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Chapter 06: Personality Disorders
1. Excessively rigid patterns of behaviour, or ways of relating to others, that ultimately become self-defeating
because of their rigidity are called ________ disorders.
A) adjustment
B) psychotic
C) personality
D) neurotic
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-01
Page-Reference: 214
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: C) personality
2. The warning signs of personality disorders usually become evident in ________.

A) childhood
B) adolescence
C) middle adulthood
D) late adulthood
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-02
Page-Reference: 214
Skill: Factual
Answer: A) childhood
3. People who have personality disorders tend to perceive their disturbed behaviours or traits as ________.
A) superfluous
B) egocentric
C) ego syntonic
D) ego dystonic
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-03
Page-Reference: 215
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) ego syntonic
4. The term that refers to personality traits that are perceived as a natural part of oneself is ________.
A) integral
B) egocentric
C) ego syntonic
D) ego dystonic
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-04
Page-Reference: 214
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: C) ego syntonic
5. Each of the following is true of people with personality disorders EXCEPT ________.
1
A) they are likely to seek professional help on their own for their problems
B) their behaviour patterns are highly resistant to change
C) they do not generally perceive a need to change their behaviours
D) their rigidity prevents them from adjusting to external demands
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-05
Page-Reference: 214
Skill: Factual
Answer: A) they are likely to seek professional help on their own for their problems
6. People who have anxiety or mood disorders tend to perceive their disturbed behaviours as ________.
A) integral
B) egocentric
C) ego syntonic
D) ego dystonic
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-06
Page-Reference: 214
Skill: Factual
Answer: D) ego dystonic
7. The term that refers to personality traits that are perceived as being separate or outside one's self-identity, and
thus changeable, is ________.
A) superfluous
B) egocentric
C) ego syntonic
D) ego dystonic
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-07
Page-Reference: 215
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: D) ego dystonic
8. The DSM-5 groups personality disorders into ________ clusters.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-08
Page-Reference: 215
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) three
9. The DSM-5 lists ________ individual personality disorders.

A) 2
B) 6
C) 10
2
D) 14
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-09
Page-Reference: 215
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) 10
10. In the DSM-5 listing of personality disorder clusters, people who are perceived as odd or eccentric would be
listed under cluster ________.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-10
Page-Reference: 215
Skill: Factual
Answer: A) A
11. Which of the following is NOT a DSM-5 cluster A personality disorder?

A) paranoid
B) schizoid
C) antisocial
D) schizotypal
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-11
Page-Reference: 215
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) antisocial
12. In the DSM-5 listing of personality disorder clusters, people whose behaviour is overly dramatic, emotional,
or erratic would be listed under cluster ________.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-12
Page-Reference: 215
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) B
13. Which of the following is NOT a DSM-5 cluster B personality disorder?

A) avoidant
B) histrionic
C) narcissistic
D) antisocial
3
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-13
Page-Reference: 215
Skill: Factual
Answer: A) avoidant
14. Which of the following is NOT a DSM-5 cluster B personality disorder?

A) borderline
B) passive-aggressive
C) histrionic
D) narcissistic
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-14
Page-Reference: 215
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) passive-aggressive
15. In the DSM-5 listing of personality disorder clusters, people who often appear anxious or fearful in their
behaviour are listed under cluster ________.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-15
Page-Reference: 215
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) C
16. Which of the following is NOT a DSM-5 cluster C personality disorder?

A) dependent
B) avoidant
C) histrionic
D) obsessive-compulsive
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-16
Page-Reference: 215
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) histrionic
17. Which of the following is NOT a DSM-5 cluster C personality disorder?

A) dependent
B) borderline
C) avoidant
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-17
Page-Reference: 215
4
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) borderline
18. People with personality disorders listed under DSM-5 cluster ________ often have difficulty relating to others
or show little or no interest in developing social relationships.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-18
Page-Reference: 215
Skill: Factual
Answer: A) A
19. The defining trait of ________ personality disorder is pervasive suspiciousness.

A) antisocial
B) paranoid
C) schizoid
D) avoidant
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-19
Page-Reference: 215
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: B) paranoid
20. Ginette is overly sensitive to criticism. She takes offence at the most trivial real or imagined slight. She does
not trust others, is easily angered, and holds grudges. She has few friends and is extremely jealous and
possessive of her one boyfriend, whom she is always accusing of "playing around" on her. She is most likely
suffering from ________ personality disorder.
A) antisocial
B) paranoid
C) histrionic
D) avoidant
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-20
Page-Reference: 215
Skill: Applied
Answer: B) paranoid
21. People with paranoid personality disorder are ________ to seek treatment for themselves and are more likely
to be ________.
A) unlikely; men than women
B) likely; men than women
C) unlikely; women than men
D) likely; women than men
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-22
5
Page-Reference: 215
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) unlikely; men than women
22. The prevalence of paranoid personality disorder in the general population ranges from
A) 4.3% to 5.6%
B) 2.3% to 4.4%
C) 1.1% to 1.75%
D) 0.5% to 2.5%
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-23
Page-Reference: 215
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) 2.3% to 4.4%
23. Social isolation is the cardinal feature of ________ personality disorder.

A) schizoid
B) schizotypal
C) narcissistic
D) avoidant
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-24
Page-Reference: 216
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: A) schizoid
24. Alexis is a "loner." She has little interest in social relationships and appears distant and aloof. She rarely
shows any emotional expression and seems indifferent to praise and criticism. She is usually wrapped up in
abstract ideas and has little time for, or interest in, people. She is most likely suffering from ________ personality
disorder.
A) schizotypal
B) schizoid
C) narcissistic
D) avoidant
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-25
Page-Reference: 216
Skill: Applied
Answer: B) schizoid
25. Those with schizoid personality disorder usually ________.

A) experience anxiety in social situations.
B) express emotions openly
C) show little or no emotion
D) are oversensitive to criticism
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-26
Page-Reference: 216
6
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) show little or no emotion
26. Rachid puts on a superficial display of social aloofness. But deep inside he harbours deep curiosities about
other people, and exquisite sensitivity. He wishes for love that he cannot openly express, and often expresses
his sensitivity in deep feelings and affection for animals rather than for people. He is typical of someone with
________ personality disorder.
A) schizotypal
B) dependent
C) borderline
D) schizoid
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-27
Page-Reference: 216
Skill: Applied
Answer: D) schizoid
27. André appears aloof but harbours deep curiosities about people and wishes for love that he cannot express.
He is able to express his love for his poodle. André likely has __________ personality disorder.
A) schizotypal
B) paranoid
C) schizoid
D) antisocial
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-28
Page-Reference: 216
Skill: Applied
Answer: C) schizoid
28. Manny falsely believes his co-workers are talking about him and that they get depressed because he regularly
listens to blues music. This thinking style is called _________.
A) paranoia
B) ideas of reference
C) a fifth sense
D) ideas of forecast
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-29
Page-Reference: 215
Skill: Applied
Answer: B) ideas of reference
29. With schizoid personality disorder, sensitivity is sometimes expressed in deep feelings for _______.
A) children
B) nature
C) animals
D) family
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-30
7
Page-Reference: 215
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) animals
30. Schizotypal personality disorder usually becomes evident in ________.

A) childhood
B) adolescence
C) early adulthood
D) middle adulthood
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-31
Page-Reference: 6
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) early adulthood
31. People whose behaviours and mannerisms are particularly odd, but not severe enough to merit a diagnosis of
schizophrenia, are said to be suffering from ________ personality disorder.
A) schizoid
B) schizotypal
C) schizoaffective
D) histrionic
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-32
Page-Reference: 216
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: B) schizotypal
32. Danielle is a little "different" from other people. She often feels as if deceased relatives are in the room with
her. She believes she possesses a "sixth sense" by which she can read people's minds and foretell the future.
She talks to herself frequently and often speaks to others in a meandering, vague, although not incoherent
manner. She is often unkempt, believes people are talking about her, and tends to be socially aloof. She is most
likely suffering from ________ personality disorder.
A) schizoid
B) avoidant
C) histrionic
D) schizotypal
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-33
Page-Reference: 216
Skill: Applied
Answer: D) schizotypal
33. Schizotypal personality is believed to affect about ________ % of the general population.
A) 1
B) 3
C) 7
D) 10
Difficulty: 3
8
QuestionID: 06-34
Page-Reference: 216
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) 3
34. The eccentricity associated with schizoid personality is ________.

A) limited to a lack of interest in social relationships
B) limited to bizarre ideation regarding one's destiny or importance in life
C) limited to obsessive interest in the bizarre or the occult
D) pervasive, affecting nearly every aspect of the person's life
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-35
Page-Reference: 216
Skill: Factual
Answer: A) limited to a lack of interest in social relationships
35. The eccentricity associated with personality is ________.

A) limited to a lack of interest in social relationships
B) limited to bizarre ideation regarding one's destiny or importance in life
C) limited to obsessive interest in the bizarre or the occult
D) pervasive, affecting a wide range of odd behaviours, beliefs, and perceptions
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-36
Page-Reference: 216
Skill: Factual
Answer: D) pervasive, affecting a wide range of odd behaviours, beliefs, and perceptions
36. Each of the following is true of people with schizotypical personality disorder EXCEPT ________.
A) they may develop ideas of reference
B) they may feel the presence of deceased family members in the room and not realize that the person is not really
there
C) they may attach unusual meanings to words, and their own speech may be vague or unusually abstract
D) they may appear unkempt and display unusual mannerisms, such as talking to themselves in the presence of
others
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-37
Page-Reference: 216
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) they may feel the presence of deceased family members in the room and not realize that the person is not
really there
37. Schizotypal personality disorder may actually be a mild form of ________.

A) paranoia
B) major affective disorder
C) schizophrenia
D) an adjustment disorder
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-38
9
Page-Reference: 216
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: C) schizophrenia
38. ________ people diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder go on to develop schizophrenia.
A) Relatively few
B) About half
C) A great majority
D) Virtually all
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-39
Page-Reference: 216
Skill: Factual
Answer: A) Relatively few
39. People with personality disorders listed in cluster ________ of the DSM-5 tend to engage in excessive,
unpredictable, and self-centred patterns. They have difficulty forming and maintaining relationships.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-40
Page-Reference: 215
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) B
40. People with ________ personality disorder persistently demonstrate a disregard for, and violation of, the
rights of others.
A) paranoid
B) borderline
C) narcissistic
D) antisocial
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-41
Page-Reference: 217
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: D) antisocial
41. To people who know her casually, Lynette is very charming. But underneath her superficial charm is a
monster. She is impulsive, self-centred, and insensitive to others, and irresponsible; has little anxiety; and feels
no guilt or remorse when she hurts someone else. She blames others for her problems and rarely learns from her
mistakes. She sees others as tools to be used to meet her own needs. While she can appear to be the nicest
person in the world, if you get in her way—watch out! Mary is most likely suffering from ________ personality
disorder.
A) paranoid
B) narcissistic
C) sadistic
D) antisocial
10
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-42
Page-Reference: 217
Skill: Applied
42. A cardinal feature of ________ personality disorder is lack of remorse.

