Is believed to have high monetary value in Turkish society.
MSC: Pickup
40. There are many people in the United States who resist capitalism. Some common ways they
do so are:
a. Joining unions.
b. Telecommuting.
c. Becoming college professors.
d. Starting their own small companies.
e. Garage sales, hunting, and gardening.
MSC: Pickup
TRUE/FALSE
1. It is not necessary for every society to have an economic system.
ANS: F REF: 125 MSC: Pickup
2. All economic behavior can be explained by financial profit and gain.

3. Productive resources are goods, natural resources, or information that is used to create other
goods.
ANS: T REF: 127 MSC: Pickup
4. Foraging societies are likely to have rigid boundaries and defend them against encroachers.
5. Capital is the productive resources that can be used to increase financial wealth.
6. A household is similar to a firm because both are defined as groups that are united by
kinship and have goals to increase their size indefinitely.
ANS: F REF: 131-132 MSC: New
7. In modern capitalist societies, people rarely get much of their identity through work.
8. One universal aspect of the division of labor is that women have the major responsibility for
child care.
ANS: T REF: 130-131 MSC: Pickup
9. Industrialization and specialization have limited the access people have to goods and
services.
10. There are three types of reciprocity: generalized, neutral, and balanced.
11. Balanced reciprocity is typical of trading relationships among non-industrialized people

without market economies.
12. Since they can be used in gardening, the key items exchanged in the Kula trade have great
economic value.
13. The objective of negative reciprocity is to gain material advantage without having to give
anything in return.
14. In Belize, there is a long tradition of national cuisine.
ANS: F REF: 136-137 MSC: New
15. The potlatch is an example of negative reciprocity.
16. A leveling mechanism is a practice or form of social organization that evens out wealth in a
society.
17. Research in Zinacantan shows that the obligations to take on cargoes (or religious offices)
generally prevents anyone from becoming wealthy.
18. A capital good is anything that is used to make something else.
19. Exchanging one's labor for a wage is a fundamental component of capitalism.
20. All individuals living in a capitalist society must participate in this economic system.
SHORT ANSWER
1. What are the three components of economics?
ANS:
The three components are production, consumption, and distribution.
REF: 125-126 MSC: New
2. What do anthropologists mean by economizing behavior? Is this always linked to financial

gain?
ANS:
Economizing behavior is choosing action in order to maximize perceived benefit. This
benefit, however, can be for financial gain, leisure time, social benefit, etc.
REF: 126 MSC: New
3. What is meant by the term “productive” resources?
ANS:
These are material goods, natural resources, or information used to create other goods or
information.
REF: 127 MSC: New
4. Under what conditions do we expect to find foragers defending their territory?
ANS:
Foragers tend to defend territory where resources are abundant and people move very little.
REF: 128 MSC: New
5. What are the two most critical resources for pastoralists?
ANS:
The most critical resources are livestock and land.
REF: 128 MSC: New
6. Name three distinctions between a household and a firm.
ANS:
Firms can easily expand or contract; households cannot. Individuals are usually tied to a
firm by labor and tied to a household by kinship. Households produce goods for
consumption by members; firms produces goods for profit. Firms usually wish to increase
their size indefinitely; households cannot do this.
7. Under what conditions do we expect an increasingly specialized and complex division of

labor?
ANS:
Division of labor becomes more complex as populations rises and agricultural production
intensifies.
REF: 132 MSC: New
8. What are the three types of reciprocity?
ANS:
Reciprocity can be generalized, balanced, or negative.

