흑사병

(The Plague)
1. What is the “Black Death”?
2. What caused the Black Death?
3. What were the consequences?
범세계적 전염병 확산 원인

1.문명의 발생으로 인구 증가 및 집중
2.전쟁
3.교역
Plague Time line
https://www.geneticliteracyproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/790.hq_.jpg
What were the symptoms of the plague?
http://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/ore-man-survives-black-death-plague-graphic-images/
http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/262/268312/art/figures/KISH_10_225.gif
 How Did It Spread?
• Towns were dirty places, with
narrow filthy streets.
• Waste disposal back in the
Middle Ages was very crude.
People would simply dump their
trash out the window and onto
the streets.
• The filth that littered streets and
gave rats the perfect
environment to breed and
increase their numbers.
• Typical bathing and cleanliness in
the Middle Ages was not very good.
• In fact, most people typically only
washed their hands and face;
limiting baths to once a year,
usually around Easter.
• Additionally, people tended to sleep
on beds of hay or sheep’s wool and
rarely would have been changed or
cleaned.
• Because of this, people would often
have problems with bedbugs, lice
and fleas.
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/dd/1a/52/dd1a52982f6c7fc3334504d642427e95.jpg
By User:Astrokey44 - Based on the freely licenced Image:Genghis khan empire at his death.png using
information from maps of the Mongol Empire in atlases and on the web such as [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]. Made in
Photoshop and Painter., CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=885439
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Caffa_and_Theodoro_2.svg/2000px-
Caffa_and_Theodoro_2.svg.png
Siege at Caffa by Mongols

https://contagions.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/mongol_siege_edinburgh.jpg
 Believed Cause
● God was punishing humanity for sins

● Created by the devil

● Cities state of hygiene

● Jewish racism accusation

: Anti-semitism (반유대주의)
 Infection and Statistics
▪Various parts of Europe
▪ 2/3 or ¾ of
population

▪¼ total European
population
▪25,000,000

▪Bubonic Plague killed

Wellcome Library, “Human bones and skulls in a brick-built pit,” via
Wellcome Library, Creative Commons by-nc.
50-60% of victims
https://themedievalera.wikispaces.com/file/view/popdips2.gif/284894410/popdips2.gif
 Reactions
1. Flee – leave town

2. Let-Loose – lived for the moment

3. Blame – accused others

4. Cure – try to reason out the plague

5. Pray – for forgiveness

6. Quarantine – isolate themselves and others

 Reactions
▪Psychological:
Living for the moment
“Eat, drink, and be merry, for
tomorrow you may die.”

▪Giovanni Boccaccio
Decameron

▪Religious:
Flagellants(채찍고행자)
Paul Fredericq, “The flagellants at Doornik in 1349” Jul 13, 2007
via Wikimedia Commons, Creative Commons PD-Art.
The Feudal system (봉건제)-정치
 흑사병의 영향: 사회
▪Breakdown of Manorialism

▪Peasant Uprisings
• Jacquerie 1358
• Peasant’s Revolt of 1381

▪Weakening of the landlords

▪City Revolts
• Ciompi Inconnu, Jacquerie repression, Dec 24, 2007
via Wikimedia Commons, PD-Art.
 흑사병의 영향: 경제
▪Extreme price increases

▪High demand for workers

-Wage increases
Even peasants

▪Breakdown of Manorialism(장원제)
The Manor system (장원제)-경제
흑사병의 영향: 경제

http://i.imgur.com/q6sDVU1.jpg
The Church

http://c14608526.r26.cf2.rackcdn.com/DFD8A39D-5DB4-4943-AC8E-B97C82AEE018.jpg
 흑사병의 영향: 종교

"God is deaf now-a-days and

deigneth not hear us,
And prayers have no power
the Plague to stay.”
—
Piers Plowman
수호성인

성 세바스찬 성 로코
Jews and the Black Plague
 Jews and the Black Plague
Jews are seen burning
in hell in a medieval
German manuscript.
The devil is on the
right. The inscription
on the cauldron reads
"Juda," or Jews.
Ring around the rosy
 Did You Know?
Children during the
Black Death suffered
greatly. A common
nursery rhyme is proof.

