Definitions

Secession: When a group or region formally withdraws or separates from a larger

entity, such as a country or organization.

Sectionalism: Loyalty or devotion to the interests of one's own region or section of the
country rather than to the country as a whole.

Abolitionist: A person who advocates for the complete abolition or end of slavery.

Conscription: Compulsory enlistment of people into military service, also known as the
draft.

Freedmen’s Bureau: A federal agency established to help formerly enslaved African

Americans and poor whites in the South after the Civil War, assisting with education,
housing, and employment.

Black Codes: Laws enacted in the Southern states after the Civil War that restricted the
rights and freedoms of African Americans and enforced racial segregation.

Jim Crow Laws: State and local laws that enforced racial segregation and
discrimination in the Southern United States.

Emancipation: The act of setting someone free from legal, social, or political
restrictions, often used in the freeing of slaves.

Scalawags: Southern whites who supported Reconstruction policies after the Civil War,
often seen as traitors by fellow Southerners.

Carpetbaggers: Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War, often for
political or financial gain.

Radical Republicans: Members of the Republican Party who advocated for more
aggressive policies during Reconstruction, including civil rights for African Americans
and punishment for Confederate leaders.

Tenant Farmers: Agricultural workers who farm land owned by others, typically paying
rent in the form of a share of their crops.
Nadir: A low point or lowest level, often used to refer to the period of intense racial
discrimination and violence against African Americans in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries.

Dawes Act: A law passed in 1887 that aimed to assimilate Native Americans into
mainstream American society by distributing reservation land to individual Native
Americans and selling off surplus land to white settlers.

Settlement Houses: Community centers in urban areas, typically run by middle-class

reformers, that provided social services, education, and assistance to immigrants and
the poor.

Suffrage: The right to vote in political elections.

Social Darwinism: A belief that certain social groups are inherently superior to others
and that the principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest should be applied to
society.

Capitalist: A person who supports or participates in a capitalist economic system, in

which private individuals or businesses own and control the means of production and
distribution.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act: A federal law passed in 1890 that aimed to regulate and
prevent monopolies and anti-competitive business practices.

Interstate Commerce Act: A federal law passed in 1887 that established the Interstate
Commerce Commission to regulate the railroad industry and ensure fair rates and
practices.

Tenements: Overcrowded, run-down apartment buildings, typically in urban areas, that

housed many low-income families.

Ghettos: Segregated urban areas, often inhabited by a particular racial, ethnic, or

socioeconomic group and characterized by poverty and social isolation.

Assimilated: Absorbed into and fully integrated into a dominant culture or society.

Americanized: Adapted to or influenced by American culture or customs.

Nativism: A political or social movement that advocates for the interests of native-born
or established inhabitants over those of immigrants.

Temperance: The practice of abstaining from or limiting the consumption of alcoholic

beverages.

Bessemer Process: A method of steel production developed in the 19th century that
involved blowing air through molten iron to remove impurities and produce steel more
efficiently.

Gilded Age: A period of rapid economic growth and industrialization in the United
States during the late 19th century, characterized by wealth and excess alongside
widespread poverty and social inequality.

Monopoly: Control of a market by a single company or entity, allowing it to dominate

and dictate prices and supply.

Communist: A person who advocates for or supports a political and economic system
in which the means of production and distribution are owned and controlled by the
community as a whole.

Socialist: A person who advocates for or supports a political and economic system in
which the means of production and distribution are owned or regulated by the
community as a whole, often to reduce inequality.

Anarchist: A person who advocates for or supports the abolition of all forms of
government and the organization of society without rulers or authority.

Urbanization: The process of increasing the proportion of a population living in urban

areas as opposed to rural areas.

Populist Party: A political party in the United States that emerged in the late 19th
century, advocating for the interests of farmers, laborers, and other common people
against powerful economic and political elites.

Bimetallism: A monetary system in which the value of currency is based on both gold
and silver.

Laissez Faire: An economic philosophy advocating for minimal government intervention

in the economy and the free market.
Horizontal Integration: A business strategy in which a company expands by acquiring
or merging with competitors in the same industry.

