The Great Hunger

Potato Late Blight

Grosse-Ile

http://www.irishpbs.ca/grosse-ile-nhs.html
1845 - 1852
http://www.maggieblanck.com/Immigration.html
https://judithcurry.com/2016/10/10/the-value-of-very-long-instrumental-data-series/
http://www.census.gov/newsroom/facts-for-features/2016/cb16-ff04.html
St. Patrick
http://heavy.com/social/2015/03/saint-patricks-day-drinking-game-ideas/
King William III

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/people/william_iii_of_orange
 구휼? NO WAY!! The market will do
Lassaiz faire economy

Charles Trevelyan
http://www.potatopro.com/news/2015/research-naturally-occurring-bacteria-may-protect-potatoes-against-late-blight
https://potatoes.ahdb.org.uk/media-gallery/detail/13214/2634
Potato Late Blight
Phytophthora infestans

http://www.psmicrographs.co.uk/potato-blight-from-fungus--phytophthora-infestans-/science-image/16005e
Figure 39.26a

4 Signal 5

Hypersensitive 6
Signal
3 response transduction
pathway
2 Signal transduction pathway

7 Acquired
resistance
1

R protein
Pathogen
Effector protein

Hypersensitive Systemic acquired

response resistance
종 다양성
What is Species?
The biological species concept emphasizes
reproductive isolation (생식적 장벽)

• Species is a Latin word meaning “kind” or

“appearance”
• Biologists compare morphology,
physiology, biochemistry, and DNA
sequences when grouping organisms
The Biological Species Concept
(생물학적 종개념)
Figure 24.2

(a) Similarity between different species

(b) Diversity within a species

Figure 24.3

Prezygotic barriers Postzygotic barriers

Habitat Temporal Behavioral Mechanical Gametic Reduced Reduced Hybrid
isolation isolation isolation isolation isolation hybrid hybrid breakdown
viability fertility

Indivi- VIABLE,
duals of FERTILE
MATING FERTILI-
different OFF-
ATTEMPT ZATION
species SPRING

(a) (c) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (l)

(d) (j)

(b)

(k)
Figure 24.3d Prezygotic Habitat Temporal Behavioral
barriers isolation isolation isolation

Individuals
of MATING
different ATTEMPT
species

Mechanical Gametic
isolation isolation

MATING FERTILIZATIO
ATTEMPT N

Postzygotic Reduced Reduced Hybrid

barriers hybrid hybrid breakdown
viability fertility

VIABLE,
FERTILIZATION FERTILE
OFFSPRING
Figure 24.3a
Prezygotic barriers (접합전 장벽)
Habitat Temporal Behavioral
isolation isolation isolation

Indivi-
duals of MATING
different ATTEMPT
species

(a) (c) (e)

(d)
(b)
Figure 24.3b

Prezygotic barriers
Mechanical Gametic
isolation isolation

MATING FERTILI-
ATTEMPT ZATION

(f) (g)
Figure 24.3c
Postzygotic barriers
Reduced Reduced Hybrid
hybrid hybrid breakdown
viability fertility

VIABLE,
FERTILI- FERTILE
ZATION OFF-
SPRING

(h) (i) (l)

(j)

(k)
생물학적 종개념의 한계

• 화석
• 무성생식 생물 (원핵생물 포함)
Grizzly bear (U. arctos)
▶

Polar bear (U. maritimus)

Hybrid
▶
“grolar bear”
 Other Definitions of Species

형태적 종개념
(morphological species concept)
 생태학적 종개념
( ecological species concept)
 계통발생학적 종개념
(Phylogenetic species concept)
종 다양성
 Microevolution
(소진화)
● Natural selection
● Genetic drift
● Gene flow
Only natural selection causes adaptive evolution
http://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/43507/basic-genotyping
 Genetic Variation
(유전적 다양성)
• Genetic variation among individuals is caused
by differences in genes or other DNA segments
• Phenotype is the product of inherited genotype
and environmental influences
• Natural selection can only act on variation with
a genetic component
 Sources of Genetic Variation

