SEMINAR REPORT

ON
Carrier Aggregation On 4g

submitted to the
Biju Patnaik University of Technology
in partial fulfilment of the requirement for
the award of the Degree of
Master of Computer Application (MCA)

By

Lalit Mohan Sahoo

Regd. No. – 2105102031

Under the guidance of

Dr. Suvendra Kumar Jayasingh

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
CUTTACK, ODISHA – 753003
April, 2023
 DECLARATION

I, Lalit Mohan Sahoo, do hereby declare that, the seminar report, “Near

Field Communication (NFC)” which is being submitted to the Biju Patnaik

University of Technology for the award of Master in Computer Application

(MCA) Degree has not been submitted earlier to any other University/Institute

for any degree.

Date:04.04.2023 Lalit Mohan Sahoo

Registration No. - 2105102031

(Name of Guide)
Dr. Suvendra Kumar Jayasingh
 CONTENTS
Preface i
Acknowledgement ii

Sl. Contents Page No

No.
1 INTRODUCTION 7
2 HISTORY OF NFC 8-9
3 NFC STANDARDS 10-11
4 WORKING OF NFC 12
5 SPECIFICATION OF NFC 13
6 COMMUNICATION MODE 14-18
7 CONCLUSION 19
8 REFERENCES 20
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar entitled “Near Field Communication (NFC)” submitted to
Biju Patnaik University of Technology, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award
of Degree of Master in Computer Application (MCA) is a record of original work done by
Lalit Mohan Sahoo, under my supervision and guidance and the seminar report has not
formed the basis for the award of any Degree/ Diploma/ Associateship/ Fellowship or other
similar title to any candidate of any University.

Signature

Date Name of Guide

Dr. S. K. Jayasingh
 PREFACE

In this preface, I would like to express my gratitude to everyone

who contributed to the development of this book. Without their
support and guidance, this project would not have been possible.
I also want to clarify the scope and purpose of this work. The
following pages contain information on various topics related to
Near Field Communication (NFC). My aim is to provide a
comprehensive overview of the subject matter, including both
theoretical and practical aspects.
Lastly, I hope that this book will be a useful resource for
students, scholars, and anyone interested in learning more about
Near Field Communication (NFC).
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am indebted to my revered Guide Dr. Suvendu Kumar Jayasingh

whose continuous inspiration and encouragement has helped me to face
all hurdles in the course of my research and made me successful in
giving a shape to this research work.

I would like to thank Prof. (Dr.) Manas Ranjan Kabat, honourable

Principal of our College to provide me an opportunity to carry out an
industrial training and gain real time industrial experience.

I am sincerely tankful to Dr. Suvendra Kumar Jayasingh, HOD,

Department of Computer Science & Engineering for his valuable
suggestions and continuous inspiration.

I am grateful to all the faculty members Mr. Satyaprakash Swain, Mrs.

Sujata Ray, Mrs. Srutipragyan Swain of the Department of Computer
Science & Engineering, IMIT, Cuttack for their able guidance and
motivation.

I would like to take this opportunity to thank all who have directly or
indirectly contributed to this research work in terms of their time, effort
and good wishes.

Lalit Mohan Sahoo

Registration No. - 2105102031
 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

NFC stands for Near Field Communication, which is a wireless communication

technology that allows two devices to exchange data when they are placed close
to each other. NFC is based on RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)
technology and operates in the 13.56 MHz frequency range.

NFC technology is widely used in many applications, such as contactless

payments, access control, and data transfer between devices. It allows for secure
and convenient communication between devices with a simple touch or a wave
of a smartphone, making it a popular choice for many businesses and
consumers.

One of the most common applications of NFC is contactless payments, where

users can make payments by simply waving their smartphone or credit card over
an NFC-enabled terminal. This technology is widely used in transportation
systems, vending machines, and retail stores, among other places.

NFC also offers a convenient way to share data between devices, such as
photos, videos, and contact information. This makes it a popular choice for
social networking applications, such as sharing information between friends,
colleagues, and family members.

Overall, NFC technology offers a range of benefits, including convenience,

security, and flexibility. As more businesses and consumers adopt this
technology, it is expected to become even more ubiquitous in our daily lives.

CHAPTER-2

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 HISTORY OF NFC

The development of NFC technology can be traced back to the early 2000s. The
technology was jointly developed by Philips and Sony and was based on RFID
technology, which had been in use since the 1980s. The goal of NFC was to
provide a more advanced and secure method for data transfer and
communication between devices.