Vertical Integration: A business strategy in which a company controls all stages of

production, from raw materials to distribution.

Imperialism: The policy of extending a country's power and influence through

colonization, military conquest, or economic domination of other territories.

Annexation: The formal incorporation of a territory into another political entity, such as
a country or state.

Monroe Doctrine: A U.S. foreign policy doctrine, articulated by President James

Monroe in 1823, that opposed European interference in the Western Hemisphere and
warned against further colonization or intervention.

Roosevelt Corollary: An addition to the Monroe Doctrine, articulated by President

Theodore Roosevelt in 1904, asserting the right of the United States to intervene in the
affairs of Latin American countries to maintain stability and prevent European
intervention.

Yellow Journalism: Sensationalist and often exaggerated or biased reporting,

especially in newspapers, to attract readership and sell more papers.

“Open Door” Policy: A U.S. foreign policy approach, particularly with China in the late
19th and early 20th centuries, advocating for equal trading rights for all countries in
China.

Boxer Rebellion: An anti-foreign and anti-Christian uprising in China from 1899 to

1901, aimed at expelling foreign influence and missionaries from the country.

Treaty of Portsmouth: A peace treaty signed in 1905, ending the Russo-Japanese War
and mediated by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt.

Gentlemen’s Agreement: Informal agreements between the United States and Japan
in the early 20th century, aimed at limiting Japanese immigration to the United States.
Selective Service: The system of conscription used in the United States to draft
individuals into military service during times of war or national emergency.

Great Migration: The movement of millions of African Americans from the rural South
to the urban North and West in the early 20th century, seeking better economic
opportunities and escaping racial discrimination.

Armistice: A formal agreement to cease fighting or hostilities, typically between warring

parties in a conflict.

League of Nations: An international organization established after World War I, aimed

at promoting peace and cooperation among nations, though it ultimately failed to
prevent World War II.

Demobilization: The process of disbanding or reducing the size of a military force

following the end of a war or conflict

Questions

2. What were the five main reasons that started the Civil War?
- Slavery
- States' Rights
- Economic Differences
- Political Disputes
- Secession of Southern States

3. Explain the difference between the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Missouri
Compromise. Why were these acts important to the U.S. and leading towards a civil
war? Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed states to decide on slavery via popular sovereignty,
overturning the Missouri Compromise which prohibited slavery north of the 36°30' line.
Both acts were crucial in escalating tensions leading to the Civil War.

4. Explain the Dred Scott situation, what happened to him, how was it resolved, what
was its importance and impact? Dred Scott, a slave, sued for freedom. The Supreme
Court ruled he was not a citizen and had no right to sue. This decision intensified
national divisions over slavery.

5. Where did the Civil War begin? Fort Sumter, South Carolina.

6. Explain the importance of each of the following battles or places:

Battle of Antietam: Bloodiest single-day battle, led to the Emancipation Proclamation.
Battle of Gettysburg: Turning point in the war, Union victory.
Vicksburg: Gave Union control of the Mississippi River.
Appomattox: Site of Confederate surrender, ending the Civil War.

7. What was the Anaconda Plan, and what impact did it have on the Civil War? Union
strategy to blockade Southern ports and control the Mississippi River, crippling the
Confederacy's economy and dividing its territory.

8. What advantages did the North have and what advantages did the South have?
North: Industrial strength, larger population, better transportation.
South: Military leadership, home-field advantage, agriculture, motivation to defend their
way of life.

9. Briefly explain Florida’s role in the Civil War. Provided supplies, blockade running,
and contributed troops to the Confederate cause.

10. What were the lasting consequences of the Civil War? Abolition of slavery,
strengthened federal government, economic and social upheaval, Reconstruction era,
civil rights advancements.

11. Explain the following:

13th: Abolished slavery.

14th: Granted citizenship and equal protection.
15th: Voting rights regardless of race.
16th: Federal income tax authorized.
18th: Prohibition of alcohol.
19th: Women's suffrage.
24th: Abolished poll taxes.
26th: Voting age lowered to 18.