A) antisocial
B) borderline
C) narcissistic
D) paranoid
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-43
Page-Reference: 217
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: A) antisocial
43. Men are ________ likely than women to have antisocial personality disorder.
A) less
B) just as
C) almost as
D) more
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-44
Page-Reference: 217
Skill: Factual
Answer: D) more
44. People with _________ personality disorder display low levels of anxiety in threatening situations.
A) paranoid
B) schizoid
C) schizotypal
D) antisocial
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-45
Page-Reference: 217
Skill: Conceptual
45. The prevalence of antisocial personality disorder in Canada has been ________ for men and ________ for
women.
A) declining; declining
B) rising; declining
C) declining; rising
D) rising; rising
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-46
11
Page-Reference: 218
Skill: Factual
Answer: D) rising; rising
46. To receive a diagnosis of "antisocial personality disorder," a person must be at least ________ years of age.
A) 12
B) 15
C) 18
D) 21
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-47
Page-Reference: 218
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) 18
47. Children who exhibit antisocial behaviour patterns are said to be suffering from ________ disorder.
A) psychopathic
B) conduct
C) attention-deficit
D) maturity
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-48
Page-Reference: 18
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) conduct
48. Historically, we have used the terms psychopath and sociopath to refer to individuals diagnosed with
A) sadistic
B) paranoid
C) antisocial
D) schizotypal
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-49
Page-Reference: 218
Skill: Conceptual
49. Almost _________ of men and roughly _____of women in jail have a diagnosis of antisocial personality
disorder.
A) 10%, 5%
B) 25%, 10%
C) 35%, 15%
D) 50%, 20%
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-50
Page-Reference: 218
Skill: Factual
12
Answer: D) 50%, 20%
50. Paul Bernardo is a classic example of a person with ________ personality disorder.
A) narcissistic
B) paranoid
C) antisocial
D) schizotypal
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-51
Page-Reference: 218
Skill: Applied
51. All of the following are diagnostic criteria for antisocial personality disorder except
A) lack of remorse
B) behaviours present exclusively during the course of another disorder such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia
C) disregard for safety of self or others
D) failure to conform to social norms when it comes to lawful behaviours
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-52
Page-Reference: 219
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) behaviours present exclusively during the course of another disorder such as bipolar disorder or
schizophrenia
52. The diagnostic features of antisocial personality disorder require evidence of a conduct disorder prior to age
__________.
A) 21
B) 18
C) 16
D) 15
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-53
Page-Reference: 219
Skill: Factual
Answer: D) 15
53. Which of the following is NOT one of the psychophysiological or biological factors associated with antisocial
personality and psychopathy?
A) lack of emotional responsiveness
B) lack of restraint or impulsivity
C) a need for a low level of stimulation
D) limbic abnormalities
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-54
Page-Reference: 219
Skill: Factual
13
Answer: C) a need for a low level of stimulation
54. People with antisocial personalities experienced little anxiety in anticipation of impending ______.
A) emotions
B) incarceration
C) pain
D) ECT
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-55
Page-Reference: 219
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) pain
55. Which of the following is NOT a biological factor associated with the possible cause of antisocial personality
disorder and psychopathy?
A) lack of emotional responsiveness
B) craving for stimulation
C) overactive prefrontal cortexes
D) limbic system abnormalities
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-56
Page-Reference: 219
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) overactive prefrontal cortexes
56. The level of arousal associated with peak performance and maximum feelings of well-being is referred to as
_________ level of arousal.
A) baseline
B) optimal
C) exaggerated
D) heightened
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-57
Page-Reference: 219
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) optimal
57. People with borderline personality disorder tend to see others as _________.
A) threatening
B) mirror images of themselves
C) all good or all bad
D) a target for seduction
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-58
Page-Reference: 220
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: C) all good or all bad
14
58. Instability in self-image, relationships, and mood and a lack of control are the hallmark features of ________
personality disorder.
A) schizoid
B) schizotypal
C) antisocial
D) borderline
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-59
Page-Reference: 220
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: D) borderline
59. Marcella is uncertain about her goals, values, loyalties, career, and friends. Sometimes she is not even certain
if she is heterosexual or lesbian. She feels bored and empty and is terrified of being alone. She clings
desperately to her friends because of her fear of abandonment. However, her clinging behaviour and her
oversensitivity to any sign of rejection often push away those friends. Marcella is most likely suffering from
A) avoidant
B) borderline
C) histrionic
D) dependent
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-60
Page-Reference: 220
Skill: Applied
60. Borderline personality disorder is estimated to occur in about ________ % of the population.
A) 0.5
B) 2
C) 5
D) 10
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-61
Page-Reference: 220
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) 2
61. About ________ % of people diagnosed with borderline personality are women.
A) 35
B) 50
C) 75
D) 95
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-62
Page-Reference: 2204
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) 75
15
62. The term "borderline personality" was originally used to refer to individuals whose behaviour appeared to be
on the border between ________.
A) introverted and extroverted
B) heterosexual and homosexual
C) passive and aggressive
D) neurotic and psychotic
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-63
Page-Reference: 220
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: D) neurotic and psychotic
63. Borderline personality disorder appears to be closest in its dynamics to ________ disorders.
A) mood
B) adjustment
C) anxiety
D) dissociative
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-64
Page-Reference: 220
Skill: Factual
Answer: A) mood
64. Instability of moods is a central characteristic of ________ personality disorder.

A) dependent
B) paranoid
C) borderline
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-65
Page-Reference: 0
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: C) borderline
65. Researchers have noted an association between _________ and later development of borderline personality
disorder.
A) alcohol abuse
B) conduct disorder
C) attention-deficit disorder
D) childhood sexual abuse
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-66
Page-Reference: 220
Skill: Factual
Answer: D) childhood sexual abuse
66. Persons with borderline personality disorder may exhibit __________ as an expression of anger or a means of
16
manipulating others.
A) self-mutilation
B) passive-aggressiveness
C) promiscuity
D) violent acts
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-67
Page-Reference: 220
Skill: Factual
Answer: A) self-mutilation
67. All of the following are factors related to sensation seeking, except
A) pursuit of thrill and adventure
B) disinhibition
C) rarely experiences boredom
D) pursuit of experience,
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-68
Page-Reference: 221
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) rarely experiences boredom
68. Alexis scored high on the sensation-seeking scale. This means she likely
A) uses drugs
B) gets in trouble with the law
C) mets the criteria for antisocial personality disorder
D) seeks out new adventures
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-69
Page-Reference: 221
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: D) seeks out new adventures
69. According to the psychodynamic perspective, borderline personalities ________.

A) cannot synthesize positive and negative aspects of personality into an integrated whole
B) are fixated in the anal stage of development
C) cannot accept the mortality of their physical body and periodically lash out in rebellion against eventual death
D) develop elaborate fantasy worlds as a defence against responsibilities they feel ill-equipped to handle
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-70
Page-Reference: 223
Skill: Factual
Answer: A) cannot synthesize positive and negative aspects of personality into an integrated whole
70. People who show excessive emotionality; who have excessive needs for praise, reassurance, and approval;
and who constantly need to be the centre of attention are most likely suffering from ________ personality
disorder.
A) dependent
17
B) histrionic
C) borderline
D) narcissistic
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-71
Page-Reference: 223
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: B) histrionic
71. Marc is a born actor. He is always the centre of attention. He is highly dramatic, overemotional, self-centred,
spoiled, and inconsiderate of his friends. While he can appear charming, and is often flirtatious and seductive, he
has no deep feelings toward anyone and has never had a truly intimate relationship. He has poor self-esteem and
tries to impress others as a means of improving his own self-worth. He is most likely suffering from ________
A) histrionic
B) dependent
C) narcissistic
D) antisocial
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-72
Page-Reference: 223
Skill: Applied
Answer: A) histrionic
72. The central feature of ________ personality disorder is a constant need for "hogging centre stage" and
getting others to pay attention to them.
A) histrionic
B) dependent
C) narcissistic
D) borderline
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-73
Page-Reference: 227
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: A) histrionic
73. Females may be more likely than males to be diagnosed with ________ personality disorder, though some
studies suggest that the actual rates of occurrence may be similar.
A) antisocial
B) paranoid
C) narcissistic
D) histrionic
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-74
Page-Reference: 223
Skill: Factual
Answer: D) histrionic
18
74. People with conversion disorder are ________.
A) equally unlikely to show features of histrionic or dependent personality disorder
B) more likely to show features of histrionic personality disorder than dependent personality disorder
C) more likely to show features of dependent personality disorder than histrionic personality disorder
D) very likely to show features of both dependent and histrionic personality disorders
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-75
Page-Reference: 223
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) more likely to show features of dependent personality disorder than histrionic personality disorder
75. Rapid alterations between adulation and outrage would be interpreted by a psychoanalyst as __________.
A) splitting
B) polarization
C) ego defence
D) ego suppression
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-76
Page-Reference: 223
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: A) splitting
76. At a therapy session, Naomi told her therapist she was the best therapist in the whole world and that only she
could ever help her. At her next session, Naomi accused her therapist of being inadequate, uncaring, and only in
practice to make money using sick people. Naomi is showing symptoms of __________ personality disorder.
A) narcissistic
B) paranoid
C) histrionic
D) borderline
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-77
Page-Reference: 223
Skill: Applied
77. Alan puts on a front of being very flirtatious and seductive, and he typically draws attention to himself by
dressing in an overly "macho" manner. He hopes to someday be a male model or an actor, but he is plagued by
inner doubts and insecurities about himself, despite his successful image, and he constantly feels the need to
impress others to boost his own ego and self-image. His behaviour is typical of someone with ________
A) narcissistic
B) histrionic
C) borderline
D) schizotypal
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-78
Page-Reference: 224
Skill: Applied
19
Answer: B) histrionic
78. The central feature of ________ personality disorder is an overblown sense of oneself.
A) dependent
B) histrionic
C) narcissistic
D) borderline
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-79
Page-Reference: 224
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) narcissistic
79. Gisele loves to brag about her accomplishments. While she is not overly dramatic or flirtatious, she enjoys
being the centre of attention. She is self-absorbed and lacks empathy for others. She is successful in her career
and very proud of her accomplishments. Gisele just wishes that others would show more appreciation of how
wonderful she is. She is preoccupied with fantasies of future success, power, and recognition. Gisele is most
likely suffering from ________ personality disorder.
A) antisocial
B) histrionic
C) narcissistic
D) borderline
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-80
Page-Reference: 224
Skill: Applied
80. Which of the following is NOT true of narcissistic personalities?

A) They are virtually invulnerable to criticism.
B) They are often driven by insatiable ambition.
C) They are often superficially charming and friendly, but they see people as pawns who can serve their interests.
D) They seek and surround themselves with flatterers who lavish them with unconditional praise.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-81
Page-Reference: 224
Skill: Factual
Answer: A) They are virtually invulnerable to criticism.
81. People with histrionic personality disorder share certain features with ___________ personality disorder.
A) schizoid
B) antisocial
C) narcissistic
D) borderline
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-82
Page-Reference: 224
Skill: Conceptual
20
82. Rocco is very self-absorbed and likes to brag about his accomplishments. He likes to be the centre of
attention and lacks empathy. Rocco likely has _________ personality disorder.
A) histrionic
B) antisocial
C) borderline
D) narcissistic
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-83
Page-Reference: 224
Skill: Applied
Answer: D) narcissistic
83. People with personality disorders from DSM-5 cluster ________ share the common component of fear or
anxiety in their behaviour patterns.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-84
Page-Reference: 215
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) C
84. Interpersonal relationships are invariably strained by the demands that people with narcissistic personality
disorder impose on others and by their lack of _______ with and concern for other people.
A) working
B) identification
C) cooperation
D) empathy
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-85
Page-Reference: 224
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: D) empathy
85. People who are so terrified of criticism or rejection that they are generally unwilling to enter relationships are
A) schizoid
B) paranoid
C) antisocial
D) avoidant
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-86
Page-Reference: 224
Skill: Conceptual
21
Answer: D) avoidant
86. Hansa wants to be involved with people. In fact, she truly loves people and has strong needs for affection and
acceptance. But her fears of rejection and public embarrassment prevent her from reaching out to those around
her. Instead, she sticks to her routine and refuses to take any risks or try anything new. Hansa is most likely
A) dependent
B) avoidant
C) paranoid
D) histrionic
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-87
Page-Reference: 224
Skill: Applied
Answer: B) avoidant
87. Avoidant personality disorder is ________ as common in men as in women.

