Department of Education

Region III
DIVISION OF MABALACAT CITY

Name: __________________________________ Grade & Section: ________________

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LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Research I (Q4 – Lesson 4)
Writing Methodology

I. Introduction
The methodology portion of a research paper discusses why the
researcher decided to use those methods. The approach also provides
explanations of all theoretical and/or ideological principles guiding and
affecting the study's outcome, as well as the researcher's reasoning for
sticking to them.

In this activity sheet, you will be able to understand how to formulate

a good methodology which includes the research design, the respondents,
sample and sampling methods, an instrument used, and statistical treatment.

You will also do activities that will guide you in formulating a good
research proposal that focuses on methodology.

II. Learning Competency

➢ Formulate a good research proposal: writing your methodology.

III. Objectives
After going through this Learning Activity Sheets, you are expected to:
1. describe the essential elements of the research methodology;
2. explain how to write an effective methodology;
3. assess the essential parts of methodology if done correctly; and
4. write a good research methodology

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IV. Discussion

Essential Elements of the Research Methodology

1. Research Design
The research design, which determines the research mode, is an important
aspect of research methodology. This will define the type of research that is
performed, whether qualitative or quantitative. It's also possible to say
whether the researcher would perform an experimental, descriptive, survey,
event, or historical analysis.

2. Respondents of the study. The target population and sample frame are
defined by the study's respondents.

3. Instrument of the study. The research instrument specifies the type of

research instrument to be used, such as a questionnaire, checklist,
questionnaire-checklist, interview schedule, teacher-made tests, and many
more.

4. Establishing and validating reliability. Before it can be used, the

instrument must pass validity and reliability tests.

5. Statistical Treatment. Subjecting data to various yet relevant statistical

formulas and procedures is one of the many ways to ensure the objectivity
of study results.

How to write an effective methodology

1. Introduce your methods

Describe the technique you used to analyze your research question. Your
methodological approach may be quantitative, qualitative, or mixed
approaches, as stated in one of the previous discussions.

2. Establish a methodological connection. Explain why your

methodological technique is essential to the overall research design. Keep
in mind that there should be a clear link between your methodology and
your research questions. This means that your technique must be
sufficient to accomplish the goal of your research paper—to answer the
research problem you addressed.

3. Introduce your instruments. Indicate the instruments you will use to

gather data and explain how you will use them. Surveys, questionnaires
for interviews, observation, and other methods and instruments may be
used. Provide context information for records, including who the original

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 researcher is and how the data were produced and collected, whether the
approaches involve archival analysis or reviewing existing data.

4. Discuss your analysis. Describe how you intend to interpret the outcomes
of your data collection. Statistical research or theoretical perspectives may
be used to help the interpretation of observable behaviors, depending on
the approaches you use.

5. Provide background information. If you're going to use a method that

your readers may not be familiar with, make sure to give them some
background.

6. Discuss the sampling process. Explain why you choose this method of
sampling. If you are conducting research using statistics, for example,
explain why you choose this approach as well as your sampling process.
If you are going to conduct interviews, explain how you are going to pick
participants and conduct the interviews.

7. Address research limitations. Be sure to clarify any potential study

limitations, such as functional constraints that can affect your data
collection process. If there are any possible problems you plan to
experience during the process, justify why you want to use the technique
despite the risk.

Problems to avoid in writing an effective methodology

1. Irrelevant Detail. Your paper's methodology section should be

comprehensive and clear. Provide no context information that does not
specifically support the reader in understanding why a certain approach
was selected, how the data was collected or produced, or how the data was
evaluated in relation to the research issue.

2. Unnecessary Explanation of Basic Procedures. Keep in mind that you

are not writing a how-to guide for a specific technique. You should assume
that readers have a clear understanding of how to investigate the study
question on their own, so you do not need to go over complex
methodological procedures in detail. The focus should be on how you
implemented a method rather than the mechanics of doing so.

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Assessing the essential parts of the methodology

To evaluate the components of parts of the research paper if is done correctly,

Ward and Fetler (as cited by Cristobal, 2017) presented a series of questions.
The following are used to evaluate if your methodology is correct.

Methodology:

1. Subjects
a. Is the subject population (sampling Frame) described?
b. Is the sampling method described?
c. Is the sampling method justified?
d. are the possible sources of sampling bias identified?
e. Are the standards for the protection of human subjects being followed?

