ch18 Soln

18
Two-Port Circuits
Assessment Problems
AP 18.1 With port 2 short-circuited, we have
V1 V1 I1 −20

I1 = + ; = y11 = 0.25 S; I2 = I1 = −0.8I1 .
20 5 V1 25
When V2 = 0, we have I1 = y11 V1 and I2 = y21 V1 .
Therefore I2 = −0.8(y11 V1 ) = −0.8y11 V1 .
Thus y21 = −0.8y11 = −0.2 S.
With port 1 short-circuited, we have
V2 V2 I2 4

I2 = + ; = y22 = S;
15 5 V2 15
−15

I1 = I2 = −0.75I2 = −0.75y22 V2 .
20
4
Therefore y12 = (−0.75) = −0.2 S.
15
18–1
18–2 CHAPTER 18. Two-Port Circuits
AP 18.2
I1 1 1

g11 = = + = 0.1 S;
V1 I2 =0 20 20
V2 (15/20)V1

g21 = = = 0.75;
V1 I2 =0 V1
I1 (−15/20)I2

g12 = = = −0.75;
I2 V1 =0 I2
V2 75

g22 = = 15k5 = = 3.75 Ω.
I2 V1 =0 20
V1

h11 = = 20k5 = 4 Ω;
I1 V2 =0
I2 (−20/25)I1

h21 = = = −0.8;
I1 V2 =0 I1
V1 (20/25)V2

h12 = = = 0.8;
V2 I1 =0 V2
I2 1 1 8

h22 = = + = S.
V2 I1 =0 15 25 75
AP 18.3
I1 5 × 10−6
g11 = = = 0.1 mS;
V1 I2 =0 50 × 10−3
V2 200 × 10−3
g21 = = = 4;
V1 I2 =0 50 × 10−3
I1 2 × 10−6
g12 = = = 4;
I2 V1 =0 0.5 × 10−6
V2 10 × 10−3
g22 = = = 20 kΩ.
I2 V1 =0 0.5 × 10−6
AP 18.4 First calculate the b-parameters:
V2 15 I2 30
b11 = = = 1.5 Ω; b21 = = = 3 S;
V1 I1 =0 10 V1 I1 =0 10
Problems 18–3
−V2 −10 −I2 −4

b12 = = = 2 Ω; b22 = = = 0.8.
I1 V1 =0 −5 I1 V1 =0 −5
Now the z-parameters are calculated:
b22 0.8 4 1 1
z11 = = = Ω; z12 = = Ω;
b21 3 15 b21 3
∆b (1.5)(0.8) − 6 b11 1.5 1

z21 = = = −1.6 Ω; z22 = = = Ω.
b21 3 b21 3 2
AP 18.5
z11 = z22 , z12 = z21 , 95 = z11 (5) + z12 (0).
Therefore, z11 = z22 = 95/5 = 19 Ω.
11.52 = 19I1 − z12 (2.72);
0 = z12 I1 − 19(2.72).
Solving these simultaneous equations for z12 yields the quadratic equation
72 6137

2
z12 + z12 − = 0.
17 17
For a purely resistive network, it follows that z12 = z21 = 17 Ω.

−Vg
AP 18.6 [a] I2 =
a11 ZL + a12 + a21 Zg ZL + a22 Zg
−50 × 10−3
=
(5 × 10−4 )(5 × 103 ) + 10 + (10−6 )(100)(5 × 103 ) + (−3 × 10−2 )(100)
−50 × 10−3
= = −5 mA.
10
1
PL = (5 × 10−3 )2 (5 × 103 ) = 62.5 mW.
2
a12 + a22 Zg 10 + (−3 × 10−2 )(100)
[b] ZTh = =
a11 + a21 Zg 5 × 10−4 + (10−6 )(100)
7 70
= −4
= kΩ.
6 × 10 6
Vg 50 × 10−3 500
[c] VTh = = = V;
a11 + a21 Zg 6 × 10−4 6
250 (1/2)(250/6)2
Therefore V2 = V; Pmax = = 74.4 mW.
6 (70/6) × 103
AP 18.7 [a] For the given bridged-tee circuit, we have

1
a011 = a022 = 1.25, a021 = S, a012 = 11.25 Ω.
20
The a-parameters of the cascaded networks are
a11 = (1.25)2 + (11.25)(0.05) = 2.125;
a12 = (1.25)(11.25) + (11.25)(1.25) = 28.125 Ω;
a21 = (0.05)(1.25) + (1.25)(0.05) = 0.125 S;
a22 = a11 = 2.125, RTh = (45.125/3.125) = 14.44 Ω.

100
[b] Vt = = 32 V; therefore V2 = 16 V.
3.125
162
[c] P = = 17.73 W.
14.44
Problems 18–5
Problems
V1

P 18.1 h11 = = 20k5 = 4 Ω;
I1 V2 =0
I2 (−20/25)I1

h21 = = = −0.8;
I1 V2 =0 I1
V1 (20/25)V2

h12 = = = 0.8;
V2 I1 =0 V2
I2 1 1 8

h22 = = + = S.
V2 I1 =0 15 25 75
I1 1 1

g11 = = + = 0.1 S;
V1 I2 =0 20 20
V2 (15/20)V1

g21 = = = 0.75;
V1 I2 =0 V1
I1 (−15/20)I2

g12 = = = −0.75;
I2 V1 =0 I2
V2 75

g22 = = 15k5 = = 3.75 Ω.
I2 V1 =0 20
P 18.2
I1 I2
Y11 = Y21 =
V1 V2 =0 V1 V2 =0
I1 I2
Y12 = Y22 =
V2 V1 =0 V2 V1 =0
Case (i) O/P port is short ckted i.e., V2 = 0

15 × 6
Req = 2 + = 6.286 Ω
21
V1 = I1 × Req = I1 × 6.286
I1 1
Y11 = = = 0.159
V1 V2 =0 6.286
I1 = 0.159 × V1
I1 × 15
I2 = − = −I1 (0.714) = −0.714(0.159 × V1 )
15 + 6
I2
Y21 = = −0.114
V1 V2 =0
Case (ii) Input port is short circuited i.e., V1 = 0
15 × 2
Req = 6 + = 7.765 Ω
17
Problems 18–7
V2 = I2 (7.765)
I2 1
=
V2 7.765
I2
Y22 = = 0.129
V2 V1 =0
I2 = 0.129 V2
15
I1 = −I2 × = −I2 (0.882)
17
I1 = −(0.882)(0.129V2 )
I1
Y12 = = −0.114
V2 V1 =0
   
 Y11 Y12   0.159 −0.114 
  = 
Y21 Y22 −0.114 0.129
P 18.3 y11 = 0.159, y12 = −0.114
y21 = −0.114, y22 = 0.129
∆y = y11 y22 − y12 y21
= 0.0205 − 0.01299
= 7.51 × 10−3
y22
z11 = = 17.18 Ω
∆y
−y12
z12 = = 15.18 Ω
∆y
−y21
z21 = = 15.18 Ω
∆y
y11
z22 = = 21.17 Ω
∆y
   
 z11 z12  17.18 15.18 
  =
 
z21 z22 15.18 21.17
P 18.4 Z-parameter
→ first convert ∆ to y transform
10 × 6
Ra = = 2.857 Ω
10 + 5 + 6
10 × 5
Rb = = 2.38 Ω
10 + 5 + 6
6×5
Rc = = 1.4285 Ω
10 + 5 + 6
→ The circuit reduces to