• Mutation or gene duplication

• Sexual reproduction
Mutations
Chromosomal mutation
Genetic Drift (유전적 부동)

1. Founder Effect (창시자 효과)

2. Bottleneck Effect (병목 효과)
Founder Effect
Bottleneck Effect

Original Bottlenecking Surviving

population event population
Origins of Genetic Variation Among
Offspring

• Meiosis와 fertilization과정에서 대부분의

variation이 일어남
• Genetic variation이 일어나는 기작
A) independent assortment
B) crossing over
C) random fertilization
 Cell division and
Cell cycle

체세포 분열 (Mitosis)
vs
생식세포 분열 (Meiosis)
Mitosis (체세포 분열)
Figure 12.2

100 µm (a)Asexual reproduction

: 단세포 생물의 무성생식

50 µm

(b) Growth and

development
: 다세포 생물의 성장과 발달

(c) Tissue renewal

20 µm : 상처난 조직의 치유/재생
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
Figure 12.6

S
G1
(DNA synthesis)

s is
ine G2
k
s
to
si

Cy
ito
M

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Figure 12.15
G1 checkpoint

Control
G1 system S

M G2

M checkpoint
G2 checkpoint
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Meiois (생식세포 분열)
Haploid gametes (n = 23)

Egg (n)

Sperm (n)

MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION

Testis
Ovary
Diploid
zygote
(2n = 46)

Mitosis and
development

Multicellular diploid Haploid (n)

adults (2n = 46) Diploid (2n)
Figure 13.11_3

Possibility 1 Possibility 2

Two equally probable

arrangements of
chromosomes at
metaphase I

Metaphase II

Daughter
cells
Combination 1 Combination 2 Combination 3 Combination 4

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

A. Independent Assortment of Chromosomes

• Meiosis I 에서 생긴 세포가 한쌍의

homologous chromosome중에서 paternal
orgin 혹은 maternal origin의 chromosome을
받을 가능성은 반반

• 사람의 경우
223= 8백만
A. Independent Assortment of
Chromosomes

2 X 2 X 2 X 2 X 2 = 25= 32
 A. Independent Assortment of
Chromosomes

2 X 2 X 2 X 2 X 2 = 25= 32
A. Independent Assortment
B. Crossing Over
 C. Random Fertilization

• Egg와 sperm간의 수정은 random

• Zygote의 genetic variation 경우의 수
223 x 223
• Cross-over로 인해 훨씬 많은 경우의 수
• Mutation 역시 genetic variation에 기여
Meiosis and variation
 Concept 24.2: Speciation can take
place with or without geographic
separation

• Speciation can occur in two ways

–Allopatric speciation (이소적 종
분화)
–Sympatric speciation (동소적 종
분화)
http://www.majordifferences.com/2015/08/difference-between-allopatric-and.html#.WLPI8xL5iRs
Figure 24.8
A. formosus A. nuttingi

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Isthmus of Panama
PACIFIC OCEAN

A. panamensis A. millsae
 동소 종분화
(Sympatric speciation)

● 다배수성 (Polyploidy)

● 성적 선택 (Sexual selection)

● 서식지 분화 (Habitat differentiation)

 Cell
Autopolyploid division
error

(자가배수체)
speciation 2n = 6 Tetraploid cell
4n
Meiosis

2n

2n
New species
(4n)
Gametes produced
by tetraploids
 Species A Species B
2n = 6 2n = 4

Normal gamete Normal gamete

n=3 n=2

Allopolyploid(타가배수체)
speciation
Species A Species B
2n = 6 2n = 4

Normal gamete Normal gamete

n=3 n=2

Sterile hybrid with

5 chromosomes
Species A Species B
2n = 6 2n = 4

Normal gamete Normal gamete

n=3 n=2

Sterile hybrid with

5 chromosomes

Mitotic or meiotic error

doubles the chromosome
number.