9. How does generalized reciprocity also serve as a social mechanism in foraging societies?
ANS:
Sharing meat is often a central aspect of generalized foraging societies.
REF: 133 MSC: New
10. Describe how gift-giving creates a social relationship, according to Marcel Mauss.
ANS:
Receiving a gift implies that the recipient is involved in a relationship because it necessitates
that he give a return gift at some point. This giving and receiving creates a long-term
relationship.
REF: 134 MSC: New
11. Belize has long been affected by global economic forces. Recently, however, two
contradictory trends have developed in Belize cuisine. What are these?
ANS:
One trend is that increasing numbers of Belizeans have migrated to the U.S. and developed
their own national Belize cuisine here. Some of these people have returned to Belize and
opened national Belizean restaurants there. The second trend is increasing numbers of
tourists have pushed Belizeans to open more international restaurants that cater to the needs
of this very different group.
12. Describe the ceremonial exchange that takes place in kula.
ANS:
The symbolic exchange of armshells and necklaces is a form of ceremonial balanced
exchange that occurs in kula.
REF: 136 MSC: New
13. The competitive feast of the Kwakiutl at which chiefs distribute and destroy goods to
validate their claims to prestige is called a(n) __________.
ANS:
Potlatch.
REF: 138 MSC: Pickup
14. A practice, value, or aspect of social organization that results in a lessening of the true
disparities of wealth in a society is called a(n) __________.
ANS:
Leveling mechanism.
15. Name three leveling mechanisms that exist in the Chiapas district of Mexico.
ANS:
Leveling occurs in the household, through inheritance, and in the system of cargo.
REF: 139 MSC: New
16. The predominant form of exchange in capitalist societies is __________.
ANS:
Market exchange.
17. What are the three fundamental attributes of capitalism?
ANS:
They are most productive resources are owned by a small portion of the population; most
individuals’ primary resource is their labor; and the value of the workers’ contribution to
production is always greater than their wages.
18. Present and discuss two examples of anthropological work in the corporate world.
ANS:
These can include corporate research labs; ethnographic research on customers, suppliers,
and competitors; market research; and various other kinds of consulting work.
19. Anthropologist Francisco Aguilera argues that anthropologists bring three unique capacities
to the corporate community. What are these?
ANS:
They are a particular focus on culture, a broad view of boundaries, and a deeper
understanding of informants’ reports.
REF: 142 MSC: New
20. What is meant by the term “new product ethnography”?
ANS:
This is the use of ethnographic writing in order to suggest and predict ways of increasing
efficiency and productivity for businesses. In new product ethnography, the ethnographic
purpose is to produce actionable ideas and insights.
REF: 145 MSC: New
ESSAY
1. Land is a changing aspect of each economic system. Describe the role of land under
foraging, pastoralist, horticultural, and capitalist systems. How is it used and valued
differently from one to another economic system?
ANS:
Answer not provided.
2. Write an essay in which you discuss the sorts of gift giving that are appropriate between a
boss and an employee. Are such gifts examples of reciprocity (generalized, balanced, or
negative) or redistribution? Why?
ANS:
3. There are examples of feasts (or holidays) similar to potlatches in modern American society.
Give an example of one such celebration and explain its similarities to the potlatch.
ANS:
4. Are you a resister to capitalism? Explain the ways in which you are, or are not, with
reference to the definition of capitalism provided in this chapter.
ANS:
5. Anthropology provides various techniques that can be useful in our market economy today.
Choose two qualities of anthropology that you think would be particularly helpful to
business and discuss the advantages each would bring to the corporate world. Provide
examples.
ANS:
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Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
By Alfred Tennyson
My good blade carves the casques of men,

My tough lance thrusteth sure,
My strength is as the strength of ten,
Because my heart is pure.
The shattering trumpet shrilleth high,
The hard brands shiver on the steel,
The splinter’d spear-shafts crack and fly,
The horse and rider reel:
They reel, they roll in clanging lists,
And when the tide of combat stands,
Perfume and flowers fall in showers,
That lightly rain from ladies’ hands.
—From “Sir Galahad.”
OPPORTUNITY
By Edward Rowland Sill
This I beheld, or dreamed it in a dream:—

There spread a cloud of dust along a plain;
And underneath the cloud, or in it, raged
A furious battle, and men yelled, and swords
Shocked upon swords and shields. A prince’s banner
Wavered, then staggered backward, hemmed by foes.
A craven hung along the battle’s edge,

And thought, “Had I a sword of keener steel—
That blue blade that the king’s son bears—but this
Blunt thing—!” he snapped and flung it from his hand,
And lowering crept away and left the field.
Then came the king’s son, wounded, sore bestead,

And weaponless, and saw the broken sword,
Hilt buried in the dry and trodden sand,
And ran and snatched it, and with battle-shout
Lifted afresh, he hewed his enemy down,
And saved a great cause that heroic day.
THE FIRING LINE

By Joaquin Miller
For glory? For good? For fortune or fame?