Problems 18–9
To find Z11 and Z21 , the o/p terminals are open circuited and i/p terminal is
connected to V1 .
2.38I1 + 22.857I1 = V1
V1 = 25.237I1
V1
Z11 = = 25.237 Ω
I1 I2 =0
Applying KCL to the right mesh
−V2 + 22.857I1 = 0
V2 = 22.857I1
V2
Z21 = = 22.857 Ω
I1
b22 b21
P 18.5 a11 = a21 =
∆b ∆b
b12 b11
a12 = a22 =
∆b ∆b
V1 I1
∆b = b11 b22 − b12 b21 a11 = , a21 =
V2 I2 =0 V2 I2 =0
V1 = a11 V2 − a12 I2
V1 I1
I1 = a21 V2 − a22 I2 a12 = − , a22 =
I2 V2 =0 I2 V2 =0
20k10 = 6.67Ω
10k5 = 3.33Ω
V1
I1 = , I1 = 0.1V1 , I2 = Ib − Ia
10
20 10
Ia = I1 × = Ia = I1 (2/3), Ib = I1 ×
30 30
I1 2I1 1 2

I2 = − = − I1
3 3 3 3
1 1
I2 = − I1 I2 = − (0.1V1 )
3 3
V1 3 V1 I1 1
=− a12 = = 30Ω a22 = =
I2 0.1 I2 I2 3
V1 I1
a11 = , a21 =
V2 I2 =0 V2 I2 =0
10 10
V1 = Va − Vb , Vb = V2 , Va = V2
30 15
10 2 1

V1 = − V2 = − V2
3 3 3
V1 1
a11 = =−
V2 3
V1 = (10 + 5)k(20 + 10) × I1 = 10I1
1 I1 1
− V2 = 10I1 a21 = =− s
3 V2 30
Problems 18–11
P 18.6
10k90
Vx = V2 = 0.474 V2
20 + 10k90
70
V1 = Vx = 0.34 V2
70 + 20
h12 = 0.34 V2
   
 h11 h12   18.42 0.34 
  = 
h21 h22 −0.44 66.9
∆h 1.232 k
Z11 = = = 18.42 Ω
h22 66.9
h12
Z12 = = 5.082 × 10−3
h22
−h12
Z21 = = 6.577 × 10−3
h22
1
Z22 = = 14.95 × 10−3
h12
   
 Z11 Z12   18.42 5.082 × 10−3 
  = 
Z21 Z22 6.577 × 10−3 14.95 × 10−3
P 18.7
Given h11 = 6 Ω h12 = 0.5 h21 = −0.5 h22 = 0.10 s
V1 R1 R2
h11 = = R1 kR2 = 6 Ω .· . = 6Ω
I1 V2 =0 R1 + R2
I2 −R2
h21 = = = −0.5
I1 V2 =0 R1 + R2
R2
.· . R2 = 0.5R1 + 0.5R2 so R1 =
6
Substituting,
(R2 /6)R2
= 6 so R2 = 42 Ω and R1 = 7 Ω
(R2 /6) + R2
I2 1 1
h22 = = = = 0.10
V2 I1 =0 R3 k(R1 + R2 ) R3 k49
.· . R3 = 12.56 Ω
R1 = 7 Ω; R2 = 42 Ω; R3 = 12.56 Ω
P 18.8
V1 = 0
v1
h12 = =0
v2 I1 =0
At Vn
vn vn − v0
+ =0
600 1500
But vn = vp = 0 so v0 = 0;
1V
.· . I2 = = 3.33 mS
300
I2 3.33 m
h22 = = = 3.33 mS
v2 I1 =0 1
For V2 = 0:
Problems 18–13
V1 = (500 + 1500)I1
V1
h11 = = 2 kΩ
I1 V2 =0
Vp = 1500(1 A) = 1500 V = Vn
At Vn ,
1500 1200 − Vo
+ =0
600 1500
1500 1200 Vo
+ =
600 1500 1500
Vo 25 + 8 33
= =
1500 10 10
Vo = 4950 V
3600
.· . I2 = −
300
.· . I2 = −12 A
I2 −12
h21 = = = −12
I1 1
   
 h11 h12   2000 0
=

  
−3
h21 h22 −12 3.33 × 10
∆h = 2 × 3.33 − 0 = 6.66
h22
g11 = = 0.5 m
∆h
−h12
g12 = =0
∆h
−h21
g21 = = 1.80
∆h
h11
g22 = = 300.3
∆h
P 18.9 g-paramerter
g22 −g12 −g21 g11

h11 = , h12 = , h21 = , h22 =
∆g ∆g ∆g ∆g
I1 I1
g11 = S g12 =
V1 I2 =0 I2 V2 =0
V2 V2
g21 = g22 = Ω
V1 I2 =0 I2 V1 =0
Case(i): I2 = 0
37I1 − 35I2 = 1 → (1)
−35I1 + 245I2 − 15(35)(I1 − I2 ) = 0
−560I1 + 770I2 = 0 → (2)
Solving equation (1) & (2), we get
I1 = 86.66 mA; I2 = 62.9 mA
V2 = 60I2 − 15(35)(I1 − I2 ) = −8.7 V
I1 86.66
g11 = = = 80 mS
V1 I2 =0 1
Problems 18–15
V2 −8.7
g21 = = = −8.7
V1 I2 =0 1
Case(ii): For V1 = 0 & connecting current source at O/P
37I1 − 35I2 = 0 → (1)
−35I1 + 245I2 + 60 − 15(35)(I1 − I2 ) = 0
−560I1 + 770I2 = −50 (2)
Solving for (1) and (2), we get
I1 = −196.8 mA I2 = −208 mA
V2 = 60(I2 + 1) − 15(35)(I1 − I2 ) = 41.6 V
I1 −196.8 m
g12 = = = −0.1
I2 V1 =0 1
V2 41.6
g22 = = = 41.6 Ω
I2 V1 =0 1
Summary
g11 = 86.66 mS ; g12 = −0.1 ; g21 = −8.7 ; g22 = 41.6 Ω
P 18.10
V1
h11 =
I1 V2 =0
V1
h12 =
V2 I1 =0
I2
h21 =
I1 V2 =0
I2
h22 =
V2 I1 =0
Case (i) ouput port short circuited, i.e., V2 = 0
V1 = 500(I1 )
V1
h11 = = 500 Ω
I1 V2 =0
I2 = 100(I1 )
I2
h21 = = 100 Ω
I1 V2 =0
Case (ii) open circuit the input port, i.e., I1 = 0
V2 = 500 k(I2 )
Problems 18–17
I2 1
h22 = = = 2µ
V2 500k
V1 = 10−5 V2
V1
h12 = = 10−5
V2
   
