CHAPTER 9

INVENTORIES: ADDITIONAL VALUATION ISSUES

CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or- net realizable value rule.

2. Identify other inventory valuation issues.
3. Determine ending inventory by applying the gross profit method.
4. Determine ending inventory by applying the retail inventory method.
5. Explain how to report and analyze inventory.
9-2 Test Bank for Intermediate Accounting: IFRS Edition, 3e

TRUE-FALSE—Conceptual
1. A company should abandon the historical cost principle when the future utility of the
inventory item falls below its original cost.

2. The lower-of-cost-or-net realizable method is used for inventory despite being less
conservative than valuing inventory at net realizable value.

3. Application of the lower-of-cost-or-net realizable value rule results in inconsistency

because a company may value inventory at cost in one year and at net realizable value in
the next year.

4. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) require that a company record an

inventory write-down as part of cost of goods sold.

5. Under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), when companies value

inventory using the lower-of-cost-or-net realizable value (LCNRV), in most situations,
companies price inventory on a total–inventory basis.

6. Biological assets, such as milking cows, are reported as non-current assets at fair value
less costs to sale (net realizable value).

7. The unrealized gains and losses related to recording biological assets at their correct
valuation are reported as part of other comprehensive income on the statement of
comprehensive income.

8. Under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), net realizable value is the
general rule for valuing commodities held by broker-traders.

9. Under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), separate reporting of reversals

of inventory write-downs in the period of sale are required.

10. Under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), agricultural activity can result in
the production of both agricultural produce and biological assets.

11. An inventory of wheat held by a broker-trader is valued at net realizable value.

12. Agricultural produce is harvested from biological assets and is measured at fair value less
costs to sell at the point of harvest.

13. In a basket purchase, the cost of the individual assets acquired is determined on the basis
of their relative standalone sales value.

14. A basket purchase occurs when a company agrees to buy inventory weeks or months in
advance.

15. Most purchase commitments must be recorded as a liability.

16. If the contract price on a noncancelable purchase commitment exceeds the market price,
the buyer should recognize a liability and corresponding loss in the period in which the
market decline takes place.
 Inventories: Additional Valuation Issues 9-3

17. When a buyer enters into a formal, noncancelable purchase contract, an asset and a
liability are recorded at the inception of the contract.

18. In late 2018, Daisy Company entered into a noncancelable purchase contract for which
the contract price is now greater than the market price, and Daisy expects that losses will
occur when the purchase is executed in early 2019. Under IFRS, Daisy should recognize
a liability and corresponding loss in 2018.

19. Under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), a company who recorded a
loss on a purchase commitment in 2018 cannot record a recovery of that loss in 2019 if
prices improve.

20. The gross profit method can be used to approximate the dollar amount of inventory on
hand.

21. In most situations, the gross profit percentage is stated as a percentage of cost.

22. A disadvantage of the gross profit method is that it uses past percentages in determining
the markup.

23. When the conventional retail method includes both net markups and net markdowns in the
cost-to-retail ratio, it approximates a lower-of-cost-or-net realizable value valuation.

24. In the retail inventory method, the term markup means a markup on the original cost of an
inventory item.

25. In the retail inventory method, abnormal shortages are deducted from both the cost and
retail amounts and reported as a loss.

26. The inventory turnover is computed by dividing the cost of goods sold by the ending
inventory on hand.

27. The average days to sell inventory represents the average number of days’ sales for
which a company has inventory on hand.

28. Under IFRS, LIFO is permitted for financial reporting purposes if the company’s host
country permits it for tax purposes.

29. Under U.S. GAAP, if inventory is written down under lower-of-cost-or-market, it may not
be written back up to its original cost in a subsequent period.

30. IFRS requires inventory to be written down below its original cost in some situations, but
inventory cannot be written up above its original cost.

True False Answers—Conceptual

Item Ans. Item Ans. Item Ans. Item Ans. Item Ans. Item Ans.
1. T 6. T 11. T 16. T 21. F 26. F
2. F 7. F 12. T 17. F 22. T 27. T
3. T 8. T 13. T 18. T 23. F 28. F
4. F 9. T 14. F 19. F 24. F 29. T
5. F 10. T 15. F 20. T 25. T 30. T
9-4 Test Bank for Intermediate Accounting: IFRS Edition, 3e

MULTIPLE CHOICE—Conceptual
31. LCNRV of inventory
a. is always either the net realizable value or its cost.
b. should always be equal to net realizable value.
c. may sometimes be less than net realizable value.
d. should always be equal to net realizable value less costs to complete.