12. List some ways in which the South tried to limit the rights of African Americans and
freed slaves. Black Codes, Jim Crow laws, literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather
clauses, violence/intimidation, segregation.

13. What is the decision of Plessy v. Ferguson, and how is this important? Supreme
Court decision upholding "separate but equal" segregation, legitimizing racial
discrimination.
14. During the Reconstruction Period what legislation was passed in Congress and how
did the Southern states respond? Civil Rights Acts, Reconstruction Acts, 14th and 15th
Amendments. Southern states resisted through Black Codes, violence, and
segregation.

15. What were nine main problems for farmers in the late 1800s? Falling crop prices,
high debt, railroad monopolies, high shipping costs, land exhaustion, unfair taxation,
limited access to credit, weather disasters, and pests.

16. In a short paragraph explain the terms “Grange” and “Granger Laws”.
Grange: Farmer's movement for economic and political reforms.
Granger Laws: State laws regulating railroad and grain elevator rates.

17. List 7 key provisions of the Populists party platform:

- Direct election of senators.
- Graduated income tax.
- Secret ballot.
- Regulation of railroads.
- Free coinage of silver.
- Labor rights.
- Immigration restrictions.

18. Who was William Jennings Bryan and what was the importance of his “Cross of
Gold Speech”? Advocate for bimetallism, the speech criticized the gold standard, aiming
to help indebted farmers.

19. What did the Transcontinental Railroad do for the country? Connected the East and
West coasts, facilitated trade, travel, and settlement, and boosted the economy.

20. In your own words explain the Homestead Act and its role in westward expansion.
Provided 160 acres of free land to settlers, encouraging westward expansion and
development.

21. In a paragraph explain how westward expansion impacted Native Americans (use
specific examples). Displacement, loss of land, broken treaties, cultural destruction,
conflicts (Battle of Little Bighorn, Trail of Tears).

22. List 4 developments that contributed to the Second Industrial Revolution. Electricity,
steel production, telecommunication, and internal combustion engine.
23. Briefly explain the contributions of the following people to the Second Industrial

Samuel Morse: Telegraph.

Alexander Graham Bell: Telephone.
Thomas Edison: Electric light bulb.
Nicola Tesla: Alternating current.
Edwin Drake: Oil drilling.
Henry Ford: Assembly line.
Wright Brothers: Airplane.
Josephine Cochran: Dishwasher.
John Burr: Lawn mower improvements.
Granville Woods: Railway telegraphy.
Elijah McCoy: Lubricating devices.
Sarah Goode: Fold-away bed.
Madame C.J. Walker: Hair care products.

24. List 3 robber barons/captains of industry of the Gilded Age and what were their
contributions and impacts to society?
- John D. Rockefeller: Oil industry, Standard Oil.
- Andrew Carnegie: Steel industry, philanthropy.
- J.P. Morgan: Banking, finance, U.S. Steel.

25. Explain Henry Flagler’s importance to Florida. Developed Florida's east coast, built
railroads, hotels, promoting tourism and agriculture.

26. List nine problems workers now faced because of the 1st and 2nd Industrial
Revolutions.
Long hours, low wages, unsafe conditions, child labor, lack of benefits, job insecurity,
poor living conditions, labor exploitation, discrimination.

27. Who was Samuel Gompers? Founder of the American Federation of Labor (AFL),
advocate for skilled workers' rights.
28. What are the similarities and differences between The Knights of Labor and The
American Federation of Labor.
-Knights of Labor: Inclusive, broad social reforms.
-AFL: Focused on skilled labor, practical economic gains.
29. List 8 tactics of Labor and Management used against organized labor (give a brief
description of each tact): Strikes, boycotts, picketing, collective bargaining, lockouts,
blacklisting, strikebreaking, arbitration.

30. Compare and contrast the following:

Haymarket Riot: Violent clash in Chicago, damaged labor movement's reputation.
Homestead Strike: Violent steelworker strike, weakened unions.
Pullman Strike: Nationwide railroad strike, led to federal intervention.

31. Problems caused by urbanization are…Overcrowding, poor sanitation, inadequate

housing, crime, pollution, lack of infrastructure.