−5
 h11 h12  500 10
  =



h21 h22 100 2µ
P 18.11 h11 = 500, h21 = 100

h12 = 10−5 , h22 = 2 µ
1 1
b11 = = −5 = 105
h12 10
h11 500
b12 = = −5 = 50 × 106
h12 10
h22 2 × 10−6
b21 = = = 0.2
h12 10−5
∆h 0
b22 = = −5 = 0
h12 10
∆h = h11 h22 − h21 h12
= 500 × 10−6 − 100 × 10−5
= 10−5 [500 × 0.2 − 100]

   
5 6
 b11 b12  10 50 × 10 
  =
 
b21 b22 0.2 0
P 18.12 h11 = 15.18 Ω, h12 = 36.49 m, h21 = 3.175, h22 = 31.63 m

Case(i): short circuit the O/P terminal (V2 = 0)
100 1
Ia = I2 = I2 = −I2 ; .· . I2 = 0
500 5
I2
h21 = =0
I1 V2 =0
V1
V1 = (20 + j10)I1 .· . h11 = = 20 + j10 Ω
I1 V2 =0
Case(ii): For I1 = 0:
V2 V2 − 100I2
V1 = 100I2 → (1) I2 = +
−j50 500
500I2 = j10I2 + V2 − 100I2
600I2 = (j10 + 1)V2
1 + j10

100I2 = V2 = (0.166 + j1.66)V2
6
From equation (1)
V1 = (0.166 + j1.66)V2
V1
h12 = = 0.166 + j1.66
V2 I1 =0
I2 1 + j10
h22 = = = 1.6 + j16.6 mS
V2 I1 =0 600
Problems 18–19
Summary:
h11 = 20 + j10 Ω; h12 = 0.16 + j1.66; h21 = 0; h22 = 1.6 + j16.6 mS
h22 −h12 −h21 h11

g11 = , g12 = , g21 = , g22 =
∆h ∆h ∆h ∆h
g11 = (40 − j19) m, g12 = (4 − j2) m, g21 = 0, g22 = (5.53 − j59.6) m
P 18.13 I1 = g11 V1 + g12 I2 ; V2 = g21 V1 + g22 I2 ;
I1 0.25 × 10−6
g11 = = = 12.5 × 10−6 = 12.5 µS;
V1 I2 =0 20 × 10−3
V2 −5
g21 = = × 103 = −250;
V1 I2 =0 20
0 = −250(10) + g22 (50 × 10−6 );
2500
g22 = = 50 MΩ;
50 × 10−6
200 × 10−6 = 12.5 × 10−6 (10) + g12 (50 × 10−6 )
(200 − 125)10−6 = g12 (50 × 10−6 ; )
75
g12 = = 1.5.
50
P 18.14 [a] I1 = y11 V1 + y12 V2 ; I2 = y21 V1 + y22 V2 ;

I2 50 × 10−6
y21 = = = 5 µS;
V1 V2 =0 10
0 = y21 (20 × 10−3 ) + y22 (−5);
1
.· . y22 = y21 (20 × 10−3 ) = 20 nS
5
200 × 10−6 = y11 (10) so y11 = 20 µS.
0.25 × 10−6 = 20 × 10−6 (20 × 10−3 ) + y12 (−5);
0.25 × 10−6 − 0.4 × 10−6
y12 = = 30 nS.
−5
Summary:
y11 = 20 µS; y12 = 30 nS; y21 = 5 µS; y22 = 20 nS.
∆g g12 −g21 1
[b] y11 = ; y12 = ; y21 = ; y22 = ;
g22 g22 g22 g22
∆g = g11 g22 − g12 g21 = (12.5 × 10−6 )(50 × 106 ) − 1.5(−250)
= 625 + 375 = 1000;

1000 250
y11 = = 20 µS; y21 = = 5 µS;
50 × 106 5 × 106
1.5 1
y12 = = 30 nS; y22 = = 20 nS.
50 × 106 5 × 106
These values are the same as those in part (a).
P 18.15 I1 = g11 V1 + g12 I2 ;
V2 = g21 V1 + g22 I2 ;
I1 g12 V2 g21
V1 = − I2 and I2 = − V1 .
g11 g11 g22 g22
Substituting,
" #
I1 g12 V2 g21
V1 = − − V1 ;
g11 g11 g22 g22
!
g12 g21 I1 g12
V1 = 1 − = − V2 ;
g11 g22 g11 g11 g22
g22 g12
V1 = I1 − V2 ;
g11 g22 − g12 g21 g11 g22 − g12 g21
V1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2 .
Therefore,
g22 −g12
h11 = ; h12 = where ∆g = g11 g22 − g12 g21 .
∆g ∆g
" #
V2 g21 I1 g12
I2 = − − I2 ;
g22 g22 g11 g11
!
g12 g21 V2 g21
I2 = 1 − = − I1 ;
g11 g22 g22 g11 g22
Problems 18–21
g11 g21
I2 = V2 − I1 ;
∆g ∆g
I2 = h21 I1 + h22 V2 .
Therefore,
−g21 g11
h21 = ; h22 = .
∆g ∆g
P 18.16 V1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2 ; I2 = h21 I1 + h22 V2 .

Rearranging the first equation,
1 h11
V2 = V1 − I1 ;
h12 h12
V2 = b11 V1 − b12 I1 .
Therefore,
1 h11
b11 = ; b12 = .
h11 h12
Solving the second h-parameter equation for I2 :

!
1 h11
I2 = h21 I1 + h22 V1 − I1
h12 h12
!
h22 h11 h22
= I1 h21 − + V1
h12 h12
−∆h h22
= I1 + V1 ;
h12 h12
I2 = b21 V1 − b22 I1 .
Therefore,
h22 ∆h
b21 = ; b22 = where ∆h = h11 h22 − h12 h21 .
h12 h12
P 18.17 I1 = g11 V1 + g12 I2 ; V2 = g21 V1 + g22 I2 ;
V1 = z11 I1 + z12 I2 ; V2 = z21 I1 + z22 I2 ;
V1 z12
I1 = − I2 ;
z11 z11
1 −z12
.·. g11 = ; g12 = .
z11 z11
V1 z12 z21 z11 z22 − z12 z21

V2 = z21 − I2 + z22 I2 = V1 + I2 ;
z11 z11 z11 z11
z21 ∆z
.·. g21 = ; g22 = .
z11 z11
P 18.18
V1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2
I2 = h21 I1 + h22 V2
Case(i): V2 = 0 by shrot circuit o/p port
apply KVL to the loop 1
V1 = I1/s + 20(I1 + I2 )
V1 = (20 + 1/s)I1 + 20I2 → (1)
apply KVL to the loop 2
0.5s + 20(I1 + I2 ) = 0
Problems 18–23
(0.5s + 20)I1 + 20I2 = 0
−(0.5s + 20)I1
.·. I2 =
20
I2
h21 = = −(0.025s + 1)
I1
1
V1 = (20 + 1/s))I1 − (0.025s + 1)I1 = I1 [20 − − 0.025s − 1]
s
V1 [19s − 1 − 0.025s2 ]
h11 = =
I1 s
−0.025s2 + 19s − 1
h11 =
s
Case(ii): V1 = 0, open circuit the input port
V2 = (20 + 0.5s)I2
V2
h22 = = (0.5s + 20) Ω
I2
V1 = 20I2
20I2 20
h12 = =
(0.5s + 20)I2 0.5s + 20
−0.025s2 + 19s − 1
 