2. Instruments
a. Is the instrument valid in relation to the goals and setting?
b. Does it have construct validity?
c. Does it have content validity?
d. Does it have criterion-related validity?
e. Is the instrument reliable for the relevant experimental setting goals?
3. Design
a. Is the design appropriate to the relevant theory?
b. Is the design internally valid?
c. Are the proper controls included?
d. Is the description of the design explicit enough to allow replication?

Examples of some Components of methodology

Research Procedure

A. Harvesting and Processing of the Plants

The fresh leaf Saluyot was collected from Rosales, Pangasinan. The
healthy and fresh leaves were washed to remove some unwanted dirt and were
cut into small pieces.

B. Preparation of Extract from Saluyot

An extract of the fresh leave material was prepared by reducing to

moderately cut into pieces and refluxing 50g of the plant material in a 500ml
Erlenmeyer flask with 150 ml ethanol for 1 hour of boiling water bath. The
flask was removed. The contents were allowed and filtered to cool to room
temperature. Then, sufficient ethanol was added through the residue on the
filter paper to make 500ml. This extract was used for the phytochemical tests.

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C. Phytochemical Analysis

Test for Alkaloids

Mayer’s test
To 1 ml of extract, 1 ml of Mayer’s reagent was added (potassium
mercuric iodide solution).
Positive results: formation of a precipitate indicates the presence of
alkaloids (Diocares, Mindaro & Revita, 2016).
Research Instrument

Tools for Data Analysis

The results were obtained thru the reactions of the extract by visual
observation.

To determine the antioxidant activity of the Saluyot leaves extract:

The presence or absence of precipitate and froth, change in the color of the
solution based on the absorbance reading was used to evaluate the presence
of physiologically active constituents and to determine the antioxidant activity
of the Saluyot leaf extract.

For the preliminary screening on the physiologically active constituents, the

results to be obtained were interpreted as positive in the indication of the
presence of a substance that will be detected, and negative for the absence of
such substance in the extract (Diocares, Mindaro & Revita, 2016).

Statistical Treatment

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to determine the significant

difference in the antioxidant activity of the different doses of Saluyot leaves.

Formula:
where F is the variance ratio for the
overall test, MST is the mean square
due to treatments/groups (between
groups), MSE is the mean square
due to error (within groups, residual
mean square), Yij is an observation,
Ti is a group total, G is the grand
total of all observations, ni is the
number in group i and n is the total
number of observations.
Retrieved fromhttps://www.statsdirect.com/help/
analysis_of_variance/one_way.html

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Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted in order to determine whether
there is a significant difference in the antioxidant activity of the various
concentrations of Saluyot and positive control (Vitamin C), using one-way
ANOVA, hypotheses, as rejected with p values, were higher than the alpha at
0.05, and was accepted f the p-value is lower (Diocares, Mindaro & Revita,
2016).

V. Activities
Activity # 1

Rearrange the letters to form a word/words that are related to methodology.

Write your answer in the box provided.

sdresnontpe
1. _________________________

i gnsed
2. __________________________

meni nsttru
3. __________________________

lialityrebi
4. __________________________

ityvaldi
5. __________________________

mentttrea
6. __________________________

7. __________________________ thomeds

lyanasIs
8. __________________________

plisamng
9. __________________________

t a mi l i t i o n s
10. _________________________

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Activity # 2
Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is incorrect. Write
your answer on the blank before each number.

__________ 1. The research design is an important aspect of research

methodology.
__________2. The questionnaire, checklist, questionnaire-checklist, interview
schedule, teacher-made tests are examples of the research
instrument.
__________3. Before it can be used, the instrument must pass validity and
reliability tests.
__________4. Explain why your methodological technique is essential to the
overall research design.
__________5. In writing methodology, you must provide context information
that does not specifically support the reader.
__________6. In writing methodology, the focus should be on how you
implemented a method rather than the mechanics of doing so.
__________7. In addressing research limitations do not to clarify any potential
study limitations.
__________8. In introducing your instruments, you must Indicate the
instruments you will use to gather data and explain how you will
use them.
__________9. In introducing your methods, you must describe the technique
you used to analyze your research question.
__________10. If you are going to conduct interviews, explain how you are going
to pick participants and conduct the interviews.