Why, he for the front when the battle is on!
Leave the rear to the dolt, the lazy, the lame,
Go forward as ever the valiant have gone;
Whether city or field, whether mountain or mine,
Go forward, right on to the Firing Line.
Whether newsboy or plowboy, cowboy or clerk,

Fight forward, be ready, be steady, be first;
Be fairest, be bravest, be best at your work;
Exalt and be glad; dare to hunger, to thirst,
As David, as Alfred—let dogs skulk and whine—
There is room but for men on the Firing Line.
Aye, the place to fight and the place to fall—
As fall we must, all in God’s good time—
It is where the manliest man is the wall,
Where boys are as men in their pride and prime,
Where glory gleams brightest, where brightest eyes shine,
Far out on the roaring red Firing Line.
HOW OSWALD DINED WITH GOD

By Edwin Markham
Over Northumbria’s lone, gray lands,

Over the frozen marl,
Went flying the fogs from the fens and sands,
And the wind with a wolfish snarl.
Frosty and stiff by the York wall

Stood the rusty grass and the yarrow:
Gone wings and songs to the southland, all—
Robin and starling and sparrow.
Weary with weaving the battle-woof,

Came the king and his thanes to the Hall:
Feast-fires reddened the beams of the roof,
Torch flames waved from the wall.
Bright was the gold that the table bore,

Where platters and beakers shone:
Whining hounds on the sanded floor
Looked hungrily up for a bone.
Laughing, the king took his seat at the board,

With his gold-haired queen at his right:
War-men sitting around them roared
Like a crash of the shields in fight.
Loud rose laughter and lusty cheer,

And gleemen sang loud in their throats,
Telling of swords and the whistling spear,
Till their red beards shook with the notes.
Varlets were bringing the smoking boar,

Ladies were pouring the ale,
When the watchman called from the great hall door:
“O King, on the wind is a wail.
“Feebly the host of the hungry poor

Lift hands at the gate with a cry:
Grizzled and gaunt they come over the moor,
Blasted by earth and sky.”
“Ho!” cried the king to the thanes, “make speed—

Carry this food to the gates—
Off with the boar and the cask of mead—
Leave but a loaf on the plates.”
Still came a cry from the hollow night:
“King, this is one day’s feast;
But days are coming with famine-blight;
Wolf winds howl from the east!”
Hot from the king’s heart leaped a deed,

High as his iron crown:
(Noble souls have a deathless need
To stoop to the lowest down.)
“Thanes, I swear by Godde’s Bride

This is a cursèd thing—
Hunger for the folk outside,
Gold inside for the king!”
Whirling his war-ax over his head,

He cleft each plate into four.
“Gather them up, O thanes,” he said,
“For the workfolk at the door.
“Give them this for the morrow’s meat,

Then shall we feast in accord:
Our half of a loaf will then be sweet—
Sweet as the bread of the Lord!”
—From “The Shoes of Happiness and Other Poems.” Copyright by

Doubleday, Page & Co., and used by kind permission of author and
publisher.
HOW THE GREAT GUEST CAME

By Edwin Markham
Before the Cathedral in grandeur rose,

At Ingelburg where the Danube goes;
Before its forest of silver spires
Went airily up to the clouds and fires;
Before the oak had ready a beam,
While yet the arch was stone and dream—
There where the altar was later laid,
Conrad the cobbler plied his trade.
II
Doubled all day on his busy bench,

Hard at his cobbling for master and hench,
He pounded away at a brisk rat-tat,
Shearing and shaping with pull and pat,
Hide well hammered and pegs sent home,
Till the shoe was fit for the Prince of Rome.
And he sang as the threads went to and fro:
“Whether ’tis hidden or whether it show,
Let the work be sound, for the Lord will know.”
III
Tall was the cobbler, and gray and thin,

And a full moon shone where the hair had been.
His eyes peered out, intent and afar,
As looking beyond the things that are.
He walked as one who is done with fear,
Knowing at last that God is near.
Only the half of him cobbled the shoes;
The rest was away for the heavenly news.
Indeed, so thin was the mystic screen
That parted the Unseen from the Seen,
You could not tell, from the cobbler’s theme
If his dream were truth or his truth were dream.
IV
It happened one day at the year’s white end,