A) one-quarter
B) one-half
C) just
D) twice
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-88
Page-Reference: 224
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) just
88. There is a good deal of overlap between generalized social phobia and ________ personality disorder.
A) schizoid
B) dependent
C) antisocial
D) avoidant
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-89
Page-Reference: 225
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: D) avoidant
89. There is a good deal of overlap between avoidant personality disorder and ________.
A) posttraumatic stress disorder
B) generalized anxiety disorder
C) social anxiety disorder
D) antisocial personality
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-90
Page-Reference: 225
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: C) social anxiety disorder
22
90. People who are overly reliant on others to give them advice or make decisions for them are suffering from
A) dependent
B) avoidant
C) schizotypal
D) histrionic
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-91
Page-Reference: 227
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: A) dependent
91. Melissa is a thoughtful and considerate person but has a difficult time making decisions on her own. She
relies on her one best friend, someone she has known since childhood, to give her advice on virtually every
decision she makes. Sometimes Melissa even asks the friend to make the decision for her. At work, she holds a
position far below her potential and has refused several promotion opportunities. She is most likely suffering
from ________ personality disorder.
A) dependent
B) avoidant
C) schizotypal
D) histrionic
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-92
Page-Reference: 227
Skill: Applied
Answer: A) dependent
92. Dependent personality disorder has been linked to each of the following disorders EXCEPT ________.
A) major depression
B) bipolar disorder
C) social phobia
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-93
Page-Reference: 227
Skill: Factual
Answer: D) obsessive-compulsive disorder
93. There appears to be a link between dependent personality disorder and what psychodynamic theorists would
label ________ behaviour problems.
A) phallic
B) anal
C) oral
D) genital
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-94
Page-Reference: 227
Skill: Factual
23
Answer: C) oral
94. Each of the following is true of people suffering from dependent personality disorder EXCEPT ________.
A) it is diagnosed more frequently in women than in men
B) it is linked to problems with what psychodynamic theorists call "anal" behaviours
C) it is linked to such physiological problems as hypertension, cancer, ulcers, and colitis
D) dependent personalities often attribute their problems to physical, rather than emotional, causes and seek advice
from medical experts
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-95
Page-Reference: 227
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) it is linked to problems with what psychodynamic theorists call "anal" behaviours
95. The defining features of ________ personality disorder are traits such as perfectionism, rigidity, being overly
meticulous, and having difficulties coping with ambiguity.
A) histrionic
B) paranoid
C) obsessive-compulsive
D) avoidant
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-96
Page-Reference: 228
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: C) obsessive-compulsive
96. Matt is a perfectionist. He is so preoccupied with perfection that he almost never gets things done on time. He
procrastinates and focuses so closely on trivial details that he often fails to see how the details fit into the bigger
picture. Socially, he rarely goes out because he is too busy working. He often won't make choices because he
fears making the wrong choice. Matt's life is dominated by rigid expectations and goals. Matt is suffering from
A) schizotypal
B) avoidant
C) obsessive-compulsive
D) histrionic
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-97
Page-Reference: 228
Skill: Applied
Answer: C) obsessive-compulsive
97. About ________ % of people in community samples are diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive personality
disorder.
A) 1
B) 5
C) 8
D) 12
Difficulty: 3
24
QuestionID: 06-98
Page-Reference: 228
Skill: Factual
Answer: A) 1
98. Dependent personality disorder has been linked to such physical problems as __________.
A) cancer
B) Alzheimer's disease
C) lupus
D) osteoporosis
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-99
Page-Reference: 228
Skill: Factual
Answer: A) cancer
99. Dependent personality disorder has been linked to all of the following EXCEPT __________.
A) smoking
B) eating disorders
C) alcoholism
D) self-injury
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-100
Page-Reference: 228
Skill: Factual
Answer: D) self-injury
100. The diagnosis of women with dependent personality disorder is controversial. It may be due to a sense of
blaming the victim, and __________ issues can explain this.
A) socialization
B) women's rights
C) family
D) personality
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-101
Page-Reference: 228
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: A) socialization
101. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is ________ as common in men as in women.

A) one-quarter
B) one-half
C) just
D) twice
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-102
Page-Reference: 2228
Skill: Factual
25
Answer: D) twice
102. Which of the following is NOT a problem with the current system for the classification of personality
disorders?
A) There remain nagging questions about the reliability and validity of the diagnoses of personality disorders.
B) There is not enough overlap among the various categories of personality disorders.
C) The present classification system blurs the distinction between normal and abnormal variations in personality.
D) Some of the categories of personality disorders may have underlying sexist biases.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-103
Page-Reference: 229
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) There is not enough overlap among the various categories of personality disorders.
103. Bastin went on vacation with his family. He found it necessary to schedule each day with activities and even
made a list for everyone to use. He resented eating in restaurants, claiming that they could save money by eating
meals in their motel rooms. While away, all Bastin could think about was what he should be doing back at work.
Bastin likely has ___________ disorder.
A) dependent personality
B) obsessive-compulsive
C) histrionic personality
D) obsessive-compulsive personality
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-104
Page-Reference: 228
Skill: Applied
Answer: D) obsessive-compulsive personality
104. People with obsessive-compulsive disorder are preoccupied with _________.

A) themselves
B) their emotions
C) impulsive thinking
D) perfection
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-105
Page-Reference: 228
Skill: Factual
Answer: D) perfection
105. Some commentators of the DSM system believe there is a high degree of __________ among the personality
disorders.
A) variance
B) predictability
C) inconsistency
D) overlap
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-106
Page-Reference: 229
26
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: D) overlap
106. There are personality disorders for ________.

A) neither stereotypically masculine nor stereotypically feminine behaviour
B) stereotypically masculine but not stereotypically feminine behaviour
C) stereotypically feminine but not stereotypically masculine behaviour
D) both stereotypically masculine and stereotypically feminine behaviour
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-107
Page-Reference: 230
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) stereotypically feminine but not stereotypically masculine behaviour
107. The concept of ________ personality seems to be a caricature of the traditional stereotype of the feminine
personality.
A) narcissistic
B) dependent
C) borderline
D) histrionic
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-108
Page-Reference: 230
Skill: Factual
Answer: D) histrionic
108. Livesley has suggested that the definition of personality disorder should also include measureable
dysfunction in all of the following domains EXCEPT _________.
A) self system
B) societal relationships
C) interpersonal relationships
D) family system
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-109
Page-Reference: 230
Skill: Factual
Answer: D) family system
109. Women are at greater risk of receiving a diagnosis of __________ personality disorder, and men are at
greater risk of receiving a diagnosis of _________ personality disorder.
A) histrionic; antisocial
B) histrionic; dependent
C) dependent; narcissistic
D) narcissistic; antisocial
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-110
Page-Reference: 230
Skill: Conceptual
27
Answer: A) histrionic; antisocial
110. In one study, psychologists, social workers, and psychiatrists displayed gender bias when it came to
diagnosing __________ personality disorder.
A) histrionic
B) borderline
C) schizoid
D) narcissistic
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-111
Page-Reference: 230
Skill: Conceptual
111. Each of the following statements is true EXCEPT ________.

A) personality disorders are convenient labels for identifying common patterns of ineffective and ultimately self-
defeating behaviour
B) the labels used to identify personality disorders have been useful in helping to explain their causes
C) clinicians appear to have a gender bias in diagnosing some personality disorders
D) many of the traits used to describe personality disorders are commonly found in normal people
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-112
Page-Reference: 230
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) the labels used to identify personality disorders have been useful in helping to explain their causes
112. Freud believed that most personality disorders have their roots in the ________.
A) collective unconscious
B) Oedipus complex
C) anal stage of development
D) development of the id
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-113
Page-Reference: 232
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: B) Oedipus complex
113. Freud believed that most personality disorders have their roots in ________.
A) poor toilet training
B) oral fixations
C) failure of the ego to develop properly
D) failure to resolve the Oedipus/Electra complex
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-114
Page-Reference: 232
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: D) failure to resolve the Oedipus/Electra complex
28
114. According to Freud, proper resolution of the Oedipus complex is represented by the development of the
________.
A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) persona
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-115
Page-Reference: 232
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: C) superego
115. According to Freud, many factors may interfere with appropriate identification with a parent's moral
reasoning, such as having a weak or absent _____.
A) superego
B) sibling
C) father
D) set of morals
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-116
Page-Reference: 232
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) father
116. Recent (post-Freudian) psychodynamic theories have focused on the age period of ________ as the time
period when most personality disorders begin.
A) birth to 18 months
B) 18 months to 3 years
C) 3 to 5 years
D) 5 to 9 years
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-117
Page-Reference: 233
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) 18 months to 3 years
117. Recent advances in psychodynamic theory focus on the development of ________.

A) the superego
B) the id
C) the collective unconscious
D) the sense of self
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-118
Page-Reference: 233
Skill: Factual
Answer: D) the sense of self
29
118. Heinz Kohut's views on the development of personality are labelled ________ psychology.
A) personal
B) self
C) individual
D) client-centred
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-119
Page-Reference: 233
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) self
119. According to Kohut, childhood narcissism ________.

A) is normal and sets the stage for healthy development when combined with parental empathy
B) is normal and sets the stage for healthy development when confronted with strict discipline from parents
C) is pathological and must be dealt with early and forcefully
D) is pathological if it involves the belief that "the world revolves around me"
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-120
Page-Reference: 233
Skill: Factual
Answer: A) is normal and sets the stage for healthy development when combined with parental empathy
120. According to Kohut, lack of ________ may set the stage for pathological narcissism in adulthood.
A) a structured environment
B) consistent discipline during toilet training
C) parental empathy and support
D) idealistic parental behaviour
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-121
Page-Reference: 233
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) parental empathy and support
121. According to Kohut, lack of parental empathy and support may set the stage for pathological ________ in
adulthood.
A) paranoia
B) insecurity
C) compulsiveness
D) narcissism
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-122
Page-Reference: 233
Skill: Factual
Answer: D) narcissism
122. Albert suffers from narcissistic personality disorder. His therapist says that his problem is due to a lack of
parental empathy and support for his normal childhood narcissism. This conceptualization of Albert's problem is
most like that of ________.
30
A) Kohut
B) Kernberg
C) Mahler
D) Millon
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-123
Page-Reference: 233
Skill: Applied
Answer: A) Kohut
123. The idea that borderline personality disorder stems from a pre-Oedipal failure to develop a sense of
constancy and unity in one's image of the self and others was proposed by ________.
A) Kohut
B) Kernberg
C) Mahler
D) Millon
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-124
Page-Reference: 233
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) Kernberg
124. The concept "splitting" is central to ________ psychodynamic theory of borderline personality.
A) Kohut's
B) Kernberg's
C) Mahler's
D) Millon's
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-125
Page-Reference: 233
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) Kernberg's
125. Kernberg used the concept of "splitting" to explain ________ personality disorder.
A) dependent
B) avoidant
C) histrionic
D) borderline
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-126
Page-Reference: 233
Skill: Factual
126. According to Kernberg, children who fail to synthesize contradictory images of good and bad in themselves
and others are likely to have tendencies toward ________.
A) reactivity
B) splitting
31
C) individuation
D) schizotypal traits
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-127
Page-Reference: 233
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) splitting
127. Brent suffers from borderline personality disorder. His therapist says that his problems are due to a failure
to develop a consistent self-image and splitting. This conceptualization of Brent's problem is most like that of
________.
A) Kohut
B) Kernberg
C) Mahler
D) Millon
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-128
Page-Reference: 233
Skill: Applied
Answer: B) Kernberg
128. According to Mahler, infants develop a(n) ________ attachment to their mothers.
A) reciprocal
B) ego syntonic
C) symbiotic
D) ego dystonic
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-129
Page-Reference: 233
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) symbiotic
129. A state of "oneness" in which a child's identity is fused with that of the mother is called ________.
A) symbiosis
B) synthesis
C) identity diffusion
D) reciprocation
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-130
Page-Reference: 234
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: A) symbiosis
130. The concept of separation-individuation was developed by ________.

