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stays only for a few days, and none of the Indians of that quarter with
whom I conversed had seen its nests; but I have reason to believe,
that it retires in the breeding season to the rugged and secluded
mountain-limestone districts, in the sixty-seventh and sixty-eighth
parallels, where it feeds on the fruit of the common juniper, which
abounds in those places.” In a note, he further states:—“I observed a
large flock, consisting of at least three or four hundred individuals, on
the banks of the Saskatchewan at Carlton House, early in May 1827.
They alighted in a grove of poplars, settling all on one or two trees,
and making a loud twittering noise. They stayed only about one hour
in the morning, and were too shy to allow me to approach within
gunshot.”
I am informed by Dr Townsend, who has spent about four years in
the Columbia River district and on the Rocky Mountains, that he did
not observe there a single bird of this species. In the autumn of
1832, whilst rambling near Boston, my sons saw a pair, which they
pursued more than an hour, but without success. The most southern
locality in which I have known it to be procured, is the neighbourhood
of Philadelphia, where, as well as on Long Island, several were shot
in 1830 and 1832. The specimens from which I made the figures of
the male and female represented in the plate, were given to me by
my friend Thomas M’Culloch of Pictou, in Nova Scotia, who
procured several others in the winter of 1834. The following account
of the affection displayed by one towards its companion, with which
he has also favoured me, will be found highly interesting.
“During the winter of 1834, many species of the northern birds were
more than usually abundant in the province of Nova Scotia, being
driven, no doubt, from their customary places of resort by the cold
which was very intense at the commencement of the season. Large
flocks of the Loxia Enucleator appeared in every part of the country,
while the Fringilla Linaria, of which we had not seen a single
specimen for upwards of two years, could be shot at almost any hour
of the day, in the streets of Pictou; and we were often told of birds
being seen, which from the description we could not recognise as
belonging to any species with which we were already acquainted.
The first day of the year having proved uncommonly mild, I went out,
accompanied by my father, with the expectation of obtaining
something new for our collection of birds. We had scarcely left our
own door when we observed a small flock alight in a thicket of
evergreens a short distance from where we stood. Thinking they
were Pine Grosbeaks, we directed the man who was with us to push
on and obtain a shot. He did so, and we just arrived in time to pick
up a pair of birds which he had killed. One glance was sufficient to
shew us that they were not what we had supposed, but a species we
had never previously seen or heard of as visiting that portion of the
Continent. You, my dear Sir, have often enjoyed such moments, and
therefore can easily conceive the intense delight with which we
surveyed our prize, and how anxiously we watched the progress of
the remainder, as they flew to an adjoining thicket, where one
immediately disappeared, while the other took its station on the top
of a spruce, from which its simple tze tze tze was uttered with the
greatest vehemence, as if calling on its companions to hasten from
the danger which it had recently escaped. Seeing the bird so very
watchful, we made a small circuit with the view of diverting its
attention, and at the same time of looking for the one by which it was
accompanied, as I conceived it to be severely wounded, from the
apparent difficulty of its flight. After a careful examination of the bush
we at length observed it upon a low twig, and from its inattention to
the calls of its mate, and the cowering position in which it sat, I
concluded that it was unable to make another attempt to escape.
Giving it an occasional glance, we turned towards the other, which
still retained its former station on the top of the spruce, though its
uneasiness seemed to increase at every step. While the man was
cautiously working his way through the thick alder, in order to get
within shot, I carefully examined the bird, which certainly presented a
very interesting object. It stood almost as upright as the top on which
it was perched, its height being much increased by its long and
graceful crest being quite erect, while at the same time its wings
were kept in a constant jerking motion, as if in readiness to remove
at a moment’s notice. Independent of the mere beauty of the bird,
there was something deeply interesting in the anxiety for the safety
of its mate, so touchingly displayed by the force and rapidity of its
simple but affectionate warning. The motion of the alders frightened
the bird, and I had the mortification of seeing it rise in the air, as if
about to commence a lofty and long-continued flight. Unwilling to
give it up, I watched its progress with longing eyes, but at last, when
about turning away in despair, it suddenly wheeled about, dashed by
with great velocity, gently brushed its companion, and thus by
dispelling its stupor induced it to make another effort to escape the
danger which threatened its destruction. Though surprised and
delighted with this singular display of fidelity and affection, I felt not a
little disappointed to see them both about to elude our grasp. The
weakness of the wounded bird, however, soon induced it to seek
concealment in another thicket, while the other, still faithful to a friend
in distress, alighted as formerly on a spruce top, whence it could
both see and warn it of approaching danger. As we again drew near,
its anxiety seemed to be redoubled, while its notes were uttered with
corresponding quickness and energy; but before we could get within
reach, it again launched into the air, and made off, calling on the
other to follow with all possible speed. After flying for some time, and
finding itself unattended, it again returned and alighted on a top near
the one it had just left. The opportunity was too good to be lost, and
notwithstanding our admiration of this additional instance of its
fidelity, we shot it down, affection for its species being the occasion
of its ruin. These, my dear Sir, are all the observations I was enabled
to make upon these interesting birds, during the short and only time
they ever came under my notice. From the man I learned that before
the first shot they were quite mute, and unsuspicious of danger.
