Ff McGraw-Hill’s PAYSICS=="! Tata McGraw-Hill Published by Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited, 7 West Patel Nagar, New Delhi 110 008 Course in Physics for ITT-JEE 2012 Copyright © 2011, by Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited. First reprint 2011 RQALCRAGDABDB No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publishers. The rogram listings (if any) may be entered, stored and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication. This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers, ‘Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited. Price: 8 625.00 ISBN (13):978-0-07-132929-3 ISBN (10): 0-07-132929-3, ‘Vice President and Managing Director—MeGraw-Hill Education: Asia Pacific Region: Ajay Shukla Head-—Test Prep and School: ¥. 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If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. ‘Typeset at Script Makers, 19, A1-B, DDA Market, Paschim Vihar, New Delhi 110 063, and text and cover printed at Gopsons, A-2 & 3, Sector-64, Noida, U.P. 201301 Cover Designer: K AnoopContents A Word to the Reader Syllabus 11, Hydrostatics (Fluid Pressure and Buoyancy) 12. ics (Bernoulli's Theorem and Viscosity) 13. Simple Harmonic Motion 14, Waves and Doppler’s Effect 15. Thermal Expansion 16. Measurement of Heat 17, Thermodynamics (Isothermal and Adiabatic Processes) 18. Kinetic Theory of Gases 19. Transmission of Heat 20. Electrostatic Field and Potential 21. Capacitance and Capacitors 22. Electric Current and D.C. Circuits 23. Heating Effect of Current 24. Magnetic Effect of Current and Magnetism 25. Electromagnetic Induction and A.C. Circuits 26. Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 27. Wave Optics 28. Atomic Physics 29._Nuclear Physics Annexure I—Important Formulae and Tips Annexure Il—Model Solutions of IIT-JEE Physics Papers 2007, 2008 and 2009 ‘Annexure IIl—Model Solutions of IIT-JEE Physics Papers 2010UNITs AND DIMENSIONS REVIEW OF BASIC CONCEPTS 1.1 The SI System of Units ‘The internationally accepted standard units of the fundamental physical quantities are given in Table 1.1 Table 11 Physical Quantity Length Mass Time Blectric current Temperature Luminous intensity Amount of substance ‘Angle in a plane Solid Physical quantities Fundamental SI Units ‘Name of the Unit ‘metre kilogram second ampere kelvin candela ‘mole radian steradian which can be defined in terms of the above nine fundamental quantities are called derived quantities. Table 1.2 below gives the SI units of some derived physical quantities. Table 12. SI Units of Some Derived Physical ‘Quantities Physical Quantity ‘Name of the Unii____ Symbol Length ‘metre ™ Force newton N Work, Energy Joule J Power ‘watt w Frequency hertz He Electric charge coulomb c Electric potential volt v Electric capacitance farad F Electric resistance ohm a Magnetic flux weber wo Magnetic flux density tesla T Inductance henry H Mlumination lux Ik Luminous flux Jumen Im Quantity of heat joule J (Contd...) (Contd) Velocity ‘metre per second ms! Acceleration ‘metre per second square ms Pressure newton per square metre Nm’ or pascal or Pa. Moment of inertia Kilogram metre square kg m? Momentum kilogram metre per second kg ms Surface tension newton per metre Nov! Elastic moduli newton per square metre Nm? Specific heat capacity joule per (kilogram-kelvin) J kg-"K-* Specific latent heat joule per kilogram dike! Thermal conductivity watt per (metre-kelvin) —War'K“+ Quantity of light Jumen second ims Luminance candela per square metre od mi? ‘Sound intensity watt per square mete Wm? Absolute permeability henry per metre Hm! Magnetic field strength ampere per metre Am? Magnetic vector potential weber per metre wo Intensity of magnetisation ampere per metre Amt Magnetic energy density joule per cubic metre J m”? Reluctance ampere per weber AW Absolute permitivity farad per metre Fm"! Electric dipole moment coulomb metre cm Electric field intensity volt per metre Vm Electric polarisation coulomb per square metre Cm Electrochemical Iilogram per coulomb kg C ‘equivalent Poynting vector watt per metre squared W ai? Viscos poiseville Pl Planck’s constant _—_joule second Js Wien's constant metre kelvin mk Boltzmann constam joule per kelvin aK Gas constant joule per (mole Kelvin) Jmol“'K! 1.2 Dimensions of Physical Quantities ‘The dimensions of a physical quantity are the powers to ‘which the fundamental units of mass (M), length (L) and time (T) must be raised to represent the unit of that quantity. The dimensional formula of a physical quantity is an expression that tells us how and which of the fundamental quantities enter into the unit of that quantity. In mechanics, the dimensional formula is written in terms of the dimensions of mass, length and time (M, L and 7). In heat and thermodynamics, in addition to M, L1.2 Course in Physies for IIT-JEE and T, we need to mention the dimension of temperature in kelvin (K). In electricity and magnetism, in addition to M, L and T, we need to mention the dimension of current or charge per unit time (I or QT~'). Table 1.3 below gives the dimensional formulae of ‘some important derived physical quantities. Table 1.3 Dimensional Formulae of some Physical Quantities Physical Quanity Dimensional Formal Physical Quants Dimensional Formula ‘Arca wer? Heat enerey Mor? Volume: MT! Entropy MT K? Density Mur? Specific beat MOLT Velocity Mur! Latent heat Mer? Acceleration Mur? Molar specific heat MLT#K" mot ‘Momentum MLT* ‘Thermal conductivity, MLT?K" Angular momentum Mer! Wien's constant MLI’K Force MLT? ‘Stefan's constant MLOToK* Energy, work MT? Boltzmann's constant MUT?K Power Mut Molar gas constant MLT?K* mot Torque, couple Mer? Electric charge TA Impulse MLT Electric current A Frequency ser Bectric potential MUT? A" ‘Angular frequency Mur! hectic field MLTS At ‘Angular acceleration MT? Capacitance ML?TA? Pressure Mit? Inductance MUT?A? Elastic moduli ML Tr? Resistance MUTA? Stress ML"? ‘Magnetic flux MUTA Moment of inertia ML? Magnetic flux density or = ML°T-2A~! Magnetic induction fiekd Surface tecsion Mur? Permeabiliy Viscosity ML T! Permittivity Gravitational constant Mile? Planck's constant Mr! 1.3. Principle of Homogeneity of Dimensions Consider a simple equation, A+B=C If this is an equation of physics, ic. if A, B and C are physical quantities, then this equation says that one physi- ‘cal quantity A, when added to another physical quantity B, gives a third physical quantity C. This equation will have no meaning in physics if the nature (i.e. the dimen- sions) of the quantities on the left-hand side of the equa- tion is not the same as the nature of the quantity on the right-hand side. For example, if A is a length, B must also bbe a length and the result of addition of A and B must express a length. In other words, the dimensions of both sides of a physical equation must be identical. This is called the principle of homogeneity of dimensions. 14. Uses of Dimensional Analysis Dimensional equations provide a very simple method of deriving relations between physical quantities involved in any physical phenomenon. The analysis of any pheno ‘enon carried out by using the method of dimensions is called dimensional analysis. This analysis is based on the principle of homogeneity of dimensions explained above. ‘There are four important uses of dimensional ‘equations: 1. Checking the correctness of an equation, 2. Derivation of the relationship between the physical quantities involved in any phenomenon. 3. Finding the dimensions of constants or variables in an equation. 4. Conversion of units from one system to another. 1.5 Limitations of Dimensional Analysis ‘Though the dimensional method is a simple and a very convenient way of finding the dependence of a physical ‘quantity on other quantities of a given system, it has its own limitations, some of which are listed as follows: 1. In more complicated situations, it is often not easy to find out the factors on which a physical quantity will depend. In such cases, one has to make a guess which may or may not work. 2. This method gives no information about the dimen- sionless constant which has tobe determined eitherby experiment or by a complete mathematical deri- vation. 3. This method is used only if a physical quantity var- ies as the product of other physical quantities. It fails if a physical quantity depends on the sum or difference of two quantities. Try, for instance, to tain the relation $= w+ a using the method of dimensions. 