Esia Unit 2 Unit2 Notes

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ESIA-Unit-2 - Unit2 notes
Environment And Social Impact Assessment (Anna University)
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OCE351- ENIVRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
UNIT II ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

Screening and Scoping in EIA – Drafting of Terms of Reference, Baseline
monitoring, Prediction and Assessment of Impact on land, water, air, noise, flora and
fauna - Matrices – Networks – Checklist Methods - Mathematical models for Impact
prediction-Analysis of alternatives.
PROCESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

The way in which an EIA is carried out is not rigid:
it is a process comprising a series of steps.
These steps are outlined below and the techniques more commonly used in EIA are described in
some detail in the section Techniques.
The main steps in the EIA process are:
i. Screening
ii. Scoping
iii. Prediction and mitigation
iv. Management and monitoring
v. Audit
SCREENING AND SCOPING
 To be effective an environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedure need only be

applied to those actions which are considered to cause significant environmental
consequences.
 It is, consequently, important to establish mechanisms for the selection of actions

requiring EIA. Such a process of selection is termed "screening".
 The next stage in EIA is determining which issues should be examined in the EIA, this
activity is often termed "scoping".
 In reality screening and scoping activities overlap, in that some methods not only provide
a screening function, but also allow the identification of issues which require detailed
examination.
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 In addition, methods developed to assist the identification of potential impacts (eg impact
matrices) may also be employed in impact assessment activities.
 The object of this is to describe a number of possible approaches to screening and

scoping activities and to discuss their strengths and weaknesses.
SCREENING
 The first stage of EIA is screening, to identify whether or not a project needs an
Environmental Impact Assessment.
 For large projects – defined by project type and scale – EIA is always needed. For
smaller projects where the need for EIA is not automatically triggered, developers can
either request a formal Screening Opinion from the local planning authority or can make
the decision to carry out an EIA themselves,
SCOPING
 Scoping occurs early in the project cycle at the same time as outline planning and pre
feasibility studies.
 Scoping is the process of identifying the key environmental issues and is perhaps the
most important step in an EIA.
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 Several groups, particularly decision makers, the local population and the scientific
community, have an interest in helping to deliberate the issues which should be
considered, and scoping is designed to canvass their views, (Wathern 1988).
 Scoping is important for two reasons.
 First, so that problems can be pinpointed early allowing mitigating design changes to be
made before expensive detailed work is carried out.
 Second, to ensure that detailed prediction work is only carried out for important issues.
 It is not the purpose of an EIA to carry out exhaustive studies on all environmental
impacts for all projects.
 If key issues are identified and a full scale EIA considered necessary then the scoping
should include terms of reference for these further studies.
 At this stage the option exists for cancelling or drastically revising the project should
major environmental problems be identified.
 Equally it may be the end of the EIA process should the impacts be found to be
insignificant. Once this stage has passed, the opportunity for major changes to the project
is restricted. Before the scoping exercise can be fully started, the remit of the study needs
to be defined and agreed by the relevant parties. These will vary depending on the
institutional structure. At a minimum, those who should contribute to determining the
remit will include those who decide whether a policy or project is implemented, those
carrying out the EIA (or responsible for having it carried out by others) and those
carrying out parallel engineering and economic studies relating to the proposal.
 For example, if a proposed project is to increase the area of irrigated agriculture in a

region by 10%, is the remit of the EIA to study the proposal only or also to consider
options that would have the same effect on production? A major activity of scoping is to
identify key interest groups, both governmental and non-governmental, and to establish
good lines of communication.
 People who are affected by the project need to hear about it as soon as possible. Their
knowledge and perspectives may have a major bearing on the focus of the EIA.
 Rapid rural appraisal techniques provide a means of assessing the needs and views of the
affected population.
 The main EIA techniques used in scoping are baseline studies, checklists, matrices and
network diagrams.
 These techniques collect and present knowledge and information in a straightforward

way so that logical decisions can be made about which impacts are most significant.
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 Risk and uncertainty are discussed further in the section Managing uncertainty. The key
benefits of scoping include:
1.Early stakeholder identification and engagement;
2. A focused assessment on key, likely significant impacts;
3. Justification for the exclusion of inappropriate issues;
4. Early identification of existing data and data gaps; and
5. Early identification of the need for field surveys so that they can be accommodated
in the project programme.
DRAFTING OF TERMS OF REFERENCE
 Determining study requirements there are no universal formats for terms of reference
which will be suitable for every study. However, there are general rules which should be
observed when preparing TOR for the EIA of irrigation and drainage proposals. The
study should ensure that the consultants focus on the major issues and the most serious
likely impacts. The opportunities for enhancing any positive benefits from the project
should also be highlighted. The study should identify the relevant natural resources, the
eco-system and the population likely to be affected. Direct and indirect impacts must be
identified and any particularly vulnerable groups or species highlighted. In some
instances views will be subjective and the consultants should give an indication of the
degree of risk or confidence and the assumptions on which conclusions have been drawn.
 In most cases the output required will be a report examining the existing environment, the
impacts of the proposed project on the environment and the affects of the environment on
the project, both positive and negative, the mitigating measures to be taken and any
actions needed. Interim reports, for example of baseline studies, should be phased to be
of maximum value to parallel technical and economic studies. The timing of the study is
important.
 Scoping prior to a full EIA will enable the major issues to be identified. The terms of
reference for the full EIA can then be better focused.
 The study should be carried out early enough in the project cycle to enable
recommendations to be incorporated into the project design.
 The requirements stated in the TOR will determine the length of time needed for the
study, the geographical boundary of the EIA, its cost and the type of expertise required.
 Baseline data collection, if needed, can be time consuming and will have a major impact
on the cost and time needed for the study.
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 If considerable data exists, for example a good record of water quality information and
hydrological statistics, the EIA may be possible without further primary data collection.
If data are scarce, time must be allowed for field measurement and analysis.
Prior to writing the TOR the following questions should be asked:
 Is the study for an environmental scoping, a full EIA or other type of study? Before
preparing the TOR the purpose must be clear.
 Is the study to be for a site specific project or a regional or sectoral programme? The
breadth of the study needs to be well defined
 Will the EIA team be required to collect baseline data or does this already exist? The
depth of the study and the type and quality of information already available or needed
must be known.
 Who will use the final report? Different end users will often require different information.
Readers may not be technical experts and careful thought should be given to the
presentation of complex information.
 What output is required from the EIA study? Is an Environmental Action Plan to be
prepared? A draft contents page for the final report as an annex to the TOR will give
some guidance to the team carrying out the study.
 Is the team responsible for all issues or are other organizations (universities, government
departments) responsible for some environmental studies?
 The TOR should clearly delimit responsibilities and give information on other work
being done. If it is a requirement that the team liaise or work with other organizations,
including NGOs, then this should be stated. Unabridged versions of the sub-contracted
studies should be made available to the appraising authority for reference.
 What type of experts are needed in the team and for how long? An approximate estimate
is needed to prepare a budget for the study and to estimate the time period. However, the
TOR should not be too rigid on the number and type of expertise to be provided as there
should be some flexibility for the team to decide on the most appropriate methodology
and additional staffing.
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
 TERMS OF REFERENCE TOR or Terms of Reference is a document produced by the