In 2002, the NFC Forum was established to promote the adoption and
development of NFC technology. The forum consists of a group of companies
and organizations from various industries, including mobile, financial, and
technology sectors. The NFC Forum aims to establish and promote standards
for NFC technology and to educate consumers and businesses on the benefits of
this technology.

The first commercial application of NFC technology was in mobile phones. In

2004, Nokia released the first NFC-enabled mobile phone, the Nokia 6131.
Since then, many other mobile phone manufacturers have incorporated NFC
technology into their devices, making it easier for consumers to use NFC-based
services, such as contactless payments and data transfer.

The widespread adoption of NFC technology for contactless payments has been
driven by the collaboration between mobile network operators, financial
institutions, and retailers. In 2007, a group of mobile network operators
established the Mobile Payments Service Association (MPSA) to develop NFC-
based payment systems. The MPSA was later replaced by the Mobile Payment
Forum (MPF), which was formed in 2009.

Since then, NFC technology has continued to evolve, and new applications are
being developed, such as NFC-based access control systems, smart posters, and
loyalty programs. With the growing popularity of the Internet of Things (IoT),

8|Page
NFC is also being used to enable communication between devices, such as
smartphones, tablets, and wearable devices.

Overall, the history of NFC technology is relatively short but has been
characterized by collaboration between industry players, the establishment of
standards and forums, and the continuous development of new applications.

9|Page
 CHAPTER-3

NFC STANDARDS

NFC (Near Field Communication) is based on standards developed by the NFC

Forum, a non-profit industry association that promotes the use of NFC
technology. The NFC Forum defines specifications and protocols that enable
interoperability between NFC devices, allowing them to communicate and
exchange data.

There are several NFC Forum specifications, including:

1. NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF): This is a common data format that
allows NFC devices to exchange data, such as URLs, text, and contact
information.

2. NFC Forum Type Tag Operation: This specification defines the data
exchange format and communication protocol for NFC tags, which are
small, passive devices that can store data and be read by an NFC-enabled
device.

3. NFC Forum Type 1-4 Tag Operation: This specification defines the
communication protocol for four types of NFC tags, which differ in their
memory capacity and data transfer speed.

4. NFC Forum Device-to-Device Communication: This specification

defines the protocol for communication between two NFC-enabled
devices, which can be used for tasks such as file transfer and device
pairing.

5. NFC Forum Simple NDEF Exchange Protocol (SNEP): This is a protocol

for exchanging NDEF messages between two NFC-enabled devices.

6. NFC Forum Connection Handover: This specification defines the

protocol for transferring a data connection between two NFC-enabled

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 devices, allowing for seamless handover of tasks, such as music
streaming, between devices.

The NFC Forum also defines certification programs for devices and tags that
comply with their specifications. The certification programs ensure that devices
and tags are interoperable with other NFC-enabled devices and tags.

Overall, the NFC Forum standards are crucial for ensuring that NFC devices
and tags are interoperable and can communicate with each other. The standards
have enabled the widespread adoption of NFC technology for various
applications, such as contactless payments, access control, and data transfer.

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 CHAPTER-4
WORKING OF NFC

The working of NFC (Near Field Communication) technology involves two devices, an
initiator and a target, which communicate with each other by establishing a wireless
connection in close proximity (typically less than 4 cm or 1.6 inches). The communication
between devices is based on magnetic field induction, which allows for secure and reliable
data transfer.

The NFC technology operates at 13.56 MHz frequency and uses inductive coupling to
establish a communication link between the devices. The initiator generates an RF (radio
frequency) field, which induces a current in the target device's antenna, and this current
powers up the target device. Once powered, the target device sends back its own RF field,
which carries the data to be transmitted.

NFC devices can operate in three modes of communication:

1. Peer-to-peer (P2P) mode: In this mode, two NFC-enabled devices communicate with
each other to exchange data, such as photos, videos, and contact information.

2. Reader/writer mode: In this mode, an NFC-enabled device acts as a reader and reads
data from an NFC tag or a smart card.

3. Card emulation mode: In this mode, an NFC-enabled device emulates a smart card
and is used for contactless payments and ticketing applications.

NFC technology is highly secure, and data transfer is encrypted to prevent unauthorized
access or tampering. The NFC technology uses a secure element, which is a tamper-proof
hardware component that stores sensitive information, such as payment card data. This
ensures that the payment card data is protected from unauthorized access.

Overall, the working of NFC technology involves close proximity wireless communication
between two devices, which makes it highly convenient and secure for various applications,
such as contactless payments, data transfer, and access control.

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 CHAPTER-5

SPECIFICATION OF NFC

NFC (Near Field Communication) technology has several specifications that define the
communication protocol, data exchange format, and other technical aspects of NFC-enabled
devices and tags. Some of the key specifications of NFC technology are:

1. Frequency: NFC operates at a frequency of 13.56 MHz, which is a globally available

frequency band.

2. Communication range: The communication range of NFC is typically less than 4 cm

(1.6 inches), which makes it suitable for secure, short-range communication.

3. Data rate: The maximum data rate for NFC communication is 424 kbps (kilobits per
second).

4. Operating modes: NFC-enabled devices can operate in three modes: peer-to-peer

(P2P) mode, reader/writer mode, and card emulation mode.

5. Tag types: NFC tags can be of four types - Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4, which
differ in their memory capacity, data transfer speed, and other features.

6. Data exchange format: The NFC Forum Data Exchange Format (NDEF) is a standard
format for exchanging data between NFC-enabled devices.

7. Security features: NFC technology includes several security features, such as

encryption, authentication, and a secure element, which is a tamper-proof hardware
component that stores sensitive information, such as payment card data.

8. Standards and certifications: The NFC Forum defines specifications and protocols that
enable interoperability between NFC devices and tags. The NFC Forum also has
certification programs that ensure devices and tags are compliant with their standards
and can interoperate with other NFC-enabled devices and tags.

Overall, the specifications of NFC technology are crucial for ensuring that devices and tags
are interoperable and can communicate with each other. The specifications enable the
development of various NFC-based applications, such as contactless payments, access
control, and data transfer.

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 CHAPTER-6

COMMUNICATION MODE

PASSIVE COMMUNICATION MODE

Passive communication mode is a type of communication mode in NFC (Near Field

Communication) technology where one device is passive and does not have a power source
of its own. In this mode, the passive device relies on the energy from the active device to
power its circuitry and communicate with it.

Passive devices in NFC technology are usually NFC tags, which are small, inexpensive chips
that can be embedded in various objects such as posters, products, and business cards. NFC
tags can store information, such as web links, contact information, and product details, and
can be read by NFC-enabled devices, such as smartphones and tablets.

When an NFC-enabled device is brought close to an NFC tag, the active device generates an
RF (radio frequency) field, which powers up the tag and establishes communication with it.
The tag then sends back its own RF field, which carries the data to be transmitted. The active
device reads the data and can take appropriate action based on the information received.

Passive communication mode in NFC technology has several advantages. NFC tags are low-
cost and can be used in various applications, such as product tracking, access control, and
advertising. They are also easy to use, as users do not need to manually enter data, but can
simply tap their NFC-enabled device on the tag to access the information.

However, one limitation of passive communication mode is the short communication range,
typically less than 4 cm (1.6 inches). This means that the active device needs to be brought
very close to the tag to establish communication, which may not be practical in some
applications.

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ACTIVE COMMUNICATION MODE

Active communication mode is a type of communication mode in NFC (Near Field

Communication) technology where both devices have their own power source and actively
communicate with each other. In this mode, the devices can exchange data in a bidirectional
manner and can take turns to initiate communication.

Active communication mode in NFC is typically used in peer-to-peer (P2P) mode, where two
NFC-enabled devices, such as smartphones, tablets, or laptops, are brought close to each
other to establish a connection. Once the connection is established, the devices can exchange
data, such as photos, videos, and documents, at a maximum data rate of 424 kbps (kilobits per
second).

In active communication mode, both devices generate their own RF (radio frequency) fields,
which allows for bidirectional communication. The devices also have built-in security
features, such as encryption and authentication, which ensure that the communication is
secure and private.

Active communication mode in NFC technology has several advantages. It allows for fast
and secure data exchange between two devices, without the need for cables or other physical
connectors. It is also convenient, as users can simply tap their NFC-enabled devices together
to establish a connection.

Active communication mode in NFC is used in various applications, such as file sharing,
gaming, and social networking. It is also used in some payment applications, where two
NFC-enabled devices are used to transfer funds between them, without the need for a
payment terminal or a contactless payment card.

MODES OF OPERATION

NFC (Near Field Communication) technology enables communication between two devices
in three modes:

1. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Mode: In this mode, two NFC-enabled devices are brought close
to each other, and a communication link is established between them. This mode
allows for bidirectional data exchange between the devices, which can be used for
various applications, such as sharing photos, videos, and contact information.

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 2. Reader/Writer Mode: In this mode, an NFC-enabled device acts as a reader and reads
data from an NFC tag or a smart card. The reader device generates an RF (radio
frequency) field, which powers up the tag or smart card and reads the data stored in it.
This mode is used for applications such as access control, ticketing, and inventory
tracking.

3. Card Emulation Mode: In this mode, an NFC-enabled device acts as a smart card and
is used for contactless payments and ticketing applications. The device emulates a
payment card or ticket and communicates with a payment terminal or ticketing
machine to complete the transaction.

USES OF NFC

NFC (Near Field Communication) technology has various uses and

applications in different fields. Some of the common uses of NFC
technology are:

1. Contactless Payments: NFC technology is widely used for contactless

payments, where users can simply tap their NFC-enabled payment cards
or smartphones on payment terminals to complete a transaction. NFC
technology enables secure and fast payment transactions, making it a
popular payment method in many countries.

2. Access Control: NFC technology is used in access control systems, where

employees can use NFC-enabled ID cards to access restricted areas or
buildings. The system allows for quick and secure access control and
eliminates the need for manual identification checks.

3. Transportation: NFC technology is used in transportation systems, such

as public transit and parking systems, where users can use NFC-enabled
cards or smartphones to pay for fares or parking fees. NFC technology
enables fast and efficient payment transactions, reducing waiting times
and improving the overall user experience.

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 4. Advertising and Marketing: NFC technology is used in advertising and
marketing campaigns, where NFC tags are embedded in posters, flyers, or
products to provide users with additional information or promotional
offers. Users can simply tap their NFC-enabled devices on the tag to
access the information or redeem the offer.

5. Healthcare: NFC technology is used in healthcare applications, such as

patient monitoring and medication management. NFC-enabled devices,
such as wearables or smart pill dispensers, can track patient health data
and medication usage, and share the data with healthcare providers.

6. Gaming: NFC technology is used in gaming applications, where NFC-

enabled figures or cards can be used to unlock new features or characters
in video games. Users can simply tap their NFC-enabled device on the
figure or card to activate the new feature.

Overall, NFC technology has many uses and applications in different

fields, enabling secure, fast, and convenient communication between
devices and users

Advantages of NFC:

1. Contactless: NFC technology enables contactless communication

between devices, making it a convenient and hygienic way to exchange
information.

2. Fast: NFC communication is fast and efficient, enabling data exchange in

a matter of seconds.

3. Secure: NFC technology has built-in security features, such as encryption

and authentication, ensuring that communication is secure and private.

4. Easy to Use: NFC technology is easy to use, as users simply need to bring
their devices close to each other to establish communication.

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 5. Versatile: NFC technology has many applications and can be used in
various fields, such as payments, access control, and advertising.

Disadvantages of NFC:

1. Short Range: NFC communication has a short range, typically less than 4
cm (1.6 inches), which limits its application in some scenarios.

2. Limited Compatibility: Not all devices are NFC-enabled, which limits the
compatibility of NFC technology with some devices.

3. Dependence on Power Source: In passive communication mode, NFC

devices rely on an external power source to operate, which can limit their
functionality in some scenarios.

4. Security Risks: Although NFC technology has built-in security features, it

is still vulnerable to hacking and other security risks, especially when
used for financial transactions.

5. Cost: NFC technology can be expensive to implement, especially in

large-scale applications, which can limit its adoption in some industries.

Overall, the advantages of NFC technology outweigh the disadvantages,

and NFC is becoming an increasingly popular technology in various
fields. However, it is important to be aware of the limitations and security
risks associated with NFC technology, and to implement appropriate
security measures to mitigate these risks

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 CHAPTER-7

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, NFC (Near Field Communication) technology has become

an important technology for contactless communication between
devices. Its fast and secure data exchange capabilities have made it
popular for various applications, such as payments, access control,
transportation, advertising, healthcare, and gaming.

NFC technology has several advantages, including contactless

communication, fast data exchange, and built-in security features.
However, it also has some limitations, such as short-range
communication, limited compatibility, and security risks.

Overall, NFC technology has opened up new possibilities for

communication and interaction between devices and users. With
continued advancements and improvements in NFC technology, we can
expect to see even more innovative and useful applications in the future.

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 CHAPTER-8

REFERENCES

Here are some references for NFC technology:

1. NFC Forum (https://nfc-forum.org/)

2. GSMA (https://www.gsma.com/iot/nfc/)

3. IEEE Standards Association (https://standards.ieee.org/technology/nfc/)

4. EMVCo (https://www.emvco.com/specifications.aspx?id=223)

5. NFC World (https://www.nfcworld.com/)

6. TechTarget
(https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/NFC)

7. PCMag (https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/nfc)

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