A) Kohut
B) Kernberg
C) Mahler
D) Millon
32
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-131
Page-Reference: 234
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) Mahler
131. Mahler used the concept of separation-individuation to explain ________ personality disorder.
A) dependent
B) avoidant
C) histrionic
D) borderline
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-132
Page-Reference: 234
Skill: Factual
132. Dominic suffers from borderline personality disorder. His therapist tells him that his problem stems from a
failure of separation-individuation while he was growing up. His therapist's conceptualization of the problem is
most like that of ________.
A) Kohut
B) Kernberg
C) Mahler
D) Millon
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-133
Page-Reference: 234
Skill: Applied
Answer: C) Mahler
133. Marcel suffers from dependent personality disorder. If learning theorists are correct, his problem arises from
________ when he was a child.
A) too much parental attention and reinforcement attached to his physical appearance
B) excessive parental control and discipline
C) lack of reward or encouragement for exploratory behaviour
D) sibling rivalry combined with attention-seeking, emotional parents
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-134
Page-Reference: 234
Skill: Applied
Answer: C) lack of reward or encouragement for exploratory behaviour
134. Stephen suffers from obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. If learning theorists are correct, his
problem arises from ________ when he was a child.
A) too much parental attention and reinforcement attached to his physical appearance
D) sibling rivalry combined with attention-seeking, emotional parents
33
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-135
Page-Reference: 234
Skill: Applied
Answer: B) excessive parental control and discipline
135. Jean-Pierre suffers from histrionic personality disorder. If learning theorists are correct, his problem arises
from ________ when he was a child.
A) consistently attentive parents
D) sibling rivalry combined with attention-seeking
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-136
Page-Reference: 234
Skill: Applied
Answer: D) sibling rivalry combined with attention-seeking
136. Tyler suffers from antisocial personality disorder. If social-cognitive theorists are correct, his problem arises
from ________ when he was a child.
A) a complete lack of discipline and punishment
D) lack of consistency and predictability in his learning experiences
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-137
Page-Reference: 236
Skill: Applied
Answer: D) lack of consistency and predictability in his learning experiences
137. Researchers have found that people with borderline personality disorder remember their parents as
significantly more ________.
A) affectionate and smothering
B) controlling and less caring
C) permissive and inconsistent
D) confused and inconsistent
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-138
Page-Reference: 236
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) controlling and less caring
138. When borderline personalities recall their earliest memories, they are more likely to paint significant others
as ________.
A) evil
B) affectionate
C) distant
D) strict
34
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-139
Page-Reference: 236
Skill: Factual
Answer: A) evil
139. Recent research has uncovered a link between borderline personality disorder and ________.
A) a family history of schizophrenia
B) being adopted at or near birth
C) childhood trauma
D) social rejection in adolescence
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-140
Page-Reference: 236
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) childhood trauma
140. Family factors such as ________ have been implicated in the development of dependent personality
disorder.
A) a weak or absent parent
B) lack of emotional bonding between parents and children
C) overprotectiveness
D) permissiveness
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-141
Page-Reference: 236
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) overprotectiveness
141. Family factors such as ________ have been implicated in the development of dependent personality
disorder.
A) a weak or absent parent
B) lack of emotional bonding between parents and children
C) authoritarianism
D) permissiveness
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-142
Page-Reference: 236
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) authoritarianism
142. The McCords have conducted research relating early childhood ________ and subsequent delinquency.
A) fear experiences
B) parental rejection
C) failure experiences
D) sexual experiences
Difficulty: 2
35
QuestionID: 06-143
Page-Reference: 236
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) parental rejection
143. According to the family perspective, the key factor in the development of antisocial personality is ________.
A) parental rejection, parental neglect, and failure of the parents to love the child
B) extreme strictness in parental rules of conduct combined with unduly harsh punishments
C) parental overprotectiveness and "smothering," leading to rejection of parental values by the child
D) spoiling the child and excessive permissiveness by the parents in their enforcement of conduct rules
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-144
Page-Reference: 236
Skill: Factual
Answer: A) parental rejection, parental neglect, and failure of the parents to love the child
144. Antisocial adolescents tend to erroneously interpret other people's behaviour as ________.
A) vulnerable
B) uncaring
C) threatening
D) selfish
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-145
Page-Reference: 236
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) threatening
145. Social-cognitive theorist Albert Bandura has studied the role of _____________ in aggressive behaviour.
A) operant learning
B) observational learning
C) serotonin
D) Oedipal complexes
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-146
Page-Reference: 237
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) observational learning
146. Cognitive therapists have used problem-solving therapy to treat adolescents with ________ tendencies.
A) narcissistic
B) antisocial
C) borderline
D) schizoid
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-147
Page-Reference: 237
Skill: Factual
36
Answer: B) antisocial
147. ________ therapists have used problem-solving therapy to treat adolescents with antisocial tendencies.
A) Psychodynamic
B) Family
C) Learning
D) Cognitive
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-148
Page-Reference: 237
Skill: Factual
Answer: D) Cognitive
148. Recent studies using fMRI have also provided evidence for ________ differences in personality traits.
A) cognitive
B) neurological
C) psychodynamic
D) familial
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-149
Page-Reference: 237
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) neurological
149. Which of the following personality disorders appears to run in families?

A) schizoid
B) paranoid
C) schizotypal
D) dependent
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-150
Page-Reference: 237
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) schizotypal

A) narcissistic
B) antisocial
C) histrionic
D) avoidant
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-151
Page-Reference: 237
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) antisocial

A) obsessive-compulsive
37
B) borderline
C) histrionic
D) avoidant
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-152
Page-Reference: 237
Skill: Factual
152. A recent study of identical twins from the normal population indicated that ________ was the most heritable
of the 18 dimensions studied.
A) submissiveness
B) conduct disorders
C) identification
D) narcissism
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-153
Page-Reference: 237
Skill: Factual
Answer: D) narcissism
153. Which of the following people is MOST likely to become a criminal?

A) a person whose biological and adoptive fathers were not criminals
B) a person whose biological father was a criminal, but whose adoptive father was not
C) a person whose adoptive father was a criminal, but whose biological father was not
D) a person whose biological and adoptive fathers were not criminals, but whose adoptive parents divorced during
adolescence
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-154
Page-Reference: 237
Skill: Applied
Answer: B) a person whose biological father was a criminal, but whose adoptive father was not
154. Jang and his colleagues at University of British Columbia argue that people do not just passively respond to
nor are merely shaped by their environment, but that ____________ plays a role in the kinds of environments that
will be actively sought out.
A) genetics
B) personality
C) personal history
D) imitation
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-155
Page-Reference: 237
Skill: Applied
Answer: B) personality
155. Which of the following people is MOST likely to become a criminal?

A) a person whose biological and adoptive fathers were not criminals
38
B) a person whose biological father was a criminal, but whose adoptive father was not
C) a person whose adoptive father was a criminal, but whose biological father was not
D) a person whose biological and adoptive fathers were both criminals
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-156
Page-Reference: 237
Skill: Applied
Answer: D) a person whose biological and adoptive fathers were both criminals
156. A Danish study found a ___________ times greater incidence of psychopathy among the biological relatives
of antisocial adoptees than among the adoptive relatives.
A) 2
B) 5
C) 10
D) 30
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-157
Page-Reference: 229
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) 5
157. The neuroscience theory of personality can be traced back to physiologist _______, who introduced the
concept of nervous system excitation.
A) Freud
B) Hare
C) Pavlov
D) James
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-158
Page-Reference: 229
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) Pavlov
158. Jeffrey Gray has woven the theories of Pavlov and Eysenck into what is now known as reinforcement
_______ theory (RST).
A) sensitivity
B) satiation
C) salience
D) semblance
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-159
Page-Reference: 238
Skill: Factual
Answer: A) sensitivity
159. From the sociocultural perspective, "treatment" of antisocial personality disorder focuses on ________.
A) reshaping reward contingencies for more socially acceptable behaviours
B) redressing social injustices and ameliorating deprivation
39
C) raising self-esteem by making the person more aware of his or her authentic feelings
D) giving the individual insight into the nature of his or her aggressive behaviours and selfish needs
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-160
Page-Reference: 239
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: B) redressing social injustices and ameliorating deprivation
160. The behavioural approach system (BAS) __________.

A) anticipates rewards and acts to seek out pleasure
B) is tied to defensive escape and avoidance
C) is sensitive to potential conflicts
D) is a fear response to punishing stimuli
QuestionID: 06-161
Page-Reference: 239
Skill: Factual
Answer: A) anticipates rewards and acts to seek out pleasure
161. The fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS) __________.

A) anticipates rewards
B) acts to seek out pleasure
C) is sensitive to potential conflicts
D) is a fear response to punishing stimuli
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-162
Page-Reference: 239
Skill: Factual
Answer: D) is a fear response to punishing stimuli
162. The behavioural inhibition system (BIS) __________.

A) is sensitive to potential conflicts
B) acts to avoid pain
C) anticipates rewards
D) is tied to defensive escape and avoidance
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-163
Page-Reference: 239
Skill: Factual
Answer: A) is sensitive to potential conflicts
163. The International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE) found __________ personality disorder to be the
most frequently diagnosed in various countries.
A) borderline and avoidant
B) antisocial and histrionic
C) borderline and antisocial
D) antisocial and avoidant
Difficulty: 3
40
QuestionID: 06-164
Page-Reference: 239
Skill: Factual
Answer: A) borderline and avoidant
164. Which of the following statements about people with personality disorders is NOT true?
A) they condemn others for their problems
B) they desperately feel they need to change
C) they often fail to cooperate in therapy
D) they do not seek help on their own
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-165
Page-Reference: 239
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: B) they desperately feel they need to change
165. Therapists often find people with __________ personality disorder difficult to treat, exhausting, and
frustrating.
A) dependent
B) histrionic
C) antisocial
D) borderline
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-166
Page-Reference: 239
Skill: Conceptual
166. A therapist helps her client look for the roots of his self-defeating behaviour patterns and develop more
adaptive methods of relating to others. This therapist is probably a ________ therapist.
A) psychodynamic
B) behavioural
C) cognitive
D) humanistic
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-167
Page-Reference: 241
Skill: Applied
Answer: A) psychodynamic
167. A therapist attempts to replace her client's maladaptive behaviours with adaptive behaviours through
techniques such as role-playing and modelling. This therapist is probably a ________ therapist.
A) psychodynamic
B) behavioural
C) cognitive
D) humanistic
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-168
41
Page-Reference: 241
Skill: Applied
Answer: B) behavioural
168. A therapeutic technique that combines behaviour therapy and supportive psychotherapy for the treatment of
borderline personality disorder is ________.
A) self psychology
B) Gestalt psychology
C) attachment therapy
D) dialectical behaviour therapy
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-169
Page-Reference: 241
Skill: Factual
Answer: D) dialectical behaviour therapy
169. ________ technique, called dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT), combines behaviour therapy and supportive
psychotherapy.
A) Paris's
B) Beth's
C) Beck's
D) Linehan's
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-170
Page-Reference: 241
Skill: Factual
Answer: D) Linehan's
170. A study indicates that ________ can reduce aggressive behaviour and irritability in impulsive and aggressive
individuals with personality disorders.
A) Ritalin
B) Prozac
C) marijuana
D) lithium
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-171
Page-Reference: 242
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) Prozac
171. ________ takes the approach that personality disorders are clusters of traits that can be viewed as
amplifications of normal personality traits.
A) Paris
B) Beck
C) Sutich
D) Linehan
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-172
42
Page-Reference: 242
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: A) Paris
172. Researchers suspect that the impulsive aggressive behaviours typical of some personality disorders may be
related to deficiencies in ________.
A) epinephrine
B) acetylcholine
C) serotonin
D) dopamine
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-173
Page-Reference: 242
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) serotonin
173. Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) involves all of the following EXCEPT __________.
A) mindfulness techniques
B) emotion regulation strategies
C) distress tolerance
D) social skill training
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-174
Page-Reference: 242
Skill: Factual
Answer: D) social skill training
174. In Canada, comprehensive treatment for persons with personality disorders focuses on all of the following
EXCEPT _________.
A) safety and crisis support
B) control and regulation
C) short admissions to psychiatric hospitals
D) long-term treatment
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-175
Page-Reference: 243
Skill: Factual
Answer: D) long-term treatment
175. Research has revealed that reading books as a self-help module leads to significant improvement for people
with __________ traits.
A) obsessive-compulsive
B) histrionic
C) borderline
D) avoidant
QuestionID: 06-176
Page-Reference: 243
Skill: Factual
43
Answer: A) obsessive-compulsive
176. Personality disorders are enduring patterns of inner experience and behaviour that deviate markedly from
the expectations of the individual's culture
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-177
Page-Reference: 214
Answer: a. True
177. Warning signs of personality disorders may begin appearing in early childhood.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-178
Page-Reference: 214
Answer: a. True
178. People with personality disorders tend to perceive their traits as ego dystonic.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-179
Page-Reference: 214
Answer: b. False
179. People with anxiety disorders tend to perceive their disturbed behaviours as ego syntonic.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-180
Page-Reference: 4
Answer: b. False
180. People with ego syntonic behaviour are prone to seek assistance for services.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-181
Page-Reference: 214
Answer: b. False
181. The DSM-5 includes histrionic personality disorder.