32. Lower-of-cost-or-net realizable value

a. gives the lowest valuation if applied to the total inventory.
b. gives the lowest valuation if applied to major groups of inventory.
c. gives the lowest valuation if applied to individual items of inventory.
d. must be applied to major groups for taxes.
S
33. When the cost-of-goods-sold method is used to record inventory at net realizable value
a. there is a direct reduction in the selling price of the product that results in a loss being
recorded on the income statement prior to the sale.
b. a loss is recorded directly in the inventory account by crediting inventory and debiting
loss on inventory decline.
c. only the portion of the loss attributable to inventory sold during the period is recorded
in the financial statements.
d. the net realizable value figure for ending inventory is substituted for cost and the loss
is buried in cost of goods sold.

34. Lower-of-cost-or-net realizable value as it applies to inventory is best described as the

a. reporting of a loss when there is a decrease in the future utility below the original cost.
b. method of determining cost of goods sold.
c. assumption to determine inventory flow.
d. change in inventory value to net realizable value.

35. Why are inventories stated at lower-of-cost-or-net realizable value?

a. To report a loss when there is a decrease in the future utility.
b. To be conservative.
c. To report a loss when there is a decrease in the future utility below the original cost.
d. To permit future profits to be recognized.

36. Which of the following is not an acceptable method of applying the lower-of-cost-or-net
realizable value method to inventory?
a. Inventory location.
b. Groups of inventory items.
c. Individual item.
d. Total of the inventory.

37. Which method(s) may be used to record a loss due to a price decline in the value of
inventory?
a. Loss method.
b. Sales method.
c. Cost-of-goods-sold method.
d. Both the loss method and the cost-of-goods-sold method.
 Inventories: Additional Valuation Issues 9-5

38. When inventory declines in value below original (historical) cost what is the maximum
amount that the inventory can be valued at?
a. Sales price
b. Net realizable value
c. Historical cost
d. Sales price reduced by estimated costs to sell

39. Net realizable value is

a. fair value plus estimated costs to complete and make a sale.
b. selling price.
c. selling price plus estimated costs to complete and make a sale.
d. selling price less estimated costs to complete and make a sale.

40. Shake Company’s inventory experienced a decline in value necessitating a write-down to

lower of cost or net realizable value (LCNRV) of €230,000. This amount is material to
Shake’s income statement and the company follows IFRS. Where should Shake
Company report this decline in value according to IFRS?
I. As a loss on the income statement.
II. As a separate component of other comprehensive income on the statement
of comprehensive income.
III. As part of cost of goods sold on the income statement.
a. Shake must use I.
b. Shake must use I, II or III.
c. Shake must use I, or III.
d. Shake must use III.

41. Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the lower-of-cost-or-net

realizable value (LCNRV)?
a. Net realizable value (NRV) is the selling price less estimated costs to complete and
estimated costs to make a sale.
b. In most situations, companies price inventory on a total-inventory basis.
c. One of two methods may be used to record the income effect of valuing inventory at
net realizable value.
d. Companies use an allowance account, the “Allowance to Reduce Inventory to Net
Realizable Value.”

42. Under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), which of the following is true
regarding inventory write-downs and/or recovery of a write-down?
a. Recovery of inventory write-downs is prohibited under IFRS.
b. IFRS requires separate reporting of reversals of inventory write-downs.
c. IFRS requires companies to record write-downs in a separate loss account.
d. All of the choices are correct.

43. Under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), net realizable value is the
general rule for valuing which of the following types of inventory?
a. Commodities held by broker-traders.
b. Computer components held for sale to manufacturers.
c. Inventories priced on an item by-item basis, but not those priced on a total-inventory
basis.
d. All of the choices are held at NRV under IFRS.
9-6 Test Bank for Intermediate Accounting: IFRS Edition, 3e

44. Under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), agricultural activity results in
which of the following types of assets?
I. Agricultural produce
II. Biological assets
a. I only.
b. II only.
c. I and II.
d. Neither I nor II.

45. Agricultural produce is

a. Harvested from biological assets.
b. Valued at the time of harvest at its cost to produce.
c. Valued at each reporting period at its fair value less costs to sell.
d. All of the choices are correct regarding agricultural produce.

46. Commodity broker-traders

a. Produce or raise commodities such as corn, wheat, or precious metals.
b. Hold their inventory primarily to sell the commodities in the near term and generate a
profit from price fluctuations.
c. Value their inventories at the lower-of-cost-or-net realizable value (LCNRV).
d. All of the choices are correct regarding broker-traders.

47. Situations in which net realizable value is used to value inventory include
a. agricultural inventory.
b. minerals and mineral products.
c. commodities held by broker-traders.
d. All of these are correct.