Two neighbors called on their old-time friend;
And they found the shop, so meager and mean,
Made gay with a hundred boughs of green.
Conrad was stitching with face ashine,
But suddenly stooped as he twitched a twine:
“Old friends, good news! At dawn to-day,
As the cocks were scaring the night away,
The Lord appeared in a dream to me,
And said, ‘I am coming your Guest to be!’
So I’ve been busy with feet astir,
Strewing the floor with branches of fir.
The wall is washed and the shelf is shined,
And over the rafter the holly twined.
He comes to-day, and the table is spread,
With milk and honey and wheaten bread.”
His friends went home; and his face grew still

As he watched for the shadow across the sill.
He lived all the moments o’er and o’er,
When the Lord should enter the lowly door—
The knock, the call, the latch pulled up,
The lighted face, the offered cup.
He would wash the feet where the spikes had been;
He would kiss the hands where the nails went in;
And then at the last would sit with Him
And break the bread as the day grew dim.
VI
While the cobbler mused, there passed his pane

A beggar drenched by the driving rain.
He called him in from the stony street
And gave him shoes for his bruisèd feet.
The beggar went and there came a crone,
Her face with wrinkles of sorrow sown.
A bundle of fagots bowed her back,
And she was spent with the wrench and rack.
He gave her his loaf and steadied her load
As she took her way on the weary road.
Then to his door came a little child,
Lost and afraid in the world so wild,
In the big, dark world. Catching it up,
He gave it the milk in the waiting cup,
And led it home to its mother’s arms,
Out of the reach of the world’s alarms.
VII
The day went down in the crimson west

And with it the hope of the blessed Guest,
And Conrad sighed as the world turned gray:
“Why is it, Lord, that your feet delay?
Did You forget that this was the day?”
Then soft in the silence a Voice he heard:
“Lift up your heart, for I kept my word.
Three times I came to your friendly door;
Three times my shadow was on your floor.
I was the beggar with bruisèd feet;
I was the woman you gave to eat;
I was the child on the homeless street!”
—From “The Shoes of Happiness and Other Poems.” Copyright by

Doubleday, Page & Co., and used by kind permission of author and
publisher.
PICKETT’S CHARGE
By Fred Emerson Brooks
When Pickett charged at Gettysburg,

For three long days, with carnage fraught,
Two hundred thousand men had fought;
And courage could not gain the field,
Where stubborn valor would not yield.
With Meade on Cemetery Hill,
And mighty Lee thundering still
Upon the ridge a mile away;
Four hundred guns in counterplay
Their deadly thunderbolts had hurled—
The cannon duel of the world!
When Pickett charged at Gettysburg.
When Pickett charged at Gettysburg,

Dread war had never known such need
Of some o’ermastering, valiant deed;
And never yet had cause so large
Hung on the fate of one brief charge.
To break the center, but a chance;
With Pickett waiting to advance;
It seemed a crime to bid him go,
And Longstreet said not “Yes” nor “No,”
But silently he bowed his head.
“I shall go forward!” Pickett said.
Then Pickett charged at Gettysburg.
Then Pickett charged at Gettysburg;

Down from the little wooded slope,
A-step with doubt, a-step with hope,
And nothing but the tapping drum
To time their tread, still on they come.
Four hundred cannon hush their thunder,
While cannoneers gaze on in wonder!
Two armies watch, with stifled breath,
Full eighteen thousand march to death,
At elbow-touch, with banners furled,
And courage to defy the world,
In Pickett’s charge at Gettysburg.
’Tis Pickett’s charge at Gettysburg:

None but tried veterans can know
How fearful ’tis to charge the foe;
But these are soldiers will not quail,
Though Death and Hell stand in their trail!
Flower of the South and Longstreet’s pride,
There’s valor in their very stride!
Virginian blood runs in their veins,
And each his ardor scarce restrains;
Proud of the part they’re chosen for:
The mighty cyclone of the war,
In Pickett’s charge at Gettysburg.