Some days after these were obtained, a single one was observed by
my father repeatedly to come and sit for a considerable time on
some willows at the bottom of our garden, but not being accustomed
to the use of a gun, he did not procure it. Whether this was the
wounded one or not, we could not tell, but from the affection of the
bird for its kind, we thought that possibly it might be that one in
search of its lost companions.”
Ampelis garrulus, Linn. Syst. Nat. vol. i. p. 297.—Lath. Ind. Ornith. vol. i. p.
363.
Bombycilla garrula, Ch. Bonap. Amer. Ornith. vol. iii. pl. 16, fig. 2.—
Synopsis of Birds of United States, p. 438.
Bombycilla garrula, Richards. and Swains. Fauna Bor.-Americana, vol. ii.
p. 237.
European Waxen-chatterer, Nuttall, Manual, vol. ii. p. 579.
I found this species quite common on the islands near the entrance
of the Bay of Fundy, which I visited early in May 1833. They were
then journeying northwards, although many pass the whole year in
the northern parts of the State of Maine, and the British provinces of
New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, where, however, they seem to
have been overlooked, or confounded with our Common American
Crossbill. Those which I met with on the islands mentioned above
were observed on their margins, some having alighted on the bare
rocks, and all those which were alarmed immediately took to wing,
rose to a moderate height, and flew directly eastward. On my
passage across the Gulf of St Laurence to Labrador, in the same
month, about a dozen White-winged Crossbills, and as many Mealy
Redpolls, one day alighted on the top-yards of the Ripley; but before
we could bring our guns from below, they all left us, and flew ahead
of the vessel, as if intent on pointing out to us the place to which we
were bound. On the 30th of June, a beautiful male was shot, on a
bunch of grass growing out of the fissure of a rock, on a small island
a few miles from the coast of Labrador; and on the 23d of July, my
young friend Dr George Shattuck, procured a fine adult female on
the Murre Islands, whilst she was feeding among the scanty
herbage.
Within the limits of the United States, I have obtained some during
winter along the hilly shores of the Schuylkill River in Pennsylvania;
also in New Jersey, and in one instance in Maryland, a few miles
from Baltimore, beyond which southward I have never met with this
species, nor have I heard of any having been seen there. According
to Dr Townsend, who resided about four years on the Columbia
River, none are met with in that region. As it appears that individuals
accidentally visit Europe, I am led to think that the true summer
haunts of this species are as yet not better known than those of the
Bohemian Chatterer and Common Crossbill. The latter has been
shot in winter by my son John Woodhouse, within a few miles of
Charleston in South Carolina, where several were seen, and the
specimen he procured there is now in the collection of my friend the
Reverend John Bachman.
The southward migration of this Crossbill, as well as of the other, is
extremely irregular. Being evidently hardy birds, they appear to
prefer northern to temperate climates, and to shift their station only
during the most severe cold. The comparatively small number that
spend the year in Maine and the British Provinces adjoining, may be
forced to do so by wounds or other accidents, as in general I have
found them moving toward the north as soon as the chill blasts of
winter were tempered by the warmer rays of the vernal sun.
The habits of the White-winged Crossbill are in general similar to
those of our common species. Its flight is well sustained and
undulated; it is easily approached, is fond of saline substances, uses
its bill and feet in the manner of Parrots, and procures its food from
the cones of pines. Its song is at times mellow and agreeable, and in
captivity it becomes gentle and familiar.