4, This method will not work if a quantity depends on another quantity as sin or cos of an angle, ic. if the dependence is by a trigonometric function, The method works only if the dependence is by power functions only. 5. This method does not give a complete information in cases where a physical quantity depends on more than three quantities, because by equating the pow- ers of M, L and T, we can obtain only three equa- tions for the exponents, 1.6 Significant Figures ‘The number significant figure in any measurement indicates the degree of precision of that measurement. ‘The degree of precision is determined by the least count of the measuring instrument. Suppose a length measured by ametre scale (of least count = 0.1 em) is 1.5 em, then it has two significant figures, namely 1 and 5. Measured with a vernier callipers (of least count = 0.01 cm) the same length is 1.53 cm and it then has three significant figures. Measured with a screw gauge (of least count = 0.001 cm) the same length may be 1.536 cm which has four significant figures. It must be clearly understood that we cannot increase the accuracy of a measurement of changing the unit. For example, suppose a measurement of mass yields a value 39.4 kg. It is understood that the measuring instrument has a least count of 0.1 kg. In this measurement, three figures 3, 9 and 4 are significant. If we change 39.4 kg to 39400 g or 39400000 mg, we cannot change the accuracy of measurement. Hence 39400 g or 39400000 mg still have three significant figures; the zeros only serve to indicate only the magnitude of measurement. Estimation of Appropriate Significant Figures in Calculations ‘The importance of significant figures lies in calculation to find the result of addition or multiplication of measured quantities having a different number of significant figures. The least accurate quantity determines the accuracy of the sum or product. The result must be rounded off to the appropriate digit. Rules for Rounding off ‘The following rules are used for dropping figures that are not significants Units and Dimensions 1.3, 1. If the digit to be dropped is less than 5, the next (preceding) digit to be retained is left unchanged. For example, if a number 5.34 is to be rounded off to two significant figures, the digit to be dropped is 4 which is less than 5. 2. If the digit to be dropped is more than 5, the preced- ing digit to be retained is increased by 1. For ex- amples 7.536 is rounded off as 7.54 to three signifi- cant figures. 3. If the digit to be dropped happens to be 5, then (a) the preceding digit to be retained is increased by 1 if it odd, o (b) the preceding digit is retained unchanged if it is even. 4, Hence the next digit, namely 3, isnot changed, The result of the indicated rounding-off is therefore, 5.3. For example, 6.75 is rounded off to 6.8 to two significant figures and 4.95 is rounded off to 5.0 but 3.45 is rounded off to 3.4. Significant Figures in Addition and Subtraction Suppose there are four objects of mass 2.5 kg, 1.54 kg, 3.668 kg and 5.1278 kg. The total mass (M) = 2.5 + 1.54 4+ 3.668 + 5.1278 = 12.8358 kg. There are two significant figures in the first mass, three in the second, four in the third and five inthe fourth. Thee are 6 digits in the value of the sum. The final result cannot be more accurate that the least accurate quantity, which in this example of 2.5 kg. This mass is accurate only up to the first decimal place in kg. Hence the result must be rounded off to the first decimal placed in kg. The correct result up to appropriate significant figures is M = 12.8 kg. Thus for addition and subtraction is the rule is as follows: Round off the final result such that it has the same number of digits after the decimal place as in the least accurate measurement. Significant Figures in Multiplication and Division We use the following rule to determine the number of significant figures in the result of multiplication and division of various physical quantities. (Do not worry about the number of digits after the decimal place. Round off the result so that it has the same number of significant figures as in the least accurate quantity. Example: A man runs 100.5 m in 10.3 s. Find his average speed up to appropriate significant figure. Solution: Average speedo) = "902" =9:708737 ms" The distance 100.5 m has four significant figures but the time 10.3 s has only three. Hence the value of the result ‘must be round off to three significant figures. The correct result is v = 9.71 ms"1.4 Course in Physies for ITT-JEE L7 Least Counts of Some Measuring Instruments 1, Least count of metre seale = 1 mm = 0.1 em 2. Vernier constant (or least count) of vernier callipers = value of | main scale division value of 1 vernier scale division = 1 M.S.D.~1 V.S.D Let the value of 1 M.S.D =a unit If n vernier scale divisions coincide with m main scale divisions, then value of LV.S.D= of 1MS.D n ma = unit ” cs —Least count = a ~ =(1-2) aun n n 3. Least count of a micrometer screw is found by the formula Least count = Aa = Ar Ay We take the worst case in which errors add up. Aa _ Ar+ Ay a (x~)) |. Error in product and division: Suppose we de- termine the value of a physical quantity u by mea- suring three quantities x, y and z whose true values are related to u by the eq) anxtyz Let the expected small errors in the measurement of quantities x, y and z be respectively + dx, + dy and + 3: so that the error in u by using these ob- served quantities is + du. The numerical values of x, dy and & are given by the least count of the instruments used to measure them. Taking logarithm of both sides we have log u= alog x + Blog y— ylogz Partial differentiation of the above equation gives Pitch of screw bu _ Ot , gov _ St Total number of divisions on circular scale Ge PAS where pitch = lateral distance moved in one com- plete rotation of the screw. y z The proportional of relative error in w is du/u. The values of Sx, 5y and & may be positive or negative and in some uses the terms on the right hand side ‘may counteract each other. This effect cannot be relied upon and itis necessary to consider the worst cease which is the case when all errors add up giv- 1.8 Order of Accuracy: Proportionate Error ‘The order of accuracy of the result of measurements is determined by the least counts of the measuring instruments used to make those measurements. Suppose a length xis measured with a metre scale, then the error in.x is + Ax, where Ar= least count of metre scale =0.1 em. If the same length is measured with vernier callipers of least count 0.01 cm, then Ax = 0.01 em. ‘Thus to find the maximum proportional error in u, multiply the proportional errors in each factor (x, y and z) by the numerical value of the power to which each factor is raised and then add all the terns so obtained. The sum thus obtained will give the maximum propor-tional error in the result of w. When the pro- a=xty portional error of a quantity is multiplied by 1 ‘Then da = Ax + Ay is the maximum error and wwe get the percentage error of that quantity. Itis da Art Ay evident that a small error in the measurement of the 7 aa vanity having the highest power will conbue maximum entage error in the value of u. Hence 2, Exror in Difference: If a =x y, then the maxi- ii quanti beviagishe Mighune power ibocld be mum error is measured with as great a precision as possible. Fractional or proportionate error is defined as =. Maximum percentage error = “* x 100. x 1, Error in sum: Suppose a quantity is given by SECTION I Multiple Choice Questions with Only One Choice Correct 1. The pressure P is related to distance x, Boltzmann a = 2 pane constant k and temperature 6 as pateThe dimensional formula of b is @ LT ty (>) [MLT?} (c) (M°L?T") @) [M°L°T) . The magnitude of induced emf e in a conductor of length Z rotating in magnetic field B is given by es i (BR) ‘The dimensional formula of a is (a) (M°L°T] (b) [IML°T™) (©) [M7LT™) (2) M°L'T| ‘Two resistors R, = {3.0 + 0.1] @ and R, = (6.0 + 0.3) Q are connected in parallel. The resistance of the combination is (a) 2.0 +04) 2 ——() (2.00 + 0.08) Q (©) 2.0 £02)Q — (d) (2.00 + 0.04) Q If the resistances in Q.3 above were connected in series, the maximum percentage error in the resis- tance of the combination will be (a) 1.1% (b) 2.2% (c) 3.3% (@) 44% 5. Which of the following pairs of physical quantities do not have the same dimensions? (a) Pressure and Young's modulus (b) Emf and electric potential (c) Heat and work (@) Electric dipole moment and electric flux. .. Which of the following pairs of physical quantities have different dimensions? (a) Impulse and linear momentum (>) Planck’s constant and angular momentum (©) Moment of inertia and moment of force (@) Torque and energy }. In the expression A = Ay e “*", k is Boltzmann constant and T is the absolute temperature. The dimensions of a are the same as those of (a) energy (b) time (©) acceleration (@) velocity ‘A cube has a side of 1.2 cm. The volume of the ‘cube up to appropriate significant figures is (a) 1.728 cm* (b) 1.73 em? (c) 1.7 cm* (@) 17.3 em? ). In the determination of the acceleration due to gravity (g) using the formula Tear fF ® the errors in the measurements of L and T are 1% and 2% respectively. The maximum percentage ‘error in the value of g is (a) 5% (©) 3% (b) 4% ) 1.5% 10. it. 12. 13. 4 18. 16. 7. 18, Units and Dimensions 1.5 ‘The quantities LR and RC (where L, C and R stand for inductance, capacitance and resistance respectively) have the same dimensions as those of (a) velocity (b) acceleration (e) time (d) force ‘The dimensions of entropy are (a) MLK (>) MOL? 79K? (©) MLT?K @) MUT?KT ‘What is the physical quantity whose dimensions are ML°T*? (a) kinetic energy (b) pressure (c). momentum (@) power Which one of the following has the dimensions of ML"T?