How mortals their opinions prize
When armies march to sacrifice,
And souls by thousands in the fight
On Battle’s smoky wing take flight.
Firm-paced they come, in solid form
The dreadful calm before the storm.
Those silent batteries seem to say:
“We’re waiting for you, men in gray!”
Each anxious gunner knows full well
Why every shot of his must tell
On Pickett’s charge at Gettysburg.

What grander tableau can there be
Than rhythmic swing of infantry
At shouldered arms, with flashing steel?
As Pickett swings to left, half-wheel,
Those monsters instantly outpour
Their flame and smoke of death! and roar
Their fury on the silent air—
Starting a scene of wild despair:
Lee’s batteries roaring: “Room! Make room!!”
With Meade’s replying: “Doom! ’Tis doom
To Pickett’s charge at Gettysburg!”

Now Hancock’s riflemen begin
To pour their deadly missiles in.
Can standing grain defy the hail?
Will Pickett stop? Will Pickett fail?
His left is all uncovered through
That fateful halt of Pettigrew!
And Wilcox from the right is cleft
By Pickett’s half-wheel to the left!
Brave Stannard rushes ’tween the walls,
No more disastrous thing befalls
Brave Pickett’s charge at Gettysburg.

How terrible it is to see
Great armies making history:
Long lines of muskets belching flame!
No need of gunners taking aim
When from that thunder-cloud of smoke
The lightning kills at every stroke!
If there’s a place resembling hell,
’Tis where, ’mid shot and bursting shell,
Stalks Carnage, arm in arm with Death,
A furnace blast in every breath,
On Pickett’s charge at Gettysburg.

Brave leaders fall on every hand!
Unheard, unheeded all command!
Battered in front and torn in flank;
A frenzied mob in broken rank!
They come like demons with a yell,
And fight like demons all pell-mell!
The wounded stop not till they fall;
The living never stop at all—
Their blood-bespattered faces say:
“’Tis death alone stops men in gray,
With Pickett’s charge at Gettysburg!”
Stopped Pickett’s charge at Gettysburg
Where his last officer fell dead,
The dauntless, peerless, Armistead!
Where ebbed the tide and left the slain
Like wreckage from the hurricane—
That awful spot which soldiers call
“The bloody angle of the wall,”
There Pickett stopped, turned back again
Alone, with just a thousand men!
And not another shot was fired—
So much is bravery admired!
Pickett had charged at Gettysburg.
Brave Pickett’s charge at Gettysburg!

The charge of England’s Light Brigade
Was nothing to what Pickett made
To capture Cemetery Hill—
To-day a cemetery still,
With flowers in the rifle-pit,
But no one cares to capture it.
The field belongs to those who fell;
They hold it without shot or shell!
While cattle yonder in the vale
Are grazing on the very trail
Where Pickett charged at Gettysburg.
Where Pickett charged at Gettysburg,

In after-years survivors came
To tramp once more that field of fame;
And Mrs. Pickett led the Gray,
Just where her husband did that day.
The Blue were waiting at the wall,
The Gray leaped over, heart and all!
Where man had failed with sword and gun,
A woman’s tender smile had won:
The Gray had captured now the Blue,
What mortal valor could not do
When Pickett charged at Gettysburg.
—Copyright by Forbes & Co., Chicago, and used by kind

permission of author and publisher.
“INASMUCH....”
By Edwin Markham
Wild tempest swirled on Moscow’s castled height;

Wild sleet shot slanting down the wind of night;
Quick snarling mouths from out of the darkness sprang
To strike you in the face with tooth and fang.
Javelins of ice hung on the roofs of all;
The very stones were aching in the wall,
Where Ivan stood a watchman on his hour,
Guarding the Kremlin by the northern tower,
When, lo! a half-bare beggar tottered past,
Shrunk up and stiffened in the bitter blast.
A heap of misery he drifted by,
And from the heap came out a broken cry.
At this the watchman straightened with a start;

A tender grief was tugging at his heart,
The thought of his dead father, bent and old
And lying lonesome in the ground so cold.
Then cried the watchman starting from his post:
“Little father, this is yours; you need it most!”
And tearing off his hairy coat, he ran
And wrapt it warm around the beggar man.
That night the piling snows began to fall,

And the good watchman died beside the wall.
But waking in the Better Land that lies
Beyond the reaches of these cooping skies,
Behold, the Lord came out to greet him home,
Wearing the hairy heavy coat he gave
By Moscow’s tower before he felt the grave!
And Ivan, by the old Earth-memory stirred,