authority conducting the EIA study. It is formed during Scoping, the second stage in the
EIA process. All the stakeholders are invited to submit their concerns regarding the
project during a public hearing organized by the EIA committee, which is followed by
discussions and deliberations.
 The finalized list of this stage of EIA is submitted to the Ministry in the form of
TOR.
 TOR is an important document in the process of EIA because it sets the guidelines for the
study. A TOR is drawn up with the following questions in mind.
1. The purpose of the study/project.
2. The extent of the study.
3. The stakeholders’ requirements; each stakeholder looks at different aspects of the
project differently. Complex information needs to be explained appropriately.
 Content of TOR highlights the points that need to be covered (the TOR itself does not
elaborate on these points unless required) during the EIA study, which include:
1. A description of the project, it’s purposes and extent.
2. All the agencies responsible in the developmental project and the EIA study.
3. A description of the existing environmental conditions in the project site and

surrounding areas.
4. The stakeholders that will be benefited and harmed by the fulfillment of the
project.
5. The environmental aspects the project is likely to affect.
6. The impacts, both positive and negative, the project will have on the environmental
and social aspects of the project area. This is undertaken through checklists, matrices
or networks.
7. A list/description of the species endemic to the area, which are likely to be
affected.
8. How in-depth does the EIA study need to be: whether baseline data is available or
whether the study is sourced from secondary data.
9. Possible alternatives for the project in terms of design, site, technology,

implementation, etc.
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10. The legal requirements of the project and future legislation that need to be drafted.
11. If the project site comes under special categories, and the legislation regarding the
same.
12. Recommended mitigation strategies.

13. The expertise required for the EIA study.
14. The expected time limit for the entire EIA study.
15. Natural Resource Valuation (NRV), if possible.
16. The budget of the study, also called cost-benefit analysis. It is important that the
TOR be drawn up exhaustively to ensure that the EIA study carried out is effective in
warding off as much environmental damage as possible.
 TORs take about 45 days to prepare in today’s EIA studies. Under the Ministry of
Environment, Forests and Climate Change guidelines, reference TORs for the most
common developmental projects have been drawn up in the ministry website. This
reference document lists out the most important aspects and impacts of large, common
developmental projects.
 This eases the burden on the EIA committees working to conduct EIA of large projects.
They take most of the information to be mentioned in the TOR from this reference. All
that is included from their side are site specific issues that arise for each individual
project; for example, the presence of a unique ecosystem in the area (mangroves etc),
presence of protected areas in the project vicinity, etc.
PROPOSED TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR EIA STUDIES

The components of the EIA study will include:
 Determination of baseline data using primary data generation and secondary data
available from various government published reports on air, meteorology, water, soil,
flora & fauna, socio-economics, infrastructure, sensitive areas (forests, archaeological,
historical etc);
 Detailed description of all elements of the project activities during the construction and
operational phases. The elements to be analyzed will include the infrastructures of the
project including drainage features, roads, waste collection, disposal and management
and utility requirements; Identifying the sources of pollution and assessing the impacts on
the environment due to proposed project;
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 Preparation of EIA and EMP documents with recommendations on preventive and

mitigative measures for limiting the impact on the environment to the desired level
during various stages of the project.
 Development of a suitable post study-monitoring program to comply with various

environmental regulations will also to be done; and Risk Assessment (RA) and Disaster
Management Plan (DMP) describing the probable risks and preventive & precautionary
measures to be followed in the event of emergency situations such as accidents, fire etc
S. Attributes Scope of Work

No.
The baseline air quality will be monitored at 8

Locations twice a week for 13 weeks for PM10 ,
PM2.5 , SO2 , NO2 , CO, Pb, As, Ni, NH3 ,
C6H6 , B(a)P, O3 & Hg AAQ monitoring
locations were selected as per guidelines specified
in GSR 176 (E) notification (selection of AAQ
1 Ambient Air Quality sites). Design of ambient air quality sampling
network with regard to topography, population,
sensitive locations, emission sources, background
concentrations and possible impact zones, through
application of screening air quality models for
assessing air quality prior to start of baseline
study
1 Location - 90 days Micrometeorological survey

will be carried out at project site for 3 months.
Data will be generated for temperature, Wind
speed, Wind direction and R.H (min & max), rain
2 Meteorological data fall. This will be further supported by the
meteorological data for the area of interest
collected from nearest IMD Station and Trend
analysis of micrometeorological data generated at
the site.
8 groundwater samples will be collected and

analysed covering 10-km radius area during the
3 Water Quality
study period. The samples will be analyzed as per
IS-10500 and EPA Act as applicable.
6 soil samples will be collected from three

4 Soil Quality different levels up to a depth of 90-cm and will be
analyzed for the parameters such as grain size,
pH, salinity, electrical conductivity, organic
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carbon, NPK, TDS, Na, Mg, Ca, Cl- , F- et
Noise monitoring will be carried at 10 locations

by using Integrated noise meter on hourly
observations for 24 hours at each location. The
5 Noise Levels
observed data will be compiled and statistical
analysis will be done for L10 , L50 , L90 , Leq ,
Lday , Lnight and Ldn .
Land use as per the district census handbooks will

be analysed to identify the present land use within
6 Land use
the 10-km radius area. Various land use
classifications will be computed
These aspects will be covered for the study area

Geology and
7 based on the secondary data on groundwater
Hydrogeological aspects
resources and availability.
Primary as well as secondary data will be

collected for Flora and fauna of the study area.
The survey will also include assessment of the
Ecological Studies species diversity, density, abundance etc in the
8 (Terrestrial and study area and formulation of ecological indices,
Aquatic) assessment of likely changes on flora and fauna
due to the project related activities, suggestions
for conservation and protection of flora and fauna
in the study area.
Socio-economic and health aspects will be

covered for the project area based on the Census
documents and NIC database. Local and District
9 Socio Economic aspects
administration will also be contacted for
collecting the required data. No primary studies
will be carried out under this aspect.
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IDENTIFICATION OF SOURCES OF POLLUTION

