Diversity of fish fauna in Ulak Kemang Floodplain, Ogan Komering Ilir Regency,

Indonesia, during the rainy season

M. Muslim12*, A. Karolina2, R. Irawan2, R. Fahleny2, V. Ardelia2, A. Catharica2

1
Aquaculture Study Program, Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas
Sriwijaya, Indralaya, 30862, Indonesia
2
Aquatic Resource Management Study Program, Faculty of Fisheries, Universitas Islam Ogan
Komering Ilir Kayuagung, Kayuagung, 30611, Indonesia
*
corresponding.author: muslim_bda@unsri.ac.id

Abstract

Diversity of freshwater fish species is a crucial indicator of how well an ecosystem functions.
This study aimed to evaluate the diversity of freshwater fish species in the Ulak Kemang
Floodplain (UKF), Ogan Komering Ilir Regency. The study was conducted during the rainy
season, from April to June 2023. The samples were captured using the traditional fishing gear
of local fishermen. A total of 1.788 individual fish samples, representing 19 species
belonging to 18 genera, 14 families, and 6 orders, were collected during the sampling
duration. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index, evenness index, and Simpson's dominance
index were 2.274, 0.119, and 0.151, respectively. In conclusion, the freshwater fish diversity
index in UKF is categorized as medium. This study is useful for aquatic resource
management planning at the site. The novelty of this study is that it explores and publishes
the diversity of fish species in the UKF for the first time.

Keywords: aquatic resource, biodiversity, inland water, macroecology, native species

1. Introduction

Biodiversity is the variety of the biological universe, including among genes, species, and
their functional characteristics. The study of the diversity of freshwater fish species is crucial
(Andrabi et al., 2022; Hiddink et al., 2008; Quindo et al., 2019). Freshwater ecosystems are
the primary habitat for a variety of aquatic biota, including many species of fish. They are an
essential source of protein for humans (Abell, 2002; Cardinale et al., 2012; Strayer and
Dudgeon, 2010). Freshwater ecosystems are one of the ecosystems that are vulnerable to the
destruction caused by the activities of humans (Abell et al., 2008; Cardinale et al., 2012;
Dudgeon et al., 2006). Fish species diversity is an important indicator of ecosystem
community functioning (Andrabi et al., 2022; Mwangi et al., 2012).

Ogan Komering Ilir Regency (OKIR) is one of the regencies in South Sumatra Province,
Indonesia. The district covers an area of 17.071,333 km2. Seventy-five percent of the total
area of the OKIR is swamp, floodplains, rivers, and lakes. OKIR is divided into eighteen sub-
districts, including Lempuing, Lempuing Jaya, Mesuji, Sungai Menang, Mesuji Makmur,
Mesuji Raya, Tulung Selapan, Cengal, Pedamaran, East Pedamaran, Tanjung Lubuk, Teluk

1
Gelam, Kayuagung, Sirah Pulau Padang, Jejawi, Pampangan, Pangkalan Lampam, and Air
Sugihan. Ulak Kemang Floodplain (UKF) is located in the Pampangan sub-district (PSD).
The area of this sub-district is 481.54 km 2, with an elevation of 10 meters above sea level
(BPS, 2023). The topography of this area is mostly flooded swamps and rivers. Based on
PSD monographic data, the UKF area is eight hectares. UKF is a freshwater fish producer in
OKIR. UKF has water runoff from the Padang River. There are no publications on freshwater
fish species diversity in the UKF area. This study aims to assess the diversity of freshwater
fish species in the UKF. This study is very important as basic information for fish resource
management planning in the UKF area.

2. Methodology

2.1 Study Area

This study was conducted during the rainy season from March to June 2023 in the UKF area,
OKIR, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Sampling was conducted at three stations: station 1
upstream of UKF (latitude: -3,25066; longitude: 104,9235); station 2 midstream of UKF
(latitude: -3,24841; longitude: 104,9496); and station 3 downstream of UKF (latitude: -
3,24785; longitude: 104,9693). A map of the study site is presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Map of sampling locations for the study of freshwater fish species diversity in the
Ulak Kemang Floodplain

2.2 Data Collection

Fish samples were collected from March to June 2023 during the rainy season at the study
site. The fish collection was conducted in collaboration with local fishermen. Fishing using
traditional fishing gear used by local fishermen, namely bamboo traps, purse seines, lift nets,

2
gill nets, fish traps, bengkirai (traps), pancing (hooks), tajur (hooks), bubu (traps), and
pengilar (traps). The specimens collected were quickly identified as fish species and then
measured for weight and length. The weighing of samples was done using digital scales
(accuracy 0.01 g). The total length of the sample was measured using a measuring ruler (0.1
cm accuracy). Samples that were not identified in the field were immediately preserved in
10% formalin solution and transported to the Fisheries Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries,
Universitas Islam Ogan Komering Ilir Kayuagung for identification. Fish identification refers
to the primary literature on native and endemic fishes in Indonesian waters(Iqbal et al., 2018;
Kottelat et al., 1996; Saanin, 1984).