New species:
viable, fertile hybrid
(allopolyploid)
2n = 10
 성적 선택 (Sexual selection)
Figure 24.11

단색의 주황색
Experiment 자연광 광

P. pundamilia

P. nyererei
서식지 분화

R. pomonella feeding on a
hawthorn berry
Figure 24.7a

Experiment

Initial population
of fruit flies
(Drosophila
pseudoobscura)

Some flies raised Some flies raised on

on starch medium maltose medium
Mating experiments
after 40 generations
Figure 24.7b

Results

Female Female
Starch Starch
Starch Maltose population 1 population 2

population 1
Starch

Starch
22 9 18 15
Male

Male

population 2
Maltose

8 20 Starch 12 15

Number of matings Number of matings

in experimental group in control group
잡종지대(Hybrid zone)는 생식적
격리를 일으키는 요인을 보여준다.
Figure 24.12

Fire-bellied
Fire-bellied toad, Bombina
toad range
Hybrid zone bombina

Yellow-bellied
toad range
0.99
Hybrid

B. variegata-specific allele
zone
0.9

Frequency of 0.5 Yellow-bellied Fire-bellied

toad range toad range
0.1
Yellow-bellied toad, Bombina
variegata 0.01
40 30 20 10 0 10 20
Distance from hybrid zone center (km)
Hybrid Zones over Time

–Reinforcement (강화)
–Fusion (융합)
–Stability (안정)
Figure 24.13-1

Gene flow
Population Barrier to
gene flow
Figure 24.13-2

유전자 흐름에 대한
장벽이 형성된다

Gene flow
Population Barrier to
gene flow
Figure 24.13-3

Isolated
population
Hybrid
diverges.
zone

Gene flow
Population Barrier to
gene flow
Hybrid
individual
Figure 24.13-4

Isolated Possible
population outcomes:
Hybrid
diverges.
zone

Reinforcement

Fusion
Gene flow
Population Barrier to
gene flow
Stability
Hybrid
individual
인위적인 종분화
(Domestication)
 Genetically Modified Foods
Artificial Selection
• All agricultural products
are the result of genetic
modification through
selective breeding.
• Artificial selection does
not move genes from one
organism to another, but
does drastically change the
characteristics of a
population.

Figure 8.13
 인위적 종의 선택(Artificial Selection)

Cabbage
Brussels Selection
sprouts for apical
(tip) bud
Selection for Broccoli
axillary (side) Selection for
buds
flowers and stems

Selection
Selection for stems
for leaves
Kale Wild mustard Kohlrabi

Figure 22.9
 The Great and the Bad
Scientist
Science and Political Idealogy
Nicolay Vavilov (1887 - 1943)
Vavilov’s trip
Trofim Lysenko (1898 - 1976)

“Lysenkoism”
Transformation (형질전환)
Gene Cloning
Figure 20.5a
Bacterium Cell containing gene
of interest

1 Gene inserted
into plasmid
Bacterial Plasmid
chromosome DNA of
Gene of chromosome
Recombinant
interest (“foreign” DNA)
DNA (plasmid)
2 Plasmid put into
bacterial cell

Recombinant
bacterium
3 Host cell grown in culture to form a
clone of cells containing the “cloned”
gene of interest

Gene of
interest Protein expressed
from gene of interest
Figure 20.5b

Gene of
interest Protein expressed
from gene of interest

Copies of gene Protein harvested

4 Basic research
and various
applications

Gene for pest resistance Human growth hormone

inserted into plants treats stunted growth

Gene used to alter Protein dissolves

bacteria for cleaning blood clots in heart
up toxic waste attack therapy
Figure 20.6
Bacterial
plasmid

Restriction site
5′ 3′
G A AT T C
DNA
C T TA A G
3′ 5′
1 Restriction enzyme cuts
the sugar-phosphate
backbones at each arrow.
3′ 5′
5′ G A AT T C 3′
C T TA A G
5′ 3′
3′ Sticky end 5′

5′
A AT T C 3′
2 Base pairing of sticky G
G
ends produces various 3′
C T TA A
combinations. 5′
Fragment from different DNA molecule
cut by the same restriction enzyme

5′ 3′ 5′ 3′ 5′ 3′
G AA T T C G AA T T C
C TTA A G C TTA A G
3′ 5′ 3′ 5′ 3′ 5′
One possible combination
3 DNA ligase
seals the strands.

