Question Paper Unit 1 (WPH01)

2014 May
*12 A skateboarder throws a ball vertically upwards, while travelling at a constant horizontal
speed. The skateboarder catches the ball moments later whilst still moving horizontally.
ball thrown ball caught
Explain why the ball can be caught even though it was thrown vertically upwards and the
skateboarder is moving horizontally. Ignore the effect of air resistance.
(4)
10
*P42926XA01028*
13 Two identical magnets, X and Y, are suspended by a light thread from a point P.
Like poles are placed next to one another and repel as shown below.
20° 20°
magnet X magnet Y
The free-body force diagram for magnet X is shown below.
tension T
repulsive force R
from magnet Y
weight W
(a) Show that T is about 0.2 N.

mass of bar magnet = 0.015 kg
(3)
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*P42926XA01228*
(b) Calculate the magnitude of R.
(3)
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R = ............................................................. .
(c) State the magnitude of the repulsive force that magnet X exerts on magnet Y and
justify your answer.
(2)
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13
*P42926XA01328* Turn over
14 (a) A moving walkway transports people horizontally over a short distance.
A child stands on a walkway that is moving at a constant speed of 1.9 m s-1. Halfway
along the walkway the child turns around and attempts to walk back towards the start of
the walkway at a steady speed of 1.9 m s-1.
Explain why the child will not reach the start of the walkway.
(2)
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*P42926XA01428*
(b) Two floors in a building are connected by a stationary ramp at an angle of 15° to the
horizontal and also by a staircase at an angle of 45° to the horizontal.
(i) A child walks up the ramp at a steady speed of 1.9 m s–1, taking 25 s to reach the
next floor.
Show that the work done by the child is about 5 kJ.
mass of child = 45 kg
(4)
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(ii) On another occasion, the child uses the staircase to reach the next floor in 12 s.
Calculate the power developed by the child as she uses the staircase.
(2)
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Power developed = ......................................................
15
15 In a hydroelectric power station, water drops through a vertical height from a reservoir
turning a turbine. The turbine drives a generator to produce electricity. The photograph
shows part of the hydroelectric power station at the Hoover Dam in the USA.
dam wall
reservoir
The reservoir contains fresh water.
(a) The total flow rate across all the turbines is 1060 m3 s-1.
(i) Show that the mass of water entering the turbines each second is about 1 × 106 kg.
density of fresh water = 997 kg m–3

(2)
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(ii) On average the water will drop through a height of 185 m.
Show that the total power of the falling water before entering the turbines is about
2 GW.
(2)
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18
*P42926XA01828*
(iii) The turbines convert 80% of the power of the falling water into electrical power.
Calculate the amount of electrical energy the Hoover Dam produces each year.
(3)
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Electrical energy = ............................................................. .
(iv) Suggest why not all of the power from the falling water is converted into
electrical power.
(1)
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(b) Electrical energy could be produced in the same way using salt water. The viscosity
of salt water is greater than the viscosity of fresh water.
Explain, without further calculation, why the different viscosity of the water would
cause the power output using salt water to be less than the power output using fresh
water.
(2)
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19
16 A composite steel beam bridge is used across short spans.
A bridge beam consists of a base of steel with a layer of concrete on top. The diagram
below shows how one of the beams will bend when a load is applied.
concrete
steel
(a) (i) Label the diagram to show where the beam is under tension and under
compression.
(2)
(ii) Explain the choice of materials used in the beam.
(2)
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*P42926XA02028*
(b) The graph shows the tensile stress-strain curves for steel and concrete.
Stress
Steel
Concrete
Fracture point
Strain
(i) State and define the property of concrete that causes it to break suddenly without
warning.
(2)
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(ii) Use the graph to explain why there would be visible signs that the steel part of
the bridge was starting to fail if the applied stress were too large.
(4)
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(c) A sample of steel was tested under large loads and the following stress-strain graph
was plotted.
250 –
200 –
Q
P
150 –
Stress / MPa
100 –
50 –
0–
–
–
–
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

Strain / × 10–3
(i) Calculate the Young modulus of the steel.

(2)
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Young modulus = ............................................................
( (ii) Point P on the graph is the elastic limit of the steel sample and point Q is the yield point.
State what is meant by elastic limit and yield point.
22
*P42926XA02228*
13 The apparatus shown can be used to determine the spring constant k of a spring.
*(a) Describe how the apparatus can be used to accurately obtain the measurements
needed.
(4)
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12
*P43112A01232*
(b) Describe how the measurements would be used to determine a reliable value of k.
(3)
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(c) State why it is important not to exceed the limit of proportionality of the spring.
(1)
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13
*P43112A01332* Turn over
14 An archer stands 15 m from a target. An arrow is fired horizontally at 36 m s–1 towards
the target.
(a) (i) On the diagram draw the path of the arrow.

(1)
(ii) Show that the time taken for the arrow to reach the target is about 0.4 s.
(2)
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(iii)The archer fires the arrow horizontally from a height of 1.5 m above the ground.
Calculate the height above the ground at which the arrow strikes the target.
(3)
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Height above ground = ..................................................... .
14
*P43112A01432*
(b) Explain how your answer to part (a)(iii) would be affected if the archer stood closer
to the target.
(2)
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15
15 The graph shows the stress-strain curves for three materials A, B, and C up to the point
of fracture.
Tensile
stress A B
Tensile strain
(a) (i) Identify which of the materials A, B or C is

(4)
a brittle material ...................................................................... .
a ductile material .................................................................... .
the strongest material ........................................................... .
the least stiff material .......................................................... .
(ii) The three materials are copper, glass and steel.

Identify which graph refers to each material.
(2)
A ...................................................................... .
B ...................................................................... .
C ...................................................................... .
20
*P43112A02032*
(b) Explain why steel is a suitable material for making paper clips.
(3)
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(c) State the name for the point marked X on graph B and explain its significance.
(2)
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20
*P43112A02032*
16 An iceberg is a large piece of freshwater ice that has broken off a glacier or an ice shelf.
Some scientists believe that icebergs could be used to supply freshwater. It has been
estimated that an iceberg of mass 3.0 × 109 kg could provide water for half a million
people for up to a year.
Computer models have calculated that just one tug boat would be needed to move such
an iceberg half way around the world.
Tow rope
Tug boat 30° Iceberg
Tow
rope
(a) (i) Label the free-body force diagram below, for the iceberg.
(2)
Drag
Weight
(ii) The iceberg is moving at a constant speed and the tensions in the two tow ropes
are equal. Show that the tension in each rope is about 2 × 105 N.
drag force from the water = 3.3 × 105 N
(3)
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*P43112A02632*
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(iii)Calculate the work done by the tug boat on the iceberg when the iceberg is pulled
through 50 km.
(2)
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Work done = ..................................................... .
(iv)State and explain the effect on the motion of the iceberg if the tow ropes were
longer. Assume that the tug boat’s power output remains the same.
(2)
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(b) The tug boat is moving through the water due west at 2.6 km hour –1.
There is a water current of 0.9 km hour –1 due south.
On the grid below draw a vector diagram to scale, to determine the magnitude and
direction of the resultant velocity of the tug boat.
(3)
North
Resultant velocity = ............................................................................................................................. .

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28
*P43112A02632*
(c) Not all of the iceberg is visible above the surface of the water.
Show that the proportion of the volume of the iceberg that is beneath the surface of
the water is about 0.9.
density of sea water = 1030 kg m–3
density of freshwater ice = 920 kg m–3
(3)
28
*P43112A02832*
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6
*P45035A0624*
1 (a) A manufacturer of spring balances needs to select a spring that produces an extension
of 0.80 cm for each 100 g mass added.
Show that the manufacturer will need to select a spring with a spring constant of
about 120 N m-1.
(3)
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(b) The manufacturer states that the maximum mass that can be hung on the spring
balance is 1.2 kg.
Explain why it is necessary to state the maximum mass.
(3)
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7
2 A bungee jump consists of three main stages:
• free fall jump until the rope is straight
• deceleration as the bungee rope stretches
• upwards motion as the bungee rope contracts.
(a) Complete the table to describe the energy transfers of the bungee jumper. Ignore any
changes that could be due to air resistance.
(2)
Stage of jump Energy transfer
free fall jump gravitational potential energy --- kinetic energy
deceleration as the
bungee rope stretches
upwards motion as the

bungee rope contracts
8
*P45035A0824*
(b) A bungee jumper, of mass 54 kg, is going to jump from a platform that is 65 m above
the ground. For the jump to be safe, his height above the ground must never be less
than 10 m.
(i) Show that the maximum transfer of gravitational potential energy during a safe
jump is about 30 kJ.
(2)
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(ii) Hence calculate the tension in the rope when the bungee jumper is 10 m above
the ground.
initial length of rope = 23 m
(3)
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Tension = .......................................................................................
9
3 A man is walking at a constant horizontal velocity of 1.2 m s-1 in the rain. To the man
the rain appears to be falling vertically at a velocity of 1.8 m s-1.
Draw a labelled vector diagram, to scale, and use it to determine the actual velocity of the rain.
(5)
Magnitude of the actual velocity of the rain = ....................................................................................... .
Angle of the rain to the vertical = ....................................................................................... .
10
*P45035A01024*
4 In a game of netball, a goal is scored when the ball passes through the ring at the top of
the net.
(a) On the diagram below draw the path the ball should take if a goal is to be scored.
(1)
ring of the net
12
*P45035A01224*
(b) A student is given the following information for a particular attempt at a goal.
initial velocity of ball on release = 4.5 m s-1

release angle of ball = 60° from the horizontal
horizontal distance from centre of ball to centre of ring = 1.5 m
(i) Show that the time taken to travel the horizontal distance of 1.5 m is about 0.7 s.
(3)
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(ii) Calculate the vertical displacement of the ball when it has travelled a horizontal
distance of 1.5 m and hence comment on whether a goal will be scored.
vertical distance of ring from release point = 0.70 m
(4)
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Vertical displacement = ....................................................................................... .
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(iii) Explain how air resistance would have affected the calculation in (b)(i).
(2)
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16
*P45035A01624*
5 The diagram shows a swimmer.
1.4 m
(a) The swimmer exerts an average horizontal backward force of 65 N on the water
during each stroke. The length of each stroke is 1.4 m.
(i) Show that the work done by the swimmer on the water during each stroke is
about 90 J.
(2)
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(ii) The stroke rate of the swimmer is 55 strokes per minute. Calculate the power
developed by the swimmer’s arms.
(2)
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Power = ....................................................................................... .
17
(b) An investigation was carried out on the drag forces acting on the swimmer.
The swimmer pushed off from the side of the pool with his arms straight ahead of
him and his velocity was measured as he glided through the water.
This was repeated with the swimmer’s arms at his sides.
Glide 1 Glide 2
A velocity-time graph was plotted for both glides.
2.0 –
1.8 –
Glide 1
Velocity / m s–1
1.6 – Glide 2
1.4 –
1.2 –
1.0 –
0.8 –
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Time / s
*(i) Use the graph to describe and explain the motion of the swimmer when
performing Glide 1 and Glide 2.
(4)
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18
*P45035A01824*
(ii) The drag force can be calculated using
1 2
Drag force = CρAv
2
where
C = drag coefficient
p = density of the water
A = cross-sectional area of the swimmer
v = velocity of the swimmer.

Demonstrate that the drag coefficient is a quantity with no units.
(2)
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(iii) Suggest and explain an additional measure that a swimmer could use to reduce
the drag force acting on him.
(2)
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20
*P45035A02024*
18 In 1909 Robert Millikan did an experiment to find the charge on an electron. Tiny
charged oil drops were dropped between two charged plates.
oil drop
oil sprayer
charged plates
The radius of an oil drop had to be determined so that its weight could be calculated.
Before the plates were charged, Millikan observed how long it took for an oil drop to
fall through the air between two fixed points. The terminal velocity and hence the radius
could then be calculated.
(a) (i) Complete the free-body force diagram below for an oil drop falling freely through
the air.
(2)
Upthrust
(ii) Explain why the oil drop reaches a terminal velocity.

(2)
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(b) An oil drop is travelling at terminal velocity.
(i) The oil drop takes 11.9 s to fall a distance of 10.2 mm.
Show that the terminal velocity of the oil drop is about 0.001 m s-1.
(2)
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(ii) Assuming that the upthrust is negligible, show that the radius of the oil drop is
about 3 μm.
density of oil = 920 kg m-3
viscosity of air = 1.82 × 10-5 Pa s
(4)
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(iii) It is very difficult to measure the radius of such an oil drop directly.
Suggest why.
(2)
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22
*P45035A02224*
(c) Explain why it was necessary for Millikan to maintain the air between the plates at a
constant temperature.
(2)
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(d) A student tried to model Millikan’s method for finding the radius of the oil drop. The
student dropped a ball bearing and recorded the time it took to pass between two light
gates, a known distance apart.
Explain why this is not a good model for Millikan’s method.
(2)
23
2
4
*P44923A0628*
1 A basketball is thrown towards a basket. The position of the ball at equal time intervals
is shown in the photograph.
Vertical and horizontal lines have been added to the photograph to help identify the ball’s
horizontal and vertical position.
Suggest a reason for each of the following observations:
(a) the vertical lines are evenly spaced,

(1)
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(b) the horizontal lines become closer together.

(1)
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8
*P44923A0828*
2 A cricket ball is hit and travels across a field where it is caught at a time t. A graph of
vertical velocity against time is shown.
Vertical velocity
0 Time
0.5 t t
(a) On the axes below, sketch the corresponding graph of vertical acceleration against
time for the motion of the cricket ball.
(2)
Vertical acceleration
0 Time
0.5 t t
(b) On the axes below, sketch the corresponding graph of vertical displacement against
time for the motion of the cricket ball.
(2)
Vertical displacement
0 Time
0.5 t t
9
3 A small steel ball is released at the surface of some oil of known viscosity and begins to sink.
The diagrams show the forces acting on the ball shortly after its release and when it has
reached terminal velocity.
X X Y
Y
Z Z
Steel ball shortly after Steel ball at terminal

release velocity
(a) Identify forces X, Y and Z.