Cried softly with a wonder in his word:
“And where, dear Lord, found you this coat of mine,
A thing unfit for glory such as Thine?”
Then the Lord answered with a look of light:
“This coat, My son, you gave to Me last night.”
—Copyright by Doubleday, Page & Co., New York, and used by

kind permission of author and publisher.
THE MAN UNDER THE STONE

By Edwin Markham
When I see a workingman with mouths to feed,

Up, day after day, in the dark before the dawn,
And coming home, night after night, through the dusk,
Swinging forward like some fierce silent animal,
I see a man doomed to roll a huge stone up an endless steep.
He strains it onward inch by stubborn inch,
Crouched always in the shadow of the rock....
See where he crouches, twisted, cramped, misshapen:
He lifts for their life;
The veins knot and darken—
Blood surges into his face....
Now he loses—now he wins—
Now he loses—loses—(God of my soul!)
He digs his feet into some earth—
There’s a moment of terrified effort....
Will the huge stone break his hold,
And crush him as it plunges to the gulf?
The silent struggle goes on and on,
Like two contending in a dream.
—Copyright by Doubleday, Page & Co., New York, and used by
kind permission of author and publisher.
TO GERMANY
By George Sterling
Beat back thy forfeit plow-shares into swords:

It is not yet, the far, seraphic dream
Of peace made beautiful and love supreme.
Now let the strong, unweariable chords
Of battle shake to thunder, and the hordes
Advance, where now the famished vultures scream.
The standards gather and the trumpets gleam;
Down the long hill-side stare the mounted lords.
Now far beyond the tumult and the hate,

The white-clad nurses and the surgeons wait
The backward currents of tormented life,
When on the waiting silences shall come
The screams of men, and, ere those lips are dumb,
The searching probe, the ligature and knife.
II
Was it for such, the brutehood and the pain,

Civilization gave her holy fire
Unto thy wardship, and the snowy spire
Of her august and most exalted fane?
Are these the harvests of her ancient rain
Men reap at evening in the scarlet mire,
Or where the mountain smokes, a dreadful pyre,
Or where the warship drags a bloody stain?
Are these thy votive lilies and their dews,

That now the outraged stars look down to see?
Behold them, where the cold prophetic damps
Congeal on youthful brows so soon to lose
Their dream of sacrifice to thee—to thee,
Harlot to Murder in a thousand camps!
III
Was it for this that loving men and true

Have labored in the darkness and the light
To rear the solemn temple of the Right,
On Reason’s deep foundations, bared anew
Long after the Cæsarian eagles flew
And Rome’s last thunder died upon the Night?
Cuirassed, the cannon menace from the height;
Armored, the new-born eagles take the blue.
Wait not thy lords the avenging, certain knell—

One with the captains and abhorrent fames
The echoes of whose conquests died in Hell?—
They that have loosened the ensanguined flood,
And whose malign and execrable names
The Seraph of the Record writes in blood.
IV
From gravid trench and sullen parapet,

Profane the wounded lands with mine or shell!
Turn thou upon the world thy cannons’ Hell,
Till many million women’s eyes are wet!
Ravage and slay! Pile up the eternal debt!
But when the fanes of France and Belgium fell
Another ruin was on earth as well,
And ashes that the race shall not forget.
Not by the devastation of the guns,

Nor tempest-shock, nor steel’s subverting edge,
Nor yet the slow erasure of the suns
Thy downfall came, betrayer of thy trust!
But at the dissolution of a pledge
The temple of thine honor sank to dust.
Make not thy prayer to Heaven, lest perchance,

O troubler of the world, the heavens hear!
But trust in Uhlan and in cannoneer,
And, ere the Russian hough thee, set thy lance
Against the dear and blameless breast of France!
Put on thy mail tremendous and austere,
And let the squadrons of thy wrath appear,
And bid the standards and the guns advance!
Those as an evil mist shall pass away,