32. Explain what a political machine was and their role in societyduring this period. Be
sure to include the name of at least 1 specific person that played a role in political
machines. Political Machines are organizations controlling local politics through
patronage and corruption. Example: Boss Tweed in New York.

33. Describe the difference between “old immigrants” and “new immigrants”.
Old: Northern/Western Europe, assimilated easier.
New: Southern/Eastern Europe, faced more discrimination.

34. Briefly explain how the Chinese Exclusion Act and The Gentlemen’s Agreement
impacted Asian immigrants. Restricted Chinese and Japanese immigration, reflecting
nativist attitudes.

35. How did the “Social Gospel” movement impact the reforms of the Progressive Era?
Promoted social justice and reforms, influenced Progressive Era policies.

36. What are muckrakers, and list two specific muckrakers and their impact on reforms
in society? Muckrakers were journalists exposing corruption. Examples: Upton Sinclair
(The Jungle), Ida Tarbell (Standard Oil).

37. List two other Progressive reforms and their accomplishments. Child labor laws,
food safety regulations, women's suffrage. Established better work conditions, food
conditions, and women’s right to vote.

38. In a paragraph explain Roosevelt’s role as president during this era. He promoted
Progressive reforms, trust-busting, conservation, and expanded executive power.
39. In a paragraph explain Taft’s role as president during this era. Continued antitrust
actions, supported constitutional amendments, but struggled with Progressive factions.

40. List at least 3 forms of reforms in each of the followingcategories: political, social,
and economic.
Political: Direct election of senators, women's suffrage, recall elections.
Social: Child labor laws, prohibition, public health improvements.
Economic: Antitrust laws, regulation of industries, income tax.

41. In a paragraph explain Wilson’s role as president during this era. Implemented
Federal Reserve, antitrust legislation, and progressive income tax; led U.S. during WWI.

42. List the reforms that still impact us today: Women's suffrage, income tax, antitrust
laws, labor rights, Federal Reserve.

43. Explain in your own words how Florida was impacted by the Progressive Era.
Improvements in public health, education, infrastructure, and labor conditions.

44. What was Alfred Thayer Mahan important for? What did he contribute to American
imperialism? Alfred Thayer Manhan advocated for naval power, influenced U.S.
imperialism and expansion of the Navy.

45. What are the reasons for American imperialism? Economic interests, military
strategy, national prestige, and cultural superiority.

46. What were the arguments against American imperialism? Violation of

self-determination, moral and ethical concerns, and risk of entanglements.

47. Why did the U. S. want to intervene in Cuba? The US wanted to support Cuban
independence from Spain, economic interests, humanitarian concerns. It also didn’t
want another nation to fall to communism.

48. Explain the cause, course, and consequences of the Spanish American War. How
did it start, what were the main events, and what were the final results (treaties,
impressions, world view)?
Causes: USS Maine sinking and Cuban independence.
Course: Battles in Cuba and Philippines.
Consequences: Treaty of Paris, U.S. gained territories, and rise as a global power.

49. Compare and contrast the Platt Amendment and the Teller Amendment.
Platt: U.S. control over Cuba.
Teller: Promised Cuban independence post-Spanish rule.

50. Explain how the following became territories of the U.S. and state what their current
status is today (territory, state, or independent):
Philippines: Acquired after Spanish-American War, now independent.
Hawaii: Annexed, now a state.
Puerto Rico: Acquired after Spanish-American War, U.S. territory.
Alaska: Purchased from Russia, now a state.
Cuba: Gained independence, but U.S. influence persisted.

51. Explain the benefits/reasons of the Panama Canal. Shortened trade routes, boosted
U.S. naval and commercial power.

52. What were the dangers and/or obstacles to building the Panama Canal? Disease,
difficult terrain, engineering challenges.

53. In your own words explain “Big Stick” policy and provide both pros and cons for this
policy.
Big stick: U.S. diplomacy backed by military strength.
Pros: Effective deterrent.
Cons: Viewed as imperialistic.