*? (a) torque (b) surface tension (©) viscosity (d) stress ‘The dimensions of angular momentum are (a) MLT* «b) MULT (c) ML'T (a) ML°T? The gravitational force F between two masses m, and m3 separated by a distance r is given by Fe Soy where Gis the universal gravitational constant. What are the dimensions of G? (@) MUST? (b) ML'T? (©) ML @ MT? ‘The equation of state of a real gas can be expressed (ret lu — b) = cT where P is the pressure, Vithe volume, T the absolute temperature and a, b and c are constants. What are the dimensions of a’? (@) MT? (b) MUST? (©) ML (@) MLOT* ‘The equation of state for m moles of an ideal gas is PV= nRT where & is the universal gas constant and P, Vand T have the usual meanings. What are the dimen- sions of R? (a) M®LT?K"! mo? (b) ML? TK! mol! (ce) M°L? T? Kt mor! (@) ML? T? Kt mor! ‘The SI unit of the universal gas constant R is (a) erg K! mort (b) watt Kt mol! (e) newton K"' mol (@) joule K" mor!1,6 Course in Physics for ITJEE 19. a. 22, According to the quantum theory, the energy E of ‘a photon of frequency vis given by E= where A is Planck's constant. What is the dimen- sional formula for h? @ MULT? (o) ML? T! (©) MULT @ MULT ‘What is the SI unit of Planck’s constant? (a) watt second (b) watt per second (©) joule second (@) joule per second The dimensions of Planck’s constant are the same as those of (a) energy (b) power (c) angular frequency (@) angular momentum ‘Time period T of a simple pendulum may depend ‘on m, the mass of the bob, /, the length of the string and g, the acceleration due to gravity. ie. Tx ml ge What are the values of a, b and c? @o, 4,1 (b) 0, = 2° 2 @4to-4, 2 2 The volume V of water passing any point of a uniform tube during t seconds is related to the ross-sctional area A of the tube and velocity u of water by the relation (d) - VeAturr? which one of the following will be true? (a) a= fay (o) az Bay () a@=Bey (d) az fey Which one of the following relations is dimension- ally consistent where h is height to which a liquid of density prises in a capillary tube of radius, r, T is the surface tension of the liquid, the angle of contact and g the acceleration due to gravity?” (a) b= ZTE wy p= EF pe cos O 2pe cos 0 2+ ps = Ze (4) he ZT PR (o) h = 20S @ As The frequency n of vibrations of uniform string of length J and stretched with a force F is given by at fE "2 Vm where p is the number of segments of the vibrating string and m is a constant of the string. What are the dimensions of m? 27. 2». a. 32. 33. @ ML'T! (by) ML* T° (©) ML? T? @) MUTT ‘When a wave traverses a medium, the displace- ment of a particle located at x at time # is given by y=asin (bt ex) where a, b and ¢ are constants of the wave. The dimensions of b are the same as those of (a) wave velocity (b) amplitude (©) wavelength (a) wave frequency InQ26, the dimensions of ©. are the same as those of c (a) wave velocity “(b) wavelength (©) wave amplitude (@) wave frequency The Van der Waal equation for m moles of a real gas is RT a (+8) v-) where P is the pressure, V is the volume, T is the absolute temperature, R is the molar gas constant and a, 6 are Van der Waal constants. The dimen- sions of a are the same as those of (a) PV (b) PY? (©) PV @) PIV In Q28. the dimensions of b are the same as those of (a) P (b) Vv () PY (@) nT In Q.28, the dimensions of nRT are the same as those of (a) energy (b) force (c) pressure (d) specific heat In Q. 28, the dimensional formula for ab is (a) ML°T? (b) ML‘T? (c) ML°T (d) MUST? If velocity (V), acceleration (A) and force (F) are taken as fundamental quantities instead of mass (M), length (L) and time (7), the dimensions of Young's modulus would be (a) FAV? (b) Faby (c) FAVS (@) Fav ‘The dimensions of permittivity (&) of vacuum are @ MTL? TA? (b) ML” T? A? (©) MEL Tt a? @ MULT a? (.1.T.1998) What are the dimensions of permeability (jt) of vacuum? (a) MLT? A* (b) MLT? A? @ MUTT? A* (LLT.1998) (c) ML* T? A?35. The dimensions of 1//fig&)_ are the same as those of (@) velocity (b) acceleration (©) force (@) energy 36. The dimensions of specific heat are (a) MLT? K* (b) ML? T? K () MT? Kt @) MLT? KT (37. What are the dimensions of latent heat? (@) ML? T? (b) ML? T? () M°LT* (@) M° LT? 38, What are the dimensions of Boltzmann’s constant? (a) MLT? K" (b) ML>T? Kt (©) M°LT? K" @) MULT? Kt 39. The dimensions of potential difference are (@) ML>T~* A-t (b) MLT?* At (c) MOT“ A (@) MLT7A 40. What are the dimensions of electrical resistance? (a) MLIT? A? (b) ML? T? A? (©) ML? T? A? (@) ML? T? A? 41. The dimensions of electric field are (a) MLT? At (b) MLT? At (©) MLT"' At (@) MLT° At 42. The dimensions of magnetic induction field are (@) ML? TA! b) M°L T"' At (©) MLT? At (@) ML°T? At 43. What are the dimensions of magnetic flux? (@) MU? T? a" (b) ML? T? A? (© ML? T? At (@) ML? T? At 44, The dimensions of self inductance are (a) ML? T? at (b) ML? T? A? (©) ML* T? At (@) ML? T? A? 45. The dimensions of capacitance are (@) ML? Ta? () MTL? Ta? OM Ler A @ ML? Tae 46. If velocity (V), force (F) and energy (E) are taken as fundamental units, then dimensional formula for ‘mass will be @) V7RE (b) V°FE? (©) VF7E° @) VRE 47, Frequency (n) of a tuning fork depends upon length (D of its prongs, density (p) and Young's modulus (0) of its material. Then frequency and Young's modulus will be related as @ ne JP (b) n= ¥ 1 « (d) © n= + @ n= Sh. 52. Units and Dimensions 1.7 }. The dimensions of 3% E (& = permittivity of free space and E = electric field) are (a) MLT“! (b) ML2T (c) ML"T? @) MUT* (LLT. 2000) . Of the following quantities, which one has dimen- sions different from the remaining three (a) Energy per unit volume (b) Force per unit area (c) Product of voltage and charge per unit volume (@) Angular momentum ). Ifthe time period 1 of a drop of liquid of density d, radius r, vibrating under surface tension s is given by the formula r= Jd* rs andifa=1,c=-1, then b is @1 (b) 2 3 @4 A pair of physical quantities having the same dimensional formula is (a) angular momentum and torque (b) torque and energy (c) entropy and power (@) power and angular momentum In the measurement of a physical quantity X = 2 Aiby. the prey ee ion in measurements of the quantities A, B, C and D are 2%, 2%, 4% and 5% respectively. Then the mini- mum amount of percentage of error in the mea- surement of X is contributed by: @) A (b) B (e) € @) D Which of the following has the dimensions ML'T!? (a) Surface tension (b) Coefficient of viscosity (c) Bulk modulus (c) Angular momentum Pressure gradient dp/dx is the rate of change of pressure with distance. What are the dimensions of dpvdx? (@) ML? T! (b) ML? T? (e) ML" T? (@) ML? T" If E, M, J and G respectively denote energy, mass, angular momentum and gravitational constant, then 2 we has the dimensions of (a) length (b) angle (©) mass (@) time (LT, 1990)1.8 Course in Physics for IITJEE 56. If , &, h and c respectively represent electronic charge, permittivity of free space, Planck's con- 2 stant and speed of light, then —— has the dimen- eye sions of (a) current (b) pressure (c) angular momentum —(d) angle 57. If L, R, C and V respectively represent inductance, resistance, capacitance and potential difference, then the dimensions of —/— are the same as those RCV of 1 current shar} @) (c) charge (dd) charge 58, If E and B respectively represent electric field and (@) current (b) magnetic induction field, then the ratio = has the dimensions of (a) displacement (b) velocity (c) acceleration (d) angle 59. If C and V respectively represent the capacitance of a capacitor and the potential difference between its plates, then the dimensions of CV? are (@) MT? (b) ML*T 7a (©) MUT'At @ MLD 60, If h and ¢ respectively represent Planck’s constant and electronic charge, then the dimensions o(*) are the same as those of (a) magnetic field (b) electric field (©) magnetic flux (@) electric flux 61. If energy E, velocity V and time T are chosen as the fundamental units, the dimensional formula for ‘surface tension will be (@) BVT? ) EV'T? (©) BV?T* @) Ev "tT? 62. The number of particles crossing a unit area per- pendicular to the x-axis in a unit time is given by D (= = ) 7 ‘where 1, and n; are the number of particles per unit volume at x =x, and x = x, respectively and D is the diffusion constant. The dimensions of D are (@) MLT? (b) M°L*T* (©) M°LT* @ MT! 63. A gas bubble from an explosion under water ‘oscillates with a period proportional to P* d? E* where P is the static pressure, d is the density of water and E is the energy of explosion. Then a, b and c respectively are @ Sit Bes 6° 2° alae 1 ©) = 2 ele (LT. 1981) 64, In a system of units in which the unit of mass is ‘akg, unit of length is b metre and the unit of time is second, the magnitude of a calorie is 42c 42c* @ ) abe 42 oF @ — 65. The error in the measurement of the radius of a sphere is 1%. The error in the measurement of the volume is (a) 1% (b) 3% (©) 5% (a) 8% 66. If the error in the measurement of the volume of a sphere is 6%, then the error in the measurement of its surface area will be (a) 2% () 3% (©) 4% @ 75% 67. A physical quantity X is represented by X = (M'LT*), The maximum percentage errors in the measurement of M, L and T respectively are a%, b% and c%. The maximum percentage error in the measurement of X will be (a) (ax + by — cz) percent (b) (ax + by + cz) percent (©) (ax = by + cz) percent (d) (ax ~ by ~ ¢2) percent 68, The percentage errors in the measurements of the length of a simple pendulum and its time period are 2% and 3% respectively. The maximum error in the value of the acceleration due to gravity obtained from these measurements is (@) 5% (b) 1% (c) 8% {d) 10% ‘69. The moment of inertia of a body rotating about a given axis is 6.0 kg m* in the SI system. What is the value of the moment of inertia in a system of units in which the unit of length is $ cm and the unit of mass is 10 g?70. nm. 2. 