a True
44
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-182
Page-Reference: 215
Answer: a. True
182. The DSM-5 does not included narcissistic personality disorder.

a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-183
Page-Reference: 215
Answer: b. False
183. The DSM-5 includes new, additional classifications of personality disorders.

a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-184
Page-Reference: 215
Answer: b. False
184. Men with schizoid personality disorder are more likely to marry than are women with the disorder.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-185
Page-Reference: 215
Answer: b. False
185. Paranoid personality disorder is characterized by paranoid delusions.

a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-186
Page-Reference: 215
Answer: b. False
186. Paranoid personality disorder is diagnosed more often in men than in women.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-187
Page-Reference: 215
45
Answer: a. True
187. Social isolation is the cardinal feature of schizoid personality disorder.

a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-188
Page-Reference: 215
Answer: a. True
188. People with schizoid personality disorder rarely, if ever, experience strong anger, joy, or sadness.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-189
Page-Reference: 215
Answer: a. True
189. Some people diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder have deeper feelings for animals than they do for
people.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-190
Page-Reference: 215
Answer: a. True
190. Ideas of reference are unique to paranoid personality disorder.

a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-191
Page-Reference: 215
Answer: b. False
191. There is evidence that schizotypal personality and schizophrenia share a common genetic basis.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-192
Page-Reference: 216
Answer: a. True
192. Most people with schizotypal personality disorder go on to develop schizophrenia or some other psychotic
disorder.
a True
46
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-193
Page-Reference: 216
Answer: b. False
193. There is evidence that people with antisocial personality disorder have rarely been punished for their
misdeeds.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-194
Page-Reference: 216
Answer: b. False
194. Antisocial personality disorder has been the personality disorder most studied by researchers and scholars.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-195
Page-Reference: 6
Answer: a. True
195. The lifetime prevalence rate of antisocial personality disorder for males in prison is less than 25%
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-196
Page-Reference: 218
Answer: b. False
196. The lifetime prevalence rate of antisocial personality disorder for females in prison is about 20%
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-197
Page-Reference: 218
Answer: a. True
197. People with psychopathic personalities inevitably run afoul of the law.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-198
Page-Reference: 220
47
Answer: b. False
198. Some people can intentionally injure others without experiencing feelings of guilt or remorse.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-199
Page-Reference: 220
Answer: a. True
199. The personality traits associated with psychopathology remain the same across the life span.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-200
Page-Reference: 221
Answer: a. True
200. The antisocial behaviours of antisocial personality disorder may disappear by the time a person reaches age
40.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-201
Page-Reference: 222
Answer: a. True
201. Antisocial personality disorder is more common among people of lower socioeconomic status.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-202
Page-Reference: 222
Answer: a. True
202. In Canada, antisocial personality is represented more in racial and ethnic groups.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-203
Page-Reference: 222
Answer: b. False
203. Antisocial personalities may commit the same misdeeds repeatedly, despite a history of punishment.
a True
48
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-204
Page-Reference: 222
Answer: a. True
204. People with antisocial personality disorder show great anxiety in threatening situations.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-205
Page-Reference: 223
Answer: b. False
205. Psychopathic individuals appear to have exaggerated cravings for stimulation.

a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-206
Page-Reference: 223
Answer: a. True
206. The emotional irregularities found in psychopathic offenders may be tied to diminished input from brain
structure within the frontal-temporal lobes.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-207
Page-Reference: 224
Answer: b. False
207. Many notable figures in history, from Lawrence of Arabia to Adolf Hitler, and even Marilyn Monroe, have
been depicted as borderline personalities.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-208
Page-Reference: 224
Answer: a. True
208. People with borderline personality disorder prefer to be alone.

a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-209
49
Page-Reference: 224
Answer: b. False
209. People with borderline personalities usually make good psychotherapy clients and tend to have high "cure"
rates.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-210
Page-Reference: 226
Answer: b. False
210. Suicidal thinking is a characteristic of borderline personality disorder.

a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-211
Page-Reference: 226
Answer: a. True
211. Persons with borderline personality disorder tend to come from enmeshed and clinging families.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-212
Page-Reference: 226
Answer: b. False
212. People with borderline personalities shift back and forth between viewing people as all good or all bad,
rather than as partly good and partly bad.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-213
Page-Reference: 223
Answer: a. True
213. Histrionic personality disorder is diagnosed more frequently in men than in women.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-214
Page-Reference: 223
Answer: b. False
50
214. People with histrionic personality disorder are often attracted to such professions as modelling or acting.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-215
Page-Reference: 224
Answer: a. True
215. People diagnosed with narcissistic personality are most likely to be women.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-216
Page-Reference: 225
Answer: b. False
216. A certain amount of narcissism can represent a healthy adjustment to insecurity.

a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-217
Page-Reference: 225
Answer: a. True
217. Many people with BPD also meet criteria for other personality disorders.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-218
Page-Reference: 225
Answer: a. True
218. People with narcissistic personalities seek the company of flatterers.

a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-219
Page-Reference: 225
Answer: a. True
219. People with BPD rarely do impulsive acts of self-mutilation.

a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-220
51
Page-Reference: 222
Answer: b. False
220. About 1 in 10 BPD patients commits suicide.

a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-221
Page-Reference: 222
Answer: a. True
221. People with narcissistic personalities tend to be preoccupied with fantasies of success and power, ideal
love, or recognition for brilliance or beauty.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-222
Page-Reference: 225
Answer: a. True
222. Avoidant personality disorder is more common in men than in women.

a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-223
Page-Reference: 226
Answer: b. False
223. Unlike people with schizoid personalities, people with avoidant personalities have little or no interest in or
feelings of warmth toward other people.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-224
Page-Reference: 226
Answer: b. False
224. People with avoidant personalities tend to avoid only specific situations that make them anxious, such as
public speaking or large parties.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-225
Page-Reference: 226
Answer: b. False
52
225. Avoidant personality disorder may represent a milder form of social phobia.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-226
Page-Reference: 227
Answer: b. False
226. Dependent personality is diagnosed more frequently in women than in men.

a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-227
Page-Reference: 228
Answer: a. True
227. Some people with dependent personality disorder have such difficulty making independent decisions that
they allow their parents to decide who they will or will not marry.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-228
Page-Reference: 228
Answer: a. True
228. People with dependent personalities often attribute their problems to emotional rather than physical
problems.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-229
Page-Reference: 228
Answer: b. False
229. Persons with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are pre-occupied with perfection.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-230
Page-Reference: 228
Answer: a. True
230. There is a high degree of overlap among the personality disorders.

a True
b False
53
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-231
Page-Reference: 229
Answer: a. True
231. The reliability and validity of the definitions used in the DSM-5 is well established.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-232
Page-Reference: 229
Answer: b. False
232. Many personality disorders appear to share common traits.

a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-233
Page-Reference: 230
Answer: a. True
233. The tendency to exaggerate your own importance usually means that you are narcissistic.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-234
Page-Reference: 231
Answer: b. False
234. It is often difficult to draw the line between normal variations in behaviour and personality disorders.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-235
Page-Reference: 231
Answer: a. True
235. The conceptualization of certain types of personality disorders may be sexist.

a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-236
Page-Reference: 231
Answer: a. True
54
236. Livesley, a leading expert on personality disorders, questions the assumption that personality disorders are
discriminable from clinical syndromes, such as anxiety or depressive disorders.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-237
Page-Reference: 231
Answer: a. True
237. Men are at greater risk of receiving a diagnosis of histrionic personality disorder.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-238
Page-Reference: 230
Answer: b. False
238. Kohut focused his attention on the development of borderline personality disorder when he developed the
concept of self-psychology.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-239
Page-Reference: 233
Answer: b. False
239. Heinz Kohut focused much of his attention on the development of the narcissistic personality.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-240
Page-Reference: 233
Answer: a. True
240. Kohut believed that people with narcissistic personalities may mount a facade of self-importance to cover
up deep feelings of inadequacy.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-241
Page-Reference: 233
Answer: a. True
241. Kernberg views borderline personality in terms of a pre-Oedipal failure to develop a sense of constancy.
a True
55
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-242
Page-Reference: 233
Answer: a. True
242. Margaret Mahler believed that during the first year, an infant develops a symbiotic attachment to its father.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-243
Page-Reference: 233
Answer: b. False
243. Learning theorists tend to focus more on the acquisition of behaviours than on the notion of enduring
personality traits.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-244
Page-Reference: 234
Answer: a. True
244. Behaviour therapists emphasize the role of reinforcement in explaining the origins of antisocial behaviour.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-245
Page-Reference: 234
Answer: a. True
245. Family factors are implicated in nearly all cases of antisocial personality disorder.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-246
Page-Reference: 236
Answer: b. False
246. As in the case of borderline personality disorder, researchers find that childhood abuse or neglect is a risk
factor in the development of antisocial personality disorder in adulthood.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-247
56
Page-Reference: 236
Answer: a. True
247. Recent studies using fMRI technology have provided evidence for neurological differences in personality
traits.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-248
Page-Reference: 236
Answer: a. True
248. There is strong direct evidence for the genetic transmission of personality disorders.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-249
Page-Reference: 237
Answer: b. False
249. Adoption studies suggest that there may be a genetic predisposition toward criminal behaviour.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-250
Page-Reference: 237
Answer: a. True
250. The central nervous systems of people with antisocial personality disorder appear to be under responsive to
stressful stimuli.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-251
Page-Reference: 237
Answer: a. True
251. Jeffrey Gray has woven the theories of Pavlov and Eysenck into what is now known as resistance sensitivity
theory (RST)
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-252
Page-Reference: 238
Answer: b. False
57
252. People with antisocial personality tend to remain unduly calm in the face of impending pain.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-253
Page-Reference: 238
Answer: a. True
253. People with personality disorders believe they need to change and are, in fact, very motivated.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-254
Page-Reference: 241
Answer: b. False
254. People with personality disorders usually do not seek help on their own.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-255
Page-Reference: 241
Answer: a. True
255. Therapists often find people with borderline personality disorder difficult to treat.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-256
Page-Reference: 241
Answer: a. True
256. Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) has been found to help those with antisocial personality disorder.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-257
Page-Reference: 241
Answer: b. False
257. Chemotherapy is one of the most effective treatments for personality disorders.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
58
QuestionID: 06-258
Page-Reference: 241
Answer: b. False
258. Research has indicated that, when treating people with personality disorders, single modalities work better
than systemic approaches.
a True
b False
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-259
Page-Reference: 243
Answer: b. False
259. Define personality disorder, and discuss controversies in diagnosing personality disorders.
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-260
Page-Reference: 214-243
Answer: Answers may vary.
260. Describe the features of paranoid personality disorder.
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-261
Page-Reference: 215
261. Describe the features of schizoid personality disorder.
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-262
262. Describe the features of schizotypal personality disorder.
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-263
263. Compare and contrast schizoid and schizotypal personality disorders.
Difficulty: 0
59
QuestionID: 06-264
264. Describe the profile of people diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder.
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-265
265. Compare and contrast the profiles of antisocial personality disorder and psychopathic personality.
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-266
266. Describe the psychophysiological and biological factors associated with antisocial personality and
psychopathology.
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-267
267. Describe the features of antisocial personality disorder.
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-268
268. Describe the features of borderline personality disorder.
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-269
269. Describe the features of histrionic personality disorder.
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-270
60
270. Describe the features of narcissistic personality disorder.
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-271
271. Describe the features of avoidant personality disorder.
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-272
272. Describe the features of dependent personality disorder.
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-273
273. Describe the features of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-274
274. Discuss the problems in the classification of personality disorders, including their reliability and validity,
and sexist biases.
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-275
275. Discuss the issue of overlap of the personality disorders.
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-276
61
276. Discuss the difficulty in distinguishing between variations in normal behaviour and abnormal behaviour in
reference to the personality disorders.
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-277
Page-Reference: 230
277. Explain how the DSM-5 approaches the diagnosis of personality disorders and how this approach is
different from previous editions of the DSM
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-278
Page-Reference: 231
278. Discuss the psychodynamic perspective on the personality disorders.
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-279
279. Discuss the learning perspective on the personality disorders.
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-280
280. Discuss the family perspective on the personality disorders.
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-281
Page-Reference: 236
281. Discuss the cognitive-behavioural perspective on the personality disorders.
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-282
62
282. Discuss the biological perspective on the personality disorders.
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-283
283. Discuss the sociocultural perspective on the personality disorders.
Difficulty: 0
QuestionID: 06-284
284. Discuss special problems in treating personality disorders.
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throw, but it had less weight to lift. It bounced upward, soared above
the roof, and just as its thrust dwindled again, Stan managed to land.
He found—nothing.
To be exact, he found the columns joined by massive girders of steel
fastening them in a colossal open grid. Upon those girders which ran
in a line due north and south—reckoning the place of sunset to be
west—huge flat plates of metal were slung, having bearings which
permitted them to be rotated at the will of whatever unthinkable
constructor had devised them.
There were small bulges which might contain motors for the turning.
There was absolutely nothing but the framework and the plates and
the sand some three hundred feet below. There was no indication of
the purpose of the plates or the girders or the whole construction.
There was no sign of any person or creature using or operating the
slabs. It appeared that the grid was simply a monotonous,
featureless, insanely tedious construction which it would have taxed
the resources of Earth to build. It stretched far, far beyond the horizon
—and did nothing and had no purpose save to gather sand on its
upper surface and from time to time dump that sand down to the
ground. It did not make sense.
Stan had a more immediate problem than the purpose of the grid,
though. He was three hundred feet above ground. He was short of
food and hopelessly short of water. When day came again, this place
would be the center of a hurricane of blown sand. On the ground,
lashed to a metal column, he had been badly buffeted about even in
his space suit. Up here the wind would be much stronger. It was not
likely that any possible lashing would hold him against such a storm.
He could probably get back to the ground, of course, but there
seemed no particular point to it.
As he debated, there came a thin, shrill whistling overhead. It came
from the far south, and passed overhead, descending, and—going
down in pitch—it died away to the northward. The lowering of its pitch
indicated that it was slowing. The sound was remarkably like that of a
small space craft entering atmosphere incompletely under control—
which was unthinkable, of course, on the solitary unnamed planet of
Khor Alpha. And Stan felt very, very lonely on a huge plate of iron
thirty stories above the ground, on an alien planet under unfriendly
stars, and with this cryptic engineering monstrosity breaking away to
sheer desert on one side and extending uncounted miles in all others.
He flicked on his suit-radio, without hope.
There came the loud, hissing static. Then under and through it came
the humming carrier-wave of a yacht transmitter sending on
emergency power.
"Help call! Help call! Space yacht Erebus grounded on planet of Khor
Alpha, main drive burned out, landed in darkness, outside conditions
unknown. If anyone hears, p-please answer! M-my landing drive
smashed when I hit ground, too! Help call! Help call! Space yacht
Erebus grounded on planet of Khor Alpha, main drive burned out,
landed in darkness—"
Stan Buckley had no power. He could not move from this spot. The
Erebus had grounded somewhere in the desert which covered all the
planet but this one structure. When dawn came, the sandstorm would
begin again. And with its main drive burned out, its landing drive
smashed—when the morrow's storms began it would be strange
indeed if the whirlwinds did not scoop away sand from about the one
solid object they'd encounter, so that the little craft would topple down
and down and ultimately be covered over, buried under maybe
hundreds of feet of smothering stuff.
He knew the Erebus. Of course. It belonged to Esther Hume. The
voice from it was Esther's—the girl he was to have married, if Rob
Torren hadn't made charges disgracing him utterly. And tomorrow she
would be buried alive in the helpless little yacht, while he was unable
to lift a finger to her aid.
He was talking to her desperately when there was a vast, labored