As once the Assyrian before the Lord:
Thou standest between mortals and the day,
Ere God, grown weary of thine armored reign,
Lift from the world the shadow of thy sword
And bid the stars of morning sing again.
—Copyright by A. M. Robertson, publisher, San Francisco, and

used by kind permission of author and publisher.
TO THE WAR-LORDS
By George Sterling
Be yours the doom Isaiah’s voice foretold,

Lifted on Babylon, O ye whose hands
Cast the sword’s shadow upon weaker lands,
And for whose pride a million hearths grow cold!
Ye reap but with the cannon, and do hold
Your plowing to the murder-god’s commands;
And at your altars Desolation stands,
And in your hearts is conquest, as of old.
The legions perish and the warships drown;
The fish and vulture batten on the slain;
And it is ye whose word hath shaken down
The dykes that hold the chartless sea of pain.
Your prayers deceive not men, nor shall a crown
Hide on the brow the murder-mark of Cain.
II
Now glut yourselves with conflict, nor refrain,

But let your famished provinces be fed
From bursting granaries of steel and lead!
Decree the sowing of that deadly grain
Where the great war-horse, maddened with his pain,
Stamps on the mangled living and the dead,
And from the entreated heavens overhead
Falls from a brother’s hand a fiery rain.
Lift not your voices to the gentle Christ:

Your god is of the shambles! Let the moan
Of nations be your psalter, and their youth
To Moloch and to Bel be sacrificed!
A world to which ye proffered lies alone
Learns now from Death the horror of your truth.
III
How have you fed your people upon lies,

And cried “Peace! peace!” and knew it would not be!
For now the iron dragons take the sea,
And in the new-found fortress of the skies,
Alert and fierce a deadly eagle flies.
Ten thousand cannon echo your decree,
To whose profound refrain ye bend the knee.
And lift into the Lord of Love your eyes.
This is Hell’s work: why raise your hands to Him,

And those hands mailed, and holding up the sword?
There stands another altar, stained with red,
At whose basalt the infernal seraphim
Uplift to Satan, your conspirant lord,
The blood of nations, at your mandate shed.
—Copyright by A. M. Robertson, publisher, San Francisco, and

used by kind permission of author and publisher.
PAULINE PAVLOVNA
By T. B. Aldrich
(Scene: Petrograd. Period: The present time. A ballroom in the
winter palace of the prince. The ladies in character costumes and
masks. The gentlemen in official dress and unmasked, with the
exception of six tall figures in scarlet kaftans, who are treated with
marked distinction as they move here and there among the
promenaders.
Quadrille music throughout the dialogue. Count Sergius Pavlovich
Panshine, who has just arrived, is standing anxiously in the doorway
of an antechamber with his eyes fixed upon a lady in the costume of
a maid of honor in the time of Catherine II. The lady presently
disengages herself from the crowd, and passes near Count
Panshine, who impulsively takes her by the hand and leads her
across the threshold of the inner apartment, which is unoccupied.)
He. Pauline!
She. You knew me?
He. How could I have failed? A mask may hide your features, not
your soul. There’s an air about you like the air that folds a star. A
blind man knows the night, and feels the constellations. No coarse
sense of eye or ear had made you plain to me. Through these I had
not found you; for your eyes, as blue as violets of our Novgorod, look
black behind your mask there, and your voice—I had not known that
either. My heart said, “Pauline Pavlovna.”
She. Ah, your heart said that? You trust your heart then! ’Tis a
serious risk! How is it you and others wear no mask?
He. The Emperor’s orders.
She. Is the Emperor here? I have not seen him.
He. He is one of the six in scarlet kaftans and all masked alike.
Watch—you will note how every one bows down
Before those figures; thinking each by chance
May be the Tsar; yet none know which is he.
Even his counterparts are left in doubt.
Unhappy Russia! No serf ever wore such chains
As gall our Emperor these sad days.
He dare trust no man.
She. All men are so false.
He. Spare one, Pauline Pavlovna.
She. No! all, all!

I think there is no truth left in the world,
In man or woman.
Once were noble souls.—
Count Sergius, is Nastasia here to-night?
He. Ah! then you know! I thought to tell you first.