Activity # 3
Supply the necessary information based on the knowledge gained from the
discussion. You may use additional references. Use separate sheet of paper
for your answer.
Criteria
Relevance 3 points
Content Organization 2 points
TOTAL 5 points

1. How to write an effective methodology?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

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2. What are the problems to avoid in writing an effective methodology?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Activity # 4
Give some tips on how to write effectively the essential elements of the
research methodology. You may use other references. Use separate sheet of
paper for your answer.
Criteria
Relevance 3 points
Content Organization 2 points
TOTAL 5 points

1. Research Design.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. Respondents of the Study.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Instrument of the Study
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Statistical Treatment
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Validation of the Instrument
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

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VI. Assessment

Given the title and abstract of the Science Investigatory Project write at least one
component of the research methodology. Keep in mind to answer the questions as
stated by Ward and Fetler to evaluate the components if it is done correctly. You may
use other references from the internet. Use separate sheet of paper for your
answer. (5 points)

1. Title: Substitute Indelible Ink Using Bixa Orellana L. (Annatto) Bixa Orellana L.
(Annatto) and Corcus Sativus L. (Kasubha) Extracts
Researcher: D. R. Co, I. A. De Fiesta, and I. Odivilas
Category: Life Science
Abstract:
The great concern of the government and the people of every country is to have
a clean and safe election. Silver Nitrate in making indelible ink is one of the major
problems because of its toxicity and corrosiveness. This study was conducted to find
out the feasibility of annatto seeds (Bixa Orellana L.) and Kasubha (Corcus Sativus
L.) together with cartridge ink as an alternative indelible ink. The two plant extracts
were mixed with the cartridge ink in four different ratios. Each of them was applied
to the fingernails of the three respondents. After which, days of adherence were
determined by counting the number of days the ink adhered to the fingernail. The
Reaction of the ink to the different mediums was also determined by putting 1.5 mL
of water, alcohol, and acetone into the fingernail. The time, in seconds, it takes to
erase the ink was noted using a stopwatch. Lastly, a visual quality rating was done
to determine the stability of the ink after applying it to the fingernail.

Results of the study confirmed that Bixa Orellana L. can be a powerful source
of effective adherence in making an indelible ink.

2. Title: Properties of Inductors (Inductance) and its Applications to Industry

Researcher: J. Salcedo, A.G. Cayanan, and O.T. Laza
Category: Physical Science
Abstract:

This study seeks to determine the magnetic polarity of different power sources, to
prove the relationship of inductors/inductance to electromagnetism and correlate the
principles with the applications in the field of industry. The dimming of the lamp in the
circuit was identified by adapting the Jet Propulsion’s Laboratory method and to know
the reasons behind it when the core in the inductor was inserted. This study devised
a circuit in place of the current sensing resistor and substituted it with lamps. As the
procedure requires, voltages across the lamps and in the inductor as well as with the
source were correlated vectorially. Tests were conducted at different lamp
combinations and different core positions. The dimming of the lamp was caused by the
current limiting characteristics of the inductor. When it comes to magnetic polarity, the
AC source has no specific polarity while the DC source has a very distinct polarity. The
reaction of the repulsion coil was caused by mutual inductance wherein the short-
circuited coil creates a magnetic field opposing the inductor which causes the coil to
repel. These simulate what happens in Maglev trains, system protection in the power

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industry, induction heating in metallurgy as well as semi-conductor industry and the
catapulting of low orbit satellites.

3. Title: Anti-thrombotic Effect of Tridax Procumbens and Cosmos Caudatus

extracts as Inferred from Human Blood Coagulation Time
Researcher: J.F. Mariano, A.R. Mendoza, and A.J. Samaniego
Category: Life Science
Abstract:

Blood loss is one of the common problems encountered during accidents, and the
time it takes to cease the blood flow, takes so much time causing life to be at risk. This
study was conducted to determine the response of platelets to pure extracts of Tridax
Procumbens and Cosmos Caudatus on the basis of human blood coagulation. The
disinfected fingertip was punctured with a sterile lancet. The blood was plunged into
a glass slide and then mixed with the extracts. After which, the clock was started. For
every 25 seconds, one end of a toothpick is passed to the blood drop. Once filamentous
materials are seen adhering to the tip of the toothpick, the clock was stopped.

