Wave

Properties
wavefronts
wave :
repeating /periodic disturbance that transfers energy from one
place to another

[ can be classified
according to their nature or their
they transfer energy

direction of vibration
without
transferring matter

wave

mechanical waves transverse waves

particles

travel through a medium (air ,

water, solids ) movement of particles is to the wave

ex : sound ,
water , seismic waves , strings ex : electromagnetic waves
,
water

wave

particles
electromagnetic waves
longitudinal waves

travel through a vacuum ( do not require matter) movement of particles is to the wave

ex : radio micro , infrared , visible light UV , X

ray , ex : sound
gamma
-

, ,

compression rarefaction

distance between successive crests of

wavelength : a wave

time it takes for two

or between successive compressions period : successive crests to pass a
point
✗ ex : 12.5-2.5 = 10m T ex : 14.5 -
2.5 = 12s

:-| .it
4 • •

2.5 12.5
• • _
crest 6

2 4
E
- rest É 2

% 0 distance (m ) % time ( s )
• • o

E E '

2 4 8 4

÷
6 10 12 14 16 18 20 -2 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36

÷ 1 I
• trough _
-6

-4 A -8 f
amplitude : maximum displacement of a wave
frequency : number of waves that pass a

ex : 3m point in a
given amount of time
'
ex : I wave = 0.085 or 0.08 H2

12s

wave I wave 2 z
wave I wave 2
z

m m

' 9
' 3 S 7 9 11 13 IS S 3 S 7 11 13 IS S

- 2 2

wave / has the same

frequency and wavelength as wave 2 wave / has the same amplitude as wave 2

BUT wave / has a

higher amplitude BUT wave 1 has a shorter wavelength and higher frequency
1 is
energy !
1 is
carrying energy !
i. i. wave
wave
carrying more more

✗ is
inversely proportion to frequency and energy
amplitude is directly proportion to energy

AMANWWVVV1~
x x
f f
E E

ultraviolet V1 BGY OR infrared micro radio

gamma X-ray

is influenced velocity = distance (m) V = f •

A wavelength = distance travelled by waves ( m)

by temperature
'
ms
-

time (s) m number of waves

and medium

period = times 1- =
1 frequency = number of waves

(s ) wave cycle f s
-
l
or Hz time ( s )
 Exampleprobtems
1 The following travelled 15m at 350m51 What frequency ?
'

\
wave .
is its
15m

✗= f=
[
"
distance travelled = 15m = 6m V = 3504ns = 58 Hz
# waves 2.5 X 6in

2 A wave made 12000 oscillations in 12s over 2.5km .

What is its wavelength and period ?

✗= distance travelled ✓ = distance f = V f = oscillations T = I

or
# waves time 1 time f
'
= 2.5×103 m = 0.21m = 2.5 ✗ 103m = 210ms
- l
= 210m15 = 12000 = I = 0.0010s
12000 12s 0.21Mt 125 1000

= 1000 Hz =
1000 Hz

} " "" &" ""

"
£" +" " "° " "
" ° "" °" "" " " "" ᵗ " ˢ " " ""
""" °
? "" °

f= I f = oscillations 1-= I =
I = Is
or
T time Zf / Hz I 2 3 4 time ( s)

2s
I = 0.5 Hz
\ = 2.25

4.5s
= 0.5 Hz

4 The colour orange has a

wavelength of about 620hm . What is its frequency ? speed of light (c) = 3.00 ✗ 108ms - I

'"
✗ = 620nA × m = 6.20×10-7m f= C = 3.00 ✗ 108m15 ' = 4.84×10 H2
109nA X 6.20×10-7 in

10m
5 what is the following wave's amplitude and wavelength ?
\
amplitude = crest -

trough = 10m -
(-2m ) = 6m ✗= distance travelled = 34m = 8m
2 2 # waves 4.25 -2M
34m

6 Two repeating waves with the same amplitude travelled 1km in 2.9s .

?
Wave × has a
period of 3ms .
Wave y has a
wavelength of 2m .
Which wave is carrying more energy