tumult to the west. It was the product of ten thousand creakings. He
turned, and in the starlight he saw great flat plates—they were fifty
feet by a hundred and more—turning slowly. An area a mile square
changed its appearance. Each of the flat plates in a hundred rows of
fifty plates turned sidewise, to dump its load of settled sand. A square
mile of plates turned edges to the sky—and turned back again.
Creakings and groanings filled the air, together with the soft roaring
noise of the falling sand. A pause. Another great section of a mile
each way performed the same senseless motion. Pure desperation
made Stan say sharply:
"Esther! Cut off for half an hour! I'll call back! I see the slimmest
possible chance, and I've got to take it! Half an hour, understand?"
He heard her unsteady assent. He scrambled fiercely to the nearest
of the huge plates. It was, of course, insane to think of such a thing.
The plates had no purpose save to gather loads of sand and then to
turn and dump them. But there were swellings at one end of each—
where the girders to which they clung united to form this preposterous
elevated grid. Those swellings might be motors. He dragged a small
cutting-torch from the tool kit. He snapped its end. A tiny, savage,
blue-white flame appeared in midair half an inch from the torch's
metal tip.
He turned that flame upon the rounded swelling at the end of a
monster slab. Something made the slabs turn. By reason, it should be
a motor. The swellings might be housings for motors. He made a cut
across such a swelling. At the first touch of the flame something
smoked luridly and frizzled before the metal grew white-hot and
flowed aside before the flame. There had been a coating on the iron.
Even as he cut, Stan realized that the columns and the plates were
merely iron. But the sand blast of the daily storms should erode the
thickest of iron away in a matter of weeks, at most. So the grid was
coated with a tough, elastic stuff—a plastic of some sort—which was
not abraded by the wind. It did not scratch because it was not hard. It
yielded, and bounced sand particles away instead of resisting them. It
would outwear iron, in the daily sand blast, by a million times, on the
principle by which land vehicles on Earth use rubber tires instead of
metal, for greater wear.
He cut away a flap of metal from the swelling. He tossed it away with
his space-gloved hands. His suit-flash illuminated the hollow within.
There was a motor inside, and it was remarkably familiar, though not
a motor such as men made for the purpose of turning things. There
was a shaft. There were four slabs of something that looked like
graphite, rounded to fit the shaft. That was all. No coils. No armature.
No sign of magnets.
Men used this same principle, but for a vastly different purpose. Men
used the reactive thrust of allotropic graphite against an electric
current in their space ships. The Bowdoin-Hall field made such a
thrust incredibly efficient, and it was such graphite slabs that drove
the Stallifer—though these were monsters weighing a quarter of a ton
apiece, impossible for the skid to lift. Insulated cables led to the slabs
in wholly familiar fashion. The four cables joined to two and vanished
in the seemingly solid girders which formed all the giant grid.
Almost without hope, Stan slashed through two cables with his torch.
He dragged out the recharging cable of the skid. He clipped the two
ends to the two cut cables. They sparked! Then he stared. The meter
of the skid showed current flowing into its power bank. An amazing
amount of current. In minutes, the power-storage needle stirred from
its pin. In a quarter of an hour it showed half-charge. Then a creaking
began all around.
Stan leaped back to one of the cross-girders just as all the plates in
an area a mile square about him began to turn—all but the one
whose motor-housing he had cut through. All the other plates turned
so that their edges pointed to the stars. The sand piled on them by
the day storm poured down into the abyss beneath. Only the plate
whose motor-housing Stan had cut remained unmoving. Sparks
suddenly spat in the metal hollow, as if greater voltage had been
applied to stir the unmoving slab. A flaring, lurid, blue-white arc
burned inside the housing. Then it cut off.
All the gigantic plates which had turned their edges skyward went
creaking loudly back to their normal position, their flat sides turned to
the stars. And nothing more happened. Nothing at all.
In another ten minutes, the skid's meter showed that the power bank
was fully charged. And Stan, with plenty to think about, straddled the
little object and went soaring to northward like a witch on a broom,
sending a call on his suit-radio before him.
"Coming, Esther! Give me a directional and let's make it fast! We've
got a lot to do before daylight!"
He had traveled probably fifty miles before her signal came in. Then
there was a frantically anxious time until he found the little, helpless
space yacht, tumbled on the desert sand, with Esther peering
hopefully out of the air-lock as he swooped down to a clumsy landing.
She was warned and ready. There was no hope of repairing the drive.
A burned-out drive to operate in a Bowdoin-Hall field calls for bars of
allotropic graphite—graphite in a peculiar energy state as different
from ordinary graphite as carbon diamond is from carbon coal. There
were probably monster bars of just such stuff in the giant grid's
motors, but the skid could not handle them. For tonight, certainly,
repair was out of the question. Esther had hooked up a tiny, low-
power signaling device which gave out a chirping wave every five
seconds. She wore a space suit, had two abandon-ship kits, and all
the water that could be carried.
The skid took off again. It was not designed to work in a planet's
gravitational field. It used too much power, and it wabbled erratically,
and for sheer safety Stan climbed high. With closed faceplates the
space-suited figures seemed to soar amid the stars. They could
speak only by radio, close together as they were.
"Wh-where are we going, Stan?"
"Icecap," said Stan briefly. "North Pole. There's water there—or
hoarfrost, anyhow. And the day storms won't be so bad if there are
storms at all. In the tropics on this planet the normal weather is a
typhoon-driven sandstorm. We'll settle down in the polar area and
wait for Rob Torren to come for us. It may be three months or more."
"Rob Torren—"
"He helped me escape," said Stan briefly. "Tell you later. Watch
ahead."
He'd had no time for emotional thinking since his landing, and
particularly since the landing of the little space yacht now sealed up
and abandoned to be buried under the desert sand. But he knew how
Esther came to be here. She'd told him, by radio, first off. She'd had
news of the charges Rob Torren had brought against him. She hadn't
believed them. Not knowing of his embarcation for Earth for court-
martial—the logical thing would have been a trial at advanced base—
she'd set out desperately to assure him of her faith.
She couldn't get a liner direct, so she'd set out alone in her little
space yacht. In a sense, it should have been safe enough. Craft
equipped with Bowdoin-Hall drive were all quite capable of interstellar
flight. Power was certainly no problem any more, and with extra
capacitors to permit of low-frequency pulsations of the drive field, and
mapped dwarf white stars as course markers, navigation should be
simple enough. The journey, as such, was possibly rash but it was
not foolhardy. Only—she hadn't fused her drive when she changed its
pulsation-frequency. And when she was driving past Khor Alpha, her
Bowdoin-Hall field had struck the space skid on which Stan was
trying to make this planet, and the field had drained his power.
The short circuit blew the skid's fuse, but it burned out the yacht's
more delicate drive. Specifically, it overloaded and ruined the
allotropic carbon blocks which made the drive work. So Esther's
predicament was caused not only by her solicitude for Stan, but by
the drive of the skid on which he'd escaped from the Stallifer.
He blamed himself. Bitterly. But even more he blamed Rob Torren.

Hatred surged up in him again for the man who had promised to
come here and fight him to the death. But he said quietly:
"Rob's coming here after me. We'll talk about that later. He didn't
guess this place would be without water and with daily hurricanes
everywhere except—I hope!—the poles. He thought I'd be able to
make out until he could come back. We've got to! Watch out ahead
for the sunset line. We've got to follow it north until we hit the polar
cap. With water and our kits we should be able to survive indefinitely."
The space-suited figures were close together—in fact, in contact. But
there was no feeling of touching each other through the insulating,
almost inflexible armor of their suits. And sealed as they were in their
helmets and communicating only by phone in the high stratosphere,
neither could feel the situation suitable for romance. Esther was silent
for a time. Then she said:
"You told me you were out of power—"
"I was," he told her. "I got some from the local inhabitants—if they're
local."
"What—"
He described the preposterous, meaningless structure on the desert.
Thousands of square miles in extent. Cryptic and senseless and of
unimaginable significance.
"Every slab has a motor to turn it. I cut into a housing and there was
power there. I loaded up with it. I can't figure the thing out. There's
nowhere that a civilized or any other race could live. There's nothing
those slabs could be for!"
There was a thin line of sunlight far ahead. Traveling north, they
drove through the night and overtook the day. They were very high
indeed, now, beyond atmosphere and riding the absurd small skid
that meteor miners use. They saw the dwarf white sun, Khor Alpha.
Its rays were very fierce. They passed over the dividing line between
day and night, and far, far ahead they saw the hazy whitishness
which was the polar cap of this planet.
It was half an hour before they landed, and when they touched
ground they came simply to a place where wind-blown sand ceased
to be powdery and loose, and where there was plainly dampness
underneath. The sun hung low indeed on the horizon. On the shadow
side of sand hillocks there was hoarfrost. All the moisture of the
planet was deposited in the sand at its poles, and during the long
winter nights the sand was frozen so that even during the summer
season unthinkable frigidity crept out into every shadow.
Stan nodded at a patch of frost on the darker site of a half-mile sand
dune.
"Sleeping," he said dryly, "will be done in space suits. This ground will
be cold where the sun doesn't hit! Do you notice that there's no sign
of anything growing anywhere? Not even moss?"
"It's too cold?"
"Hardly!" said Stan. "Mosses and lichens grow on Earth as far north
as the ground ever thaws. And on every other planet I've ever visited.
There'd be plants here if anywhere, because there's water here.
There simply can't be any life on this planet. None at all!"
Then the absurdity of the statement struck him. There was that
monstrous grid, made by intelligence of some sort and using vast
resources. But—
"Dammit!" said Stan. "How can there be life here? How can plants
live in perpetual sandstorms? How can animals live without plants to
break down minerals and make them into food? How can either
plants or animals live without water? If there were life anywhere, it
would have to be near water, which means here. And if there's none
here there can't be any at all—"
They reached the top of the dune. Esther caught her breath. She
pointed.
There, reaching across the dampened sand, was a monstrous and a
horrifying trail. Something had come from the zones where the
sandstorms raged. It had passed this way, moving in one direction,
and it had passed again, going back toward the stormy wastes. By
the trail, it had ten or twelve or twenty legs, like some unthinkable
centipede. The tracks of its separate sets of legs were separated by
fifteen feet. And each footprint was two yards across.
For three days by the chrono on the space skid, the hard white sun
Khor Alpha circled the horizon without once setting. Which was
natural, because this was one of the poles of Khor Alpha's only
planet, and this was summer. In those three days Stan and Esther
saw no living thing. No bird, beast, or insect; no plant, moss, or
lichen. They had planted the seeds from their abandon-ship kits—
included in such kits because space castaways may have to expect
to be isolated not for weeks or months, but perhaps for all their lives.
The weeds would produce artificially developed plants with amazing
powers of survival and adaptation and food production. On the fourth
day—clock time—the first of the plants appeared above the bank of
damp sand in which they had been placed. In seven days more there
would be food from them. If one plant of the lot was allowed to drop
its own seeds, in time there would be a small jungle of food plants on
which they could live.
For the rest, they lived in a fashion lower than any savages of Earth.
They had no shelter. There was no building material but sand. They
slept in their space suits for warmth. They had no occupation save
that of waiting for the plants to bear food, and after that of waiting for
Rob Torren to come.
And when he came—the presence of Esther changed everything.
When Torren arrived to fight a duel to the death with Stan, the stake
was to have been ultimately Esther's hand. But if she were present, if
she knew the true story of Torren's charges against Stan and their
falsity, he could have no hope of winning her by Stan's death. He
would have nothing to gain by a duel. But he would gain by the
murder of one or both of them. Safety from the remotest chance of
later exposure, at any rate, and revenge for the failure of his hopes.
And if he managed to kill Stan by any means, fair or foul, Esther
would be left wholly at his mercy.
So Stan brooded, hating Rob Torren with a desperate intensity
surpassing even the hatred he'd felt on the Stallifer. A large part of his
hatred was due to helplessness. There was no way to fight back. But
he tried desperately to think of one.
On the fourth day he said abruptly, "Let's take a trip, Esther."
She looked at him in mute inquiry.
"For power," he said "and maybe something more. We might be able
to find out something. If there are inhabitants on this planet, for
instance. There can't be, but there's that beast—
"Maybe it's somehow connected with whatever or whoever built that
grid—that checkerboard arrangement I told you about. Something or
somebody built that, but I can't believe anything can live in those
sandstorms."
They'd followed the huge trail that had been visible on their first
landing in the polar regions. The great, two-yard-across pads of the
monster had made a clear trail for ten miles from the point of their
discovery. At the end of the trail there was a great gap in a cliff of
frozen sand. The Thing seemed to have devoured tons of ice-
impacted stuff. Then it had gone back into the swirling sandy wastes.
It carried away with it cubic yards—perhaps twenty or thirty tons—of
water-filled frozen sand.
But reason insisted that there could be no animal life on a planet
without plants, and no plants on a desert which was the scene of
daily typhoons, hourly hurricanes, and with no water anywhere upon
it save at the poles. And there was no vegetation there. A monster
with dozens of six-foot feet, and able to consume tons of wetted sand
for moisture, would need vast quantities of food for energy alone. And
it was unthinkable that food was to be found in the strangling depths
of perpetual sandstorms.
"There's another thing," Stan added. "With power to spare I could
fuse sand into something like a solid. Make a house, maybe, and
chairs to sit on, instead of having to wear our space suits all the time.
Maybe we could even heat the inside of a house!"
Esther smiled at him.
"Darling," she said wryly, "you've no idea how glad I'd be of a solid
floor to walk on instead of sand, and a chair to sit on, even if we didn't
have a roof!"
They had been, in effect, in the position of earth-castaways
marooned on a sand-cay which had not even seashells on it or fish
around it. There was literally nothing they could do but talk.
"And," she added, "if we could make a tub to take a bath in—"
She brightened at the thought. Stan hadn't told her of his own
reasons for having no hope. There was no point in causing her
despair in advance.
"We'll see what we see," he said. "Climb aboard."
The space skid was barely five feet long. It had a steering bar and a
thick body which contained its power-storage unit and drive. And
there was the seat which one straddled, and the strap to hold its
passenger. Two people riding it in bulky space suits was much like
riding double on a bicycle, but Stan would not leave Esther alone. Not
since they'd seen that horrifying trail!
They rose vertically and headed south in what was almost a rocket's
trajectory. Stan, quite automatically, had noted the time of sunrise at
the incredible structure beside which he'd landed. Later, he'd noted
as automatically the length of the planet's day. So to find his original
landing place he had only to follow the dawn line across the planet's
surface, with due regard for the time consumed in traveling.
They were still two hundred miles out in space when he sighted the
grid. He slanted down to it. It was just emerging from the deep black
shadow of night. He swooped to a landing on one of the hundred-foot
slabs of hinged metal three hundred feet above ground. It was clear
of sand. It had obviously been dumped.
Esther stared about her, amazed.
"But—people made this, Stan!" she insisted. "If we can get in touch
with them—"
"You sit over there," said Stan. He pointed to an intersection of the
criss-crossing girders. "It takes power to travel near a planet. My
power bank is half drained already. I'd better fill it up again."
He got out his cutting-torch. He turned it upon a motor-housing. The
plastic coating frizzled and smoked. It peeled away. Metal flared
white-hot and melted.
There was a monstrous creaking. All the plates in a square mile
turned. Swiftly. Only a desperate leap saved Stan from a drop to the
desert thirty stories below.
The great slabs pointed their edges to the sky. Stan waited. Esther
said startledly;
"That was on purpose, Stan!"
"Hardly," said Stan. "They'll turn back in a minute."
But they did not turn back. They stayed tilted toward the dawning sky.
"You may be right, at that," said Stan. "We'll see. Try another place."
Five minutes later they landed on a second huge slab of black metal,
miles away. Without a word, Stan ensconced Esther on the small
platform formed by crossing girders. He took out the torch again. The
tiny, blue-white flame. Smoke at its first touch. Metal flowed.
With a vast cachinnation of squeakings, a mile-square section shifted
like the first....
"Something," said Stan grimly, "doesn't want us to have power.
Maybe they can stop us, and maybe not."
The swelling which was the motor-housing was just within reach from
the immovable girder crossing on which Esther waited. Stan reached
out now. The torch burned with a quiet fierce flame. A great section of
metal fell away, exposing a motor exactly like the one he'd first
examined—slabs of allotropic graphite and all. He thrust in and cut
the cables. He reached in with the charging clips—
There was a crackling report in the space skid's body. Smoke came
out.
Stan examined the damage with grimly set features.