Ring a-round the rosy

Pocket full of posies
Ashes, ashes!
We all fall down!
Ring around the rosy
 Did You Know?
Ring around the rosy: rosary beads give you God's
help or possibly the round, bruising marks left on the bodies.

A pocket full of posies: used to stop the odor of rotting

bodies which was at one point was thought to cause the plague,
it was also used widely by doctors to protect them from the
infected plague patients.

Ashes, ashes: the church burned the dead when burying

them became to laborious.

We all fall down: dead.

What Was the Black Death?
The Black Death is categorized into three specific
types of plague caused by the same bacteria,
yersinia pestis:

- Bubonic Plague (infection in the lymph nodes, or

buboes)
- Pneumonic Plague (the infection in the lungs)
- Septicemic Plague (the infection in the blood
[also the most deadly of the three])
 흑사병의 원인 ?

1.Miasma
2.환자와 시체에서 나는 냄새
3.환자를 직접 보는 것
4.유대인
Plague Doctors

https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/c1/4d/e6/c14de6e7f1c6eb008b3191378462a0da.jpg
Plague Doctors
The Third Pandemic of
Plague in China

흑사병의 원인 규명
Hong Kong Plague in 1894

http://www.grs.gov.hk/ws/english/resource/large_image/Health_and_Hygiene/resize/Public_Health/6-1-8.j
http://th38.st.depositphotos.com/1007566/13406/v/450/depositphotos_134069968-stock-illustration-box
gloves-equipment-icon.jpg
http://orig03.deviantart.net/8d4c/f/2016/022/c/6/napoleonic_franceball_by_propagandastamps-d9o
Alexandre Yersin (1863-1943)
http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/images/alexandre-yersin-1.jpg
 They were Gram
negative bacteria !

1. Structure of the Prokaryotic cells

2. Gram staining
http://aasciencelab.blogspot.ca/2015/04/l15-gram-staining.html
https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/prokaryotic-cell-structure/deck/12149171
Gram Staining
Hans Christian Gram

Developed a method
for staining bacteria
according to the
composition of cell
wall
http://www.scielo.org.ve/img/fbpe/rsvm/v23n2/image140.jpg
Gram Staining Procedure

http://laboratoryinfo.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/gram-stain-procedure.png
http://medimoon.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/gramstructure.jpg
Shibasaburo Kitasato
http://www.nipponnews.net/media/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/shibasaburo-kitasato.jpg
http://th38.st.depositphotos.com/1007566/13406/v/450/depositphotos_134069968-stock-illustration-box
gloves-equipment-icon.jpg
http://orig03.deviantart.net/8d4c/f/2016/022/c/6/napoleonic_franceball_by_propagandastamps-d9o
Yersinia pestis

https://www.emaze.com/@AOOWQCLQ/The-Black-Death
Paul-Louis Simond
(1858 - 1947)

https://www.asnom.org/oh/en/0523_peste.php?PHPSESSID=80933fdf427cd3a2409d91677d4bfc88
Xenopsylla cheopis

http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Robert-Hooke-Black-Death.jpg
 Simond’s Experiments
Control Healthy Rat Experimental

Sick Rat Sick Rat

No Flee w/ Flee

https://www.asnom.org/oh/en/0523_peste.php?PHPSESSID=80933fdf427cd3a2409d91677d4bfc88
 Simond’s Experiments
Control Healthy Rat Experimental

Sick Rat Sick Rat

No Flee w/ Flee

https://www.asnom.org/oh/en/0523_peste.php?PHPSESSID=80933fdf427cd3a2409d91677d4bfc88
 Simond’s Experiments
Control Healthy Rat

Sick Rat
No Flee

https://www.asnom.org/oh/en/0523_peste.php?PHPSESSID=80933fdf427cd3a2409d91677d4bfc88
 Simond’s Experiments
Control Healthy Rat