Data Generation
This includes the following:
 Identifying the sources of pollution of air, water, land and noise;
 Quantifying the emissions from the pollution generating sources; and
 Quantification of solid wastes and likely disposal methods will be suggested. Sources of
Pollution
 The likely sources of air and water pollution will be identified and quantified;
 The proposed pollution control measures envisaged in project area for fugitive dust, noise
pollution and other environmental effects of each project activities will be assessed for
their adequacy;
 The present and proposed changes in land use pattern will be identified; and
 Suitable green belt development plan will be prepared. Based on various project
activities, the likely impact on the environment attributes in project area will be identified
by:
 Estimating the air pollution levels for PM, SO2 and NOx in the study area during
construction and operational activities;
 Estimating the source emissions for each project specific pollutants;
 Predicting the noise dispersions for all the noise generating sources;
 Predicting the impact of wastewater discharges;
 Determining the impact of construction activities (movement of construction material);

and o Studying the short-term and long-term effects on sensitive targets like endangered
species, crops and historically/archaeologically important sites (if any)
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

The proposed project may have some impacts on the environment.
 The parameters likely to be affected are air quality, water quality, soil quality and noise
levels etc on account of gaseous emissions, liquid effluent discharges, resultant
particulates, generation of solid wastes etc will be discussed.
 The baseline data generated from the above studies will be analyzed and will be
compared with applicable standards prescribed by the CPCB. By this means, the impact
whether positive or negative will be assessed and the environmental attributes requiring
special attention for mitigating the negative impact, if any, will be identified.
 Also the areas, which ful fil the prescribed environmental norms and not requiring further
improvements, will be specified. Both short-term and long term impacts particularly on
sensitive targets such as habitat of endangered species of wildlife or mines, crops,
historically / culturally important sites / monuments, centres with concentrated population
in the study area will be established.
 Impact of the stack emissions on terrestrial flora will be scientifically documented based
upon species composition of the area and their air pollution tolerance levels.
 The impacts of project on various components of environment and the possible mitigation
measures for mitigating the negative impacts were described in the following sections.
IMPACT ON LAND USE
Impact Assessment
 The land use impacts due to proposed project will be identified in terms of local land use
planning efforts. The change in land use pattern of project site will also be identified.
This includes visual impact, impact on forest, impact due to industrial growth and growth
due to socio-economic factors.
Mitigation Measures
The mitigation measures will be addressed towards restoration of land disturbed by
the proposed project activities to the extent possible.
Impact on Water Use

Habitat conditions; and v. Recreation resources and aesthetics.
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Mitigation Measures
 Considering the dependence of the people in the area on surface or ground water as
sources for drinking purposes, the prevailing quality and extent of contamination due to
the proposed project activities, the mitigation measures will include and the treatment
required for meeting the effluent discharge standards specified under the Environment
Protection Rules and SPCB will be addressed.
 The disposal arrangements will be conceptually indicated.

Impact on Demography and Socio-Economics
 Impact Assessment On the basis of the compiled information and the proposed
employment and other benefits to the people of the study area as well as others, the likely
socio-economic impacts of proposed project in post project scenarios for demography,
facilities and services, agricultural sector, civic infrastructure and basic amenities,
industrial sector, economic status and health status of people, etc will be assessed.
Mitigation Measures
 Strategies to mitigate the negative impacts of the project will be developed for areas
where negative impacts are projected to occur.
 The potential actions considered will include both policy and planning actions. The roles
of different bodies in mitigation measures will be identified.
IMPACT ON SOIL IMPACT

Assessment Impacts on soil
 Characteristics include destruction of soil profile, changes in soil productivity, increased

erosion and subsequent loss of agricultural soils and land use changes. The impact
assessment includes an analysis of susceptibility of the area to loss of agricultural
production, change in crop pattern etc.
 Details on solid wastes from the proposed activity will be estimated. Impact assessment
of disposal Impact Assessment
 The impacts of the proposed project due to water usage and wastewater discharges will
be of solid waste will be addressed to the effect on human settlement, vegetation, ground
water contamination etc.
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 Mitigation Measures based on analysis of soil data,
 mitigation measures will be proposed which will avoid, minimize or compensate for
significant adverse impact on soil characteristics. Impact on Ambient air Quality Impact
Assessment
 A computer based internationally recognized mathematical air quality model (ISCST3)

suitable for the region will be used to predict the concentration of SO2 , NOX & PM due
to the operation of the proposed activities.
 The results will be presented for short-term (24-hourly) concentrations in and around the
project site.
 The dispersion model results will be included in the report using isopleths or other
graphical methods, over laying a land use map of the surrounding area.
 The predicted air quality results will be compared with existing regulations. Mitigation
Measures Potential mitigation measures include the control measures at the source level
and providing adequate stack heights.
 The measures to control the fugitive dust emissions such green belt development and
sprinkling will be suggested.
Impact on Noise Impact Assessment Sources of noise and its impact on the environment
will be addressed.
 The noise level at varying distances for multi-sources will be predicted using Noise
model. A comparison of measured noise (Leq ) at monitoring locations to that of
predicted noise levels (Leq ) will be made and mitigatory measures will be recommended
to conform to regulatory ambient air noise standards.
 Baseline noise levels in different zones like industrial, residential and sensitive areas like
addressed covering the following:
 Groundwater quality degradation due to likely solid waste disposal and wastewater
disposal; o Agricultural productivity;
 Habitat conditions; and
 Recreation resources and aesthetics.

Mitigation Measures
 The mitigation measures will be addressed ensuring the present and anticipated future
water requirements for various purposes.
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 The measures also address the need to maintain or improve the existing Class of Water
(as per IS: 2296) to ensure that the current / proposed uses are not impaired due to
deterioration of the water quality.
Impact on Water Quality Impact Assessment

The assessment of potential impacts of the project will be carried out with respect to:
i. Ground water quality degradation;
ii. Surface and river water quality degradation;
iii. Agricultural productivity;

hospitals, wildlife habitation, etc., will be monitored.
The potential noise level exposure will be determined and evaluate for acceptable
limits of exposure.
Mitigation Measures
The potential mitigation measures will be addressed to reduce noise levels by control
at source, provision of greenery to absorb noise during its propagation, isolation of
high noise generating sources, use of protective measures especially in high noise
areas.
Impact on Ecology Impacts on aquatic species

especially during dry season will be assessed particularly those which are endangered.
The parameters, which are of concern, are TSS, TDS, heavy metals, oil and grease,
pH and temperature.
The assessment will also include impacts of chlorinated organic chemicals. The
impact of site preparation activities involving site clearing, excavation, earth moving,
dewatering or impounding water bodies and developing burrow and fill areas will be
assessed.
Recommendations will be made to mitigate such adverse impacts as soil erosion and
habitat loss. In addition, impact of fugitive and stack emissions will be assessed on
the surrounding species of economic/genetic/biological importance.
The Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment
● ascertain the potential impacts to threatened species, populations and communities

and their habitats as a result of the proposed upgrade.
● To assess the nature and distribution of vegetation in and around the project site;
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● To assess the distribution of animal life spectra;

● To assess the biodiversity and to understand the resource potential; and
● To ascertain migratory routes of fauna and possibility of breeding grounds
What is Flora and Fauna?