73. 4, 18. (b) 24 x 10° (@) 60 x 10° (a) 24 x 10° (c) 6.0 x 10° A quantity X is given by ait where & is the permittivity of free space, L is a length, AV is a potential difference and Av is a time interval. The dimensional formula for X is the same as that of (a) resistance (b) charge (©) voltage (4) current (LLT. 2001) ‘The coefficient of viscosity (7) of a liquid by the ‘method of flow through a capillary tube is given by the formula ame 81i@ where = radius of the capillary tube, 1's length of the tube, P = pressure difference between its ends, and Q = volume of liquid flowing per second. Which quantity must be measured most accu- rately? @R (b) ©P @@ The mass m of the heaviest stone that can be moved by the water flowing in a river depends on », the speed of water, density (d) of water and the acceleration due to gravity (¢). Then m is propor- tional to @) (b) v* () @) & ‘The speed (v) of ripples debpends upon their wavelenth (A), density (p) and surface tension (0) ‘of water. Then v is proportional to (@ va (b) a 1 L OF OF ‘The period of revolution (7) of a planet moving round the sun in a circular orbit depends upon the radius (r) of the orbit, mass (M) of the sun and the gravitation constant (G). Then T is proportional to (a) 7? (b) r © @? If energy (£), momentum (p) and force (F) are chosen as fundamental units, the dimensions of mass in the new system will be Units and Dimensions 1.9 @ Etro (b) Eip?F? (©) E\p Fr? (d) E%p'F? 76. If the velocity of light (c), gravitational constant (G) and planck’s constant (h) are chosen as fun- damental units, the dimensions of time in the new system will be @) “Vere (o) G7? ©) 27h? (a) GH? 77. The amplitude of a damped oscillator of mass m varies with time tas AzAgew™ ‘The dimensions of a are @ MUT! (b) M°LT" (c) MLT" (d) ML"T 78. A student measures the value of g with the help of simple pendulum using the formula 4eL gate ‘The errors in the measurements of L and T are AL and AT respectively. In which of the following ccases is the error in the value of g the minimum? (a) AL = 05 cm, AT = 05 s (b) AL = 0.2 cm, AT = 0.2 s (©) AL = 0.1 cm, AT = 1.0 (@) AL = 0.1 cm, AT = 0.1 s 79. A student performs an experiment to determine the ‘Young's modulus of a wire, exactly 2 m long, by Searle's method. In a particular reading, the stu- dent measures the extension in the length of the wire to be 0.8 mm with an uncertainty of +£0.05 mm at a load of exactly 1.0 kg. The student also measures the diameter of the wire to be 0.4 mm with a uncertainty of + 0.01 mm. Take g = 9.8 mis* (exact). The Young's modulus obtained from the reading is (a) (2.0 + 0.3) x 10" Nim? (b) (2.0 = 0.2) x 10!' Nim? (©) (2.0 £ 0.1) x 10" Nim? (@) (2.0 + 0.05) x 10" Nim? (LT. 2007) 80. In a vernier callipers, one main scale division is xem and n divisions of the vernier scale coincide with (n ~ 1) divisions of the main scale. The least count (in cm) of the callipers is () x = om (LT. 2007)1.10 Course in Physics for 11T-JEE ANSWERS 1. ©) 2. (a) 7. @) 8. (©) 13. (d) 14, () 19. (b) 20. (c) 25. () 26. (a) 31. d) 32. (©) 37. @) 38. (b) 43, (a) 44, (b) 49. (a) 30. (©) 55. (b) 56. (d) 61. (c) 62. (d) 67. () 68. (c) 73, (a) 74. (©) ‘79. (b) 80. (c) SOLUTIONS 1. The exponent is dimensionless, Hence fa} = [# . [= =x x m =Jm! = (ML?T™] x (L“] = MLT? lal py= (el Aen {o] fal _ [MuT? (I (eS So the correct choice is (c). BU _ (M°L’T®} x [MUTA] x (7) € (ML T* A“} = (MT!) => [b= | = [IMLT) Ras OR _ OR , SR eR 21,03. go19 or +. 6R= 0.019 x R? = 0.019 x (27° = 0.076 = 0.08 2 Hence the correct choice is (b). 4. R=R, +R, =3.04+6.0=9.02 OR = 6R, + OR, = 0.1 +03 = 04 4. (d) 10. (c) 16. (b) 22, (a) 28. (b) 34. (b) 40. (b) 46. (d) 52. (c) 58. (b) A, (b) 70. (d) 76. (d) sae 10. uu. Pease (2) 6. (c) 12, (a) 18. (d) 24, (a) 30. (a) 36. (c) 42. (@) 48. (c) 54. (b) 60. (c) 66. (c) 72. (©) 78. (d) ¢, Maximum percentage error = of x 100 4 gg X10=44% So the correct choice is (d). . The correct choice is (d). . The correct choice is (c). Since AT has dimensions of energy, the correct choice is (a). = Ls 12cmx 1.2emx 12cm = 1.728 cm? Since there are two significant figures in L = 1.2 cm, the volume is accurate only up to two significant figure. Hence the correct choice is (c). 4PL mga itt 7 21% +2 x 2% = 5% 4 s L/R is the time constant of an L-R circuit and CR is the time constant of a C-R circuit. The dimen- sion of the time constant is the same as that of time. Hence the correct choice is (c). Entropy S is defined through the relation = 42 T where dS is the change in entropy, dQ the change is heat energy and 7 is the absolute temperature. “Dimensions of entropy AL, 2aT TMU T-? =MUT Kt K Hence the correct choice is (4). 12. The dimensions of energy are ML?T~?. The dimen- sions of pressure, momentum and power are ML'T?, MLT"! and ML?T~ respectively. Thus the correct choice is (a). 13. ML-'T~ are the dimensions of force per unit area. ut of the four choices, stress is the only quantity that is force per unit area, Hence the correct choice is (@). 14, The angular momentum L of a particle with respect to point whose position vector is r is given by L=rxp where p is the linear momentum of the moving particle. . Dimensions of L = dimension of r x dimensions ofp =LxMLT!=MUT! ‘Thus the correct choice is (b). 15, Since G = FE mm = dimensions of F x dimensions of r# dimensions of m,m, MLT? x? = M'LT? ‘Thus the correct choice is (a). . the dimensions of G are ©) 16, From the principle of homogeneity of dimensions, the dimensions of <%- must be the same as those of P. Therefore dimensions of a = dimensions of P| x dimensions of = ML" T? x (9? = ML T? xL°=ML*T?, ‘Thus the correct choice is (b). 17. Since R= %, the dimensions of R are given by ni dimensions of P x dimensions of V (®) = “Gimensions of nx dimensions of T ML"!T-? x? =~ nol x K =ML?T? mol”! K~' ‘Thus the correct choice is (b). 18. Now R= 5E. Since the product PV as the same Units as those of work, namely, joule; the unit of R is unit of PV J unit of nx unit of 7 molxK Hence the correct choice is (d). = JK" mol”!. Units and Dimensions 1.11 ap? 19. Dimensions of & = Simension of £ . ML'T dimension of YT =ML?T Thus the correct choice is (b). Unit of n= Unitof E _ joule unit of ¥ (second) = joule second, ‘Thus the correct choice is (c). 21, The correct choice is (4). 22, The dimensions of the wo sides of proportionality are T= ML (Ty where LT~? are the dimensions of g. a TeM*L LST aMtLt) re Equating the powers of dimensions on both sides, we have a=0,b+c=0and-2c=1 1 1 -toet ada pbs yaaa. ‘Thus the correct chioce is (a). 23. The dimensions of the two sides of proportionality are De LTP Ts Lierhyre Equating the powers of dimensions on both sides, we have lat f=3 y- B=0 which give B= yand a= ; G-f) ie ae B= x ‘Thus the correct choice is (b). 24, Since cos Gis dimensionless, using the dimensions of T, r, p and g, it is easy to see that choice (a) is only one that is dimensionally consistent. The dimensions of h are the same as those of Tirpg. ‘Squaring both sides of the given relation, we get 2 2 ok ge BE SPom Pe which give ¢ + dimensions of m . dimensions of F “Foe oe eee dimensions of x dimensions of w (Cz p is a dimensionless number) _—MLT”? vx (ry Hence the correct choice is (d). 26. Since the argument of a sine function (or any trigonometric function) must be dimensionless, bt and cx are dimensionless. Since bt is dimensior less, the dimensions of b = dimensions of 1/ = T', =ML' T°1.12 Course in Physics for ITJEE which are the dimensions of frequency. Hence the correct choice is (d) Dimensions of bt = dimensions of cx, as they are both dimensionless, 2. *. Dimensions of & = dimensions of = = LT Hence the correct choice is (a). From the principle of homogeneity, the dimensions of =p must be the same as those of P. ie. ale dimensions of ra dimensions of P +. dimensions of a = dimensions of PV*, Hence the correct choice is (b). The correct choice is (b). ‘The dimensions of nR7 = dimensions of PY =ML'T? xD) =ML?T? which are the dimensions of energy. Hence the cor- rect choice is (a) The dimensions of -2F- are the same as those of 29, 3. PY. +. Dimensions of ab = dimensions of (PV) x V? ML?T?xL® =ML'T? Hence the correct choice is (4). Dimensions of Young’s modulus Y are ML“ T*. The dimension of V, A and F in terms of M, L and Tare 32. and Let ”) and F. We have yx (LT “4° x (MLT~2)¢ or MIL“! T-2= Me Let eee q-a-2b-26 Equating powers of M, L and T we have c=latb+e=-1 and -a-2b-2c=-2 which give a=-4,b=2ande ‘Thus (¥) = (FA’V~ 8) ‘Thus the correct choice is (c). According to Coulomb's law of electrostatics, force F between two charges g, and qa distance r apart in vacuum, is given by Fe fi axe 5 = 1 ah 4aF 7? (ML"'T~ or £ | 3. = Dimeass ge Di mn ng. imensions of & = =S—y eM DP rg? =MLTtA (: A= 8) “The correct choice is (a). ‘The force per unit length between two long wires carrying currents J, and J; a distance r apart in vacuum, is given by = Hot a _ foe TT ti? Dimensions of jg = 4 * MUTT x L = MLT-7A~? ‘Therefore, the correct choice is (b). Dimensions of 1 1 —_—__1___. hoe (MLT? A? x M“'L*Ta>y; 1 Tr (L?T?)2 which are the dimensions of velocity. Hence the correct choice is (a). ‘The heat energy content H of a body of mass m at temperature is given by H = ms@ where s is the specific heat. Therefore =LT-! m0 Dimensions of s dimensions of heat energy dimension of mass x dimension of temperature MET? _ 0) 2p-2K-t MxK Thus the correct choice is (c). Latent heat L is the amount of heat energy H re- ‘quired to change the state of a unit mass without producing any change in temperature. Thus tei MUTT? “ Dimensions of L = eutte ‘Thus the correct choice is (d). According to the law of equipartition of energy, the energy per degree of freedom of a gas atom or molecule at a temperature @ kelvin is given by 1 2E E= 2 kO ork= @ where & is the Boltzmann's constant. MT?39. The potential difference V between two points is the amount of work done in moving a unit charge from one point to the other. work done Th v = —work done uae charge moved MULT? Dimensions of V= ML?T? A Hence the correct choice is (a) 40. From Ohm's law, resistance R is given by ifference =MUT A? ‘Thus the correct choice is (b). 41. Force F experienced by a charge q in an electric field £ is given by F FeqkoE== q i 2 “Dimensions of E = #imensions of F_- MLT: dimensions of Q AT. LTA. 42. The force F, experienced by a chi with speed v perpendicular to the uniform magnetic induction field B is given by F=qvb or B= ©: Dimensions of ML°T7Aa"! Hence the correct choice is (d) 43, “The magnetic flux ¢ linked with a circuit of area A in a magnetic induction field B is given by = BA cos 0 where @ is the angle between the field and area vectors. Dimensions of ( Q=AT) ‘= dimensions of BA : cos @ is dimensionless) MUST? Axi? ML?T? At (a). 44, The self inductance L of a coil in which the current varies a rte SE is given by Lal dt 47. Units and Dimensions 1.13 ‘where e is the e.m.f. induced in the coil. Now, the dimensions of e.m.f. are the same as those of potential difference, namely, ML? T* A“! e Now, Ler at Dimensions of L = dimensions of ¢ ‘dimensions of 1/ dimensions of ¢ MLT*At = eM Tt at AIT ‘Thus the correct choice is (b). ‘When a capacitor of capacitance C is charged to a potential difference V, the charge Q on the capaci- tor plates is given by Q=CV or C= £ dimensions of Q dimensions of V AT “METIAT MTL? TS a? Hence the correct choice is (d). Let (My = V° FES Putting the dimensions of V, F and E, we have (M) = (LT“)* x (MLT 7)! x (ML?T™?)* or) Mla MMe Lattete p-a-2b-26 Equating the powers of dimensions, we have bte=l atb+%=0 -a-2b-2%=0 which give a = - 2, b= 0 and c = 1. Therefore (M)=(V7F° BE). ‘Thus the correct choice is (4). Let nx I p? ¥° Putting dimensions of all the quantities, we have (1) L? (ML) (ML T° ‘Equating powers of M, L and T on both sides, we get b+c=0,a-3b- and ~2c=-1 Dimensions of C= which give a =—1,b net p) Hence the correct choice is (a). 48. We know that 14: Fe (4xe,)r° 4 42 8 aneLi4 51, Course in Physics for IMT-JEE 1, pe HD =f Hence 1, £° pe B= seats 4G Be 5 *aag ‘. Dimensions of te E? = dimensions of = r 5 Hence the correct choice is (c). . Energy per unit volume, force per unit area and product of voltage and charge density all have dimensions of ML*T*, but the dimensions of ‘angular momentum are ML?T~'. Hence the correct choice is (d). Given 1 = d? *? 5°, Substituting dimensions, we have (1) = (ML? (Ly? (MT?) eM TOR, [Sa2o am) pe Equating powers of L, we have, -Ha +8 =0. Given a= 1. 2 5 =0 or b = 3, which is choice‘c). Both torque and energy have the dimensions of force x distance. Hence the correct choice is (b). Given X= arts ‘Taking logarithm of both sides, we have logX = 2 log A + og B- > log C-3 log D Partially differentiating, we have Ax AA AB 1 AC AD vats 3C D> Percentage eror in A = 2 “4 Percentage enor in B= AZ = 2% 1ac ta cai At. Percentage error in C= 5 i 3 ate 3 Percentage enor in D =3 22 = 3 x 5% = 15% We find that the minimum percentage error is contributed by C. Hence the correct choice is (c). 53. The correct choice is (b) 54. The correct choice is (b) 58. Dimensions of J and G are ML"! and M“'L? T? respectively. $4, Dimensions of &, and & are M'L~ T* A® and ML?T™ respectively. 57. RC has the dimensions of time (T). V has the dimensions of emf which has the dimensions of a L=. at 58. The force F on a particle of charge g moving with a velocity v in E and B fields is given by F=q(B+vxB) Hence the dimensions of E are the same as those of vB. 59. Energy stored in a capacitor of capacitance Chay- ing a potential difference V between its plates is given by u=ice Hence, the dimensions of CV’ limensionss of en- ergy. Hence the correct choice is (a). (MUT*) x 60, Dimensions of (*) - =MUT? At Dimensions of B= MT? A ‘Magnetic flux = B x area 61. Let surface tension o= E* V’ T. Using the dimen- sions of a, E, Vand T and equating powers: of M, Land T, find the values of a, b and c. The correct choice is (c). 62, Dimensions of n (number of particles per unit area per unit time) = L*T~', Dimensions of m, or (number of particles per unit volume) = L~. Dimensions of x, or x) = L. The correct choice is ( Let m, be the magnitude (i.e. numerical value) of a physical quantity when the fundamental units are (M,, L;, T,) and n, the magnitude of the same physical quantity when the fundamental units are (My, La, T,), then, it is obvious that my (MELT) =m (M337) @ where x, y and z are the dimensions of the j»hysical quantity in mass, length and time respectively. Now, we know that 1 calorie = 4.2 joule == 4.2 kg Therefore, in the first system of units ny x= l,y=2andz=-2. Henoe, in the second system of units in which M, = a ke, L, = mand T; = cs, we have from (i) BB68. V= 4m. ‘Taking logarithm of both sides, we have log V= log 4 + log + 3 log r—log 3 Differentiating, we get AV 540 3x 1m =3% v r 66, AY 2388 on 66 = 342 of AE = 25. v r r r Now surface area s = 477 or log s= log 4z+2 log r As 28? cox 2m a4e. sor 67. X=M'L’ T~*or log X= xlog M + ylog L—zlog 7. Differentiating, we have Ax AM AL ‘The maximum error in X is (since all errors add up) Ax, 4M, ab, aT MO LT = (a + yb + z0)%. 6. Te2e[ orgae tr orlog g=tog e+ log ! - 2 log 7. The maximum error in g is . ot AT cam 4 2x36 = 9% 69. The dimensions of moment of inertia are (ML*). We have my(uyy) = nafutg) or (Li) =m (M313) mM) _ (#) (ey (M,13) M,/(L, Given m =6.0,M, = 1 kg, Ly = 1 m,M = 10g and L, = 5m. Therefore, kg Im) none) «(2) 2 30 (10008) , (19nem) 10g Sem = 6.0 x 100 x (20) = 2.4 x 10° Units and Dimensions 1.15 70. The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is given by C = e,A/d. Hence the dimensions of &L ‘are the same as those of capacitance. iat av + Dit f b= mension of GL dimension of C x dimensions of V time __ dimension of Q time Hence the correct choice is (d). 71. The correct choice is (a). The maximum permissible error in 7 is given by the relation Am, gAR Al AP Ag ” Rt’ PQ It is clear that the error in the measurement of R is ‘magnified four times on account of the occurrence of R* in the formula, Hence the radius (R) of the capillary tube must be measured most accurately. ‘Thus the quantity which is raised to the highest power needs the most accurate measurement. 72. Take me v" d® g° and show that a= 6. 73. Take v & 2° p? a” and show that a= — 74. Take Te r* M° G® and show that a= 75. Take M = E* p* F* and show that a =~ 1, b=2 and ¢ = 0. 76, The correct choice is (d) 77. The exponent is 2 dimensionless number. Hence tim is dimensionless. Therefore, dimension of m_ M dimensionof + T =ML°T" 78. The proportionate error in the measurement of g is Ag _ AL | AT BS, g LT Hence Ag will be minimum if AL and AT are minimum. Thus the correct choice is (4). FL _ 4Mgl. 79. Yes Ald? Dimension of a = ay 0 kg (exact), g = 9.8 ms” (exact) m (exact), = 0.8 mm =0.8x 105 m 0.05 mm, d=04mm=04x 10% m Ad = +001 mm ‘Substituting the values of M, g, L, d and / in Eq. (1)1.16 Course in Physics for IIT-JEE we get ¥=2.0x 10" Nm? From Eq. (1) the proportionate uncertainty in ¥ is Since the value of Y is correct only up to the first decimal place, the value of AY must be rounded off to the first decimal place. Thus AY = 0.2 x 10!" given by Nm. Therefore, the result of the experiment is AY _ AM AL | 2Ad | Al ¥ + AY = (2.0 + 0.2) x 10" Nm? yy MM ee Hence the correct choice is (b). Since the values of M, g and L are exact, AM=0, | 80. Vernier constant = value of 1 M.S.D ~ value of Ag = 0 and AL = 0. Hence IVS.D. AY 2d AL 2x001mm 005mm Now n V.S.D = (n= 1) M.S.D = (n- 1)xem AY xii mot Yo od * 1" am * 08mm 1vsp-(*=!) zen = 0.05 + 0.0625 * 125 a-l AY = 0.1125 x ¥ = 0.1125 x 2.0 x 10" Vic.