NILE

UNIVERSITY

Assignment (#2)

MENG441

By

Suhyb Moustafa Awadalla

Submitted to.

Eng. Abdelrahman Kamal

Mechanical Department
School of Engineering and Applied Science
Nile University

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Table of Contents

Problem Definition: ....................................................................................................... 3

Bridge Types Study: ....................................................................................................... 4
Design Formulation: ...................................................................................................... 6
Static Structural Analysis: .............................................................................................. 7
Geometry:................................................................................................................. 7
Mesh: ....................................................................................................................... 7
Mesh Independence Test: .......................................................................................... 8
1st Trial(Direct Generation of Mesh) ....................................................................... 8
2nd Trial( Body sizing of 0.5 m) ................................................................................ 9
3rd Trial( Body sizing of 0.25 m) ............................................................................... 9
Boundary Conditions: .............................................................................................. 10
Solution: ................................................................................................................. 11
• Maximum Deformation: ................................................................................. 11
• Deformation at both ends of the bridge: .......................................................... 11
• Maximum Stress: .......................................................................................... 12
• Factor of Safety: ............................................................................................ 12
• Total Shear-Moment Diagram: ........................................................................ 13
Cost Analysis (Materials only): .................................................................................. 13
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis: .................................................................................... 14
Boundary Conditions: .............................................................................................. 14
Solution: ................................................................................................................. 15
• Maximum Deformation: ................................................................................. 15
• Deformation at both ends of the bridge: .......................................................... 15
• Maximum Stress: .......................................................................................... 16
• Factor of Safety: 15 ....................................................................................... 16

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Problem Definition:

I will perform a structural analysis for a 30 m long bridge above a river for
following live loading conditions.

1. Live Load:

• Weight of person is 100 kg (weight of person is 75 kg + 25

kg carrying weight), 4 people/m2 and hence, distributed
load is calculated as 400 kg/m2.

2. Dead load of the bridge:

• Self-weight (Standard Earth Gravity).

3. Motor Vehicle:

• 24 cars each weighing 2 tons (2,000 kg each), distributed

load is 48,000 kg/m2.

Total Load Distribution: 48,400 kg/m2.

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Bridge Types Study:

There are seven different types of bridges and are very important since they
connect communities together in a way that is more convenient than if we
didn’t have them. They can help people cross over water, and these structures
can also span across valleys, railroad tracks, and roads. Bridges make it
possible to ship things from place to place faster.

Bridges are built to carry the weight, or load, of whatever is going across them.
They are also constructed to stand up to the environment, including the
weather.

What are the Most Common Types of Bridges?

1. Beam Bridge

Beam bridges are the oldest type of bridge. They are also the easiest and the
least expensive kind of bridge to build.

2. Arch Bridge

Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges. Many of the early arch
bridges were made of stones or concrete, and the bridges constructed out of
these materials were short.

3. Suspension Bridge

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 Suspension bridges are bridges where the roadway, or deck, is suspended by
cables. The main cables are attached to towers at each end.

4. Truss Bridge

Truss bridges are the strongest type of bridge. A truss is a structure whose
parts are put together to form triangles. Straight steel bars are used to build
truss bridges.

Accordingly, the type of bridge I will be choosing is the truss bridge since our
application involves the need of a strong durable bridge where it can outstand
the load of the cars as well as changing environmental factors. In addition, to
ensure the people’s safety and comfort on bridge.

The difference here is that the bridge will be supported by bars implemented
in the water rather than fixed supports at the ends of the road.

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 Design Formulation:

Since the bridge should be able to hold 24 cars at once as a maximum

tolerance then we will construct our design to have 4 lanes each with a width
of 3 meters and a length of 30 meters to ensure that on each lane 6 cars can
be present at the same time with a maximum length of 5 meters leaving us
with a total length of 30 meters and width of 12 meters.
The bars implemented each will have a length of 12 meters (10 meters river
depth + 2 meters height from road to the river level).

I- Section

Rectangular Section

12 m

30 m 12 m

I - Section: 1*2*0.1 (meters)

C – Section: 1*2*0.1 (meters)

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Rectangular Section: 1*0.1 (meters)

Static Structural Analysis:

Geometry:
The materials used for
the road was concrete
and for the rest of the
bridge steel.

The road was given a

thickness of 400 cm.

Mesh:

Body sizing method

was used here to mesh
the constructed
geometry.

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Mesh Independence Test:

Now in this part I have made 3 trials to choose and settle for a certain mesh.
The method of mesh testing was done by first generating the mesh without
any sizing or edits, then certain measures such as the aspect ratio, skewness,
and orthogonality of the mesh were recorded. This step has been repeated but
this time with inserting body sizing, one time having the element size as 0.5
meters and the second time having the element size as 0.25 meters. In
conclusion, this test improved the quality of the overall mesh.

1st Trial(Direct Generation of Mesh)

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2nd Trial( Body sizing of 0.5 m)

3rd Trial( Body sizing of 0.25 m)

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Boundary Conditions:

The boundary conditions acting on the bridge will come in three forms. The
total load distribution( 48,400 kg/m2) coming from the vehicles, people, and
some of their packages (weights were took for extreme conditions)was added
as pressure (474,804 pa). In addition, the dead weight of the bridge was
added as the standard earth gravity as well as the end of the beams as fixed
supports under the water.

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Solution:

• Maximum Deformation:

Maximum Deformation was 0.028297 meters.

• Deformation at both ends of the bridge:

Maximum Deformation at ends was 0.010615 meters.

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• Maximum Stress:
Maximum Stress was 9.84*107 pascal.

• Factor of Safety:
Ranges from 2.1535 to 15

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 • Total Shear-Moment Diagram:

Total Bending Moment

Total Shear Force

Cost Analysis (Materials only):

Materials (Steel)
KG $/KG ACTUAL

2358000.0 $60.00 $141,480,000

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Dynamic Mechanical Analysis:

Boundary Conditions:

The boundary conditions acting on the bridge will come in three forms. The
total load distribution( 48,400 kg/m2) coming from the vehicles, people, and
some of their packages (weights were took for extreme conditions)was added
as forces(474,804 N) & Friction Force (379840 N). In addition, the dead
weight of the bridge was added as the standard earth gravity as well as the
end of the beams as fixed supports under the water.

With 6 time steps and a total of 1.8 seconds to analyze the force distribution
along the bridge.

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Solution:

• Maximum Deformation:

Maximum Deformation was 0.00723 meters.

• Deformation at both ends of the bridge:

Maximum Deformation at ends was 0.0013458 meters.

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• Maximum Stress:
Maximum Stress was 1.2941*107 pascal.

• Factor of Safety: 15

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