 
20
 h11 h12  
s 0.5s + 20 

 =
 
h21 h22 −(0.025s + 1) 0.5s + 20
P 18.19 I1 = y11 V1 + y12 V2 ; I2 = y21 V1 + y22 V2

Since the circuit is symmetric and reciprocal, y11 = y22 and y12 = y21 .
V1 V1
I1 = +
(1/s) s + (s/s + 1)
I1 s+1 s3 + 2s2 + s + 1
=s+ 2 =
V1 s + 2s s(s + 2)
s3 + 2s2 + s + 1
y11 = y22 =
s(s + 2)
V1 (s + 1) 1 V1
Ia = V1 s; Ib = · =
s(s + 2) (s + 1) s(s + 2)
" #
V1
I2 = −(Ia + Ib ) = − V1 s +
s(s + 2)
s3 + 2s2 + 1
" #
I2 1
=− s+ =−
V1 s(s + 2) s(s + 2)
s3 + 2s2 + 1
y12 = y21 = −
s(s + 2)
P 18.20 [a]
Problems 18–25
V2 V2
b12 = − b11 = −
I1 V1 =0 I1 I1 =0
I2 I2
b12 = − b21 = −
I1 V1 =0 V1 I1 =0
V2 = −sM I1 + (R + sL)I2
0 = (R + sL)I1 − sM I2
−sM R + sL
∆= = s2 M 2 − (R + sL)2
R + sL −sM
V2 R + sL
0 −sM −V2 sM
I1 = =
s2 M 2 − (R + sL)2 s2 M 2 − (R + sL)2
−V2 s2 M 2 − (R + sL)2
b12 = =
I1 sM
−I2 −R + sL
b22 = =
I1 sM
V2 I2
b11 = &b21 =
V1 I1 =0 V1 I1 =0
V2
V1 = −sM I2 ; I2 =
R + sL
V2
V1 = −sM ×
R + sL
V2 −(R + sL) I2 −1
b11 = = b21 = =
V1 sM V1 sM
[b] b11 = b22 (symmetric, reciprocal)
b11 b22 − b12 b21 = 1
(R + sL)2 (sM )2 − (R + sL)2 1
2 2
+ × =1
sM sM sM
(R + sL)2 + s2 M 2 − (R + sL)2
= 1 (checks)
s2 M 2
Problems 18–27
P 18.21
V2 V2
b11 = , b12 = −
V1 I1 =0 I1 V1 =0
I2 I2
b21 = , b22 =
V1 I2 =0 I1 V1 =0
V2 = b11 V1 − b12 I1
I2 = b21 V1 − b22 I1
I1 = 0, apply KCL at mode 1
V1 V1 − V2 V1 − 6V2
+ + =0
−j60 10 200
" #
1 1 1 1 6

V1 + + = V2 +
−j60 10 200 10 200
j 1 1

V1 + + = V2 [0.16]
60 10 200
V1 [0.105 + j0.0167] = V2 [0.16]
V2 (0.105 + j0.0167)m 106.32/9.04

b11 = = =
V1 0.16 0.16
b11 = 664.5/9.04 = 656.25 + j104.4 ms
apply KCL to mode 2
V2 V1 V2 − V1
I2 = + +
50 50 10
I2 = (−0.1 + 0.02)V1 + 0.12V2

V2 = 0
I2 = (−0.08)V1 + 0
I2
b21 = = −0.08
V1
apply KCL at mode 1
−6V2 −V2
I1 = +
200 10
−6V2 V2
I1 = − = −0.03V2 − 0.1V2
200 10
I1 = −0.13V2
V2 −1
b12 = =
I1 0.13
−V2
.· . b12 = = 7.69
I1
.· . V2 = −7.69I1
I2 = 0.13 × −7.69I1
−I2
b22 = =1
I1
   
 b11 b12   0.656 + j0.105 7.69 
  = 
b21 b22 −0.08 1
Problems 18–29
P 18.22
b21 −0.08
g11 = = = −0.08
b22 1
−1
g12 = = −1
b22
∆b 0.656 + j0.105 + 0.615

g21 = = = 1.271 + j0.105
b22 1
b12 7.69
g22 = = = 7.69
b22 1
   
 g11 g12  −0.08 −1 
  =
 
g21 g22 1.271 + j0.105 7.69
P 18.23 First we note that
(Zb + Zc )(Za + Zb ) (Za + Zb )(Zb + Zc )

z11 = and z22 =
Za + 2Zb + Zc Za + 2Zb + Zc
Therefore z11 = z22 .
V1
z12 = ; Use the circuit below:
I2 I1 =0
V1 = Zb Ix − Zc Iy = Zb Ix − Zc (I2 − Ix ) = (Zb + Zc )Ix − Zc I2 ;
Zb + Zc (Zb + Zc )2
Ix = I2 so V1 = I2 − Zc I2 ;
V1 (Zb + Zc )2 Zb2 − Za Zc
.·. Z12 = = − Zc = .
I2 Za + 2Zb + Zc Za + 2Zb + Zc
V2
z21 = ; Use the circuit below:
I1 I2 =0
V2 = Zb Ix − Zc Iy = Zb Ix − Zc (I1 − Ix ) = (Zb + Zc )Ix − Zc I1 ;
Zb + Zc (Zb + Zc )2
Ix = I1 so V2 = I1 − Zc I1 ;
V2 (Zb + Zc )2 Zb2 − Za Zc
.·. z21 = = − Zc = = z12 .
I1 Za + 2Zb + Zc Za + 2Zb + Zc
Thus the network is symmetrical and reciprocal.
P 18.24
V2 = b11 V1 − b12 I1 ; V1 = Vg − I1 Zg ;
I2 = b21 V1 − b22 I1 ; V2 = −ZL I2 ;
V2 −b11 V1 + b12 I1
I2 = − = ;
ZL ZL
−b11 V1 + b12 I1
= b21 V1 − b22 I1 ;
ZL
! !
b11 b12
.· . V 1 + b21 = b22 + I1 ;
ZL ZL
V1 b22 ZL + b12
= = Zin .
I1 b21 ZL + b11
Problems 18–31
P 18.25 I1 = g11 V1 + g12 I2 ; V1 = Vg − Zg I1 ;
V2 = g21 V1 + g22 I2 ; V2 = −ZL I2 ;

I1 − g12 I2
−ZL I2 = g21 V1 + g22 I2 ; V1 = ;
g11
g21
.·. −ZL I2 = (I1 − g12 I2 ) + g22 I2 ;
g11
g12 g21 g21
.·. −ZL I2 + I2 − g22 I2 = I1 ;
g11 g11
I2 −g21
.·. (ZL g11 + ∆g)I2 = −g21 I1 ; .·. = .
I1 g11 ZL + ∆g
P 18.26 I1 = y11 V1 + y12 V2 ; V1 = Vg − Zg I1 ;
I2 = y21 V1 + y22 V2 ; V2 = −ZL I2 ;