Tx = 3m¢ × s = 0.003s fx= I =

I = 333 Hz As wave ✗ has a
larger frequency
1000ms Tx 0.003s than wave
y , it is carrying more

d 103m 345m51
'
✓= = / ✗ =
fy =
V = 345m15 = 172.51-12 energy per
unit time -

t 2.9s X 2in

7 A wave has a
frequency of 0.9kHz and is
travelling at a
speed of 150km/h . What is its wavelength ?

f- 0.9kHz
=
✗ 1000 Hz = 900 Hz I = ✓ = 42m¥ = 0.05m

kHz g 9005T

✓ = 15014m ×
1000m ×
K ×
min = 42m51
K Klm 60 mlin 60 s

8 A outstretched to length of and student begins to push it back and forth

slinky is a 72cm a .

to travel the entire distance

It takes 5.25s for one
pulse . What speed is it
travelling ?

D= 72cm × m = 0.72m ✓= d = 0.72m = 0.14ms

-1

100cm t 5.25s

9 You bob You determine that

observe a
buoy up and down . a wave crest is produced every 1.5 seconds .

If the water wave is

travelling at 8.2 meters per second , what is its wavelength ?

F- 1.5s ✗ =
v = V = VT = (8.2m¥ )( 1.5$ ) = 12m
l
V= 8.2ms
-

f '
IT
?⃝
 Wave Effects

When waves encounter barriers or different mediums their direction and /or velocity may change !

reflection : when waves bounce off a barrier and changes direction

barrier _
Law of reflection :

/
*
reflected ray Or
angle of of reflection
incidence =
angle
incident ray ( Oi ) ( Or)

normal : imaginary line to reflected surface

*
reflected waves have the ~
same
energy , wavelength amplitude ,

refraction : when waves enter a new medium and

changes direction , speed and wavelength

[
" "" " ""
" " " ""
""" " " " ""
"""
from a less dense
*
from a more dense
incident ray Oi medium to a more Oi medium to a less
→ dense medium : dense medium

o
water wave slows down wave speeds up

wavelength decreases
wavelength increases

Or refracted ray bends toward normal bends away from normal

Oi Or Oi Or
*
density :
glass water air

*
frequency is
unchanged

% ×
air
air
glass
"" "

°"

long ✗ air air

fast

bottom part of wave

y slow
Oi

hits denser medium first fast

,

slowing down
causing rotation
/
,

diffraction : when a wave

passes through a in obstacle or around obstacle causing it to bend
gap an an
,

when when

\
a wave
passes a wave
passes
through gap whose through gap whose
width is wavelength : width is wavelength :
diffraction prominent diffraction small
waves bend a lot toward waves bend a little
barrier toward barrier

*
wavelength frequency unchanged
, ,

7 amplitude decreases A

f) / Jfk / \ /
diffraction occurs

even without a
gap

why you can hear

x I sound around

waves bend more walls t behind

when X ↓f barriers
?⃝
 Sound

( solid liquid gas )

Sound : longitudinal vibrations that travel through a medium , , as an acoustic wave

sound is produced by vibrations sound cannot travel through a vacuum (space ) no

particles !
-

horizontally , hitting each other

particles move ossicles auditory pressure wave reaches
i. :
÷:
ii.÷ iii.
•
iii. ;:i:
.
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and
ii.÷
nerve
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ear causes eardrum
ii.
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i.÷; i.
iii. ;
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to vibrate ,
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iii. :-<ii. vibrate

which
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tiny
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: bones which vibrate
iii. ii. ÷:-.
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fluid-filled cochlea
÷
hairs
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in

# cochlea
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ii. i. :
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g.
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iii. .
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. ear ear which converts it to an

✓ W ear canal electrical signal which is

Speaker moves back and rarefaction compression interpreted by the brain

forth , creating pressure * human ear can hear sounds

from 2011-2 to 20,000 Hz !
of sound
Speed * as
you age upper range & sensitivity ↓s due to wear

speed of sound increases with density speed of sound increases with temperature
.
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because sound : i:
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pupated by i.
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I particles hitting as temp increases , particles vibrate faster transfer energy faster
i.
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other, the
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water €
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° .

speed of
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sound decreases
iii.iii.
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←
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i with
particles altitude
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= more
per
:: ;
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area , the faster . . .