54. Fill in the acronym below and explain how each led to war:
Militarism: Arms race.
Alliances: Entangling treaties.
Nationalism: National pride.
Imperialism: Competition for colonies.
Assassination: Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

55. What were three main countries known as the Central Powers? US, Russia,
Germany.

56. Who were the Allied Powers? France, Britain, Russia, later U.S.

57. Explain at least three circumstances that brought America into WWI. Zimmerman
Telegram, unrestricted submarine warfare, economic ties to Allies.
58. List the 9 new war technologies that changed the way WWI developed. Briefly
explain how each one impacted the soldiers and how the war was fought.
Machine guns: Increased casualties.
Tanks: Broke trench warfare.
Poison gas: Caused severe injuries.
Airplanes: Reconnaissance, aerial combat.
Submarines: Disrupted shipping.
Flamethrowers: Clearing trenches.
Barbed wire: Defensive barriers.
Radios: Improved communication.

59. Fill in the graphic organizer below for each labeled topic and briefly explain how it
led to the U.S. entering the war:

60. How did Americans help support the war on the home front? Bought war bonds,
rationed food and goods, worked in war industries, and grew victory gardens.
61. In what ways did the federal government impact the home front during WWI? Was
this positive, negative or both? Positive and negative; implemented rationing, controlled
industries, and promoted propaganda but also restricted civil liberties.

62. Briefly explain how the war impacted the following groups:
Women: Entered workforce, gained new roles.
German Americans: Faced suspicion, discrimination.
American Indians: Served in military, faced integration challenges.
Jewish Americans: Supported war effort, faced anti-Semitism.
African Americans: Migrated for jobs, faced discrimination.
Hispanic Americans: Took on more labor roles, faced mixed acceptance.
Asian Americans: Faced discrimination, some internment.

63. What was the main goal behind Wilson’s “Fourteen Points” plan? Promote peace,
prevent future wars, and establish the League of Nations.

64. Who were the “Big Three”? What did they do? Woodrow Wilson (USA), David Lloyd
George (UK), Georges Clemenceau (France); they negotiated the Treaty of Versailles.

65. Briefly explain the Treaty of Versailles. What consequences were put on Germany?
Ended WWI, imposed heavy reparations on Germany, reduced its territory and military.

66. In a paragraph explain what happened with the U.S. and other nations after the war.
The U.S. emerged as a global power, but refused to join the League of Nations. Europe
faced economic and political instability, leading to WWII.

67. What were at least 3 of the effects of demobilization after WWI in America?
Unemployment rise, economic recession, and labor strikes.

68. Explain the impact on immigration after WWI. Restrictive quotas, reduced
immigration, targeted Southern/Eastern Europeans and Asians.

69. Describe the Fordney-McCumber Act and what results did it produce. Raised tariffs
to protect U.S. businesses, but harmed international trade.

70. Compare and contrast the Washington Naval Conference, Four-Power Treaty,
General Disarmament Conference, and Kellog-Briand Pact. Do you feel that the U.S.
was avoiding future wars?
Washington Naval Conference: Limited naval arms.
Four-Power Treaty: Pacific territories agreement.
General Disarmament Conference: Unsuccessful arms reduction.
Kellogg-Briand Pact: Outlawed war.
U.S. was attempting to avoid future wars but with mixed success.

71. What was the Dawes Plan and how did it impact the U.S. and Europe? Plan to
stabilize German economy with U.S. loans, improved European economy but led to
U.S. financial involvement.

72. Explain what each of the following Presidents were most know for and if you feel
they were successful during their presidency:
Harding: Teapot Dome scandal, less successful.
Coolidge: Economic growth, mixed legacy.
Hoover: Great Depression, seen as unsuccessful.
Roosevelt: New Deal, led during WWII, successful.

73. Explain causes and events leading to the Great Depression. Stock market crash,
bank failures, reduced consumer spending, and drought conditions.

74. How did prohibition occur and what results did it produce? Led to illegal alcohol
trade, increased crime, and eventual repeal with 21st Amendment.

75. How did the Fundamentalist movement impact America? Sparked cultural conflicts
like the Scopes Trial and challenged modernism.