"Blew another fuse," he told Esther. "We're licked. When I took power
the first time, I ruined a motor. It's been found out. So the plates
turned, today, to—scare me away, perhaps, as soon as I cut into
another. When I didn't scare and severed the cables, high-voltage
current was shot into them to kill me or ruin whatever I was using the
power for. Whether there's life here or not, there's intelligence—and a
very unpleasant kind, too!"
He re-fused the skid, scowling.
"No attempt to communicate with us!" he said savagely. "They'd know
somebody civilized cut into that motor-housing! They'd know it was an
emergency! You'd think—"
He stopped. A faint, faint humming sound became audible. It seemed
to come from nowhere in particular—or from everywhere. But it was
not the formless humming of a rising wind. This sound was a
humming punctuated by hurried, rhythmic clankings. It was oddly like
the sound of cars traveling over an old-fashioned railway—one with
unwelded rail joints. Then Esther jerked her head about.
"Stan! Look there!"
Something hurtled toward them in the gray dawn light. It was a
machine. Even in the first instant of amazement, Stan could see what
it was and what it was designed to do. It was a huge, bulbous
platform above stiltlike legs. At the bottoms of the legs were wheels.
The wheels ran on the cross-girders as on a railroad track, and the
body of the thing was upraised enough to ride well above the
sidewise-tilted slabs. There were other wheels to be lowered for travel
on the girders which supported the slabs.
It was not a flying device, but a rolling one. It could travel in either of
two directions at right angles to each other, and had been designed to
run only on the great grid which ran beyond the horizon. It was
undoubtedly a maintaining machine, designed to reach any spot
where trouble developed, for the making of repairs, and it was of such
weight that even the typhoonlike winds of a normal day on this world
could not lift it from its place.
It came hurtling toward them at terrific speed. It would roll irresistibly
over anything on the girders which were its tracks.
"Get on!" snapped Stan. "Quick!"
Esther moved as swiftly as she could, but space suits are clumsy
things. The little skid shot skyward only part of a second before the
colossus ran furiously over the place where they had been. A
hundred feet beyond, it braked and came to a seemingly enraged
stop. It stood still as if watching the hovering, tiny skid with its two
passengers.
"It looks disappointed," said Stan dourly. "I wonder if it wants to chase
us?"
He sent the skid darting away. They landed. In seconds the vibration
caused by the huge machine's motion began and grew loud. They
saw it race into view. As it appeared, instantly a deafening clamor
began. Slabs in all directions rose to their vertical position, so that the
two humans could not dodge from one row of girders to another. And
then with a roar and a rush the thing plunged toward them once
more.
Again the skid took off. Again the huge machine overran the spot
where they had been, then stopped short as if baffled. Stan sent his
odd craft off at an angle. Instantly the gigantic thing was in motion,
moving in lightning speed in one direction, stopping short to move on
a new course at right angles to the first, and so progressing in zigzag
but very swift pursuit.
"'Won't you land so I can crush you?' said the monster to us two,"
said Stan dryly. "They won't let us have any more power, and we
haven't any more to waste. But still—"
He listened to his suit-radio, twisting the tuning dials as he sent the
skid up in a spiral.
"I'm wondering," he observed, "if they're trying to tell us something by
radio. And meanwhile I'd like a more comprehensive view of this
damned checkerboard!"
A faint, faint, wavering whine came into the headphones.
"There's something," he commented "Not a main communication
wave, though. A stray harmonic—and of a power beam, I think. They
must use plenty short waves!"
But he was searching the deadly monotony of the grid below him as
he spoke. Suddenly, he pointed. All the area below them to the
horizon was filled with geometric shapes of grids and squares. But
one space was different from the rest. Four squares were thrown into
one, there. And as the skid dived for a nearer view, that one square
was seen to be a deep, hollow shaft going down toward the very
vitals of this world. As Stan looked, though, it filled swiftly with
something rising from its depths. The lifting thing was a platform, and
things moved about on it.
"That's that!" said Stan hardly.
He shot the skid away in level flight at topmost speed, with the great
rolling machine following helplessly and ragingly on its zigzag course
below.
The horizon was dark, now, with the coming night. As Stan lifted for
the rocketlike trajectory that would take him back to the polar regions,
the white sun sank fiercely. There was a narrow space on which the
rays smote so slantingly that the least inequality of level was marked
by shadow. Gigantic sand dunes were outlined there. But beyond,
where the winds began, there was only featureless swirling dust.
Stan was very silent all the way back. Only, once, he said calmly,
"Our power units will soak up a pretty big charge in a short time. We
packed away some power before the fuse blew."
There was no comment for Esther to make. There was life on the
planet. It was life which knew of their existence and presence—and
had tried to kill them for the theft of some few megawatts of power. It
would not be easy to make terms with the life which held other life so
cheaply.
With the planet's only source of power now guarded, matters looked
less bright than before. But after they had reached the icecap, and
when they slanted down out of the airlessness to the spot which was
their home because their seeds had been planted there—as they
dived down for a landing, their real situation appeared.
There was a colossal object with many pairs of legs moving back and
forth over the little space where their food plants sprouted. In days,
those plants would have yielded food. They wouldn't yield food now.
Their garden was being trampled to nothingness by a multilegged
machine of a size comparable to the other machine which had
chased them on the grid. It was fifty feet high from ground to top, and
had a round, tanklike body all of twenty feet in diameter. Round
projections at one end looked like eyes. It moved on multiple legs
which trampled in orderly confusion. It stamped the growing plants to
pulped green stuff in the polar sand. It went over and over and over
the place where the food necessary for the humans' survival had
promised to grow. It stamped and stamped: It destroyed all hope of
food. And it destroyed all hope.
Because, as Stan drove the skid down to see the machine more
clearly, it stopped in its stamping. It swung about to face him, with a
curiously unmachinelike ferocity. As Stan veered, it turned also. When
he sped on over it and beyond, it wheeled and came galloping with
surprising speed after him.
Then they saw another machine. Two more. Three. They saw dark
specks here and there in the polar wastes, every one a machine like
the one which had tramped their food supply out of existence. And
every one changed course to parallel and approach the skid's line of
travel. If they landed, the machines would close in.
There was only so much power. The skid could not stay indefinitely
aloft. And anywhere that they landed—
But they did land. They had to. It was a thousand miles away, on the
dark side of the planet, in a waste of sand which looked frozen in the
starlight. The instant the skid touched ground, Stan made a warning
gesture and reached over to turn off Esther's suit-radio. He opened
his own face-plate and almost gasped at the chill of the midnight air.
With no clouds or water vapor to hinder it, the heat stored up by day
was radiated out to the awful chill of interstellar space at a rate which
brought below zero temperatures within hours of sundown. At the
winter pole of the planet, the air itself must come close to turning
liquid from the cold. But here, and now, Stan nodded in his helmet as
Esther opened her face-plate.
"No radio," he told her. "They'll hardly be able to find us in several
million square miles if we don't use radio. But now you get some
sleep. We're going to have a busy time, presently!"
Esther hesitated, and said desperately, "But—who are they? What
are they? Why do they want to kill us?"
"They're the local citizens," said Stan. "I was wrong, there are
inhabitants. I've no more idea what they may be like than you have.
But I suspect they want to kill us simply because we're strangers."
"But how could an intelligent race develop on a planet like this?"
demanded Esther unbelievingly. "How'd they stay alive while they
were developing?"
Stan shrugged his shoulders.
"Once you admit that a thing is so," he said dryly, "you can figure out
how it happened. This sun is a dwarf white star. That means that
once upon a time it exploded. It flared out into a nova. Maybe there
were other planets nearer to it than this, and they volatilized when
their sun blew up. Everything on this planet, certainly, was killed, and
for a long, long time after it was surely uninhabitable by any standard.
There's a dwarf star in the Crab Nebula which will melt iron four light-
hours away—land that was a nova twelve hundred years ago. It must
have been bad on this planet for a long time indeed.
"I'm guessing that when the first explosion came the inner planets
turned to gas and this one had all its seas and forests and all its
atmosphere simply blasted away to nothingness. Everything living on
its surface was killed. Even bacteria in the soil turned to steam and
went off into space. That would account for the absolute absence of
life here now."
"But—" said Esther.
"But," said Stan, "the people—call them people—who lived here were
civilized even then. They knew what was coming. If they hadn't
interstellar drive, flight would do them no good. They'd have nowhere
to go. So maybe they stayed. Underground. Maybe they dug
themselves caves and galleries five—ten—twenty miles down. Maybe
some of those galleries collapsed when the blow-up came, but some
of the people survived. They'd stayed underground for centuries.
They'd have to! It might be fifty thousand years they stayed
underground, while Khor Alpha blazed less and less fiercely, and they
waited until they could come up again.
"There was no air for a while up here. They had to fight to keep alive,
down in the planet's vitals. They made a new civilization, surrounded
by rock, with no more thought of stars. They'd be hard put to it for
power, too. They couldn't well use combustion, with a limited air
supply. They probably learned to transform heat to power direct. You
can take power—electricity—and make heat. Why not the other way
about? For maybe fifty thousand years, and maybe more, they had to
live without even thinking of the surface of their world. But as the
dwarf star cooled off, they needed its heat again."
He stopped. He seemed to listen intently. But there was no sound in
the icy night. There were only bright, unwinking stars and an infinity of
sand—and cold.
"So they dug up to the surface again," he went on. "Air had come
back, molecule by molecule from empty space, drawn by the same
gravitation that once had kept it from flying away. And the fused-solid
rock of the surface, baked by day and frozen by night, had cracked
and broken down to powder. When air came again and winds blew, it
was sand. The whole planet was desert. The people couldn't live on
the surface again. They probably didn't want to. But they needed
power. So they built that monster grid they're so jealous of."
"You mean," Esther demanded incredulously, "that's a generator?"
"A transformer," corrected Stan. "Solar heat to electricity. Back on
Earth the sun pours better than a kilowatt of energy on every square
yard of Earth's surface in the tropics—over three million kilowatts to
the square mile. This checkerboard arrangement is at least a hundred
and fifty by two hundred miles. The power's greater here, but, on
Earth, that would mean ninety thousand million kilowatts. More than a
hundred thousand million horsepower—more than the whole Earth
uses even now!
"If those big slabs convert solar radiation into power—and I charged
up the skid from one of them—there's a reason for the checkerboard,
and there's a reason for dumping the sand—it would hinder gathering
power—and there's a reason for getting upset when somebody
started to meddle with it. And they're upset! They'll have the
conservation of moisture down to a fine point, down below, but they
made those leggy machines to haul more water, from the poles.
When they set them all to hunting us, they're very much disturbed!
But luckily they'd never have worked out anything to fly with
underground and they're not likely to have done so since—
considering the storms and all."
There was a short silence. Then Esther said slowly, "It's—very
plausible, Stan. I believe it. And they'd have no idea of space travel,
so they'd have no idea of other intelligent races, and actually they'd
never think of castaways. They wouldn't understand, and they'd try to
kill us to study the problem we presented. That's their idea, no doubt.
And they've all the resources of a civilization that's old and scientific.
They'll apply them all to get us—and they won't even think of listening
to us! Stan! What can we do?"
Stan said amusedly, there in the still, frigid night of an unnamed
planet, "Why—we'll do plenty! We're barbarians by comparison with
them, Esther, and barbarians have equipment civilized men forget. All
savages have spears, but a civilized man doesn't even always carry a
pocketknife. If we can find the Erebus, we can probably defy this
whole planet—until they put their minds to developing weapons. But
right now you go to sleep. I'll watch."
Esther looked at him dubiously. Five days of sandstorms should have
buried the little yacht irrecoverably.
"If it's findable," she said. Then she added wistfully, "But it would be
nice to be on the Erebus again. It would feel so good to walk around
without a space suit! And—" she added firmly, "after all, Stan, we are
engaged! And if you think I like trying to figure out some way of
getting kissed through an opened face-plate—"
Stan said gruffly, "Go to sleep!"
He paced up and down and up and down. They were remarkably

unlike castaways in the space tale magazines. In those works of
fiction, the hero is always remarkably ingenious. He contrives shelters
from native growths on however alien a planet he and the heroine
may have been marooned; he is full of useful odd bits of information
which enable him to surprise her with unexpected luxuries, and he is
inspired when it comes to signaling devices. But in five days on this
planet, Stan had been able to make no use of any natural growth
because there weren't any. He'd found no small luxuries for Esther
because there was literally nothing about but sand. And there was
strikingly little use in a fund of odd bits of information when there was
only desert to apply it to—desert and sandstorms.
What he'd just told Esther was a guess; the best guess he could
make, and a plausible one, but still a guess. The only new bit of
information he'd picked up so far was the way the local inhabitants
made electric motors. And he had to bet his and Esther's life on that!
He watched the chrono. And a good half hour before night would
strike the checkerboard grid, he was verifying what few preparations
he could make. A little later he waked Esther. And just about twenty
minutes before the sunset line would reach the grid, they soared
upward to seek it. If Stan's plan didn't work, they'd die. He was going
to gamble their lives and the last morsel of power the skid's power
unit contained, on information gained in two peeps at slab-motors on
the grid, and the inference that all motors on this planet would be
made on the same principle. Of course, as a subsidiary gamble, he
had also to bet that he in an unarmed and wrecked space yacht could
defy a civilization that had lived since before Khor Alpha was a dwarf
star.
They soared out of atmosphere on a trajectory that saved power but
was weirdly unlike any normal way of traveling from one spot on a
planet's surface to another. Beneath them lay the vast expanse of the
desert, all dense, velvety black except for one blindingly bright area at
its western rim. That bright area widened as they neared it,
overtaking the day. Suddenly the rectangular edges of the grid shed
appeared, breaking the sharp edge of dusk.
The Erebus had grounded about fifty miles northward from the
planet's solitary structure. Stan turned on his suit-radio and listened
intently. There was no possible landmark. The dunes changed hourly
during the day and on no two days were ever the same. He skimmed

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2. The warning signs of personality disorders usually become evident in ________.

Answer: C) ego syntonic

Answer: C) ego syntonic

Answer: D) ego dystonic

Answer: D) ego dystonic

8. The DSM-5 groups personality disorders into ________ clusters.

9. The DSM-5 lists ________ individual personality disorders.

11. Which of the following is NOT a DSM-5 cluster A personality disorder?

13. Which of the following is NOT a DSM-5 cluster B personality disorder?

14. Which of the following is NOT a DSM-5 cluster B personality disorder?

16. Which of the following is NOT a DSM-5 cluster C personality disorder?

17. Which of the following is NOT a DSM-5 cluster C personality disorder?

19. The defining trait of ________ personality disorder is pervasive suspiciousness.

Answer: C) unlikely; men than women

Answer: B) 2.3% to 4.4%

23. Social isolation is the cardinal feature of ________ personality disorder.

25. Those with schizoid personality disorder usually ________.

Answer: C) show little or no emotion

Answer: B) ideas of reference

30. Schizotypal personality disorder usually becomes evident in ________.

Answer: C) early adulthood

34. The eccentricity associated with schizoid personality is ________.

Answer: A) limited to a lack of interest in social relationships

35. The eccentricity associated with personality is ________.

37. Schizotypal personality disorder may actually be a mild form of ________.

Answer: A) Relatively few

42. A cardinal feature of ________ personality disorder is lack of remorse.

Answer: D) rising; rising

Answer: C) overactive prefrontal cortexes

Answer: C) all good or all bad

Answer: D) neurotic and psychotic

64. Instability of moods is a central characteristic of ________ personality disorder.

Answer: D) childhood sexual abuse

Answer: C) rarely experiences boredom

Answer: D) seeks out new adventures

69. According to the psychodynamic perspective, borderline personalities ________.

80. Which of the following is NOT true of narcissistic personalities?

Answer: A) They are virtually invulnerable to criticism.

87. Avoidant personality disorder is ________ as common in men as in women.

Answer: C) social anxiety disorder

Answer: D) obsessive-compulsive disorder

101. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is ________ as common in men as in women.

Answer: D) obsessive-compulsive personality

104. People with obsessive-compulsive disorder are preoccupied with _________.

106. There are personality disorders for ________.

Answer: C) stereotypically feminine but not stereotypically masculine behaviour

Answer: D) family system

111. Each of the following statements is true EXCEPT ________.

Answer: B) Oedipus complex

Answer: D) failure to resolve the Oedipus/Electra complex