−V2
= y21 V1 + y22 V2 ;
ZL
1

.·. −y21 V1 = + y22 V2 ; −y21 ZL V1 = (1 + y22 ZL )V2 ;
ZL
V2 −y21 ZL
.· . = .
V1 1 + y22 ZL
P 18.27 V1 = z11 I1 + z12 I2 ; V1 = Vg − Zg I1 ;
V2 = z21 I1 + z22 I2 ; V2 = −ZL I2 ;

V1 Vg − I1 Zg
VTh = V2 ; V2 = z21 I1 ; I1 = = ;
I2 =0 z11 z11
Vg z21 Vg
.·. I1 = ; .·. V2 = = Vt .
z11 + Zg z11 + Zg
V2
ZTh = ; V2 = z21 I1 + z22 I2 ;
I2 Vg =0
−z12 I2
−I1 Zg = z11 I1 + z12 I2 ; I1 = ;
z11 + Zg
" #
−z12 I2
.·. V2 = z21 + z22 I2 ;
z11 + Zg
V2 z12 z21
.· . = z22 − = ZTh .
I2 z11 + Zg
P 18.28 V1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2 ; V1 = Vg − Zg I1 ;
I2 = h21 I1 + h22 V2 ; V2 = −ZL I2 ;
.·. Vg − Zg I1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2 ; Vg = (h11 + Zg )I1 + h12 V2 ;
Vg − h12 V2
.·. I1 = ;
h11 + Zg
" #
V2 Vg − h12 V2
.· . − = h21 + h22 V2 .
ZL h11 + Zg
−V2 (h11 + Zg )
= h21 Vg − h12 h21 V2 + h22 (h11 + Zg )V2 ;
ZL
−V2 (h11 + Zg ) = h21 ZL Vg − h12 h21 ZL V2 + h22 ZL (h11 + Zg )V2 ;
−h21 ZL Vg = (h11 + Zg ) [V2 + h22 ZL V2 ] − h12 h21 ZL V2 ;
V2 −h21 ZL
.·. = .
Vg (h11 + Zg )(1 + h22 ZL ) − h12 h21 ZL
P 18.29 V1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2 ;
I2 = h21 I1 + h22 V2 .
From the first measurement:
V1 4
h11 = = × 103 = 800 Ω;
I1 5
−200
h21 = = −40;
5
.· . V1 = 800I1 + h12 V2 ; I2 = −40I1 + h22 V2 .
From the second measurement:
h22 V2 = 40I1 ;
40(20 × 10−6 )
h22 = = 20 µS;
40
Problems 18–33
20 × 10−3 = 800(20 × 10−6 ) + 40h12 ;
4 × 10−3
.· . h12 = = 10−4 .
40
Summary:
h11 = 800 Ω; h12 = 10−4 ; h21 = −40; h22 = 20 µS.
From the circuit,
Zg = 250 Ω; Vg = 5.25 mV;
h11 + Zg
ZTh = ;
h22 Zg + ∆h
∆h = 800(20 × 10−6 ) + 40 × 10−4 = 20 × 10−3 ;
800 + 250
ZTh = = 42 kΩ;
20 × 10−6 (250) + 20 × 10−3
−h21 Vg 40(5.25 × 10−3 )

VTh = = = 8.4 V.
h22 Zg + ∆h 25 × 10−3
8.4
i= = 0.10 mA;
84,000
P = (0.10 × 10−3 )2 (42,000) = 420 µW.
b11 Zg + b12
P 18.30 [a] ZTh = ;
b21 Zg + b22
b11 Zg = 6 + j2; b21 Zg = 2;
6 + j2 − 1 + j4 5 + j6
.· . ZTh = = = 2.1 + j1.3 Ω.
2 + 1 + j1 3 + j1
∗
ZL = ZTh = 2.1 − j1.3 Ω;
V2 ∆bZL
= ;
Vg b12 + b11 Zg + b22 ZL + b21 Zg ZL
3 + j1
∆b = (1 + j1) − (−1 + j4)(1/3) = 1;
3
b11 Zg = 6 + j2;
b22 ZL = (1 + j1)(2.1 − j1.3) = 3.4 + j0.8;
b21 Zg ZL = 4.2 − j2.6;

V2 2.1 − j1.3 2.1 − j13
= = ;
Vg −1 + j4 + 6 + j2 + 3.4 + j0.8 + 4.2 − j2.6 12.6 + j4.2
2.1 − j1.3
.· . V2 = (90/0◦ ) = 10.71 − j12.86 = 16.74/ − 50.19◦ V.
12.6 + j4.2
16.74
V2 (rms) = √ = 11.84 V.
2
−(10.71 − j12.86)
[b] I2 = = 6.78/161.55◦ A;
2.1 − j1.3
6.78
I2 (rms) = √ = 4.79 A;
2
P = (4.79)2 (2.1) = 48.18 W.
I2 −∆b
[c] = ;
I1 b11 + b21 ZL
−1 −3
= ;
(3 + j1)/3 + (2.1 − j1.3)/3 5.1 − j0.3
I1 5.1 − j0.3
.· . = = −1.7 + j0.1.
I2 −3
I1 = (−1.7 + j0.1)(6.78/161.55◦ ) = 11.55/ − 21.82◦ A;
1
Pg (dev) = (11.55)(90) cos(21.82◦ ) = 482.51 W.
2
48.18
%= (100) ∼
= 10%.
482.51
V2 −h21 ZL
P 18.31 [a] = ;
Vg (h11 + Zg )(1 + h22 ZL ) − h12 h21 ZL
h21 ZL = 50 × 104 ;
h11 + Zg = 2000;
Problems 18–35
1 + h22 ZL = 1 + 50 × 10−6 × 104 = 1.5;

h12 h21 ZL = 10−3 (50)(104 ) = 500;
V2 −50 × 104
= = −200;
Vg 2000(1.5) − 500
V2 = −200(250 × 10−3 /0◦ ) = −50/0◦ V;
50
V2 (rms) = √ = 35.36 V.
2
√ 2
(50/ 2)
[b] P = = 125 mW.
104
I2 h21 50
[c] = = ;
I1 1 + h22 ZL 1.5
I1 1.5
.· . = = 0.03.
I2 50
−V2 50/0◦
I2 = = = 5/0◦ mA;
ZL 10 × 103
.· . I1 = (0.03)(5/0◦ ) = 0.15/0◦ mA.
1
Pg (dev) = (0.15)(250) × 10−6 = 18.75 µW.
2
Zg + h11
P 18.32 [a] ZTh = ;
h22 Zg + ∆h
∆h = (500)(50 × 10−6 ) − 50 × 10−3 = −25 × 10−3 ;
h22 Zg = 50 × 10−6 (1500) = 75 × 10−3 ;
2000
ZTh = = 40,000 + j0 Ω;
75 × 10−3 − 25 × 10−3
∗
ZL = ZTh = 40 + j0 kΩ.
−h21 Vg −50(250) × 10−3
[b] VTh = = = −250 V.
50 × 10−3 50 × 10−3
1 (125)2
P = = 196.3125 mW.
2 40,000
125
[c] I2 = = 3.125 mA;
40,000
I2 h21 50 50
= = −6
= ;
I1 1 + h22 ZL 1 + (50 × 10 )(40,000) 3
I1 3
= = 0.06;
I2 50
I1 = 0.06I2 = 187.5 µA;
1
Pg (dev) = (250)(187.5) × 10−9 = 23.4375 µW.
2
V2 ∆bZL
P 18.33 = ;
Vg b12 + b11 Zg + b22 ZL + b21 Zg ZL
∆b = b11 b22 − b12 b21 = (25)(−40) − (1000)(−1.25) = 250;
V2 250(100)
.· . = = −5.
Vg 1000 + 25(20) − 40(100) − 1.25(2000)
V2 = −5(120/0◦ ) = 600/180◦ V(rms);
−V2 −600/180◦
I2 = = = 6 A(rms);
100 100
I2 −∆b −250
= = = 2.5;
I1 b11 + b21 ZL 25 − 1.25(100)
I2 6
.· . I1 = = = 2.4 A(rms);
2.5 2.5
.· . Pg = (120)(2.4) = 288 W; Po = 36(100) = 3600 W;
Po 3600
.· . = = 12.5.
Pg 288
P 18.34 [a] For I2 = 0:
V1 −j3V1
V2 = −j150I1 = −j150 = ;
50 + j50 1 + j1
Problems 18–37
V1 1 + j1 −1 + j1
a11 = = = ;
V2 I2 =0 −j3 3
I1 1 j
a21 = = = S.
V2 I2 =0 −j150 150
For V2 = 0:
V1 = (50 + j50)I1 − j150I2 ;