76. During the Roaring 20s explain how each of the following groups contributed to
society or impacted change in some way to
Women: Flappers, new social roles.
Hollywood: Entertainment boom.
Harlem Renaissance: African American cultural revival.
Hispanic Americans: Labor contributions, cultural influence.
Native Americans: Citizenship Act, mixed progress.
Asian Americans: Continued discrimination, contributions to labor.
Ku Klux Klan: Promoted racism, influenced politics.

77. Pick at least 2 people that were influential during the Harlem Renaissance and
explain their contribution.
Langston Hughes: Poetry and literature.
Zora Neale Hurston: Literature and anthropology.
78. List the differences and similarities between George Washington Carver, W.E.B.
DeBois, and Marcus Garvey.
Carver: Agricultural innovations.
DuBois: Civil rights activism.
Garvey: Black nationalism, "Back to Africa" movement.

79. Explain the Smoot-Hawley Tariff and its impact on the U.S. and the world.
High tariffs, worsened global trade, and deepened the Great Depression.

80. What were the three main goals of the New Deal programs?
Relief for the unemployed, economic recovery, and financial reform.

81. Write a short explanation of each of the following New Deal programs:
Bank Holiday: Closed banks to prevent runs.
AAA: Subsidized farmers to reduce crop surplus.
CCC: Created jobs in conservation projects.
FDIC: Insured bank deposits.
Wagner Act: Supported labor rights.
NRA: Regulated industry, set fair practices.
Social Security: Provided pensions, unemployment insurance.
TVA: Developed the Tennessee Valley.
WPA: Created jobs in public works.

82. Explain Roosevelt’s “Court-Packing” plan and the impact it created.

FDR's attempt to add Supreme Court justices, met with opposition, seen as power
grabs.

83. What was the “Dust Bowl” and how did it impact Americans?
Severe drought, poor farming practices, and caused massive migration and hardship.

84. Briefly explain how the following people influenced or impacted American culture
during the Great Depression:
John Steinbeck: Wrote about Dust Bowl hardships.
Dorothea Lange: Photographed the Great Depression.
Langston Hughes: Poetry on African American experience.
Walker Evans: Documented rural America.
Margaret Bourke White: Photojournalism.
Ernest Hemingway: Literature on disillusionment.
Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings: Wrote about rural life.

85. List 3 positive and 3 negative effects of the New Deal.

Positive: Job creation, economic recovery, and social security.

Negative: Increased government debt, some programs deemed unconstitutional, and
limited immediate economic improvement.

86. Explain how the League of Nations, Great Depression and appeasement with
Germany all led to WWII.
League of Nations' weakness, Great Depression's global impact, and appeasement of
Nazi Germany.

87. What were the Neutrality Acts, “cash-and-carry” policy, and theLend-Lease Act?
How did they involve the U.S. in the beginning of WWII?
Neutrality Acts: Avoided war involvement.
Cash-and-Carry: Allowed arms sales to Allies.
Lend-Lease: Supplied Allies, moved U.S. toward involvement.

88. What were Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms?

Freedom of speech, worship, from want, from fear.

89. What event brought the United States into WWII?

Attack on Pearl Harbor.

90. Which nations were the Allied Powers?

U.S., UK, USSR, China, France.
91. Which nations were the Axis Powers?
Germany, Italy, Japan.

92. Briefly explain how each of the following contributed to the war
effort:
Draft/Selective Service: Mobilized soldiers.
Women’s Army Corps: Women in military roles.
Tuskegee Airmen: African American pilots.
Navajo: Code talkers.
War Production Board: Managed war supplies.
Rationing: Controlled resources.
Victory Gardens: Supplemented food supply.
Office of War Mobilization: Coordinated war effort.
Office of War Information: Propaganda.
National Labor War Board: Resolved labor disputes.
War Bonds/Liberty Bonds: Funded war effort.

93. Explain how the American Japanese were impacted by WWII in America.
They were put in internment camps and delt with loss of property and rights.

94. What impact did WWII have on the following groups:

African Americans: Fought in segregated units, civil rights progress.
Hispanic Americans: Served in military, Bracero program.
American Indians: Served in military, cultural challenges.
Jewish Americans: Supported war effort, increased awareness of Holocaust.

95. What was the Holocaust and what was Hitler’s “Final Solution”?
Systematic genocide of Jews by Nazis, aimed to eliminate Jewish population.

96. Explain the importance of the following:

D-Day: Allied invasion of Normandy.
Battle of the Bulge: Last major German offensive.
Bataan Death March: Brutal forced march of POWs.
Battle of the Coral Sea: Stopped Japanese advance.
Battle of Midway: Turning point in the Pacific.
97. What was the Manhattan Project?
Secret U.S. project to develop atomic bombs.

98. Which two Japanese cities were bombed and what impact did those bombings have
on the war and the world?
Hiroshima and Nagasaki → led to Japan's surrender → end of WWII.

99. What were the consequences of WWII?

Major loss of life, Cold War onset, and U.N. formation, decolonization.

100. Explain Florida’s role and impact on WWII.

Training bases, shipbuilding, agriculture, and tourism boosts.

101. Compare and contrast communism with democracy. How did these different
systems lead to the Cold War?

Communism: State controls economy, no private property, one-party rule.

Democracy: Free elections, individual rights, capitalist economy.
- These differences led to ideological conflict, causing the Cold War.

102. Describe the intentions of each of the following:

Yalta Conference: Plan post-war Europe, divide Germany.
Dumbarton Oaks Conference: Establish United Nations framework.
Potsdam Conference: Finalize Germany's division, post-war order.
Tehran Conference: Coordinate military strategy against Axis.
Moscow Declaration: Promote international cooperation, create U.N.

103. Explain what the “iron curtain” was.

Metaphor for the division between Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe and the West.

104. What was Truman’s policy on communism? What did it come to be known as? Was
it successful?
He used containment to prevent the spread of communism, known as the Truman
Doctrine, which was largely successful in Europe.

105. Explain the Marshall Plan and evaluate its success.

U.S. aid to rebuild Europe, successful in revitalizing economies and reducing

communist influence.

106. Compare and contrast NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) with the Warsaw
Pact.

NATO: Western military alliance for mutual defense.

Warsaw Pact: Soviet-led alliance for mutual defense, both aimed to counter each other.

107. What actions led to the U.S. involvement in the Korean War?
North Korea's invasion of South Korea, U.N. response led by U.S.

108. What were the consequences of the Korean War?

Stalemate, Korea remained divided, heightened Cold War tensions.

109. Explain how each of the following led to the intensification of the Cold War:

Nuclear Proliferation: Increased fear of nuclear war.

Hydrogen Bomb: Greater destructive capability.
Missile Technologies: Threat of long-range attacks.
Arms Race: Continuous military buildup.
Sputnik: Soviet space success and increased U.S. fears of technological inferiority.

110. What is McCarthyism and how did it affect America?

It was anti-communist witch hunts, created paranoia and damaged reputations.

111. Explain Eisenhower Doctrine and its intended purpose.

It stated that the U.S. would defend Middle Eastern countries against communism.

112. What was the Bay of Pigs Invasion, who was involved, what was its goal and was it
successful?
It Failed and was the U.S. backed attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba.

113. Explain the Cuban Missile Crisis.

It was soviet missiles in Cuba, U.S. blockade, near nuclear war, and resolved by Soviet
withdrawal.

114. What role and importance did Florida play during the Cold War?
Strategic military bases, Cuban refugee influx, and proximity to Cuba.

115. Briefly explain how each of the following contributed to post-World War II
prosperity:

Demobilization: Shift from war to consumer economy.

G.I. Bill of Rights: Education, housing for veterans.
Baby Boom: Increased birth rate, demand for goods.
American Products Demand: Economic growth.
Suburbs: Housing boom.
Interstate Highway System: Improved transportation.

116. What impact did WWII and the Cold War have on African Americans and other
minorities?
Increased civil rights activism, desegregation, new economic opportunities.

117. What was the importance of Brown v. Board of Education?

Declared school segregation unconstitutional, pivotal civil rights case.

118. Give a brief description of the importance of the following people on Civil Rights:
Thurgood Marshall: First Black Supreme Court Justice.
Justice Earl Warren: Led landmark civil rights rulings.
Emmett Till: Murder galvanized civil rights movement.
Rosa Parks: Sparked Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.: Led nonviolent civil rights movement.

119. What were some ways that African Americans and other supporters of the Civil
Rights Movement could demonstrate social activism?
Sit-ins, marches, boycotts, legal challenges, voter registration drives.

120.What is the importance of the rulings in the following cases:

Roe v. Wade: Legalized abortion.
Bakke Decision: Upheld affirmative action, banned racial quotas.

121. List and describe other people or groups that fought for civil rights during this time.
Malcolm X, NAACP, CORE, SNCC.

122. Explain Florida’s role in the Civil Rights Movement.

Sit-ins, protests, integration of schools and public places.

123. Explain the roles of each of the following Presidents during the 1960s:
John F. Kennedy: Promoted civil rights, space race.
Lyndon B. Johnson: Great Society, civil rights legislation.
Richard M. Nixon: Ended Vietnam War, Watergate scandal.

124. What was programs were a result of Kennedy’s “New Frontier”?

Space exploration, civil rights, and social reforms.

125. What was Johnson’s “Great Society” and what programs were started under it?
War on Poverty, Medicare, Medicaid, and civil rights laws.

126. How did the Supreme Court engage in judicial activism during the 1950s and
1960s?
State specific cases and outcomes. Brown v. Board of Education (desegregation),
Miranda v. Arizona (rights of accused).

127. Explain the Domino Theory and its role in bringing America into the Vietnam War?

The belief that communist victory in Vietnam would spread communism, led to U.S.
involvement.

128. What was the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution?

Authorized U.S. military action in Vietnam.

129. How was the Vietnam War primarily fought?

Guerrilla warfare, air strikes, search and destroy missions.

130. How did Nixon affect or change American involvement in the Vietnam War?
Vietnamization, withdrawal of U.S. troops, peace negotiations.

131. Give at least 4 consequences of the Vietnam War.

High casualties, PTSD in veterans, distrust in government, financial cost.

132. How did instances like Watergate affect the public and their view of government
and the Presidency?
Eroded public trust in government, led to Nixon’s resignation.

133. What were the goals and accomplishments of the Women’s Liberation Movement?
It fought for equal rights, reproductive rights, workplace equality.

134. How did foreign policy change under Nixon?

Détente with USSR, opened relations with China.
135. How was foreign policy impacted under Gerald Ford’s administration?
Continued détente and Helsinki Accords.

136. What was the OPEC oil embargo and how did that impact Americans?
Fuel shortages, economic recession, highlighted energy dependence.

137. Under Jimmy Carter what was his impact on foreign policies?
Human rights focus, Panama Canal treaties, Camp David Accords.

138. Explain the Iran Hostage Crisis.

52 Americans were held in Iran and it strained U.S.-Iran relations.

139. What was Ronald Reagan’s foreign policy for the U.S.?
It had a strong anti-communism stance, military buildup, and Star Wars initiative.

140. Briefly explain the Iran-Contra Affair.

Secret arms sales to Iran, funded Contras in Nicaragua, was a scandal.

141. Explain 3-4 events between America and the Soviet Union leading up to the end of
the Cold War.
Gorbachev’s reforms, Berlin Wall fall, Eastern Europe revolutions, Soviet Union
collapse.

142. List any major wars/conflicts, treaties, or important facts about each of the
following Presidents while in office:
George H. W. Bush: Gulf War, Cold War end.
Bill Clinton: NAFTA, Balkans conflicts.
George W. Bush: 9/11 attacks, Iraq and Afghanistan wars.
Barack Obama: Affordable Care Act, Osama bin Laden's death.

143. What led to the “War on Terror”?

9/11 attacks, led to wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, and global counter-terrorism efforts.
144. Explain the World Trade Organization (WTO).
Facilitates global trade, resolves trade disputes, and promotes economic cooperation.