Flora is the plant life occurring in a particular region or time, generally the naturally
occurring or indigenous—native plant life.
The corresponding term for animal life is fauna. Fauna is all of the animal life
present in a particular region or time.
Flora, fauna and other forms of life such as fungiare collectively referred to as biotaa.
Zoologists and paleontologists use fauna to refer to a typical collection of animals
found in a specific time or place,
The primary data of flora and fauna was generated through:-
● Preparing a general checklist of all plants encountered in the study area. This
would indicate the diversity for plants.
● Determining the bird population of migratory and local birds by taking 10 random
readings at every Location;
● Observing mammals, amphibians and reptiles, noting their calls, droppings,
burrows, pugmarks and other signs
CASE STUDY FOR PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT ON FLORA AND

FAUNA FOR A PROPOSED MINE IN HIMACHAL PRADESH
 Himachal Pradesh is a predominantly mountainous state. Consequently, its climate is

more congenial to forests. It comprises four forest zones-subtropical, sub-temperate, wet
temperate and dry-temperate.
 The proposed mine area is situated in Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh.
 The forests of the tract are well scattered on both the banks of river Beas. Scrub forests,
Bamboo forests, Chil forests, Scrub mixed with chil, sal and other Broad Leaved forests
are present which occur due to altitude, edaphic and biotic factors. Kangra forest consist
various type of vegetation and faunal biodiversity Flora
 Study of biological environment is one of the important aspects in Environmental Impact

Assessment in view of the need for conservation of Environmental quality
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 The visual observations of plants were recorded with a view to obtaining some idea about
the relative density of certain species and their predominance. Project influence area have
several floral species have been reported with some prominent tree species are Cassia
fistula, Ficus bengalenses, Aegle marmelos, Phoenix sylvestris, Mangifera indica,
Azadaricta indica, Dalbergia sisso, Calotropis procera, Terminalica arjuna.
 A total sum of 111 plant species were recorded. Fauna
 The information of important terrestrial animal groups such as birds, reptiles and
mammals were collected by trekking inhabiting areas, along the road, nearby village
areas and agricultural fields present in the impact zone.
 An inventory of the animals has been prepared separately for mammals, reptiles and
birds. The faunal species are reported as Common Emmigrant, Pioneer, Monitor Lizard,
Common myna, Gray Partridges, Indian Treepie, Parakeet, Jungle Crow, House Crow,
Rock Pigeon, Green Bee eater, Red Watlled lopwing, Wood pecker and Indian hare.
 Out of which 17 species of mammals, 50 species of birds, 5 species of reptile, 4 species

of fishes and 03 species of amphibians were recorded. Impact Assessment
 Identification of all potential environmental impacts due to project is an essential step of

Environmental Impact Assessment.
 In case of mining projects, impacts on biodiversity, air pollution, water pollution, waste
management and social issues are significant.
 Both direct and indirect environmental impacts will be created on various environmental
attributes due to proposed mining activity in the surrounding environment, during the
operational phase.
 Several scientific techniques and methodologies are available to predict impacts of

physical environment. Mathematical models are the best tools to quantitatively describe
the cause and effect relationships between sources of pollution and different components
of environment.
 In cases where it is not possible to identify and validate a model for a particular situation,
predictions have been arrived at based on logical reasoning/consultation/extrapolation
Anticipated or Predicted Impact on Flora
 The proposed project of river bed sand, bajri, boulder mining shall be carried out on the
Sohan Khad, which does not have any trees. Hence, no tree cutting is involved
 The project shall also not lead to any change in landuse and will be replenished every
year after successive rain.
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 The project seeks permission to carry out the mining activity, which though is an
economically gainful activity, but also constitutes river training work. It allows for
necessary dredging activity which otherwise leads to flooding of nearby banks
 With the proposed riverbed mining activity, as the river bed deepens, the banks will
eventually be available for secondary succession of vegetation.
 There shall be negligible air emissions or effluents from the project site. During loading
the truck, dust generation will be likely. This shall be a temporary effect and not
anticipated to affect the surrounding vegetation significantly. Anticipated or Predicted
Impact on Fauna
 Animals are sensitive to noise and avoid human territory. The animals accessing the river
at the project stretch are likely to shift upstream or downstream of the stretch during the
mining activities.
 There will be no impact on aquatic environment due to mining because the river dries up
considerably and is reduced to no flow during lean season. Water flows only in rainy
season through Sohan Khad Bed. No fishes are reported in the study stretch of the river
 Hence, no significant impact on the fauna is anticipated from the proposed project.
Mitigation Measures Flora Although the project will not lead to any tree cutting, it is
proposed to improve the greenery of the locality by plantation services.
 To avoid dust emissions, the mined materials will be covered with tarpaulin during
transportation.
 Fauna the workers shall be directed to not venture out of the leased area for collecting
fuel wood, or hunting. They shall also be trained to not harm any wildlife, should it come
near the project site. No work shall be carried out after 6.00 pm.
MATRICES METHOD
 In matrix methods interactions between various activities and environmental parameters

will be identified and evaluated. Matrix methods are basically generalized checklists
where one dimension of a matrix is a list of environmental, social and economic factors
likely to be affected by a project activity.
 The other dimension is a list of actions associated with development. These relate to both
the construction and operational phases. Making cells representing a likely impact
resulting from the interaction of a facet of the development with an environmental feature
identifies impacts.
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 Simple matrices, though able to identify first order effects, cannot show higher interactive
effects between impacts. The purpose of a matrix is to help the project planner to
 Identify specific sources of potential environmental impact
 Provide means of comparing the predicted environmental impacts of the various project
options available
 Potentially significant adverse environmental impact for which a design solution has been
identified
 Adverse environmental impact that is potentially significant but about which insufficient
information has been obtained to make a reliable prediction
 Residual and significant adverse environmental impact and
 Significant environmental impact
Interaction-Matrix Methodologies
 In the interaction matrix method project actions or activities will be displayed along one
axis with appropriate environmental factors listed along the other axis of the matrix.
 If a particular activity is likely to cause an effect on any environmental factor, it will be

