GENBIO 1 & 2

3rd Quarter

CELLULAR RESPIRATION Cells do not BURN glucose; they slowly release

How do living things release energy???
• Most energy used thru conversion of ATP
molecules into ADP molecules
• Thus, cells must continually convert ADP
molecules back into ATP molecules
• This process is known as……….
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Breathing vs Cellular Respiration
- Breathing: physical process that allows
animals and humans to come into contact with
gases in the air.
- Cellular Respiration: chemical process that
releases energy from organic compounds (food),
gradually converting it into energy that is stored
in ATP molecules.
energy from it and other food compounds
through several pathways (processes).
• 1st pathway → Glycolysis: releases only a small
amount of energy (2 net ATP)
• If oxygen is present, it will lead to two other
pathways that release a lot of energy: Krebs
cycle & Electron Transport Chain.
• If oxygen absent glycolysis is followed by a
different pathway: Alcoholic Fermentation
or Lactic Acid Fermentation.
Overview of Cellular Respiration
- In presence of oxygen (aerobic) glycolysis
is followed by: Krebs Cycle and Electron
& Transport Chain.

CELLULAR RESPIRATION
- A catabolic, exergonic, oxygen (O2) requiring
process that uses energy extracted from
macromolecules (glucose) to produce energy
(ATP) and water (H2O).

CHEMICAL PATHWAYS
- Food is the raw material that provides the
energy for your body to function.
- Cells use food to synthesize new molecules to
carry out their life processes.

Redox Reactions
- Transfer of one or more electrons from one - All three combined make up Cellular
reactant to another. Respiration: Glycolysis + Krebs Cycle +
- Two types: Electron Transport Chain
1. Oxidation - Process that releases energy by breaking
2. Reduction down food molecules in the presence of
oxygen.
Oxidation Reaction Equation for Cellular Respiration:
- The loss of electrons from a substance.
- Or the gain of oxygen

Reduction Reaction
- The gain of electrons to a substance.
- Or the loss of oxygen.
GENBIO 1 & 2
3rd Quarter
Each of these 3 stages captures some of the
chemical energy available in food molecules
and uses it to produce ATP.
GLYCOLISIS
- Process takes place in the cytosol of the
cytoplasm outside of mitochondria;
converts glucose with the help of 2 ATP
molecules and eventually releases 4 ATP
molecules; for a net gain of 2 ATP
molecules.
CLARIFICATION OF TERMS
- Cytosol - the fluid (and suspended
molecules of salts, sugars, amino acids,
enzymes, etc.) around the organelles
- Cytoplasm - the cytosol PLUS the
organelles suspended within it (o.e.,
everything EXCEPT the nucleus)
Cell = Plasma membrane + Cytoplasm +
Nucleus
Cytoplasm = Cytosol + Organelles
ATP & NADH Production in Glycolysis
Step 1 : breaks 1 molecule of glucose in half,
producing 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (a
3-carbon compound).
Step 2: 2 NAD+ ;electron carrier accepts 4
high-energy electrons and transfers them to 2
NADH molecules and 2 H+ thus passing the
energy stored in the glucose.
Step 3: 4 ADP added producing 4 ATP.
Step 4: 2 remaining pyruvic acids enter Krebs
Cycle in presence of oxygen; IF no oxygen
another pathway is followed.
• Glycolysis is a fast process.
• Cells produce thousands of ATP molecules in a
few milliseconds.
• Glycolysis alone DOES NOT require oxygen
• It can supply chemical energy to cells when
oxygen is NOT available.
However, if a cell generates large amounts of
ATP from glycolysis it can
run into problems;
1. the cell’s available NAD+ molecules
become filled up with electrons.
2. glycolysis shuts down, cannot proceed
without available NAD+ Molecules.
3. ATP production stops.
ANAEROBIC TO AEROBIC RESPIRATION
● Glycolysis evolved before the other
stages of cellular respiration; other stages
need oxygen
● No oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere when
life first evolved about 3.5 to 4 b.y.a.
● Without oxygen → anaerobic respiration
● 2 or 3 billion years ago, oxygen was
gradually added to the atmosphere by
early photosynthetic bacteria; period the
“oxygen catastrophe” → aerobic
organisms
Let’s look at the pathway that follows glycolysis
with the presence of oxygen.....
aerobic respiration.
Mitochondrion Structure
- Mitochondrion has two separate
membranes: inner and outer membrane.
- Three compartments: intermembrane
space, cristae space, and matrix.
AEROBIC RESPIRATION:
The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport
• End of glycolysis → 90% of chemical energy
from glucose still unused, locked in high-energy
electrons of pyruvic acid
• Extracted by world’s most powerful electron
Receptor → OXYGEN
GENBIO 1 & 2
3rd Quarter

• Krebs and Electron Transport require oxygen

thus they are aerobic processes.

Uses for the Products of the Krebs Cycle

● Carbon dioxide is exhaled (waste
product).
● ATP can be used for cellular activities.
● High-energy electrons (stored in NADH &
FADH2) can be used to make huge
amounts of ATP in the presence of
oxygen.

THE KREBS CYCLE

1. 2nd stage of cellular respiration
2. Named after Hans Krebs, British
biochemist in 1937.
3. Here pyruvic acid is broken down into
carbon dioxide in a series of
energy-extracting reactions
4. Citric acid is the 1st compound formed in
this series of reactions, so Krebs is
sometimes called the Citric or Citric Acid
Cycle.

a. Pyruvic acid enters from glycolysis;

One carbon removed = CO2 formed
b. NAD+ again changed to NADH
c. CoA joins remaining 2 carbons =
Acetyl-CoA
d. Acetyl-CoA added to 4 carbon
Compound = Citric acid (6-C)
e. Citric acid broken down to 5-carbon then
4 carbon; more CO2 released
f. Along the way more NADH and FADH2
formed 1. Electrons from Krebs cycle are passed to
g. One molecule of ATP also made electron transport chain by NADH & FADH2
2. At end of the chain an enzyme combines
2 turns & 2 pyruvic acid (from glycolysis) electrons from the electron chain with H+ ions
yield: and
10 NADH (2 from glycolysis) oxygen to form water.
2 FADH2 3. Each time 2 high-energy electrons transport
4 ATP (2 from glycolysis) down the electron chain, their energy is used to
Cycle starts anew transport H+ ions across the membrane.
4. H+ ions build up in intermembrane space it is
CHEMICAL EQUATION OF KREBS CYCLE now positively charged, other side of
GENBIO 1 & 2
3rd Quarter

membrane negatively charged.

5. Electrochemical gradient (chemiosmotic
gradient) created for ATP synthase to work.
6. ATP synthase converts ADP into ATP.
GENBIO 1 & 2
3rd Quarter
The Total ATP production of Aerobic Cellular
Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration: Fermentation
- This occurs after glycolysis when oxygen
absent, thus anaerobic process
● Fermentation releases energy from food
molecules in absence of oxygen
• In this process cells convert NADH to
NAD+ by passing high-energy electrons
back to pyruvic acid
• Now glycolysis has NAD+ and can
continue producing ATP
• There are 2 types of fermentation:
a. Alcoholic fermentation
b. Lactic acid fermentation
● Anaerobic and aerobic respiration share
the glycolysis pathway. If oxygen is
absent, fermentation may take place,
producing lactic acid or ethyl alcohol and
carbon dioxide. Products of fermentation
still contain chemical energy and are
used widely to make foods and fuels.
Alcoholic Fermentation
1. Yeast and a few other microorganisms
use alcoholic fermentation, forming ethyl
alcohol and carbon dioxide as wastes
2. Equation for alcoholic fermentation:
pyruvic acid + NADH → ethyl alcohol + CO2 +
NAD+
Lactic Acid Fermentation
1. Many cells convert accumulated pyruvic
acid from glycolysis to lactic acid; lactic
acid fermentation regenerates NAD+ so
glycolysis can continue
2. Equation for lactic acid fermentation:
pyruvic acid + NADH → lactic acid + NAD+
3. When your body cannot supply enough
oxygen to muscle tissues during exercise,
this is produced
4. Without oxygen the body is unable to
produce all the ATP it requires, so lactic
acid fermentation takes over.
GENBIO 1 & 2
3rd Quarter

Running, swimming, or riding a bike as fast as

you can = large muscles in your legs and arms
that quickly run out of oxygen...muscles begin to
rapidly produce ATP by lactic acid fermentation.
The buildup of lactic acid fermentation causes a
painful burning sensation making your muscles
feel sore… How do you stop it?????
- NEED TO INTAKE OXYGEN

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CELLULAR

RESPIRATION AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- It takes place in chloroplast.
- Carbon Dioxide and water react, using
light energy, to produce glucose and
oxygen.
- Light energy from the sun, changes to
chemical energy in glucose

CELLULAR RESPIRATION
- It takes place in a mitochondrion
- Glucose and oxygen react to produce
carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP)
- Chemical Energy in glucose changes to
chemical energy in ATP.