0 = −j150I1 + (400 + j800)I2 ;
50 + j50 −j150
∆= = 2500(1 + j24);
−j150 400 + j800
50 + j50 V1
N2 = = j150V1 ;
−j150 0
N2 j150V1
I2 = = ;
∆ 2500(1 + j24)
−V1 −50
a12 = = (24 − j1) Ω;
I2 V2 =0 3
j150I1 = (400 + j800)I2 ;
I1 8
a22 = − = − (2 − j1).
I2 V2 =0 3
Vg 260/0◦ (260/0◦ )6 1560/0◦
[b] VTh = = = =
a11 + a21 Zg (−1 + j1)/3 + j25/150 −2 + j2 + j1 −2 + j3
= 120(−2 − j3) = 432.47/ − 123.69◦ V.
a12 + a22 Zg [−(50/3)(24 − j1)] + [(−8/3)(2 − j1)(25)]

ZTh = =
a11 + a21 Zg [(−1 + j1)/3] + [(j/150)(25)]
−100(24 − j1) − 16(2 − j1)(25) −3200 + j500
= =
−2 + j2 + j1 −2 + j3
= 607.69 + j661.54 Ω.
1000
[c] V2 = (432.67/ − 123.69◦ ) = 248.88/ − 146.06◦ ;
1607.69 + j661.54
v2 (t) = 248.88 cos(4000t − 146.06◦ ) V.
P 18.35 When V2 = 0
V1 = 20 V, I1 = 1 A, I2 = −1 A.
When I1 = 0
V2 = 80 V, V1 = 400 V, I2 = 3 A;
V1 20
h11 = = = 20 Ω;
I1 V2 =0 1
V1 400
h12 = = = 5;
V2 I1 =0 80
I2 −1
h21 = = = −1;
I1 V2 =0 1
I2 3
h22 = = = 37.5 mS.
V2 I1 =0 80
Zg + h11
ZTh = = 10 Ω.
h22 Zg + ∆h
Source-transform the current source and parallel resistance to get Vg = 240 V.

Then,
h21 Vg
I2 = = −1.5 A;
(1 + h22 ZL )(h11 + Zg ) − h12 h21 ZL
P = (−1.5)2 (10) = 22.5 W.

Problems 18–39
P 18.36 [a] V1 = z11 I1 + z12 I2 ;
V2 = z21 I1 + z22 I2 ;
V1 1 s2 + 1
z11 = =s+ = ;
I1 I2 =0 s s
V2 1
z21 = = ;
I1 I2 =0 s
V1 1
z12 = = ;
I2 I1 =0 s
V2 1 s2 + 1
z22 = =s+ = .
I2 I1 =0 s s
V2 z21 ZL
[b] =
Vg (z11 + Zg )(z22 + ZL ) − z12 z21
z21
=
(z11 + 1)(z22 + 1) − z12 z21
1/s
= s2 +1 2

s
+ 1 s s+1 + 1 − 1
s2
s
= 2
(s + s + 1)2 − 1
s
=
s4 + 2s3 + 3s2 + 2s + 1 − 1
1
=
s3 + 2s2 + 3s + 2
1
= ;
(s + 1)(s2 + s + 2)
50
.· . V 2 = .
s(s + 1)(s2 + s + 2)
√
1 7
s1,2 =− ±j ;
2 2
K1 K2 K3 K3∗
V2 = + + √ + √ ;
s s+1 s+ 1 −j 7 s + 1
+ j 7
2 2 2 2
K1 = 25; K2 = −25; K3 = 9.45/90◦ ;
.·. v2 (t) = [25 − 25e−t + 18.90e−0.5t cos(1.32t + 90◦ )]u(t) V.

CHECK
v2 (0) = 25 − 25 + 18.90 cos 90◦ = 0;
v2 (∞) = 25 + 0 + 0 = 25 V.
V1 I2
P 18.37 [a] h11 = ; h21 = .
I1 V2 =0 I1 V2 =0
(1/sC)(sL) (1/C)s
h11 = = 2 ;
(1/sC) + sL s + (1/LC)
I1 (1/sC)
I2 = −Ia ; Ia = ;
sL + (1/sC)
−I1
I2 = ;
s2 LC +1
I2 −(1/LC)
h21 = = 2 ;
I1 s + (1/LC)
V1 I2
h12 = ; h22 = .
V2 I1 =0 V2 I1 =0
V2 (1/sC) V2
V1 = = 2 ;
sL + (1/sC) s LC + 1
V1 1/LC
= h12 = 2 ;
V2 s + (1/LC)
V2 (1/sC)[sL + (1/LC)] s2 + (1/LC)
= = ;
I2 sL + (2/LC) sC[s2 + (2/LC)]
I2 Cs[s2 + (2/LC)]
= h22 = .
V2 s2 + (1/LC)
1 (103 )(106 ) 1
[b] = = 25 × 106 ; = 5 × 106 ;
LC (0.2)(200) C
5 × 106 s
h11 = ;
s2 + 25 × 106
−25 × 106
h21 = ;
s2 + 25 × 106
Problems 18–41
V2 −h21 ZL
= .
V1 ∆hZL + h11
∆h = 1 (the circuit is reciprocal and symmetrical).
V2 25 × 106 (400)
= 2
V1 [s + 25 × 106 ][400 + (5 × 106 s)/(s2 + 25 × 106 )]
1010 25 × 106
= = 2
400s2 + 1010 + 5 × 106 s s + 12,500s + 25 × 106
25 × 106
= .
(s + 2500)(s + 10,000)
30
v1 = 30u(t); V1 = ;
s
(25 × 106 )(30) K1 K2 K3
V2 = = + + ;
s(s + 2500)(s + 10,000) s s + 2500 s + 10,000
(25 × 106 )(30) (25 × 106 )(30)
K1 = = 30; K2 = = −40;
25 × 106 (−2500)(7500)
(25 × 106 )(30)
K3 = = 10;
(−10,000)(−7500)
v2 (t) = [30 − 40e−2500t + 10e−10,000t ]u(t) V.
P 18.38 The Thevenin equivalent seen looking into the g-network from the right is
g21 Vg (800/7)(30)
VTh = = = 1846.154 V;
1 + g11 Zg 1 + (3/35)(10)
g12 g21 Zg
ZTh = g22 −
1 + g11 Zg
50,000 (20/7)(800/7)10)
= − = 5384.615 Ω.
7 1 + (3/35)(10)
The simplified circuit is shown here:
−h11 ZL Vg
Vo =
(h11 + Zg )(1 + h22 ZL ) − h12 h21 ZL
4(15,000)(1846.154)
= = 3750 V.
(5000 + 5384.6)[1 + (0.0002)(15,000)] − (0.8)(15,000)
P 18.39 The a parameters of the first two port are