noted at the intersection point in the matrix.
 The magnitude of separate or combined effects and their importance considerations will
also be considered.
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 In this method approximately 100 specified actions and 90 environmental items can be
examined. It presents the list of the actions and environmental items.
 In the uses of the Leopold matrix, each action and its potential for creating an impact on
each environmental item will be considered.
 Where an impact is anticipated, the matrix is marked with a diagonal line in the
appropriate interaction box.
Salient Features of Matrices Methods
 It is necessary to define the spatial boundaries of environmental factors.
 The temporal phases and specific actions associated with the proposed project: and the
impact rating or summarization scales used in the matrix.
 A matrix should be considered a tool for purposes of analysis, with the key need being to
clearly state the rationale utilized for the impact ratings assigned to a given temporal
phase and project action, and a given spatial boundary and environmental factor.
 The development of one or more preliminary matrices can be a useful technique in

discussing a proposed action and its potential environmental impacts. This can be helpful
in the early stages of a study to assist each team member in understanding the
implications of the project and developing detailed plans for more extensive studies on
particular factors and impacts.
 The interpretation of impact ratings should be carefully and critically considered,

particularly when realizing that there may be large differences in spatial boundaries as
well as temporal phases for a proposed project.
 Interaction matrices can be useful for delineating the impacts of the first and second or
multiple phases of a two-phase or multiphase project; the cumulative impacts of a
project when considered relative to the other past, present; and reasonably foreseeable
future actions in the area; and the potential positive effects of mitigation measures.
 If interaction matrices are used to display comparisons between different alternatives, it is

necessary to use the same basic matrix in terms of spatial boundaries and environmental
factors, and temporal phases and project actions for each alternative being analyzed.
Completion of such matrices can provide a basis for trade off analysis.
 Impact qualification and comparisons to relevant standards can provide a valuable basis
for the assignment of impact ratings to different project actions and environmental
factors.
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 Color codes can be used to display and communicate information on anticipated impacts.
For example, beneficial impacts could be shown by using green or shade of green;
whereas, adverse effects could be depicted with red or shades of red. Impact matrices
can be used without the incorporation of number, letter, or color ratings. For example,
circles of varying size could be used to denote ranges of impacts.
 One of the concerns relative to interaction matrices is that project actions and/ or
environmental factors are artificially separated, when they should be considered
together. It is possible to use footnotes in matrix to identify groups of actions, factors,
and/or impacts which should be considered together. This would allow the delineation of
primary and secondary effects of projects.
 The development of a preliminary interaction matrix does not mean that it would have to
be included in a subsequent EA or EIS. The preliminary matrix could be used as an
internal working tool in study, planning and development.
 .It is possible to utilize importance weighting for environmental factors and project
actions in a simple interaction matrix. If this approach is chosen, it is necessary to
carefully delineate the rationale upon which differential importance weights have been
assigned. Composite indices could be developed for various alternatives by summing up
the products of the importance weights and the impact ratings.
 Usage of an interaction matrix forces the consideration of actions and impacts related to a
proposed project within the context of other related actions and impacts. In other words,
the matrix will prevent overriding attention being given to one particular action of
environmental factors.
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NETWORKS METHOD
 Networks are capable of identifying direct and indirect impacts, higher order effects and
interactions between impacts, and hence are able to identify and incorporate mitigation
and management measures into the planning stages of a project.
 They are suitable for expressing ecological impacts but of lesser utility in considering
social, human and aesthetic aspects. This is because weightings and ratings of impacts are
not features of network analysis.
 Development of network diagrams present the potential impact pathways as casual chains
will be very useful for displaying first ,secondary, tertiary and higher order impacts.
 To develop a network a series of questions related to each project activity (such as what
are the primary impact areas, the primary impacts within these areas, the secondary
impact areas, and the secondary impacts within these areas and so on) must be answered.
In developing network diagrams the first step is to identify the first order changes in
environmental components.
 The secondary changes in other environmental components that will result from first
order changes will be then identified. In turn third order changes resulting from
secondary changes will be then identified.
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 This process will be continued until the network diagram is completed to the experts'
satisfaction.
 Network analyses are particularly useful for understanding the relationship between
environmental components that produce higher order impacts, which are often
overlooked in some major projects.
 Networks can also aid in organizing the discussion of anticipated project impacts.
 Network displays are useful in communicating information about an environmental

impact study to an interested public.
 The primary limitation of the network approach is the minimal information provided on
the technical aspects of impact prediction and the means for comparatively evaluating the
impacts of alternatives.
 In addition, networks can become very visually complicated. Networks generally

consider only adverse impacts on the environment and hence decision - making in terms
of the cost and benefit of a development project to a region is not feasible by network
analysis.
 Temporal considerations are not properly accounted for and short term and long term
impacts are not differentiated to the extent required for an easy understanding.
 While networks can incorporate several alternatives into their format, the display
becomes very large and hence unwieldy when large regional plans are being considered.
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CHECKLIST METHODOLOGIES
 Checklist methodologies range from listings of environmental factors in highly structured

approaches involving importance weightings for factors and application of scaling
techniques for the impacts of each alternative on each factor.
 Checklists in general are strong in impact identification and are capable of bringing them
to the attention and awareness of their audiences.
 Impact identification is the most fundamental function of an EIA and in this respect, all
types of checklists, namely simple, descriptive, scaling and weighting checklists do
equally well.
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 Checklists are of four broad categories and represent one of the basic methodologies
listed in EIA. They are:
(a) Simple Checklists: that are a list of parameters without guidelines provided on
how to interpret and measure an environmental parameter.
(b) Descriptive Checklists: that includes an identification of environmental

parameters and guidelines on.
How parameter data are to be measured.
(c) Scaling Checklists: that is similar to descriptive checklists with the addition of
information basis to subjective scaling or parameter values.
(d) Scaling Weighting Checklists: are capable of quantifying impacts. "Simple
checklists" represent lists of environmental factors. which should be addressed:
however. No information is provided on specific data needs.
 Methods for measurement. or impact prediction and assessment. "Descriptive checklists"

refer to methodologies that include lists of environmental factors along with information
on measurement and impact prediction and assessment.
 Scaling and weighting inherent in the latter types of checklists facilitates decision
making.
 Such checklists. Apart from being strong in impact identification. also incorporate the
functions of impact measurement and to a certain degree of interpretation and evaluation,
and it is those aspects that make them more amenable to decision- making analysis.
 But the impact of scaling and weighting is. nevertheless, subjective and this poses the
danger that society holds all diverse impacts to be equally important.
 Scaling and weighting checklists, while capable of quantifying impacts reasonably well,
albeit using subjective estimates. Make no provision for assessing dynamic probabilistic
trends or for mitigation, enhancement and monitoring programmes. Identification of
higher order effects, impacts and interactions are outside their scope.
 They merely identify the possible potential impacts without any sort of rating as to their
relative magnitudes.
 Methods that involve scaling and weighting and the consequent aggregation remove
decision making from the hands of decision makers.
 Further they incorporate into one number various intrinsically different impacts and this
deprives the decision maker of the possibility of tradeoffs. In check lists methods impacts
will be tabulated in the form of cells with information either in the descriptive form
which give information of the possibility or potential existence of an impact while in the
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scaling or weighing methods the magnitude or importance of the impact Simple