2.3 Data Analysis

ni
Relative abundance was calculated using the formula: Ar= x 100. Where Ar is the relative
N
abundance (%), ni is the number of individuals of the species, and N is the total number of
individuals. We calculated the diversity index of freshwater fish species at the study site
using the formula:
S
H ' =∑ Pi . ln Pi ADDIN CSLCITATION {citationItems :[{id :ITEM-1 , itemData: {author :[{dropping-particle : ,fam
i=1
. Where S is the number of species in the sample, and Pi is the relative importance values
obtained as the squared ratio of the important values of S individual values for all species to
N the total importance. Determination of criteria: H’ < 1.0 (low), H’ = 1.0-3.0 (medium), and
H’ > 3.0 (high). The evenness index was calculated by a formula (Woiwod and Magurran,
H'
1990): E= ' . Where, H’ is the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, E is the Evenness index
H max
(value 0-1), and H’ max is the Maximum diversity index. Determination of criteria: E < 0.4
(low), E = 0.4-0.6 (medium), and E > 0.6 (high). The dominant fish species was determined
S
using the following formula (Davari et al., 2011): C=∑ (Pi) .Where C is Simpson’s
2

i=1
dominance index, the relative importance value obtained as the squared ratio of the important
value is the individual value for all species. The conservation status of the species refers to
the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List of Threatened Species
(https://www.iucnredlist.org/).

3. Results and Discussion

A total of 1.788 individuals representing nineteen species were collected during the study.
They belonged to six orders, eleven families, and eighteen genera (Table 1). A photographic
representation of the diversity of freshwater fish species collected in this study is presented in
Figure 2. Perciformes is the most dominant order (eight orders), with seven genera and eight
species, followed by Cypriniformes and Siluriformes, with four genera and four species each.
The dominant families were Cyprinidae and Osphronemidae, each accounting for three
species of the total species obtained, followed by Bagridae with two species, one species each
for Zenarchopteridae, Danionidae, Aplocheilidae, Notopteridae, Anabantidae, Channidae,
Cichlidae, Helostomatidae, Nandidae, Claridae, and Siluridae.

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Fish species with high relative abundance were Anabas testudineus (25.56%) in first place,
followed by Trichopodus trichopterus (24.05%), Trichopodus pectoralis (10.52%), and
Rasbora argyrotaenia (9.00%). The diversity index of freshwater fish species in the UKF
was 2.274. This result shows that the diversity of fish species in UKF is in the medium
category. The dominance index value was 0.151. This value indicates that there is no
dominance of species at the study site. The evenness index value was 0.119 (low category).
This result indicates that the distribution of species tends to be uneven (Table 1).

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Table 1. The biodiversity of freshwater fish in Ulak Kemang Floodplain, Ogan Komering Ilir Regency, South Sumatra, during the rainy season of
March-June 2023.
Local Total Body Ʃ IUCN
No Order Family Genus Species Ar (%)
Name length (cm) weight (g) (indv) status
1. Beloniformes Zenarchopteridae Dermogenys Dermogenys sumatrana Julung-julung 3.0-5.0 1.0-2.0 10 0.56 LC
2. Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Barbonymus Barbonymus schwanenfeldii Lampam 4.0-8.0 13.0-18.0 32 1.79 LC
3. Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Osteochilus Osteochilus hasselti Palau 8.0-25.2 79.0-187.0 34 1.90 LC
4. Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Puntigrus Puntigrus tetrazona Elang 2.0-4.0 2.0-3.0 12 0.67 LC
5. Cypriniformes Danionidae Rasbora Rasbora argyrotaenia Seluang 4.0-7.0 12.0-24.0 161 9.00 LC
6. Cyprinodontiformes Aplocheilidae Aplocheilus Aplocheilus panchax Kepala timah 2.5-4.0 1.0-1.5 16 0.89 LC
7. Osteoglossiformes Notopteridae Notopterus Notopterus notopterus Putak 10.0-20.1 89.0-100.0 63 3.52 LC
8. Perciformes Anabantidae Anabas Anabas testudineus Betok 8.0-17.0 8.0-25.0 457 25.56 LC
9. Perciformes Channidae Channa Channa striata Gabus 13.0-21.5 94.0-100.0 65 3.64 LC
10. Perciformes Cichlidae Oreochromis Oreochromis niloticus Nila 12.4-39.2 226.0-500.0 60 3.36 LC
11. Perciformes Helostomatidae Helostoma Helostoma temmincki Serapil 8.0-15.2 20.0-300.0 45 2.52 LC
12. Perciformes Nandidae Pristolepis Pristolepis grootii Sepatung 11.0-16.3 17.9-28.9 64 3.58 LC
13. Perciformes Osphronemidae Trichopodus Trichopodus trichopterus Sepat rawa 3.8-9.0 2.5-11.0 430 24.05 LC
14. Perciformes Osphronemidae Trichopodus Trichopodus pectoralis Sepat siam 6.2-13.8 6.1-14.7 188 10.52 LC
15. Perciformes Osphronemidae Trichopsis Trichopsis vittata Tempalo 3.0-3.5 2.0-3.0 7 0.39 LC
16. Siluriformes Bagridae Hemibagrus Hemibagrus nemurus Baung 8.2-14.3 87.0-97.1 65 3.64 LC
17. Siluriformes Bagridae Mystus Mystus singaringan Beringit 6.0-9.0 13.0-25.0 13 0.73 LC
18. Siluriformes Claridae Clarias Clarias batrachus Keli 10.1-19.,2 10.0-50.4 59 3.30 LC
19. Siluriformes Siluridae Kryptopterus Kryptopterus bicirrhis Lais 8.0-16.0 20.0-90.0 7 0.39 LC
Ʃ 6 14 18 19 1.788
Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’) 2.274
Evenness index (E) 0.119
Simpson’s dominance index (C) 0.151
Note: LC(least concern)