5′ 3′

3′ Recombinant DNA molecule 5′

Recombinant
plasmid
Figure 20.6a

Bacterial
plasmid

Restriction site
5′ 3′
G A AT T C
DNA C T TA A G
3′ 5′
1 Restriction enzyme cuts
the sugar-phosphate
backbones at each arrow.
3′ 5′
5′ A AT T C 3′
G
C T TA A G
5′
3′
3′ Sticky end 5′
Figure 20.6b

3′ 5′
5′ A AT T C 3′
G
C T TA A G
5′ 3′
3′ 5′
Sticky end
5′
A AT T C 3′
2 Base pairing of sticky G
G
ends produces various C T TA A
3′
combinations. 5′
Fragment from different
DNA molecule cut by the
same restriction enzyme
5′ 3′ 5′ 3′ 5′ 3′
G AATT C G AATT C
C TTAA G C TTAA G
3′ 5′ 3′ 5′ 3′ 5′
One possible combination
Figure 20.6c
5′ 3′ 5′ 3′ 5′ 3′
G AATT C G AATT C
C TTAA G C TTAA G
3′ 5′ 3′ 5′ 3′ 5′
One possible combination
3 DNA ligase
seals the strands
5′ 3′

3′ Recombinant DNA molecule 5′

Recombinant
plasmid
Animation: Restriction Enzymes
 Genome Editing : Crispr/Cas9

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

Crispr/Cas9
Cloning an Animal
Figure 20.17
Technique

Mammary Egg cell

cell donor donor

1 2
Egg cell
from ovary Nucleus
removed
Cultured 3 Cells fused
mammary
cells

Nucleus from
mammary cell
4 Grown in culture

Early embryo
5 Implanted in uterus
of a third sheep

Surrogate
mother

6 Embryonic
development
Lamb (“Dolly”)
Results genetically identical to
mammary cell donor
Figure 20.17a

Technique

Mammary Egg cell

cell donor donor

1 2
Egg cell
from ovary Nucleus
removed
Cultured 3 Cells fused
mammary
cells

Nucleus from
mammary cell
Figure 20.17b

Technique
Nucleus from
mammary cell
4 Grown in culture

Early embryo

5 Implanted in uterus
of a third sheep

Surrogate
mother

6 Embryonic
development
Lamb (“Dolly”)
Results genetically identical to
mammary cell donor
Stem Cells
(줄기세포)
Figure 20.20
Embryonic Adult stem
stem cells cells

Cells that can generate Cells that generate a limited

all embryonic cell types number of cell types

Cultured stem cells

Different culture
conditions

Liver cells Nerve cells Blood cells

Different types of
differentiated cells
The induced pluripotent
stem cell (iPS)
Dr. Shinya Yamanaka Dr. John Gurdon
https://www.rndsystems.com/resources/articles/differentiation-potential-induced-pluripotent-stem-cells
Figure 20.21
Experiment Stem cell Precursor cell

Skin
Oct3/4
Sox2 fibroblast
cell
Four “stem cell” master regulator
genes were introduced, using
the retroviral cloning vector.

c-Myc
Klf4

Induced pluripotent
stem (iPS) cell
 Big Lies in
Stem Cell Research
황 우석 in 2004
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZiIWigieLGo
Obokada Haruko in 2014
STAP (Stimulus Triggered Acquisition of
Pluripotency)
https://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Transgenic_Plants.html
 Genetically Modified Foods:
Why Genetically Modify Crop Plants?
• Increase shelf life, yield, or
nutritional value

• Exp: Golden rice has been

genetically engineered to
produce beta-carotene,
which increases the rice’s
nutritional yield.

Figure 8.16
Agrobacteria Genetic Engineering
https://sites.google.com/site/thegmoquestion/
Induction of single sex Salmon