Checklists Simple checklists represent a valid approach for providing systemization to an
EIS and presents a list of environmental factors to be considered in construction and
operational phases. The checklist also includes information on
mitigation.
Descriptive Checklists
 Descriptive checklists are widely used in environmental impact studies.
 For example, Carstea developed a descriptive checklist approach for projects in coastal
areas. The methodology addresses the following issues. actions. and projects: riprap
placement. bulkheads; groins and jetties; piers. dolphins, mooring piles. and ramp
construction; dredging (new and maintenance); outfalls, submerged lines. and pipes; and
aerial crossings.
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 For each of the items, environmental impact information was provided on potential
changes in erosion, sedimentation. and deposition; flood heights and drift; water quality;
ecology; air quality; noise; safety and navigation; recreation; aesthetics; and socio-
economics.
 Several descriptive checklists have been developed for water resources projects.
 For example, Canter and Hill suggested a list of about 65 environmental factors related to
the environmental quality account used for project evaluation in the United States.
 For each factor. information is included on its definition and measurement, prediction of
impacts, and functional curves for data interpretation (where one was available or easily
developed).
 A portion of a descriptive checklist containing several factors for housing and other land
development projects are shown below. The basis for estimates column presents a
simplified, brief listing of key data models needed, if any. for the factor.
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Scaling Checklists
 Simple and descriptive checklists in general are strong in impact identification and are
capable of bringing them to the attention and awareness of their audiences.
 Impact identification is the most fundamental function of an EIA and in this respect, all
types of checklists are simple.
 Descriptive scaling and weighting checklists do well. But simple and descriptive
checklists offer no more than this.
 They merely identify the possible potential impacts without any sort of rating as to their
relative magnitudes.
 As a result they are most applicable at the IEE stage of an assessment.
 The Oregon Scaling Check- list methods go a step further and provide an idea of the
nature of the impact by means of assigning a textual rating of the impact as long- term.
direct. and so on.
 Nevertheless this approach is not suitable for impact measurement and does not aid much
in the decision making process. Rather it identifies the impacts and leaves the
interpretation to the decision makers.
 The element of scaling and weighting that is inherent in the latter types of checklists
makes it easier for decision - making.
 Such checklists, apart from being strong in impact identification, also incorporate the
functions of impact measurement and to a certain degree those of interpretation and
evaluation and it is these aspects that make them more amenable for decision - making
analysis.
Scaling and weighting checklists,
 While capable of quantifying impacts reasonably well. albeit using subjective estimates,
make no provision for assessing dynamic probabilistic trends or for mitigation.
enhancement and monitoring programmes.
 Identification of higher order effects, impacts and interactions are outside their scope.
Methods that involve scaling and weighting and the consequent aggregation remove
decision-making from the hands of decision-makers.
 Further they incorporate into one number various intrinsically different impacts and this
deprives the decision - maker of the possibility of trade-offs.
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Weighting and Scaling Checklist Methods
 As descriptive checklists cannot rank various alternatives. various methods were

developed for selecting alternatives based on the following criteria
I. Appropriate set of environmental factors which are likely to be significant for the
activity for which EIA has to be carried out are to be fixed (for example, wild life,
habitat etc) :
2. The units of measurement for each factor (e.g., hectares conserved) have to be
determined.
3. Data on a fixed unit (100 or 1000 hectares) with reference to various sets of
environmental factors have to be collected.
4. The interval scale (0-0.1) for each environmental factor has to be fixed and the data
is converted into an environmental factor index by normalizing the scale over
maximum and minimum values and determining weight of each environmental factor.
5. Establish the method of aggregation across all the factors established.
 The following example where two factors (Wildlife habitat in hectares and employment
increase in jobs) for two alternatives are considered will explain how the scaling
weighing method can be applied. In this example the environmental factor data has been
scaled to an index (0 is worst and I is best) Scaling was done by dividing the factor data
by maximum values for both alternatives.
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MATHEMATICAL MODELS
 Such models are based on cause-effect relationships usually expressed in the form of
mathematical functions. They may be simple input-output models or of complex dynamic
types. Such models are primarily used for predicting the impact only partially (e.g.,
model for phosphorus retention in a lake, or model to predict the economic multiplier in a
particular area).
 Models which are comprehensive and provide a holistic approach are often rare, except in
some cases of land-use planning.
Mathematical models are divided into two types. ·
 Deterministic models are usually derived through fixed relationships. They are more
commonly used in socioeconomic impact prediction. For example, the economic
multiplier in a project where injection of money in the project area takes place and the
impact on the economy of the project area is examined, and
 The stochastic model is a probabilistic type in which the prediction depends upon the
degree of probability of occurrence of a number of events in a given area and time.
Many problems arise in the evaluation of environmental impacts due to new projects;
 The determination of the pertinent variables, the choice of methodology to follow
 The need to inform the project proponent and regulatory agencies at every step of the
evaluation process, and to present the best assessments possible for a variety of
alternatives,
 The necessity to provide understandable information to the public. These problems are
emphasised by the presence of many specialists of different disciplines who have to find
a common language to integrate their experiences towards the same aim: the prediction of
the impacts of a new project.
 Mathematical modelling presents a unified way to meet these requirements.
 The study was divided into two parts: abiotic and biotic models.
 Abiotic models include water quality and water management modelling.
 Biotic models take into account the biological aspects which have been used for impact
assess- mentsc
 The work is based primarily on visits to groups that are active in using modelling (or
creating models) and simulation for impact assessment, and on literature surveys.
Mathematical models are based on the fundamental concepts of physical systems. A
physical system is described by a few measurable variables and well-defined boundaries.
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 Modelling the environment requires finding analytical relationships between variables

knowing some responses of the system under various stimuli.
 This is known as an inverse problem because it can be solved by a variety of

mathematical relations.
 A simple algebraic mode, known as a black box, can represent the response of a system
for very specific applications.
 If the model is to be used in a wide spectrum of different situations, it has to rely as much
as possible on principles of physical systems (conservation principles of mass, energy
and momentum).
 Most of the time due to numerous factors (computatiorial limits, unknown parameters,
complexity of the formulation,), mathematical models are simplified, taking into account
only some of the fundamental equations. So, in air pollution, even in the case of wind
field modeling, the principle of conservation alone is taken into account. In water
modelling, equations of mass and momentum are currently used simplifying assumptions
being made on spatial representation.
Usually environmental management encompasses the following steps:

1. Perception of needs,
2. Problem definition and monitoring program, problem analysis and modelling,
3. Simulation to test alternative strategies,
4. Evaluation of alternatives,
5. Selection by decision makers,
6. Implementation and monitoring program.
7. In this context, modelling plays an important role in the decision-making

process.However, the results is are uncertain because:
8. The conceptual analysis (summation of “mental” evaluations and physical
concepts) is incomplete,
9. The mathematical relations used are representative of present knowledge,
10. Some uncontrollable or unpredictable even (e.g., Natural catastrophe) can occur.
Disadvantages of Simulation Modelling

1. Requires computer facilities
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2. Requires expertise and a fair amount of time

3. Results may be too easily believed by decision makers
4. Results are usually complex (if there are many variables) and are therefore difficult
to communicate to decision makers
5. Relations between variables usually assumed constant through time
Advantages of Simulation Modelling

1. Promotes communication between disciplines
2. User forced to clarify assumptions causal mechanisms
3. Any form of relationship can be handled linear or nonlinear
4. Helps to identify key variables or relationships that need to be investigated or are

sensitive
5. Can include uncertainties of various types
6. Can easily compare alternative management schemes
7. Can use detailed information concerning processes in the natural system
8. Graphics output a good way of communicating impact

9. Can utilize information about known processes that have not been investigated
10. for the particular system of study but that have some generality (e.g., predation,
population growth)
Fundamentals of Mathematical Models
 A system can be thought of as a collection of one or more related objects where an object
can be a physical entity with specific attributes or characteristics.
 A system is characterized by the fact that the modeler can define its boundaries, its
attributes, and its interactions with the surroundings to the extent that the resulting model
can satisfy the modeler‘s goals.
 Often, the larger the system, the more complex the model.
 A system is called a closed system when it does not interact with the surroundings, if
interacts with the surroundings, it is called an open system. In closed systems, neither
mass nor energy will cross the boundary in contrast with open systems.
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 The attributes of the system and of the surroundings that have significant impact on the
system are termed variables.
 The term variable includes those attributes that change in value during the modeling time
span and those that remain constant during that period.
 Variables of the latter type are often referred to as parameters. Variables that change in
value fall into two categories: those that are generated by the surroundings and influence
the behavior of the system, and those that are generated by the system and impact the
surroundings.
 The former are called inputs‖ and the latter are called outputs.
 In mathematical language, inputs are considered independent variables, and outputs are
considered dependent variables.
 However, in mathematical models, all inputs and parameters are readily available for
control or manipulation, and all outputs are accessible.
 In broad sense, the goals and objectives of modeling can be twofold: research oriented or
management-oriented.
Specific goals of modeling efforts can be one or more of the following:
 To interpret the system; to analyze its behavior
 To manage
 To operate; or control it to achieve desired outcomes
 To design methods
 To improve or modify it
 To test hypotheses about the system; or
 To forecast its response under varying conditions.
 Practitioners, educators, researchers, and regulators from all professions ranging from
business to management to engineering to science use models of some form or another in
their respective professions.
Most common modeling approaches in the environmental area can be classified into many
basic types:
 Physical modeling,
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 Empirical modeling,
 Mathematical modeling,
 Environmental modeling and natural modeling.

Mathematical modeling (or mechanistic modeling) is based on the deductive or theoretical
approach. Here, fundamental theories and principles governing the system along with
simplifying assumptions are used to derive mathematical relationships between the variables
known to be significant.
 The resulting model can be calibrated using historical data from the real system and can
be validated using additional data. Predictions can then be made with predefined
confidence. In contrast to empirical models, mathematical models reflect how changes in
system performance are related to changes in inputs.
 The emergence of mathematical techniques to model real systems has alleviated many of
the limitations of physical and empirical modeling.
Mathematical modeling, in essence, involves the transformation of the system under study from
its natural environment to mathematical environment in terms of abstract symbols and equations.
 The symbols have well-defined meanings and can be manipulated following a rigid set of
rules or ―mathematical calculi.
 Theoretical concepts and process fundamentals are used to derive the equations that
establish relationships between the system variables.
 By feeding known system variables as inputs, these equations or ―models‖ can be solved
to determine a desired, unknown result.
 In the pre computer era, mathematical modeling could be applied to model only those
problems with closed form solutions: application to complex and dynamic systems was
not feasible due to lack of computational tools.
 Currently, several different types of software authoring tools are commercially available
for mathematical model building. They are rich in with built in features such as a library
of preprogrammed mathematical functions and procedures, user-friendly interfaces for
data entry and running, post –processing of results such as plotting and animation, and
high degrees of interactivity.
Mathematical models can be classified into various types depending on the nature of the
variables, the mathematical approach used, and the behavior of the system as follows:
1. Deterministic vs. Probabilistic; depending on certainty.
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2. Continuous vs. Discrete; depending on continuity of variables in time domain.

3. Static vs. Dynamic; depending on changing variables in time domain.
4. Distributed vs. Lumped; depending on changing variables in time and space
domains.
5. Linear vs. Nonlinear; depending on the variable power in the governing equation.
6. Analytical vs. Numerical; depending on closed form solution availability.
 Deterministic models are built of algebraic and differential equations, while probabilistic
models include statistical features.
 In continuous systems, changes occur continuously as time advances evenly, while in

discrete models, changes occur only when discrete events occur, irrespective of time
passage.
 In static models, the results are obtained by a single computation of all equations while in
dynamic models are obtained by repetitive computation of all equations as time passes.
 Lumped static models are often built of algebraic equations; lumped dynamic models are
often built of ordinary differential equations; and distributed models are often built of
partial differential equations. When an equation contains only one variable in each term
and each variable appears only to the first power, that equation is termed linear, if not, it
is known as nonlinear.
 Linear models satisfy the principle of super-positioning. When all the equations in a
model can be solved algebraically to yield a solution in a closed form, the model can be
classified as analytical, if not, a numerical model is required to solve system of equations.
 These classifications are presented to stress the necessity of understanding input data
requirements, model formulation, solution procedures, and to guide in the selection of the
appropriate computer software tool in modeling system. Most environmental systems can
be approximated in a satisfactory manner by linear and time variant descriptions in a
lumped or distributed manner, at least for specified and restricted conditions.
 Analytical solutions are possible for limited types of systems; while computer based
mathematical modeling using numerical solutions provide solutions for problems of
complex geometry and properties. Figure (1) shows classification of mathematical
models while Table 1 highlights typical uses of mathematical models.
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WHAT IS SIMULATION?
 A simulation of a system is the operation of a model of the system.
 The model can be reconfigured and experimented with; usually, this is impossible, too
expensive or impractical to do in the system it represents.
 The operation of the model can be studied, and hence, properties concerning the behavior
of the actual system or its subsystem can be inferred.
 In its broadest sense, simulation is a tool to evaluate the performance of a system,