−∆h −0.018
a011 = = = −4.5 × 10−4 ;
h21 40
−h11 −5000
a012 = = = −125 Ω;
h21 40
−h22 −10 × 10−6

a021 = = = −2.5 × 10−7 S;
h21 40
−1 −1
a022 = = = −25 × 10−3 .
h21 40
The a parameters of the second two port are
5 3R 3 5
a0011 = ; a0012 = ; a0021 = ; a0022 = ,
4 4 4R 4
1
or a0011 = 1.25; a0012 = 54 kΩ; a0021 = mS; a0022 = 1.25.
96
The a parameters of the cascade connection are
a11 = −4.5 × 10−4 (1.25) + (−125)(10−3 /96) = −1.86 × 10−3 ;
a12 = −4.5 × 10−4 (54 × 103 ) + (−125)(1.25) = −180 Ω;
a21 = −2.5 × 10−7 (1.25) + (−25 × 10−3 )(10−3 /96) = −5.72 × 10−7 S;
a22 = −2.5 × 10−7 (54 × 103 ) + (−25 × 10−3 )(1.25) = −0.04475.
Vo ZL
= .
Vg (a11 + a21 Zg )ZL + a12 + a22 Zg
a21 Zg = 5.72 × 10−7 × 5000 = −2.86 × 10−3 ;
a11 + a21 Zg = −1.86 × 10−3 − 2.86 × 10−3 = −4.72 × 10−3 ;
(a11 + a21 Zg )ZL = (−4.72 × 10−3 ) × 100000 = −472;
a22 Zg = −0.04475 × 5000 = −223.75;
Vo 100,000
= = −114;
Vg −472 − 180 − 224
vo = Vo = −114Vg = −114 × 20 × 10−3 V = 2.283V.

Problems 18–43
P 18.40 [a] From reciprocity and symmetry

a011 = a022 , ∆a0 = 1; .·. 4 − 2a021 = 1, a021 = 1.5 S.
For network B
V1
a0011 = ;
V2 I2 =0
V1 = (1 + j6 − j6)I1 = I1 ;
V2 = (−j5 − j6)I1 = −j11I1 ;

1 j
a0011 = = ;
−j11 11
I1 1 j
a0021 = = = ;
V2 I2 =0 −j11 11
j
a0022 = a0011 = ;
11
∆a00 = 1 = (j/11)(j/11) − (j/11)a0012 ;
j
.·. a0012 = .
11
[b] a11 = a011 a0011 + a012 a0021 = 2(j/11) + 5(j/11) = j7/11;
a12 = a011 a0012 + a012 a0022 = 2(j/11) + 5(j/11) = j7/11;
a21 = a021 a0011 + a022 a0021 = 1.5(j/11) + 2(j/11) = j3.5/11;
a22 = a021 a0012 + a022 a0022 = j3.5/11.

−Vg
I2 = = j5.357;
a11 ZL + a12 + a21 Zg ZL
V2 = −14I2 = −j75 V.
P 18.41 [a] At the input port: V1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2 ;

At the output port: I2 = h21 I1 + h22 V2 .
V2
[b] 4
+ (100 × 10−6 V2 ) + 100I1 = 0,
10
therefore I1 = −2 × 10−6 V2 .
V20 = 1000I1 + 15 × 10−4 V2 = −5 × 10−4 V2 ;
100I10 + 10−4 V20 + (−2 × 10−6 )V2 = 0,
therefore I10 = 205 × 10−10 V2 .
Vg = 1500I10 + 15 × 10−4 V20 = 3000 × 10−8 V2 ;
V2 105
= = 33,333.
Vg 3
P 18.42 [a] V1 = I2 (z12 − z21 ) + I1 (z11 − z21 ) + z21 (I1 + I2 )

= I2 z12 − I2 z21 + I1 z11 − I1 z21 + z21 I1 + z21 I2 = z11 I1 + z12 I2 .
V2 = I2 (z22 − z21 ) + z21 (I1 + I2 ) = z21 I1 + z22 I2 .

[b] Short circuit Vg and apply a test current source to port 2 as shown. Note
that IT = I2 . We have
V V + IT (z12 − z21 )
− IT + = 0.
z21 Zg + z11 − z21
Therefore
" #
z21 (Zg + z11 − z12 )
V = IT and VT = V + IT (z22 − z21 ).
Zg + z11
!
VT z12 z21
Thus = ZTh = z22 − .
IT Zg + z11
z21
For VTh note that Voc = Vg since I2 = 0.
Zg + z11
Problems 18–45
P 18.43 [a] V1 = (z11 − z12 )I1 + z12 (I1 + I2 ) = z11 I1 + z12 I2 ;
V2 = (z21 − z12 )I1 + (z22 − z12 )I2 + z12 (I2 + I1 ) = z21 I1 + z22 I2 .
[b] With port 2 terminated in an impedance ZL , the two mesh equations are
V1 = (z11 − z12 )I1 + z12 (I1 + I2 );
0 = ZL I2 + (z21 − z12 )I1 + (z22 − z12 )I2 + z12 (I1 + I2 ).
Solving for I1 :
V1 (z22 + ZL )
I1 = .
z11 (ZL + z22 ) − z12 z21
Therefore
V1 z12 z21
Zin = = z11 − .
I1 z22 + ZL
P 18.44 [a] I1 = y11 V1 + y21 V2 + (y12 − y21 )V2 ; I2 = y21 V1 + y22 V2 .
I1 = y11 V1 + y12 V2 ; I2 = y12 V1 + y22 V2 + (y21 − y12 )V1 .
[b] Using the second circuit derived in part [a], we have
where ya = (y11 + y12 ) and yb = (y22 + y12 ).

At the input port we have

I1 = ya V1 − y12 (V1 − V2 ) = y11 V1 + y12 V2 .
At the output port we have
V2
+ (y21 − y12 )V1 + yb V2 − y12 (V2 − V1 ) = 0.
ZL
Solving for V1 gives
!
1 + y22 ZL
V1 = V2 .
−y21 ZL
Substituting Eq. 18.2 into Eq. 18.1 and at the same time using
V2 = −ZL I2 , we get
I2 y21
= .
I1 y11 + ∆yZL
P 18.45 [a] The g-parameter equations are I1 = g11 V1 + g12 I2 and V2 = g21 V1 + g22 I2 .
These equations are satisfied by the following circuit:
[b] Replace the two-port network described by g parameters with its

equivalent circuit from part (a) and replace the two-port network
described by h parameters with its equivalent circuit from Fig. P18.41.
Attach the source and the load to get the circuit shown here:
Note from the mesh in the middle of the circuit that I10 = Ix and that
I2 = −Ix .
Write a KCL equation at the node labeled V1 :
V1 − 30 V1 20
+ + (−Ix ) = 0.
10 35/3 7
Problems 18–47
Write a KVL equation for the mesh whose current is Ix :

50,000 800

+ 5000 Ix − 0.2V20 − V1 = 0.
7 7
Write a KCL equation at the node labeled V20 :
V20
−4Ix + 200 × 10−6 V20 + = 0.
15,000
Solving these three equations, we get
V1 = 20 V; Ix = 0.25 A; V20 = 3750 V.
Thus, the voltage across the load is 3750 V, which matches the solution
to Problem 18.38.
P 18.46 [a] To determine b11 and b21 create an open circuit at port 1. Apply a voltage
at port 2 and measure the voltage at port 1 and the current at port 2. To
determine b12 and b22 create a short circuit at port 1. Apply a voltage at
port 2 and measure the currents at ports 1 and 2.
[b] The equivalent b-parameters for the black-box amplifier can be calculated
as follows:
1 1
b11 = = −3 = 1000;
h12 10
h11 500
b12 = = −3 = 500 kΩ;
h12 10
h22 0.05
b21 = = −3 = 50 S;
h12 10
∆h 23.5
b22 = = −3 = 23,500.
h12 10
Create an open circuit a port 1. Apply 1 V at port 2. Then,
V2 1
b11 = = = 1000 so V1 = 1 mV measured;
V1 I1 =0 V1
I2 I2
b21 = = = 50 S so I2 = 50 mA measured.
V1 I1 =0 10−3
Create a short circuit a port 1. Apply 1 V at port 2. Then,
V2 −1
b12 = − = = 500 kΩ so I1 = −2 µA measured;
I1 V1 =0 I1
I2 −I2
b22 = − = = 23,500 so I2 = 47 mA measured.
I1 V1 =0 −2 × 10−6
P 18.47 [a] To determine y11 and y21 create a short circuit at port 2. Apply a voltage
at port 1 and measure the currents at ports 1 and 2. To determine y12
and y22 create a short circuit at port 1. Apply a voltage at port 2 and
measure the currents at ports 1 and 2.
[b] The equivalent y-parameters for the black-box amplifier can be calculated
as follows:
1 1
y11 = = = 2 mS;
h11 500
−h12 −10−3
y12 = = = −2 µS;
h11 500
h21 1500
y21 = = = 3 S;
h11 500
∆h 23.5
y22 = = = 47 mS.
h11 500
Create a short circuit at port 2. Apply 1 V at port 1. Then,
I1 I1
y11 = = = 2 mS so I1 = 2 mA measured;
V1 V2 =0 1
I2 I2
y21 = = = 3 S so I2 = 3 A measured.
V1 V2 =0 1
Create a short circuit at port 1. Apply 1 V at port 2. Then,
I1 I1
y12 = = = −2 µS so I1 = −2 µA measured;
V2 V1 =0 1
I2 I2
y22 = = = 47 mS so I2 = 47 mA measured.
V2 V1 =0 1

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18

AP 18.1 With port 2 short-circuited, we have

Therefore I2 = −0.8(y11 V1 ) = −0.8y11 V1 .

Thus y21 = −0.8y11 = −0.2 S.

With port 1 short-circuited, we have

AP 18.4 First calculate the b-parameters:

−V2 −10 −I2 −4

Now the z-parameters are calculated:

∆b (1.5)(0.8) − 6 b11 1.5 1

11.52 = 19I1 − z12 (2.72);

For a purely resistive network, it follows that z12 = z21 = 17 Ω.

AP 18.7 [a] For the given bridged-tee circuit, we have

a12 = (1.25)(11.25) + (11.25)(1.25) = 28.125 Ω;

a21 = (0.05)(1.25) + (1.25)(0.05) = 0.125 S;

a22 = a11 = 2.125, RTh = (45.125/3.125) = 14.44 Ω.

Case (i) O/P port is short ckted i.e., V2 = 0

Case (ii) Input port is short circuited i.e., V1 = 0

P 18.3 y11 = 0.159, y12 = −0.114

y21 = −0.114, y22 = 0.129

∆y = y11 y22 − y12 y21

→ first convert ∆ to y transform

→ The circuit reduces to

Applying KCL to the right mesh

Given h11 = 6 Ω h12 = 0.5 h21 = −0.5 h22 = 0.10 s

g22 −g12 −g21 g11

37I1 − 35I2 = 1 → (1)

−35I1 + 245I2 − 15(35)(I1 − I2 ) = 0

−560I1 + 770I2 = 0 → (2)

Solving equation (1) & (2), we get

I1 = 86.66 mA; I2 = 62.9 mA

V2 = 60I2 − 15(35)(I1 − I2 ) = −8.7 V

Case(ii): For V1 = 0 & connecting current source at O/P

37I1 − 35I2 = 0 → (1)

−35I1 + 245I2 + 60 − 15(35)(I1 − I2 ) = 0

−560I1 + 770I2 = −50 (2)

Solving for (1) and (2), we get

V2 = 60(I2 + 1) − 15(35)(I1 − I2 ) = 41.6 V

g11 = 86.66 mS ; g12 = −0.1 ; g21 = −8.7 ; g22 = 41.6 Ω

Case (i) ouput port short circuited, i.e., V2 = 0

Case (ii) open circuit the input port, i.e., I1 = 0

P 18.11 h11 = 500, h21 = 100

∆h = h11 h22 − h21 h12

= 500 × 10−6 − 100 × 10−5

= 10−5 [500 × 0.2 − 100]

P 18.12 h11 = 15.18 Ω, h12 = 36.49 m, h21 = 3.175, h22 = 31.63 m

500I2 = j10I2 + V2 − 100I2

600I2 = (j10 + 1)V2

From equation (1)

h11 = 20 + j10 Ω; h12 = 0.16 + j1.66; h21 = 0; h22 = 1.6 + j16.6 mS

h22 −h12 −h21 h11

g11 = (40 − j19) m, g12 = (4 − j2) m, g21 = 0, g22 = (5.53 − j59.6) m

P 18.13 I1 = g11 V1 + g12 I2 ; V2 = g21 V1 + g22 I2 ;

0 = −250(10) + g22 (50 × 10−6 );

200 × 10−6 = 12.5 × 10−6 (10) + g12 (50 × 10−6 )

(200 − 125)10−6 = g12 (50 × 10−6 ; )

P 18.14 [a] I1 = y11 V1 + y12 V2 ; I2 = y21 V1 + y22 V2 ;

= 625 + 375 = 1000;

P 18.15 I1 = g11 V1 + g12 I2 ;