The highest mean coagulation time was observed with the untreated blood
sample. On the other hand, T. Procumbens showed higher mean coagulation time
compared to C. Caudatus. One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), at 5% level of
significance, revealed that there was a significant difference in the mean coagulation
time of the treatments. Tukey’s pairwise comparison showed that untreated blood has
significantly longer coagulation time compared to blood treated with Asteraceous plant
extracts. However, blood treated with T. Procumbens and C. Caudatus did not exhibit
any significant difference in blood thickening time. Thus, the extracts of the two
Asteraceous plants promoted the formation of fibrin strands faster than untreated
blood strengthening the platelet plug during blood clotting.

Results of the study validated that the two Asteraceous plants can be a powerful
source of a precursor of blood factors necessary for coagulation

VII. Reflection

In reference to your research, write your research design. Use separate sheet of
paper for your answer. (5 points)
Criteria
Relevance 3 points
Content Organization 2 points
TOTAL 5 points
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

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VIII. Reference
Bouchrika, Imed. “How to Write Research Methodology: Overview, Tips, and Techniques.”
Guide 2 Research, October 16, 2020. https://www.guide2research.com/research/how-
to-write-research-methodology.

Co, D., De Fiesta, D. R. Co, I. A. De Fiesta, and Odivilas, I. 2021. Substiture Indelible Ink
Using Bixa orellana L. (Annatto) Bixa orellana L. (Annatto) and Corcus sativus L.
(Kasubha) Extracts. [online] Teacherplant.weebly.com. Available at:
<http://teacherplant.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/1/50912219/ls_1_paper-
_cavitenhs.pdf> [Accessed 11 April 2021].

Cristobal, A. and Cristobal, M. (2017). Practical research for senior high school 1. C & E
Publishing, Inc.

Cristobal, A. and Cristobal, M. (2017). Practical research for senior high school 2. C & E
Publishing, Inc.

MARIANO, J., MENDOZA, A. and SAMANIEGO, A., 2021. ANTI-THROMBOLYTIC

EFFECT OF Tridax procumbens AND Cosmos caudatus EXTRACTS AS INFERRED
FROM HUMAN BLOOD COAGULATION TIME. [online] Teacherplant.weebly.com.
Available at: <http://teacherplant.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/1/50912219/ls_1_paper-
_cavitenhs.pdf> [Accessed 11 April 2021].

McCombes, Shona. “How to Write a Research Methodology in Four Steps.” Scribbr,

February 8, 2021. https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/methodology/.

“Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper: 6. The Methodology.” Research Guides,
2020. https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/methodology.

Salcedo, J., Cayanan, J. and Laza, O.T., 2021. Properties of Inductors (Inductance) and its
Applications to Industry. [online] Teacherplant.weebly.com. Available at:
<http://teacherplant.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/1/50912219/ls_1_paper-_cavitenhs.pdf>
[Accessed 11 April 2021].

Statsdirect.com. 2021. One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) - StatsDirect. [online]

Available at: <https://www.statsdirect.com/help/analysis_of_variance/one_way.htm>
[Accessed 15 April 2021].

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 12
Answers may vary Answers may vary Answers may vary
REFLECTION ASSESSMENT ACTIVITY 3
Answers may vary 1. TRUE 1. respondents
2. TRUE 2. design
3. TRUE 3. instrument
4. TRUE 4. reliability
5. FALSE 5. validity
6. TRUE 6.treatment
7. FALSE 7. methods
8. TRUE 8. sampling
9. TRUE 9. analysis
10. TRUE 10. limitations
ACTIVITY 3 ACTIVITY 2 ACTIVITY 1
IX. Answer Key
X. Development Team

Development Team of the Learning Activity Sheet

Writer: Lea M. Basco
Editor: Cristina L. Dizon, PhD
Reviewer: Ala M. Elagio, Meraluna Mariano, Melissa G. Castro
Illustrator:
Layout Artist:
Management Team: Ericson S. Sabacan, EdD, CESO VI
Leandro C. Canlas, PhD, CESE
Elizabeth O. Latorilla, PhD
Sonny N. De Guzman, EdD
Cristina L. Dizon PhD
Elizabeth C. Miguel, EdD

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Division of Mabalacat

P. Burgos St., Poblacion, Mabalacat City, Pampanga

Telefax: (045) 331-8143

E-mail Address: mabalacatcity@deped.gov.ph

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