Not here, beneath these hundred curious eyes,
In all this glare of light; but in some place
Where I could throw me at your feet and weep.
In what shape came the story to your ears?
Decked in the teller’s colors, I’ll be sworn;
The truth, but in the livery of a lie,
And so must wrong me. Only this is true:—
The Tsar, because I risked my wretched life
To shield a life as wretched as my own,
Bestows upon me, as supreme reward—
O irony!—the hand of this poor girl.
Says, “Here I have the pearl of pearls for you,
Such as was never plucked from out the deep
By Indian diver, for a Sultan’s crown.
Your joy’s decreed,” and stabs me with a smile.
She. And she—she loves you.
He. I know not, indeed. Likes me perhaps.

What matters it?—her love?
Sidor Yurievich, the guardian, consents, and she consents.
No love in it at all, a mere caprice,
A young girl’s spring-tide dream.
Sick of her ear-rings, weary of her mare,
She’ll have a lover—something ready made,
Or improvised between two cups of tea—
A lover by imperial ukase!
Fate said the word—I chanced to be the man!
If that grenade the crazy student threw
Had not spared me, as well as spared the Tsar,
All this would not have happened. I’d have been a hero,
But quite safe from her romance.
She takes me for a hero—think of that!
Now by our holy Lady of Kazan,
When I have finished pitying myself, I’ll pity her.
She. Oh, no;—begin with her; she needs it most.
He. At her door lies the blame, whatever falls.

She, with a single word, with half a tear,
Had stopt it at the first,
This cruel juggling with poor human hearts.
She. The Tsar commanded it—you said the Tsar.
He. The Tsar does what she wills—God fathoms why.

Were she his mistress, now! but there’s no snow
Whiter within the bosom of a cloud,
No colder either. She is very haughty,
For all her fragile air of gentleness;

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1. The critical elements of any economic system are:

2. In economics, economizing behavior is:

3. Economics is defined as:

4. In Western cultures dominated by capitalism, extremely high emphasis is placed on:

7. In foraging (hunting and gathering) societies, land:

9. How do contemporary pastoralists primarily obtain access to land for grazing?

10. Which of the following is most essential in pastoralist societies?

11. Land in horticultural societies is:

12. Among the Lacandon Maya, an extensive cultivating society:

14. In agricultural societies, the principal form of resources is:

16. Peasants generally:

19. A high degree of specialization of labor:

21. Generalized reciprocity is the dominant form of exchange in:

22. In a system of balanced reciprocity, giving a gift to someone:

24. Balanced reciprocity is most typical of what kinds of trading relationships?

25. Kluckhohn showed when the Navajo traded with outsiders:

28. Which of the following might a chief at a potlatch be likely to do?

32. In Mexico, a cargo is:

35. Which of the following best describes capitalism?

36. Which of the following is one of the fundamental attributes of capitalism?

37. When discussing anthropological research, Francisco Aguilera states that:

38. Anthropologist Eleanor Wynn’s work in a corporation demonstrates:

39. The economic production of Turkish women:

1. It is not necessary for every society to have an economic system.

ANS: F REF: 125 MSC: Pickup

2. All economic behavior can be explained by financial profit and gain.

ANS: F REF: 126 MSC: Pickup

ANS: T REF: 127 MSC: Pickup

ANS: F REF: 128 MSC: Pickup

ANS: T REF: 129 MSC: Pickup

ANS: F REF: 131-132 MSC: New

ANS: F REF: 131 MSC: Pickup

ANS: T REF: 130-131 MSC: Pickup

ANS: F REF: 132 MSC: Pickup

ANS: F REF: 133 MSC: Pickup

11. Balanced reciprocity is typical of trading relationships among non-industrialized people

ANS: T REF: 135 MSC: Pickup

ANS: F REF: 136 MSC: Pickup

14. In Belize, there is a long tradition of national cuisine.

ANS: F REF: 136-137 MSC: New

15. The potlatch is an example of negative reciprocity.

ANS: F REF: 138 MSC: Pickup

ANS: T REF: 138 MSC: Pickup

ANS: F REF: 139 MSC: Pickup

18. A capital good is anything that is used to make something else.

ANS: F REF: 140 MSC: Pickup

19. Exchanging one's labor for a wage is a fundamental component of capitalism.

ANS: T REF: 140 MSC: Pickup

ANS: F REF: 144 MSC: Pickup

1. What are the three components of economics?

REF: 125-126 MSC: New