48. If a material amount of inventory has been ordered through a formal purchase contract at
the statement of financial position date for future delivery at firm prices,
a. this fact must be disclosed.
b. disclosure is required only if prices have declined since the date of the order.
c. disclosure is required only if prices have since risen substantially.
d. an appropriation of retained earnings is necessary.

49. The credit balance that arises when a net loss on a purchase commitment is recognized
should be
a. presented as a current liability.
b. subtracted from ending inventory.
c. presented as an appropriation of retained earnings.
d. presented in the income statement.
P
50. In 2018, Orear Manufacturing signed a contract with a supplier to purchase raw materials
in 2019 for €700,000. Before the December 31, 2018 statement of financial position date,
the market price for these materials dropped to €510,000. The journal entry to record this
situation at December 31, 2018 will result in a credit that should be reported
a. as a valuation account to Inventory on the statement of financial position.
b. as a current liability.
c. as an appropriation of retained earnings.
d. on the income statement.
 Inventories: Additional Valuation Issues 9-7

51. At the end of the fiscal year, Apha Airlines has an outstanding non-cancellable purchase
commitment for the purchase of 1 million gallons of jet fuel at a price of €4.10 per gallon
for delivery during the coming summer. The company prices its inventory at the LCNRV.
If the market price for jet fuel at the end of the year is €4.50, how would this situation be
reflected in the annual financial statements?
a. Record unrealized gains of €400,000 and disclose the existence of the purchase commitment.
b. No impact.
c. Record unrealized losses of €400,000 and disclose the existence of the purchase commitment.
d. Disclose the existence of the purchase commitment.
52. At the end of the fiscal year, Apha Airlines has an outstanding purchase commitment for
the purchase of 1 million gallons of jet fuel at a price of €4.60 per gallon for delivery during
the coming summer. The company prices its inventory at the LCNRV. If the market price
for jet fuel at the end of the year is €4.25, how would this situation be reflected in the
annual financial statements?
a. Record unrealized gains of €350,000 and disclose the existence of the purchase commitment.
b. No impact.
c. Record unrealized losses of €350,000 and disclose the existence of the purchase commitment.
d. Disclose the existence of the purchase commitment.
53. How is the gross profit method used as it relates to inventory valuation?
a. Verify the accuracy of the perpetual inventory records.
b. Verity the accuracy of the physical inventory.
c. To estimate cost of goods sold.
d. To provide an inventory value of LIFO inventories.
S
54. Which of the following is not a basic assumption of the gross profit method?
a. The beginning inventory plus the purchases equal total goods to be accounted for.
b. Goods not sold must be on hand.
c. If the sales, reduced to the cost basis, are deducted from the sum of the opening
inventory plus purchases, the result is the amount of inventory on hand.
d. The total amount of purchases and the total amount of sales remain relatively
unchanged from the comparable previous period.
55. The gross profit method of inventory valuation is invalid when
a. a portion of the inventory is destroyed.
b. there is a substantial increase in inventory during the year.
c. there is no beginning inventory because it is the first year of operation.
d. None of these are correct.
56. Which statement is not true about the gross profit method of inventory valuation?
a. It may be used to estimate inventories for interim statements.
b. It may be used to estimate inventories for annual statements.
c. It may be used by auditors.
d. It may be used when fire or other catastrophe destroys the inventory.
57. A major advantage of the retail inventory method is that it
a. provides reliable results in cases where the distribution of items in the inventory is
different from that of items sold during the period.
b. hides costs from competitors and customers.
c. gives a more accurate statement of inventory costs than other methods.
d. provides a method for inventory control and facilitates determination of the periodic
inventory for certain types of companies.
9-8 Test Bank for Intermediate Accounting: IFRS Edition, 3e

58. An inventory method which is designed to approximate inventory valuation at the lower of
cost or net realizable value is
a. last-in, first-out.
b. first-in, first-out.
c. conventional retail method.
d. specific identification.

59. The retail inventory method is based on the assumption that the
a. final inventory and the total of goods available for sale contain the same proportion of
high-cost and low-cost ratio goods.
b. ratio of gross margin to sales is approximately the same each period.
c. ratio of cost to retail changes at a constant rate.
d. proportions of markups and markdowns to selling price are the same.

60. Which statement is true about the retail inventory method?

a. It may not be used to estimate inventories for interim statements.
b. It may not be used to estimate inventories for annual statements.
c. It may not be used by auditors.
d. None of these are correct.

61. When the conventional retail inventory method is used, markdowns are commonly ignored
in the computation of the cost to retail ratio because
a. there may be no markdowns in a given year.
b. this tends to give a better approximation of the lower of cost or net realizable value.
c. markups are also ignored.
d. this tends to result in the showing of a normal profit margin in a period when no
markdown goods have been sold.