5
 Figure 2. Photographs of freshwater fish species from Ulak Kemang Floodplain, Ogan
Komering Ilir Regency, during the rainy season (March-June 2023)
This study collected 19 species of freshwater fish specimens from the UKF. The results of
this study compare favorably with other studies in OKIR. Previous studies have published
that 17 species of freshwater fish were found in the Lebak Jungkal (Ridho et al., 2019), the
Lebak Pampangan (11 species) (Damayanti et al., 2022), the Lebak Desa Kuro (15 species)
(Junaidi et al., 2021), the Lebak Petai Kecil (15 species) (Fahleny et al., 2023), and the
Lebak Pematang Bulur (16 species) (Maharani et al., 2022). The diversity of freshwater fish
species found in UKF in this study is lower than in other inland waters in South Sumatra
Province (Ammar et al., 2014; Hamidah, 2004; Muslim and Syaifudin, 2022; Yusnaini et al.,
2022; Aryani, 2015; Kottelat and Widjanarti, 2005; Muthmainnah et al., 2013; Nurdawati and
Prasetyo, 2007; Mutiara, 2017). The number of species collected is determined by the
diversity of fish species inhabiting the waters, the time or season of sample collection, the
type of fishing gear used, and the duration of the sampling period. Fish collection in this
study was conducted during the rainy season from March to June 2023. During the rainy
season, the UKF area was flooded. Fish inhabiting the river migrate to the UKF area in search
of food and spawning grounds.

Fish of the Cyprinidae family are the main inhabitants, with the largest populations in some
inland waters in Sumatra (Kottelat et al., 1996). The dominance of fishes of the
Cypriniformes order was also found in the Pampangan Lebak Swamp, OKIR (Muthmainnah
et al., 2013), Peusangan River, Aceh (Puspita and Wahyuningsih, 2019), Tambatan’s River,
North Labuhanbatu Regency (Dewi and Dimenta, 2021), Rivers in Padang-Bengkulu Border
Area (Suhendra et al., 2021). The predominance of Cypriniformes in a water body is not only
observed in the fresh waters of Indonesia but also in the Dudhkoshi River, Nepal (Shrestha et
al., 2023), and the Tembeling and Pahang Rivers, Malaysia (Rashid et al., 2015). In this
study, the dominant fish found in UKF were not of the Cypriniformes order but of the
Perciformes order.

6
Aquatic resources, including fish, are one of the renewable natural resources that can be used
by people in an area to meet their daily needs (Chankaew et al., 2022). Floodplains are areas
of waterlogged marshland around rivers and their tributaries. When the floodwaters are high
over the main body of the river, the water will spread to the surrounding lowlands. The
species diversity of freshwater fish in the floodplain is varied (Welcomme, 2000). Freshwater
ecosystems, including floodplains, are threatened by a biodiversity crisis. Today, the decline
in fish species is faster than at any time in human history (Albert et al., 2021; Cowie et al.,
2022; Reid et al., 2019; Stoffers et al., 2022).

A biodiversity of freshwater fish has contributed to human well-being as a major food supply
and for both recreation and cultural activities (Arlinghaus et al., 2019; Dudgeon et al., 2006;
Reid et al., 2005). Human activities impact freshwater fish biodiversity, such as overfishing,
environmentally destructive fishing, changes in the landscape of floodplain areas, water
pollution, changes in flow patterns, river fragmentation by dams, habitat destruction or
degradation, and the introduction of invasive exotic species (Dudgeon et al., 2006; Reid et
al., 2019; Su et al., 2021; Tickner et al., 2020).

Fish is the main source of protein for local people living around the UKF. Their income
comes from catching fish. Based on information from local fishermen, their income from
fishing has declined. The fish population in the UKF has decreased drastically. The size of
the fish is smaller than in previous years.

4. Conclusions and Recommendation

The UKF has a wide diversity of freshwater fish species. Nineteen fish species belonging to
six orders, eleven families, and eighteen genera were collected. Perciformes were the most
dominant order of the total species collected. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson's
dominance index, and evenness index were 2.274, 0.151, and 0.119, respectively. This
indicates that the diversity of freshwater fish species in the UKF is in the medium category.
These findings suggest that the UKF is inhabited by a variety of fish species and should be
conserved for food sufficiency and as a source of income for local fishers.

5. Acknowledgement

We would like to thank the local fishermen for helping us set up the fishing gear, collecting
specimens in the field, and providing the equipment for us to bring the fish to the laboratory.

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