=xem-(*=1 re = 0.225 x 10"! Nav? Hence the correct choice is (c). SECTION II Multiple Choice Questions with One or More Choices Correct |. Which of the following are not a unit of time? (a) parsec (b) light year (c) micron (@) second ‘Choose the pair of physical quantities which have identical dimensions. (a) Impulse and linear momentum (b) Planck's constant and angular momentum (c) Moment of inertia and moment of force (@) Young's modulus and pressure }. The dimensions of energy per unit volume are the same as those of (@) work (b) stress (c) pressure (d)_ modulus of elasticity |. When a wave traverses a medium, the displace- ment of a particle located at x at time sis given by ye asin (bt-cx) where a, b and c are constants of the wave. Which of the following are dimensionless quantities? (@) ya (b) br (©) ex we 5. In Q.4, the dimensions of 6 are the same as those of (a) wave velocity (b) wave frequency (c) particle frequency (d) wavelength 6 In QA, the dimensions of & are the same as those of ¢ (a) wave velocity (b) angular frequency (c) particle velocity (d) wave frequency 7. The Van der Waal equation for n moles of a real gas is (P+) V-)= ner where P is the pressure, V is the volume, 7 is the absolute temperature, R is the molar gas constant and a, b are Van der Waal constants. The dimen- sions of (a) a are the same as those of PV” (b) b are the same as those of V (©) ave the same as those of RT (d) bP are the same as those of RT. 8. In Q7, which of the following have the same dimensions as those of PV? a (a) RT oF (©) Pb @ 4 9. In Q7, the dimensions of nRT are the same as those of (a) pressure (b) energy (e) work (@) force 10. Which of the following are dimensionless? (a) Boltzmann constant (6) Planck's constant (c) Poisson's ratio (4) relative density 11. For a body in uniformly accelerated motion, the distance x of the body from a reference point at time ris given by xsartbr+c where a, b and c are constants of motion,(a) The dimensions of ¢ are the same as those of x, at and br, (b) The dimensional formula of b is (M° LT”). © : is dimensionless. (d) The acceleration of the body is 2b. 12. The side of a cube is L = (1.2 + 0.1) em. The volume of the cube is (a) (1.728 + 0.003) em? (b) (1.73 + 0.02) cm? (©) (1.7 £04) em? @) (1.7 & 0.3) em? 13. Two resistances R, = (3.0 + 0.1) Q and R; = (6.0 + Units and Dimensions 1.17 14. A physical quantity P is given by ae rns ‘The percentage errors in the measurements of a, b, c, and d are 1%, 3%, 4%, and 3% respectvely. (a) The maximum percentage error in P is 14% (b) The maximum percentage error in P is 10% (c) The maximum error is contributed by the measurement of b. (d) The minimum error is contributed by the ‘measurement of c. 15. When a plane wave travels in a meduim, the 0.2) 0 are to be joined together. ; ah, OM ‘ ~ " diplacement y of a particle located at x at time fis (a) in . resistance obtainable is (9.0 + given by (b) The maximum resistance obtainable is (9.0 = Haire =ct) 02) 2 where a, b, and c are constants. ni (a) The unit a is the saume as that of y. (c) The minimum resistance obtainable is (2.0 + (b) The SI unit of b is Hz. ® . 2 stance obtainabe is (20 (©) The dimensional formule of ¢ is (M°L"T) rminimum resistance obtainable is (2.0 02). (8) The dimensions of © are the same those of velocity. © ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 1, Choices (a), (b) and (c) are units of length 2. ‘The dimensions of moment of inertia are MLT® and of moment of force are ML*T~?. All other pairs in (a), (b) and (d) have identical dimensions. 3 Dimensions of energy per unit volume are = dimensions of energy/dimensions of volume = ML°T“/L? = ML“'T*. Stress, pressure and modulus of elasticity all have the dimensions of ML"'T~. The dimensions of work are ML7T-?, Hence the correct choices are (b), (c) and (d), 4, Since the sine function is dimensionless, sin (br — x) is dimensionless. Therefore, y and a must have the same dimensions, i.e. y/a is dimensionless. Since the argument of a sine function (or any ‘trigonometric function) must be dimensionless, bi and cx are also dimensionless. Hence the correct choice are (a), (b) and (c). S. Since bt is dimensionless, the dimensions of b = dimensions of 1/t = T~', which are the dimensions of angular frequency as well as wave frequency. Hence the correct choices are (b) and (d). 6. Dimensions of bt = dimensions of cx. Therefore Dimensions of 2 = dimensions of = = LT. Hence the correct choices are (a) and (c). 7. Expanding Van der Waal equation we get PV-Pb+ 4-4 = ART From the principle of homogeneity, it follows that all the four choices are correct b), (©) and (2). nsions of PV = ML1 Tx L? = ML? T* which are dimensions of energy as well as work. Hence the correct choices are (b) and (c). 10. The correct choices are (c) and (4). 11. From the principle of homogeneity of dimensions, the dimensions of c must be the same as those of x at and 1”. Therefore, choice (a) is correct. Also dimension of br = dimension of x. Hence [b]= {LT}. Hence choice (b) is also correct, Velocity of the body is SS asd? +cl=a+2m and acceleration is do_d " B ~ & (a+ 2b) = 2, which is choice @) choice (c) is wrong since : has dimension of time (T]1.18 Course in Physics for ITT-JEE 12, Volume of cube (V=L*)= 1.2emx 1.2em x 12 ‘em = 1.728 em’, Now L = (1.2 # 0.1) cm has two significant figures. Hence the value of V must be rounded to two segnificant figures. The correct value of V = 1.7 cm’, Now 2. AV = 0.25 x V = 0.25 x 1.7 em? = 0.425 em? ‘The error in V is in the first decimal place. Hence the value of AV should be rounded off as AV = 0.4 cm’. Thus the correct result is V+ AV = (1.7 + 0.4) cm’, which is choice (c). 13. ‘The maximum value is obtained when the resis- tances are joined in series. Therefore, the maximum value is Re Rit R= 3.0 + 6.0= 9.09 = AR+ AR= 0.2 +0.1 = 03.2 Thus choice (a) is correct and choice (b) is wrong. ‘The minimum value is obtained when the resis- tances are joined in parallel . 30x60 30+ 60 202 Now 099 ~ 0.1 AR,= 0.1 xR, = 0.1x22=0. J+ Minimum value is (R, # AR,) = (2.0 * 0.2) 2. Hence choice (c) is wrong and choice (d) is is correct. 14. = 2x 142x384 I+ 1 x4 w = 3% + 6% +3%+2% = 14% Hence the correct choices are (a), (¢) and (4). 15. The value of any trignomatric function is a dimen- sionless number. Hence choice (a) is correct. The argument of a trignometric function is also dimen- sionless. Hence (bt - ct) is dimensionless. Hence b has dimension [T~'] the same as that of frequency and c has dimension of {L~]. Thus choices (b), (c) and (d) are all correct. SECTION III Multiple Choice Questions Based on Passage (Questions 1 and 2 are based on the following passage. Passage-I ‘The dimensional method is a very convenient way of finding the dependence of a physical quantity on other physical quantities of a given system. This method has its ‘own limitations. In a complicated situation, itis often not easy to guess the factors on which a physical quantity will depend, Secondly, this method gives no information bout the dimensionless proportionality constant. Thirdly, this method is used only if a physical quantity depends on the product of other physical quantities. Fourthly, this method will not work if a physical quantity depends only ‘on another quantity as a trignometric or exponential function. Finally, this method does not give complete information in cases where a physical quantity depends ‘on more than three quantities in problems in mechanics. 1. The dimensional method cannot be used to obtain denpendence of (a) the height to which a liquid rises in a capil- lary tube on the angle of contact (b) speed of sound in an elastic medium on the modulus of elactricity. (c) height to which a body, projected upwards with a certain velocity, will rise on time 1. (@) the decrease in energy of a damped oscillator con time 1. 2. In dimensional method, the dimensionless propor- tionality constant is to be determined (a) experimentally (b) by a detailed mathematical derivation (c) by using the principle of dimensional homo- geneit (@) by equating the powers of M, L and T.‘Questions 3 and 4 are based on the following passage. Passage-II In the study of physics, we often have to measure the physical quantities. The numerical value of a measured ‘quantity can only be approximate as it depends upon the least count of the measuring instrument used. The number of significant figures in any measurement indicates the degree of precision of that measurement, The importance of significant figures lies in calculation. A mathematical calculation cannot increase the precision of a physical measurement. Therefore, the number of significant figures in the sum or product of a group of numbers cannot be greater than the number that has the least ‘umber of significant figures. A chain cannot be stronger than its weakest link. “ANSWERS AND SOLUTION 1. The correct choices are (a), (c) and (d). The height of a liquid in a capillary tube depends on cos 8, where is the angle of contact. The height S to which a body rises is given by S = ut + pat. which is a sum of two terms ut and far. The energy of a damped oscillator decreases exponen- tially with time, 2. The correct choices are (a) and (b). 3. Total mass = 0.000087 + 0.0123 = 0.012387 kg. ‘The mass of the bee is accurate upto sixth decimal place in kg, whereas the mass of the flower is accu- rate only upto the fourth decimal place. Hence the Units and Dimensions 1.19 3. A bee of mass 0.000087 kg sits on a flower of mass 0.0123 kg. What is the total mass supported by the stem of the flower upto appropriate significant fig- ures? (a) 0.012387 kg (b) 0.01239 kg (©) 0.0124 kg (@) 0.012 kg 4, ‘The radius of a uniform wire is r = 0.021 cm. The value z is given to be 3.142. What is the area of ‘cross-section of the wire upto appropriate signifi- cant figures? (a) 0.0014 cm? (b) 0.00139 cm? (©) 0.001386 em? (a) 0.0013856 cm? 5. A man runs 100.5 m in 10.3 s. Find his average speed upto appropriate significant figures. (@) 9.71 ms* (b) 9.708 ms" (©) 9.7087 ms“ (@) 9.70874 mst sum must be rounded off to the fourth decimal place. Therefore the correct choice is (c). 4. A= my? = 3.142 x (0.021)? = 0.00138562 cm?. Now, there are only two significant figures in 0.021 cm. Hence the result must be rounded off to two significant figure as A = 0.0014 cm*, which is choice (a). 100.5m 5. Average speed = o> ‘The distance has four significant figures but the time has only three. Hence the result must be rounded off to three signigicant figure to 9.71 ms", Thus the correct choice is (a). 1.708737 ms” SECTION IV Matching 1. Match the physical quantities in column I with their dimensions in column Il. M, L, T, K and A denote the dimensions of mass, length, time, temperature and electric current respectively Column I (a) Viscosity (b) Thermal conductivity (©) Electric field (@) Magnetic induction field ANSWER 1 @> ©) o> @ Column I (p) MLT*K" (q@ MLT* A" @ ML'T! (s) MT? (b) > (p) (a) > (3)1.20 Coune in Physics for ITT-IEE 2. Match the physical quantities in column I with their Si units in column II Cotumn 1 Column It (a) Stefan’s constant (p) JK"! mor" (b) Universal gas constant @) Fmt (c) Electrical permittivity (t) Hm" (6) Magnetic permeability (s) Wm? K* ANSWER 2. @6) (b) > (p> oO7@ O40 3. Match the measurements in column I with the number of significant figures in column II. Column t Colurnn Mt (a) 62.028 3 (b) 0.034 @ma (©) 0.002504 (2 (4) 1.25 x 1.07 (s) 5 ANSWER 3. WG) O70 ©O7@ @) > (p) 4, Match the quantities in column I with their order of magnitude given in column II Column 1 Column tt (a) 2.6 x 10¢ {p) 10° (b) 3.9.x 108 @ to? (e) 2.8 x 107% () 10 (d) 4.2« 10% (s) 19% ANSWER 4. Use the following method to find the order of magnitude. For example, if a quantity is x = 4.3 x 10°, take its logarithm to the base 10. Log x = 3.633 and round if off as log x = 4 . So the order of magnitnde of xis 10*, @>) &) 5 70 @>+@ SECTION V Assertion-Reason Type Questions In the following questions, Statement-I(Assertion) is | (c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false. followed by Statement-2 (Reason). Each question has | (d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true. the following four options out of which only ene choice te 1. Statement-1 (2) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and State- wae eat tous of he meena nano iment-2 is the correct explanation for Statement-|. Statement-2 (b) Statement! is true, Statement-2 is true but State- ‘ : ‘ ‘The smalter the least count the greater is the mum- pestd is not the correct explanation for State- ot significant figures in ©2. Statement-1 ‘The dimensional method cannot be used to abtain the dependence of the work done by a force F on the angle Obetween force F and displacement x. ‘Statement-2 All trignometric functions are dimensionless. SOLUTIONS 1. The corrent choice is (b). 2. Work done is W = Fx cos 8. since cos 0 is dimen- sionless, the dependence of Won @ cannot be determined by the dimensional method. Hence the correct choice is (a) Units and Dimensions 1.25 3. Statement-L The mass of an object is 13.2 kg. In this measure- ment there are 3 significant figures, ‘Stutement-2 The same mass when expressed in grams as 13200 g has five significant figures. 3, The correct choice is (c). The degree of accurany (and hence the number of significant figures) of a ‘measurement cannot be increased by changing the viMoTION IN ONE DIMENSION REVIEW OF BASIC CONCEPTS 21 Scalar and Vector Quantities AA scalar quantity has only magnitude but no direction, such as distance, speed, mass, area, volume, time, work, energy, power, temperature, specific heat, charge, potential, etc. A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction, such as displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, momentum, torque, electric field, magnetic field, etc, 22 Distance and Displacement ‘The distance is the total path travelled by a body in a certain interval of time and the displacement is the shortest distance (in a specified direction) between the initial and final positions of the body. This distinction between distance and displacement is true not only for a uniform motion but also for a non- ‘uniform motion. If ball is thrown vertically upward from position, say A, above the ground and after some time, it ‘comes back to the same point A, the displacement of the ball is zero but the distance travelled by it is not zero—it is twice the distance between the point A and the highest point up to which it rises. 23 Speed, Velocity and Acceleration ‘The speed of a body is the rate of change of distance. If a body travels a distance As is time Ar, its average spec given by _ As Ar If the body is in uniform motion, its speed is given by p= 5 = Lotal distance travelled 1 total time taken ‘The instantaneous speed is the speed of a body at a given instant of time and is given by As _ds amo ar dt The velocity of a body is the rate of change of displacement and is given by ds pate dt Speed is a scalar quantity but velocity is a vector quantity. The magnitude of the velocity vector gives the speed of the body and its direction gives the direction of, motion of the body. The rate of change of the velocity vector is called acceleration. dv ‘Thus a=7 dt 24 One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration A particle moving in a straight line has one-dimensional ‘motion. If the acceleration of the particle does not change with time, it is said to have a constant acceleration. Equations of Motion ‘The equations of one-dimensional motion with constant acceleration as follows: vsutat 1 ssutt— ar 2 ow =2as A body moving with a velocity u (which we call the initial velocity) in a straight line is given a constant acceleration a at time ¢ = 0. As a result of the acceleration, its velocity increases to v in time # (which we call the final velocity) during which the body suffers a displacement s. While solving numerical problems, we will consider only the magnitudes of u, 2, a and s and take care of their direction by assigning a positive or negative sign to the quantity. For example + a will mean an acceleration and ~a will mean retardation or deceleration. ‘The distance traversed in nth second is given by 5, = 4+ LaQn— 1)2.2 Course in Physics for IIT-JEE 2.5 Motion Under Gravity Fora body thrown vertically upwards or falling vertically downwards, the following sign convention is used. 1. All quantities directed upwards are taken as posi- tive, 2. All quantities directed downwards are taken as negative. Under this sign convention, the acceleration due to gravity (g) which is directed downwards is always negative irrespective of the direction of motion of the body. On or near the surface of the earth, the average value of acceleration due to gravity is g == 9.8 ms? 2.6 Graphical Representation The displacement-time and velocity-time graphs of a motion give us a graphical representation of the motion of 4 particle. The shape of these graphs tells us about the kind of motion a particle has (see Fig. 2.1) From these graphs, it follows that (i) the speed of the particle at any instant is given by the slope of the displacement-time graph, (ii) the magnitude of the acceleration of the particle at any instant is given by the slope of the velocity- time graph and (iii) the distance moved by the particle in a time inter- val from 1, tof, is given by the area under the ve- locity-time graph during that time interval. Tine —— Tine —— () @ Time Time — © o Fig. 21. Curves (a) and (©) represent motion with a constant speed u, Curves (b) and (d) represent ‘motion with a uniform acceleration « starting with an initial speed 1, 27 Relative Velocity When two objects move in the same straight line, we ‘compare their motions in terms of their relative velocity. If two objects A and B are moving in a straight line with velocities v4 and ¥p respectively, the relative velocity of object A with respect to object B is given by Yan =~ %p It follows that the relative velocity of object 8 with respect to object A will be ‘ba * Yo SECTION I Multiple Choice Questions with Only One Choice Correct 1. From the top of a tower 60 m tall, a body is thrown vertically down with a velocity of 10 ms. At the same time, another body is thrown vertically up- wards from the ground with a velocity of 20 ms“. ‘At what height above the ground do they meet? Take g = 10 ms” (a) 10m (b) 20m (c) 30m @) 40m 2, A ball is dropped from the top of a tower. In the last second of its fall, the ball covers a distance 9/25 times the height of the tower. If ¢ = 10 ms™, the height of the tower is (a) 75m (©) 125 m (>) 100 m (@) 150 m 3. A ball is thrown vertically upwards from the foot of a tower. It crosses the top of the tower twice after an interval of 4 s and reaches the foot of the tower 8 5 after it was thrown. What is the height of the tower? Take g = 10 ms”, (a) 60m (b) 80 m (©) 100m (@) 120 m 4. The displacement x (in metres) of a body varies with time f (in seconds) as ae-5 P+ 161+ 2 How long does the body take to come to rest? @) 3s (b) 6s () 9s @) 12s10. ‘Two cars travelling on a straight road cross a kilo- meter stone A at the same time with velocities 20 ms"! and 10 ms™' with constant accelerations of | ms” and 2 ms™ respectively. If they cross another kilometer stone B at the same instant, the distance between A and B is (a) 600 m (b) 800 m (©) 1000 m (@) 1200 m . The acceleration a of a body moving with initial velocity u changes with distance x as a = fx, where k is a positive constant. The distance trav- elled by the body when its velocity becomes 2u is oar oy au? au? ju a) (34 © (i) - (i ‘A particle is moving along the x-axis. Its instanta- neous velocity when itis at a distance x from the origin is v= xp ~ qx" , where p and q are positive constants. The acceleration of the particle at that instant is (a) zero 2px © ~G-0 ‘The velocity of a particle moving along the x-axis is given by v = kx where kis a positive constant. The acceleration of the particle is ve k (a) 2 ) 2 Via Re oF @ 2 ). The velocity of a particle at time 1 (in second) is related to its displacement x (in metre) as v = {3x4 . The initial velocity of the particle is (a) 1 ms (b) 2 mst (c) 3 ms" (@) 4 ms ‘Acar, starting from rest, has @ constant accelera- tion of 3 ms™ for some time and then has a con- stant retardation of 2 ms“ for some time and finally comes to rest. The total time taken is 15 s. ‘The maximum velocity of car during its motion is (@) 12 mst () 15 ms (©) 18 ms (d) 21 mst M1 12 13. 14. 18, 16. Motion in One Dimension 2.3 A freely falling body, falling from atower of height hcovers adistance h/2 in the last second of its mo- tion, The height of the tower is (take g = 10 ms™*) nearly (a) 58m (>) 50 m (c) 60m (@) 35m Ball A is rolled in a straight line with a speed of 5 ms“ towards a bigger ball B lying 20m away. Af- ter collision with ball B, ball A retraces the path and reaches its starting point with a speed of 4 ms"', What is the average velocity of ball A dur- ing the time interval 0 to 6 s? (a) zero (>) 2 ms"! (c) 4 mst (@) 5 mst A trainis moving southwards at a speed of 30 ms"'. ‘A monkey is running northwards on the roof of the train with a speed of 5 ms“', What is the velocity of the monkey as observed by a person standing on the ground? (a) 35 ms" in the southward direction (b) 35 ms” in the northward direction (c) 25 ms“ in the southward direction (d) 25 ms" in the northword direction A jet airplane travelling from east to west ata speed of $00 km h” ejects out gases of combustion at a ‘speed of 1500 km h™ with respect to the jet plane. ‘What is the velocity of the gases with respect to an observer on the ground?” (a) 1000 km h”" in the direction west to east (b) 1000 km h”" in the direction east to west (c) 2000 km h”' in the direction west to cast (@) 2000 km bh" in the direction east to west A police van moving on a highway with a speed of 36 km bh” fires a bullet at a thief's car speeding away in the same direction with a speed of 108 km h!. If the muzzle speed of the bullet is 140 ms", with what speed will the bullet hit the thief" car? (@) 120 mst (b) 130 ms! (c) 140 ms (@) 150 ms Car A is moving with a speed of 36 km bh” on a two-lane road. Two cars B and C, each moving with a speed of 54 km h in opposite directions on the other lane are approaching car A. At a certain instant when the distance AB = distance AC = 1 km, the driver of car B decides to overtake A before C does. What must be the minimum acceleration of car B so as to avoid an accident? (@ 1 ms? (b) 2 ms? (©) 3 ms? (@) 4 ms?24° Course in Physics for IIT-JEE 17. The driver of a train A moving at a speed of 30 ms" sights another train B moving on the same track at a speed of 10 ms” in the same direction. He imme- diately applies brakes and achieves a uniform retar- dation of 2 ms™*, To avoid collision, what must be the minimum distance between the trains? (a) 80m (b) 100 m (©) 120m (@) 140 m 18. The driver of a train A moving at a speed of 30 ms" sights another train B moving on the same track towards his train at a speed of 10 ms”’. He immediately applies brakes and achieves a uniform retardation of 4 ms™. To avoid head-on collision, what must be the minimum distance between the trains? (a) 100 m (b) 200 m (c) 300 m (4) 400 m 19, A bullet is fired vertically upwards. After 10seconds it returns to the point of firing. If g = 10 ms”, the location of the bullet after 7 seconds from the time of firing will be the same as that after @2s (b) 2.5 8 (©) 3s @) 358 20, A body, starting from rest, moves in a straight line with a constant acceleration a for a time interval ¢ during which it travels a distance 5). It continues to move with the same acceleration for the next time interval ¢ during which it travels a distance s,. The relation between s, and 5 is @) s (b) 5 = 2s, (c) 5, = 35, () sy = 45, 21, In. Q.20, ifr, is the velocity of the body atthe end of first time interval and v, that at the end of the second time interval, the relation between v, and dis @) v= > (b) v= 29, (©) 0; = 32) (d) v, = 40, 22, A body dropped from the top of a tower hits the ground after 4 s. How much time does it take to cover the first half of the distance from the top of the tower? @ is (by 28 ©) 22s @ 3s 23. Figure 2.3 shows the displacement-time (x-1) graph of a body moving in a straight line, Which one of the graphs shown in Fig, 2.4 represents the veloc- ity-time (v-t) graph of the motion of the body. ° ° 5 10 18 20 s 10 18) i onal @) ©) 5 05 2 5 10 fs 20 t— i © © Fig. 24 24, Which of the displacement-time (x-t) graphs shown in Fig. 2.5 can possibly represent one- dimensional motion of a particle? fa @ cy | V7 | _/ ° t= 0 I> @ ®25, 26. 2, 29. 3. 32. ‘A stone is dropped from a height of 125 m. If g = 10 ms~, what is the ratio of the distances travelled by it during the first and the last second of its motion? (a) 1:9 (b) 2:9 1:3 @ 4:9 A bullet is fired vertically upwards with an initial velocity of SO ms™'. If g = 10 ms™, what is the ratio of the distances travelled by the bullet during the first and the last second of its upward motion? @) 9:1 (b) 9:2 @) 3:1 Gos4 ‘A body moving in a straight line with constant acceleration of 10 ms™ cavers a distance of 40 m in the 4" second. How much distance will it cover in the 6 second? (a) 50m (b) 60 m (c) 70m (d) 80m ‘A body, moving in a straight line with an initial velocity of 5 ms"! and a constant acceleration, cov- tance of 30 m in the 3" second. How ersa much distance will it cover in the next 2 seconds? (@) 70 m (b) 80 m (c) 90m (d) 100 m ‘A body, moving in a straight line, with an initial velocity w and a constant acceleration a, covers a distance of 40 m in the 4" second and a distance of 60 m in the 6" second, The values of w and a respectively are (@) 10 ms*, 5 ms? (b) 10 ms", 10 ms* (c) Sms", 5 ms? (@ S$ ms", 10 ms? ‘A body, starting from rest and moving with a con- stant acceleration, covers a distance s, in the 4” second and a distance s, in the 6" second. The ratio sys is wt 4 © > 6 7 ar @ Ty A car, starting from rest, has a constant accelera- tion a, for a time interval r, during which it covers a distance 5}. In the next time interval f, the ear hhas a constant retardation a, and comes to rest after coyering a distance s, in time f,, Which of the following relations is correct? ie Be fi OE ah a Bete Be © ah Oa 4 In Q.31, the average speed of the car during its entire journey is given by 33. Motion in One Dimension 2.5 i (@) ya pat (by Feat +0382) © Ha ta\\+h) @) zero In Q.31, if the total distance covered by the car is s, the maximum speed attained by it will be 1 1 @ (2s S122 } ) (2« Sit } a +0, 4-0; rt 4 ‘sam Yt ‘saa, YE oft) oF) A car, starting from rest, is accelerated at a ‘constant rate & until it attains a speed o. It is then retarded at a constant rate until it comes to rest. The average speed of the car during its entire jour- ney is aw (a) zero 55 a z © 3a @) 2 The displacement of a body from a reference point, is given by Jy 22043 where x is in metres and f in seconds. This shows that the body is. {@) at rest (b) accelerated (c) decelerated (@) in uniform motion In Q.35, what is the initial velocity of the body? (a) 2 ms” (b) 3 ms (©) 6 ms" (@) 12 ms In Q.35, what is the acceleration of the body? (a) 2 ms? (b) 3 ms (©) 6 ms* (@) 8 ms? A car, starting from rest, at a constant acceleration covers a distance 5, in a time interval 1. It covers a distance of s, in the next time interval ¢ at the same acceleration. Which of the following relations is true? @) 8. = 5, (b) 5, = 2s, (©) 8) = 3s, (d) sz = 4s, ‘A car moving at a speed v is stopped in a certain distance when the brakes produce a deceleration a, If the speed of the car was mo, what must be the deceleration of the car to stop it in the same distance and in the same time? (a) Yna (b) ng (©) a (@) n'a ‘Two balls are dropped from the same point after an interval of 1 second. What will be their separation 3 seconds after the release of the second ball? Take = 10 ms, (@) 25m (b) 30 m (c) 35 m (@) 40. m