Mr Hutchins says that this species reaches Hudson’s Bay in the
month of March, and breeds in May, forming a nest of grass, mud,
and feathers, about midway up pine trees, and laying five white
eggs, marked with yellowish spots. The young are abroad in the end
of June, and the species remains in that country until the latter part
of November. Dr Richardson states that it “inhabits the dense white
spruce forests of the Fur Countries, feeding principally on the seeds
of cones. It ranges through the whole breadth of the continent, and
probably up to the sixty-eighth parallel, where the woods terminate,
though it was not observed by us higher than the sixty-second. It is
mostly seen on the upper branches of the trees, and, when
wounded, clings so fast, that it will remain suspended after death. In
September it collects in small flocks, which fly from tree to tree,
making a chattering noise; and in the depth of winter it retires from
the coast to the thick woods of the interior.”
The trachea is 1 inch 9 twelfths long, 1 1/2 twelfth broad at the upper
part, gradually diminishing to 1 twelfth; its rings firm, and about 75 in
number. The inferior laryngeal muscles are large. The bronchi are
formed of about 15 half-rings.
The twigs represented in the plate are those of a species of Alder
common in Newfoundland.
LAPLAND LONGSPUR.
Fringilla lapponica, Linn. Syst. Nat. vol. i. p. 317.—Lath. Ind. Ornith. vol. i.
p. 440.
Lapland Longspur, Emberiza lapponica, Ch. Bonaparte. Amer. Ornith. vol.
i. p. 53, pl. 13, fig. 2, Male, fig. 3, Female.
Emberiza lapponica, Ch. Bonaparte, Synopsis, p. 440.
Emberiza (Plectrophanes) lapponica, Lapland Buntling, Richards. and
Swains. Fauna Bor.-Amer. vol. ii. p. 248.
Lapland Longspur, Nuttall, Manual, vol. i. p. 463.
The figures of the adult female of this superb Falcon now before you
were taken from the bird described by Mr John Heppenstall, at
page 554 of the second volume of this work. It was kept by him
upwards of six years; and it was his intention to have sent it to me
alive from Sheffield; but it died of an affection of the œsophagus,
which had for some days rendered it unable to swallow its food. My
kind and most worthy friend, however, sent it to me immediately, so
that after having received it in good condition, I was enabled not only
to make it the subject of the present plate, and to take accurate
measurements of all its parts, but also to institute a comparison
between it and one of the specimens obtained in Labrador, which,
with its consort, is represented in Plate CXCVI.
In all essential respects it agrees with the Labrador bird. The festoon
on the edge of the lower mandible is however more prominent, and
on the other hand, the tooth which is prominent in the young bird
from Labrador, is in the old Iceland bird broken off and worn on both
sides. In like manner, several of the claws, which are larger and
stronger in this individual, are worn and blunted. These are the
accidents of domestication or long use, and shew that no
dependence can be placed on the prominence of either the festoon
or the tooth of the bill as indicating a difference of species. The tarsi,
toes, their scales and scutella, are the same as in the Labrador
specimen. The wing, however, is more pointed, although the feathers
are of the same form; but this arises from the first quill of the
Labrador bird not having completed its growth, as both it and some
of the other quills are still sheathed at the base. In Mr
Heppenstall’s bird the second quill is longest, the third very little
shorter, and the first nearly as long, and three quarters of an inch
longer than the fourth. The tail is slightly rounded, as in the Labrador
bird, the lateral feathers being three quarters of an inch shorter than
the longest, and the feathers are similarly though less distinctly
pointed, they having been considerably worn. The plumage is
compact, and the feathers are of the same form in both birds, but
those of the head are a little broader in the Iceland bird. On the
whole, however, no differences are observable beyond what might
be expected between a young and an old individual of the same
species. The colouring of the Iceland bird, however, is very different.
The bill is very pale blue, the extremity of the upper mandible black,
that of the lower yellowish; the eyes greyish-black; the cere,
superciliary ridge, edges of eyelids, tarsi and toes, pale yellow; the
eyelids pale blue; the claws black. The plumage is pure white, but all
the feathers of the back and rump, the scapulars, the wing-coverts,
and the secondary quills, have near their extremity a brownish-black
spot, generally arrow-shaped. The anterior feathers of the back
have, moreover, a black streak on the shaft, which on those farther
back becomes larger and lanceolate, and on the rump is
accompanied by a third spot; the larger coverts and secondary quills
have also three or more spots, and the primary quills have seven
spots or partial bars toward their extremity, besides a large
subterminal black space, their tips however being white. On the inner
margin of the two middle tail-feathers are eight, and on the outer four
dusky spots, and their shafts are also dusky, as are those of all the