" " it " temp
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.

iii. i.
the
i low speed
' '
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wave i.
pressure
iii.
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travelling §
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: :: :
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i.iii.
i
-

÷:: : ::: -
- : ±
density temp
.
≤i . .

i.
high speed

pitch : how high a sound 's tone ,

i. e. frequency ( H2 ) loudness : the
magnitude of a sound ,
i. e. amplitude dB

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amplitude
X loudness
X
energy
f
pitch
note

energy A amplitude
loudness
÷: :÷
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*
✗ as louder sounds carry more energy , they can cause
f damage to ears as they can rupture eardrums
pitch
note

energy

echoes the reflection of sound off surface

: waves a
applications : echo -

sounding and ultrasound used to determine

reflected distance from
wave
away an object and identity
echo sound has to travel
- - I
to wall and back :
pulse sent and
sender -

the time taken

-

2. distance to wall for echo to return

reliever
speed = ✗

echo time IN determines distance

wave
Exampleprobtems
1
toward barrier, diagram
travelling the
waves are wave
a seen on . a

which arrow
represents the direction of travel after reflection ?
b
c d
arrow c. b represents the normal .
d is too large

A-
2
diagram represents from
The a
light ray reflecting a mirror .

Calculate the angle of reflection

( 90°) = 65° + Oi Oi = 90 -65 = 25° Or = Oi = 25°

,
3
light shines through a
glass box
containing water .
air
glass water glass air

a) draw the approximate rays of refraction on the diagram on the right

b) describe how and why the velocity changes =

b) air to
glassentering : more dense medium : .
X
,
V ,
bend towards normal

glass to water entering : less dense medium : .

X
,
V ,
bend away from normal
water to glass
entering : more dense medium : .
X
,
V ,
bend towards normal

glass to air
entering : less dense medium : .
X
,
V ,
bend away from normal

, µ , µ,
,
µ, , ,, , ,. ,,, , ,, , , , ,, .am ,,
,n,
,
.ua . ,

If a sound and light wave both are sent through the

opening , why do you hear the sound but not see the
light ?

the sound
wavelengths the light wavelengths very small
(380 -700hm)
are
longer - - are

i.
they will diffract and reach
your ears X gap
i.
they will diffract too little to be detected

5 A boat sounds a loud Foghorn . The echo from a

nearby cliff is heard after 5 seconds .

If speed of sound is 330m /s

,
calculate the distance between the boat and the cliff .

total distance = (speed)( time) = (330m¥)( 58 ) = 1650m distance =

1650m = 825m
2 2

6 A speaker produces sound by causing diaphragm to vibrate back and forth

a .

Describe what is
occurring to the
diaphragm as the frequency changes and loudness changes .

When the frequency increases

,
the diaphragm vibrates more frequently V5

When the loudness increases

,
the diaphragm vibrates more
strongly us

7 Describe of sound
an experiment that can determine the speed in the air .

method I -

synchronized microphones 1. connect 2 microphones to an Method2-2peo 1. measure a know distance

oscilloscope at a known distance between two people

~
1
I
2.
play a sound B - 2 .
Person A claps two pieces of wood
3. examine trace and determine the
'
? 3. Person B starts a
stopwatch
of when they the clap When
length time between both waves see .

2m
they hear the sound , stop .

V= distance = 2m = 330m /s V= d = 200m = 330m /s

time 0.006s 200m t 0.6s

8 what ? Assume speed of sound -1

is the pitch in kHz and period of a wave with a
wavelength of 2.5mm is 330ms .

✗ = 2.5min × m = 0.0025m f- = V =
330m51 = 132000 # ×
kHz = 130kHz T= I =
I = 7.6×10-65
1000min A 0.0025m 1000 # f 1320005
'