62. To produce an inventory valuation which approximates the lower-of-cost-or-net realizable

value using the conventional retail inventory method, the computation of the ratio of cost
to retail should
a. include markups but not markdowns.
b. include markups and markdowns.
c. ignore both markups and markdowns.
d. include markdowns but not markups.
S
63. Which of the following is not required when using the retail inventory method?
a. All inventory items must be categorized according to the retail markup percentage
which reflects the item’s selling price.
b. A record of the total cost and retail value of goods purchased.
c. A record of the total cost and retail value of the goods available for sale.
d. Total sales for the period.
S
64. Which of the following is not a reason the retail inventory method is used widely?
a. As a control measure in determining inventory shortages
b. For insurance information
c. To permit the computation of net income without a physical count of inventory
d. To defer income tax liability
 Inventories: Additional Valuation Issues 9-9

65. What condition is not necessary in order to use the retail method to provide inventory
results?
a. Retailer keeps a record of the total costs of products sold for the period.
b. Retailer keeps a record of the total costs and retail value of goods purchased.
c. Retailer keeps a record of the total costs and retail value of goods available for sale.
d. Retailer keeps a record of sales for the period.
66. What method yields results that are essentially the same as those of the conventional
retail method?
a. FIFO.
b. Lower-of-average-cost-or-net realizable value.
c. Average cost.
d. LIFO.
67. What is the effect of net markups on the cost-retail ratio when using the conventional retail
method?
a. Increases the cost-retail ratio.
b. No effect on the cost-retail ratio.
c. Depends on the amount of the net markdowns.
d. Decreases the cost-retail ratio.
68. What is the effect of freight-in on the cost-retail ratio when using the conventional retail
method?
a. Increases the cost-retail ratio.
b. No effect on the cost-retail ratio.
c. Depends on the amount of the net markups.
d. Decreases the cost-retail ratio.
69. Which of the following is not a common disclosure for inventories?
a. Inventory composition.
b. Inventory location.
c. Inventory financing arrangements.
d. Inventory costing methods employed.
P
70. Which of the following statements is false regarding an assumption of inventory cost flow?
a. The cost flow assumption need not correspond to the actual physical flow of goods.
b. The assumption selected may be changed each accounting period.
c. The FIFO assumption uses the earliest acquired prices to cost the items sold during a
period.
d. The LIFO assumption uses the earliest acquired prices to cost the items on hand at
the end of an accounting period.
P
71. The average days to sell inventory is computed by dividing
a. 365 days by the inventory turnover.
b. the inventory turnover ratio by 365 days.
c. net sales by the inventory turnover.
d. 365 days by cost of goods sold.
72. The inventory turnover is computed by dividing the cost of goods sold by
a. beginning inventory.
b. ending inventory.
c. average inventory.
d. number of days in the year.
9 - 10 Test Bank for Intermediate Accounting: IFRS Edition, 3e

73. Replenish, Inc. develops and produces sports drinks for sale throughout the United States
and Europe. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) prohibits Replenish,
Inc. from using which of the following cost flow assumptions for its inventory?
a. LIFO (last-in, first-out).
b. Specific identification.
c. Weighted-average.
d. The IASB allows any of these cost flow assumptions as long as the company uses it
consistently.

74. Which of the following statements is correct regarding International Financing Reporting
Standards (IFRS) and U.S. GAAP with regard to inventory?
a. LIFO (last-in, first-out) is permitted under IFRS but not under U.S. GAAP.
b. When applying lower-of-cost-or-market, U.S. GAPP defines market as net realizable
value.
c. IFRS permits valuing inventories at fair value, similar to the accounting for property,
plant, and equipment.
d. Under U.S. GAPP, if inventory is written down under lower-of-cost-or-market, it may
not be written back up to its original cost in a subsequent period.

Multiple Choice Answers—Conceptual

Item Ans. Item Ans. Item Ans. Item Ans. Item Ans. Item Ans. Item Ans.
31. a 38. b 45. a 52. c 59. a 66. b 73. a
32. c 39. d 46. b 53. a 60. d 67. d 74. d
33. d 40. c 47. d 54. d 61. b 68. a
34. a 41. b 48. a 55. d 62. a 69. b
35. c 42. b 49. a 56. b 63. a 70. b
36. a 43. a 50. b 57. d 64. d 71. a
37. d 44. c 51. d 58. c 65. a 72. c
Solutions to those Multiple Choice questions for which the answer is “none of these choices are
correct.”
55. The gross profit percentage applicable to the goods in ending inventory is different from
the percentage applicable to the goods sold during the period.
60. Many answers are possible.