existing or proposed, under different configurations of interest and over long periods of
real time. Simulation is used before an existing system is altered or a new system built, to
reduce the chances of failure to meet specifications, to eliminate unforeseen bottlenecks,
to prevent under or over-utilization of resources, and to optimize system performance.
For instance, simulation can be used to answer questions like:
 What is the best design for a new telecommunications network? What are the associated
resource requirements? How will a telecommunication network perform when the traffic
load increases by 50%? How will a new routing algorithm affect its performance?
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 Which network protocol optimizes network performance? What will be the impact of a
link failure? The subject of this tutorial is discrete event simulation in which the central
assumption is that the system changes instantaneously in response to certain discrete
events. For instance, in an M/M/1 queue – a single server queuing process in which time
between arrivals and service time are exponential - an arrival causes the system to change
instantaneously. On the other hand, continuous simulators, like flight simulators and
weather simulators, attempt to quantify the changes in a system continuously over time in
response to controls.
The steps involved in developing a simulation model,

Step 1. Identify the problem.
Step 2. Formulate the problem.
Step 3. Collect and process real system data.
Step 4. Formulate and develop a model.
Step 5. Validate the model.
Step 6. Document model for future use.

Step 7. Select appropriate experimental design.
Step 8. Establish experimental conditions for runs.
Step 9. Perform simulation runs.
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Step 10. Interpret and present results.

Step 11. Recommend further course of action.
 Although this is a logical ordering of steps in a simulation study, much iteration at

various sub-stages may be required before the objectives of a simulation study are
achieved. Not all the steps may be possible and/or required. On the other hand, additional
steps may have to be performed.
Steps in Developing Mathematical Models
 The craft of mathematical model development is part science and part art. It is a
multistep, iterative, trial-and-error process cycling through hypotheses formation,
inference, testing, validating, and refining.
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 While the scientific side of modeling involves the integration of knowledge to build the
model, the artistic side involves the making of a sensible compromise and creating
balance between two conflicting features of the model: degree of detail, complexity, and
realism on hand, and the validity and utility value of the final model on the other
Problem formulation
 Formulation of the problem is the first step in the mathematical model development
process.
This step involves the following tasks:
1- Establishing the goal of the modeling effort.

2- 2- Characterizing the system
3- 3- Simplifying and idealizing the system
Mathematical presentation
The most crucial step in the process, requiring in-depth subject matter expertise.
This step involves the following tasks:

1. Identifying fundamental theories.
2. Deriving relationships
3. Standardizing relationships
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Mathematical analysis
 The next step of analysis involves application of standard mathematical techniques and
procedures to solve the model to obtain the desired results. The analysis is done
according to the rules of mathematics and the system has nothing to do with the process.
Interpretation and evaluation of results
 It is during this step that the iteration and model refinement process is carried out.
 During the iterative process, performance of the model is compared against the real
system to ensure that the objectives are satisfactorily met.
 This process consists of two main tasks; calibration and validation.

1. Task 1: Calibrating the model; in the calibration process, previously observed data from the
real system are used as a ―training‖ set. The model runs repeatedly, adjusting the model
parameters by trial and error until its predictions under similar conditions match the training data
set as per his goals and performance criteria. An efficient way to calibrate a model is to perform
preliminary sensitivity analysis on model outputs to each parameter one by one. If the model
cannot be calibrated to be within acceptable limits, the modeler should backtrack and reevaluate
the system characterization and/or the model formulation steps. This iterative exercise is critical
in establishing the utility value of the model and the validity of its applications, such as making
predictions for the future.
2. Task 2: Validating the model: A model can be considered valid if the agreement between the
two under various conditions meets the goal and performance criteria. A common practice used
to demonstrate validity is to generate a parity plot of predicted vs. observed data with associated
statistics such as goodness of fit. Another method is to compare the plots of predicted values and
observed data as a function of distance or time and analyze the deviations.
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Summing up, empirical models are used to fill in where scientific theories are nonexistent or too
complex. Experimental or physical model results are used to develop empirical models and
calibrate and validate mathematical models. Figure c illustrates a flow chart for steps of
developing a mathematical model.
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ESIA-Unit-2 - Unit2 notes

Environment And Social Impact Assessment (Anna University)

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OCE351- ENIVRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

UNIT II ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

PROCESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

SCREENING AND SCOPING

 To be effective an environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedure need only be

 It is, consequently, important to establish mechanisms for the selection of actions

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 The object of this is to describe a number of possible approaches to screening and

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 Scoping is important for two reasons.

 For example, if a proposed project is to increase the area of irrigated agriculture in a

 These techniques collect and present knowledge and information in a straightforward

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DRAFTING OF TERMS OF REFERENCE

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Prior to writing the TOR the following questions should be asked:

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

 TERMS OF REFERENCE TOR or Terms of Reference is a document produced by the

3. A description of the existing environmental conditions in the project site and

9. Possible alternatives for the project in terms of design, site, technology,

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12. Recommended mitigation strategies.

PROPOSED TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR EIA STUDIES

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 Preparation of EIA and EMP documents with recommendations on preventive and

 Development of a suitable post study-monitoring program to comply with various

S. Attributes Scope of Work

The baseline air quality will be monitored at 8

1 Location - 90 days Micrometeorological survey

8 groundwater samples will be collected and

6 soil samples will be collected from three

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carbon, NPK, TDS, Na, Mg, Ca, Cl- , F- et

Noise monitoring will be carried at 10 locations

Land use as per the district census handbooks will

These aspects will be covered for the study area

Primary as well as secondary data will be

Socio-economic and health aspects will be

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IDENTIFICATION OF SOURCES OF POLLUTION

This includes the following:

 Identifying the sources of pollution of air, water, land and noise;

 Quantifying the emissions from the pollution generating sources; and

 Estimating the source emissions for each project specific pollutants;

 Predicting the impact of wastewater discharges;

 Determining the impact of construction activities (movement of construction material);

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT