Industrial revolution in England

May 2024

Coordonating teacher: Student:

Mihalache Oana Vasilica Matei

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 Table of contents

Argument........................................................................................................................PAGE3
Introduction................................................................................................................... PAGE4
Chapter 1: The ins and outs of the industrial life.......................................................PAGE5
1. Steam, coal and money........................................................................................PAGE5
2. Payments and conditions of workers................................................................. PAGE6
3. Child labour......................................................................................................... PAGE7
Chapter 2: Gangs and gang wars.................................................................................PAGE9
1. Crime and crime trend......................................................................................PAGE10
2. Punishments and repercussions....................................................................... PAGE12
Conclusions.................................................................................................................. PAGE15
Bibliography.................................................................................................................PAGE16

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 Argument
I chose this subject because I consider it a matter worth disscusing in detail as it is one
of the most important events in the english history. It represents their turning point in culture,
economics and laws which means that is stands at the foundation of what Great Britain is in
todays world, an economic powerhouse.

I have read many books about history in the past and it seemed like the right thing to
write about is a history related subject. The industrial revolution is rather extensive subject
with little nooks and crannies, and I will only break down what I personally consider to be
rather interesting or important for understanding the matter at hand. Sadly, given my
choosing of a large subject with enormous amounts of information I will not be able to talk
about everything as there is lots of things to say on each and every subject.

I chose to discuss the topics that I selected because I believe they represent a rather
large chunk of history based accurate information that is as intriguing as is important, and so
the information gathered to put this work together are accurate and no misleading like other
subjects on the matter could have been. At the same time by choosing this subject I hope to
be rather original on the matter and try to cover an event without which England could not
have reached its current prosperous. While indeed many cruelties have been acted towards
the English people of the type I believe it is what we now call a necessary evil without which
progress could not have been achieved thus making the cruelties and atrocities committed
against civils and noble men alike more or less understandable.

I will discuss this subject in a scientific way rather than a sentimental way so I will
focus on the progress attained and less about the horrific measures that were taken to get
there. While a Great Britain was at the time a monarchy ruled by Queen Victoria who ruled
over it more of the political and civil influence were held by the gangs that ruled the stress of
not only London but every other city in England. This is another one of the reasons that I
chose to dissect this topic as I was always fascinated by the gangs that basically ruled
England from the streets rather than the people that were actually at the top of the hierarchy
which to me seems incredibly interesting to think that even though it may seem that someone
is leading a country that can be true just by looking from the outside.

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 Introduction
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in
Great Britain, continental Europe, and the United States, that occurred during the period from
around 1760 to about 1820–1840. This transition included going from hand production
methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, the
increasing use of steam power and waterpower, the development of machine tools and the
rise of the mechanised factory system. Output greatly increased, and a result was an
unprecedented rise in population and in the rate of population growth. Textiles were the
dominant industry of the Industrial Revolution in terms of employment, value of output and
capital invested. The textile industry was also the first to use modern production methods.

The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain, and many of the technological and
architectural innovations were of British origin. By the mid-18th century, Britain was the
world's leading commercial nation, controlling a global trading empire with colonies in North
America and the Caribbean. Britain had major military and political hegemony on the Indian
subcontinent; particularly with the proto-industrialised Mughal Bengal, through the activities
of the East India Company. The development of trade and the rise of business were among
the major causes of the Industrial Revolution.

The Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in history. Comparable only
to humanity's adoption of agriculture with respect to material advancement, the Industrial
Revolution influenced in some way almost every aspect of daily life. In particular, average
income and population began to exhibit unprecedented, sustained growth. Some economists
have said the most important effect of the Industrial Revolution was that the standard of
living for the general population in the western world began to increase consistently for the
first time in history, although others have said that it did not begin to meaningfully improve
until the late 19th and 20th centuries.

The precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is still debated among
historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes. Eric Hobsbawm held that the
Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830s or
1840s, while T. S. Ashton held that it occurred roughly between 1760 and 1830. Rapid
industrialization first began in Britain, starting with mechanized spinning in the 1780s, with
high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurring after 1800.

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 Chapter 1: The ins and outs of the
industrial life
1. Steam, coal and money
The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the year 1760, and many of the
technological and architectural innovations were of British origin. By the mid-18th century,
Britain was the world's leading commercial and industrialisation countries.

The industrial revolution of England was a pivotal moment in human history. It

brought about unprecedented changes in the way people lived, worked and interacted with
one another. Central to this revolution were the three elements that came to define it - steam,
coal, and money.

Steam power, one of the most significant inventions of the industrial revolution,
transformed the manufacturing industry. James Watt's steam engine, which was first
introduced in 1765, revolutionized the way people worked by making it possible to operate
machinery on a massive scale. The steam engine powered textile mills, factories, and mines,
providing a massive boost to production and productivity. It also led to the creation of new
jobs in manufacturing and mining, contributing to the growth of urban centres.
Coal, another critical element of the industrial revolution, was essential to the success
of the steam engine. As the demand for energy grew, coal became a crucial resource that
powered the factories and machines of the era. The abundance of coal in England's mines,
coupled with the invention of steam power, created a powerful combination that fuelled the

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industrial revolution. Coal also played a vital role in the transportation sector, powering steam
locomotives that revolutionised the way goods were transported across the country.
Finally, money, the third element of the industrial revolution, was the fuel that
powered the entire system. The availability of capital allowed entrepreneurs to invest in new
technologies and infrastructure, leading to the growth of new industries and markets. Banks
and financial institutions played a critical role in the industrial revolution, providing the
necessary funding to build factories, railways, and other infrastructure.

2. Payments and conditions of workers

The Industrial Revolution in England brought about significant changes in the
economy and society, including the way workers were paid and their working conditions.
Prior to the Industrial Revolution, most workers were paid based on the piecework system or
were given wages that were based on the amount of work done. However, with the onset of
mass production, new methods of payment and working conditions were introduced.

One of the most significant changes that occurred during the Industrial Revolution
was the introduction of the factory system. This system brought together large numbers of
workers under one roof, often in large factories or mills. This allowed for greater efficiency
and productivity, but it also meant that workers were subject to more stringent rules and
regulations.
Under the factory system, workers were often paid a fixed wage or salary, rather than
being paid based on the amount of work done. This meant that workers were no longer
directly responsible for their own productivity and output, and instead had to work to meet
the demands of their employer. Workers were often paid very low wages and were required to
work long hours with few breaks. In addition, many workers were forced to live in crowded
and unsanitary conditions, often with little or no access to healthcare or education.
Working conditions in the factories were often dangerous and unhealthy. Workers
were exposed to dust, smoke, and other pollutants, and were often injured or killed by
machinery or other hazards. Many workers also suffered from respiratory problems or other
health issues as a result of their work. In addition, workers were often subject to harsh
discipline and punishment for even minor infractions, such as being late or making mistakes.
Despite these challenges, workers during the Industrial Revolution were able to
organise and demand better pay and working conditions. The rise of trade unions and other

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worker organisations helped to give workers a voice and push for better rights and
protections.
The Industrial Revolution in England brought about significant changes in the way
workers were paid and their working conditions. The factory system introduced new methods
of payment and working conditions that were often harsh and exploitative, but workers were
able to organise and demand better rights and protections. While the Industrial Revolution
was a time of great change and progress, it was also a period of significant hardship and
suffering for many workers.

3. Child labour
The Industrial Revolution in England brought about significant changes in the way
goods were produced and traded. One of the most profound effects of this transformation was
the widespread use of child labour. During the 18th and 19th centuries, many children were
forced to work long hours in dangerous and often brutal conditions in factories, mills, and
mines.
Child labour was a common practice during the Industrial Revolution in England.
Children were employed in various industries, such as textiles, mining, and agriculture.
Children as young as four or five years old were put to work in factories and mines, where
they were often required to work up to 12 hours a day, six days a week. Many children
worked in appalling conditions, with poor lighting, inadequate ventilation, and dangerous
machinery. As a result, many suffered from injuries, diseases, and even death.
The use of child labour was driven by a number of factors, including the need for
cheap labour, the growth of the factory system, and the belief that children were better suited
to certain types of work. Children were also seen as more docile and obedient than adult
workers and were therefore easier to control.
Despite these harsh conditions, many families were forced to rely on the income that
their children brought in. Many parents were also forced to send their children to work
because they could not afford to send them to school. As a result, many children were denied
the opportunity to receive an education and were trapped in a cycle of poverty and
exploitation.
Over time, the use of child labour became increasingly controversial. Public opinion
began to turn against the practice, and reformers began to call for laws to protect children

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from exploitation. In 1833, the British government passed the Factory Act, which established
regulations for the employment of children in factories. The law prohibited the employment
of children under nine years old and limited the hours of work for children between the ages
of nine and 13 to eight hours a day. Despite these reforms, the use of child labour continued
in some industries, such as mining and agriculture. It was not until the early 20th century that
child labour was finally abolished in England.

Child labour was a widespread and often brutal practice during the Industrial
Revolution in England. Children were forced to work long hours in dangerous conditions,
and many suffered from injuries and diseases as a result. While the use of child labour was
driven by economic necessity, it was also fuelled by a belief that children were better suited
to certain types of work. It was only through the efforts of reformers and the passage of laws
that child labour was eventually abolished. Today, the legacy of child labour serves as a
reminder of the need to protect the rights of children and ensure that they have access to
education and opportunities for a better life.
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Chapter 2: Gangs and gang wars

The Industrial Revolution in England brought about significant new problems,
including the rise of gangs and gang wars. As the population grew and cities became more
crowded, gangs began to form in urban areas, often in response to poverty, unemployment,
and social inequality.
Gangs during the Industrial Revolution were often based around specific
neighbourhoods or ethnic groups, and were involved in a range of criminal activities,
including theft, extortion, and violence. Many gangs were also involved in the illegal sale of
alcohol, which was banned in England from 1915 to 1920.
The rise of gangs during the Industrial Revolution was driven by a number of factors,
including poverty, social inequality, and the breakdown of traditional social structures. Many
young people were drawn to gangs as a way of finding protection and a sense of belonging in
a rapidly changing world. Others joined gangs as a way of earning money or asserting their
dominance in their community.
Gang wars were a common feature of life in many urban areas during the Industrial
Revolution. Gangs would often fight over territory, resources, or perceived slights, and these
conflicts could quickly turn violent. Many people were killed or injured in gang wars, and
entire neighbourhoods could be terrorised by gang activity. The police were often powerless
to stop gang activity during the Industrial Revolution, and many gangs operated with
impunity. It was not until the early 20th century that law enforcement agencies began to take
a more proactive approach to combating gang activity. Gang wars during the Industrial
Revolution in England were often brutal and deadly affairs that terrorised communities and
claimed many lives. These wars were often fought over territory, and they could be sparked
by the smallest of incidents. Once a conflict had started, it was difficult to stop, as each gang
would seek revenge for any perceived slight, real or imagined.
Gangs and gang wars were a significant problem during the Industrial Revolution in
England. They were driven by poverty, social inequality, and the breakdown of traditional
social structures, and they caused significant harm to individuals and communities. While
gang activity continues to be a problem in many parts of the world today, it is important to
understand the historical and social factors that contribute to its formation and persistence. a

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 Chapter 3: Crime and punishment
1. Crime and crime trend
During the Industrial Revolution in England, there was a significant rise in crime. The
rapid social and economic changes of this period led to the emergence of new types of
criminal activity and contributed to a rise in traditional crimes such as theft, burglary, and
robbery.

One of the primary drivers of crime during the Industrial Revolution was poverty. As
people migrated to cities in search of work, they often found themselves living in crowded
and unsanitary conditions with limited access to food and other resources. This led to a rise in
theft as people stole to survive. Additionally, the increase in trade and commerce during this
period made it easier for thieves to sell stolen goods.
The rise of gangs and gang wars also contributed to the prevalence of crime during the
Industrial Revolution. Gangs often controlled specific areas of cities and used violence and
intimidation to protect their territory and gain control of resources. This led to an increase in
violent crime, including assault and murder.
White-collar crime, such as fraud and embezzlement, also emerged as a significant
problem during the Industrial Revolution. The growth of new industries and the development
of new financial instruments created opportunities for fraudsters to exploit the system and
make money at the expense of others.
Despite the significant increase in crime during the Industrial Revolution, it is
important to note that crime rates varied across different regions and cities. Some areas
experienced more crime than others, depending on factors such as population density,
economic conditions, and social structures.
Over time, law enforcement agencies began to develop new techniques and
technologies to combat crime. The formation of specialized police units, such as the Flying
Squad and the Special Branch, helped to disrupt criminal activity and bring criminals to
justice. Additionally, social reforms aimed at addressing poverty and inequality helped to
reduce the prevalence of crime over time.

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 Another crime that emerged during the Industrial Revolution in England was
smuggling. The increase in international trade created new opportunities for smuggling,
particularly of goods such as tea, tobacco, and alcohol. Smugglers often operated in coastal
areas and used boats to transport their illegal goods. The government responded by
introducing harsh penalties for smuggling, including imprisonment and even execution.

The crime trend during the Industrial Revolution in England was one of significant
increase, driven by factors such as poverty, the rise of gangs, and the growth of new
industries. However, over time, law enforcement agencies were able to develop new
techniques and technologies to combat crime and create a safer society.

2. Punishments and repercussions

During the Industrial Revolution in England, the punishment for crimes was often
severe and brutal. The government viewed crime as a threat to social stability, and
punishment was seen as a means of deterring others from committing similar offenses. This
essay will explore the various forms of punishment and repercussion for crimes during the
Industrial Revolution in England.

One of the most common forms of punishment during this period was imprisonment.
Prisoners were often housed in crowded and unsanitary conditions, with little access to food
or medical care. The goal of imprisonment was to inflict punishment on the offender and
deter others from committing similar crimes. However, this form of punishment was often
ineffective, as many prisoners returned to a life of crime upon release.

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 Another common form of punishment during the Industrial Revolution was
transportation. Offenders were sent to colonies such as Australia or America, where they
were expected to work and live as a form of punishment. Transportation was seen as a way to
remove criminals from society and deter others from committing similar offenses. However,
transportation was often expensive, and many offenders returned to England after their
sentences were complete.
Corporal punishment was also used during the Industrial Revolution. Offenders were
often subjected to flogging, whipping, or branding as a form of punishment. The goal of
corporal punishment was to inflict physical pain on the offender and deter others from
committing similar crimes. However, this form of punishment was often seen as cruel and
barbaric, and it was gradually phased out over time.

The death penalty was also used during the Industrial Revolution. Offenders could be
executed for a range of crimes, including murder, theft, and forgery. The government viewed
the death penalty as a way to deter others from committing similar crimes and remove
dangerous criminals from society. However, the death penalty was often criticised for being
arbitrary and unfair, as it was often applied disproportionately to the poor and marginalised.

In addition to formal punishment, there were also informal repercussions for crimes during
the Industrial Revolution. For example, offenders who were convicted of a crime could be
shunned by their community and face difficulty finding employment or housing. This
informal social stigma could be just as damaging as formal punishment and could have
long-lasting effects on an offender's life.
Over time, attitudes towards punishment and repercussion for crimes began to change.
The government began to introduce reforms aimed at reducing the severity of punishment

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and promoting rehabilitation. For example, the Prison Act of 1877 introduced measures
aimed at improving the conditions of prisons and providing education and training to
prisoners. The introduction of probation and parole systems also allowed offenders to be
monitored and supported as they reintegrated into society.
In conclusion, the punishment and repercussions for crimes during the Industrial
Revolution in England were often severe and brutal. Imprisonment, transportation, corporal
punishment, and the death penalty were all used as forms of punishment. However, over time,
attitudes towards punishment began to change, and the government introduced reforms aimed
at promoting rehabilitation and reducing the severity of punishment.

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 Conclusions
The Industrial Revolution in England was a period of profound change that lasted
from the mid-18th century to the mid-19th century. This era saw significant technological
advancements in manufacturing processes and transportation, which resulted in increased
productivity, economic growth, and urbanization. The revolution began in England, but it
soon spread to other parts of the world, and its legacy can still be felt today.
During this period, there were several factors that contributed to the Industrial
Revolution. One of the most significant was the development of new technologies, including
the steam engine and the spinning jenny, which made manufacturing more efficient and
cost-effective. These innovations allowed factories to produce goods on a massive scale,
which increased the availability and affordability of products for consumers.
Another factor was the availability of resources, such as coal and iron, which were
abundant in England. These resources were essential for powering factories and for the
production of machinery and other goods. Additionally, England had a large supply of labour,
which was necessary to operate the factories and to transport goods.
The Industrial Revolution brought about significant changes in society, economy, and
culture. One of the most significant changes was the rise of urbanisation, as people moved
from rural areas to cities to work in the factories. This shift led to the growth of cities and the
development of new social structures, such as the middle class.
The Industrial Revolution also had significant impacts on the economy. The increased
productivity and efficiency of manufacturing processes led to a rise in economic growth and
prosperity. However, this growth was not evenly distributed, and many workers were
exploited by factory owners who paid low wages and provided poor working conditions.
The negative impacts of the Industrial Revolution, such as environmental pollution
and the exploitation of workers, led to calls for reform. This led to the development of labor
unions and social movements that advocated for better working conditions and workers'
rights. Additionally, reforms were made to improve the living conditions of workers, such as
the Factory Acts of 1833, which established standards for working conditions and limited the
number of hours that children could work.

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 Bibliography
1. Iron, Steam & Money: The Making of the Industrial Revolution
By Roger Osborne

2. Liberty's Dawn: A People's History of the Industrial Revolution

By Emma Griffin

3. A Short History of the British Industrial Revolution, Paperback

By Emma Griffin

4. Child Labour in Britain, 1750-1870 (Social History in Perspective, 55)

By Peter Kirby

5. Childhood and Child Labour in the British Industrial Revolution

By Jane Humphries
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution
https://www.calderlearningtrust.com/high-school/assets/Revision-Materials/History/knowle
dge-organisers/cp/3.-Industrial.pdf
https://www.britannica.com/event/Industrial-Revolution
https://www.britannica.com/summary/Industrial-Revolution-Causes-and-Effects

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