Sick Rat
No Flee

https://www.asnom.org/oh/en/0523_peste.php?PHPSESSID=80933fdf427cd3a2409d91677d4bfc88
Biological Mechanisms
of Plague by Yersinia
 Immunity
1. Non-specific : Innate immunity

2. Specific : Acquired immunity

http://www.endocytosis.org/Black_Plague/
Phagocytosis: lysosome digesting food

Nucleus 1 µm

Lysosome
Digestive Lysosome
enzymes

Plasma
membrane
Digestion
Food
vacuole
https://www.pinterest.com/cv0298/science/
Phagocytosis
Insect Disgestive System

전장 중장 후장
http://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/cytoskeleton-the-movers-and-shapers-in-the-cell/
세포의 구조와 기능
1. 진핵 세포의 구조
2. 세포 소기관
 ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM (ER) Nuclear
envelope
Rough ER Smooth ER
Nucleolus NUCLEUS
Flagellum
Chromatin
Centrosome
Plasma
membrane

CYTOSKELETON:
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Ribosomes

Microvilli
Golgi apparatus

Peroxisome
Lysosome
Mitochondrion
 Figure 6.8b
Nuclear
envelope
NUCLEUS
Nucleolus
Rough ER
Chromatin
Smooth ER

Ribosomes

Golgi Central vacuole

apparatus
Microfilaments
CYTOSKELETON
Microtubules

Mitochondrion
Peroxisome
Plasma Chloroplast
membrane
Cell wall Plasmodesmata
Wall of adjacent cell
Figure 6.7
Surface area increases while
total volume remains constant

5
1
1

Total surface area

[sum of the surface areas
(height × width) of all box 6 150 750
sides × number of boxes]

Total volume
[height × width × length 1 125 125
× number of boxes]

Surface-to-volume
(S-to-V) ratio
[surface area ÷ volume] 6 1.2 6
 Nucleus (핵) :
Information central
▪ 진핵생물의 거의 대부분의 DNA는 핵에 있다. 따
라서 세포의 대부분 유전자는 핵에 존재한다.
▪ 핵을 감싸고 있는 핵막은 지질로 구성된 2중막으
로 세포질과 핵을 경계짓는다.
▪ 여러 물질들이 핵막위의 구멍 (핵공)을 통해 이
동한다.
▪ 핵안의 DNA는 histone 단백질에 감겨 응축된
형태로 존재하며 이를 염색체(chromosome)라
한다.
Figure 6.9a
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Chromatin

Nuclear envelope:
Inner membrane
Outer membrane
Nuclear pore
Rough
Pore
ER
complex
Ribosome

Close-up
of nuclear
envelope Chromatin
 Ribosome
단백질 합성 공장
Ribosomes: Protein Factories

▪ 라이보솜(Ribosomes) 은 단백질 합성이 일어나는 공

장으로서 ribosomal RNA 와 단백질의 복합체 이다.
▪ Ribosomes 은 두 곳에서 단백질 합성을 한다.:
1. In the cytosol (free ribosomes)
2. On the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum
or the nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes)

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Figure 6.10

0.25 µm
Ribosomes Free ribosomes in cytosol
ER Endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)
Ribosomes bound to ER
Large
subunit
Small
subunit
TEM showing ER Diagram of a Computer model
and ribosomes ribosome of a ribosome
Figure 6.10a

0.25 µm
Free ribosomes in cytosol
Endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)
Ribosomes bound to ER
Large
subunit
Small
subunit
TEM showing ER Diagram of a
and ribosomes ribosome
Figure 6.10b

Free ribosomes
0.25 µm in cytosol

Endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)

Ribosomes
bound to ER
TEM showing ER
and ribosomes
Figure 6.10c

Large
subunit
Small
subunit Computer model
of a ribosome
Protein synthesis by Ribosome
Endomembrane
System
(내막계)
 The endomembrane system regulates protein
traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell

• The endomembrane system (내막계) consists of

– Nuclear envelope
– Endoplasmic reticulum
– Golgi apparatus
– Lysosomes
– Vacuoles
– Plasma membrane
• These components are either continuous or
connected via transfer by vesicles
 Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER)
ER is the biosynthetic factory of the cell
Smooth ER

Rough ER Nuclear Smooth ER Rough ER

envelope

ER lumen
Cisternae
Ribosomes Transitional
ER
Transport vesicle 0.20 µm
Figure 6.11a

Smooth ER Rough ER

0.20 µm
Smooth ER
1. Synthesizes lipids
2. Metabolizes carbohydrates
3. Detoxifies drugs and poisons
4. Stores calcium ions

Rough ER
1. Has bound ribosomes, which secrete
glycoproteins (proteins covalently bonded to
carbohydrates)
2. Distributes transport vesicles, secretory
proteins surrounded by membranes
3. Is a membrane factory for the cell
 Golgi apparatus

Golgi is a shipping and receiving

center of the cell
Figure 6.12

Golgi
apparatus
cis face
(“receiving” side of 0.1 µm
Golgi apparatus)
Cisternae

trans face
(“shipping” side of TEM of Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus)
Figure 6.12a

0.1 µm

TEM of Golgi apparatus

Video: Golgi Complex in 3-D
Figure 6.15

Nucleus

Rough ER

Smooth ER cis Golgi

Plasma
membrane
trans Golgi
ER to Golgi traffic
Golgi Secretion
 Mitochondria and
Chloroplast
Change energy one form to another
Endoplasmic Nucleus
reticulum
Nuclear
envelope Engulfing of oxygen-
using nonphotosynthetic
prokaryote, which
becomes a mitochondrion
Ancestor of
eukaryotic cells (host cell)

Engulfing of Mitochondrion
photosynthetic
prokaryote
Chloroplast
At least
Mitochondrion one cell Nonphotosynthetic
eukaryote

Photosynthetic eukaryote
Figure 6.17a

Mitochondrion
Intermembrane
space
Outer
membrane

DNA
Free Inner
ribosomes membrane
in the
mitochondrial Cristae
matrix Matrix
0.1 µm
(a) Diagram and TEM of mitochondrion
ATP (Adenosine Tri-Phosphate)
Electron Transport Chain in Mitochondira
Mitochondrial Dynamics
Figure 6.18a

Diagram and TEM of chloroplast

Ribosomes Stroma
Inner
and outer
membranes
Granum

DNA
Thylakoid Intermembrane space 1 µm
Photosynthesis (광합성)
 Peroxisome

Oxidation
Converts H2O2 into water
Figure 6.19

Peroxisome

Mitochon-
drion

Chloroplasts
1 µm
 Cytoskeleton
1. 세포의 구조 유지

2. 세포의 운동: 섬모, 편모 등

3. 운반 및 조절 기능
 Cytoskeleton
Composed of three types of molecular structures

Microtubules (미세소관)
Microfilaments (미세섬유)
Intermediate filaments (중간섬유)
Microtubule
Figure 6.21
Vesicle
ATP
Receptor for
motor protein

Motor protein Microtubule

(ATP powered) of cytoskeleton
(a) Motor proteins “walk” vesicles along cytoskeletal
fibers.

Microtubule Vesicles 0.25 µm

(b) SEM of a squid giant axon

Kinesin walking on Microtubules
Kinesin motor walking
Cell Structure
http://www.endocytosis.org/Black_Plague/
https://62e528761d0685343e1c-f3d1b99a743ffa4142d9d7f1978d9686.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/files/72806/
area14mp/image-20150223-32238-urj3bl.jpg
 Did You Know?
• Black Plague still exists around the world
today, especially in Third World or
developing nations where trash and
pollution are prominent and vermin like rats
exist.
• However, there are even cases of it
reported in the United States each year.
• While this is a very serious illness, it is
easily treatable nowadays with commonly
available antibiotics. Mortality rate is about
8-10%.
• In most cases, a patient who quickly seeks
medical care and treatment makes a full
recovery.