(3)
X is ................................................................................. .
Y is ................................................................................. .
Z is ................................................................................. .
(b) A student uses Stokes’ law to calculate force Y.
State the measurements the student should make to calculate force Y acting on the
ball when it is moving at terminal velocity.
(2)
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10
*P44923A01028*
4 (a) A force is applied across the ends of a sample of wire. For small forces the
deformation of the wire is elastic and for large forces the deformation is plastic.
Explain what is meant by the terms
(3)
elastic deformation ............................................................................................................................. . ..................................................................... .
.............................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................. .
.............................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................. .
plastic deformation ............................................................................................................................. . ..................................................................... .
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(b) Copper is a ductile material. This makes copper suitable for the production of wires.
(i) On the axes below, sketch the stress-strain graph for copper.
(2)
Stress
Strain
(ii) With reference to your graph, state why copper is a suitable material for the
production of wires.
(1)
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11
5 Along a river there are changes in the speed of the water due to natural obstacles such as
bends and rocks.
(a) At a bend, the water on the inside of the bend is shallower than the water on the
outside of the bend.
outside
inside
Suggest why the speed of the water is lower at the inside of the bend than at the
outside of the bend.
(1)
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.............................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................. .
(b) On a straight section of the river, the water becomes very turbulent around a large
rock. Complete and label the diagram below to show the flow of the water around
the rock.
(2)
rock
12
*P44923A01228*
(c) The river is flowing at a speed of 3 m s–1. A boat is pointed at an angle of 40° to the
riverbank and paddled at a speed of 1.5 m s–1, as shown in the diagram.
riverbank
boat
40°
3 m s–1
1.5 m s–1 river f low
In the space below, draw a vector diagram to scale and use it to determine the
magnitude of the actual velocity of the boat.
(3)
Magnitude of actual velocity = ................................................................................. .
13
6 A passenger in an airport pulls a suitcase at a constant speed with a force of 80 N at an
angle of 65° to the horizontal.
(a) (i) Show that the horizontal component of the applied force is about 30 N.
(2)
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(ii) Hence calculate the work done on the suitcase in pulling it a distance of 320 m.
(2)
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.............................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................. .
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Work done = ....................................................................................................................... .
(iii) Show that the vertical component of the applied force is about 70 N.
(2)
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14
*P44923A01428*
(iv) State why no work is done in a vertical direction even though there is a
component of the applied force in the vertical direction.
(1)
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.............................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................. .
*(b) Explain how the magnitude and angle of the applied force must change in order to
make the suitcase accelerate horizontally.
(4)
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15
16
*P44923A01628*
7 During the 17th century, the physicist Galileo carried out a series of experiments to
investigate how gravity affected acceleration.
There were no accurate methods to measure short times, so Galileo used an object on a
smooth inclined plane to increase the time taken for the object’s motion.
(a) An object is released from rest and slides a distance s down a smooth inclined plane,
as shown in diagram 1. This will take longer than releasing the object from rest and
allowing it to fall freely through the same distance s, as shown in diagram 2.
e
Diagram 1 Diagram 2
(i) Assuming that the frictional forces between the plane and the object are
negligible, explain why the object in diagram 1 takes longer to travel distance s
than the object in diagram 2.
(3)
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(ii) Calculate the acceleration of the object in diagram 1 when e = 35°.

(2)
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Acceleration = ........................................................................................... .
23
(b) Galileo released a metal ball from rest so that it could roll down a smooth inclined
plane. The time t taken to roll a distance s was measured. He repeated the
experiment, each time recording the time taken to travel a different fraction of the
distance s.
(i) On the axes below, sketch the distance-time graph that would be expected from
these readings.
(2)
Distance travelled
Time
s
(ii) Write an expression for the time taken, in terms of t, for the ball to roll a distance
from the top of the plane. 2
(1)
.............................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................. .
.............................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................. .
Time taken = ........................................................................................... .
24
*P44923A02428*
(c) Galileo repeated his measurements many times and obtained similar results on each
occasion. He did not have a stopwatch and had to measure times using his pulse. A
human pulse is about one beat per second.
Comment on Galileo’s method.
(2)
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(d) Today, the acceleration of free fall can be found accurately by dropping a metal ball
vertically and using ICT to collect data.
Suggest the apparatus required to take the measurements needed to calculate a value
for the acceleration of free fall.
(2)
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25
*P44923A02528*
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS
1 A box of mass 5.0 kg is moved from the ground to a shelf at a height of 1.5 m.
1.5 m
5.0 kg
AREA
A student is asked to calculate the energy transfer as the height is increased.

The student could use either of the following formulae.
LiW = FLis or LiE grav =

mgLih
(a) Explain how the two formulae are equivalent.
(2)
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AREA
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(b) Calculate the increase in gravitational potential energy of the box.

(2)
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.............................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................. .
Increase in gravitational potential energy = ........................................................................................... .

AREA
2
6
*P46951A0624*
12 A student carried out an experiment to obtain a value for the acceleration of free fall g.
A small ball was dropped from rest and the motion of the ball was captured using a
AREA
digital camera. The student counted the frames from the recording to measure the
time t for the ball to fall to the ground.
A ruler was visible on the recording to enable the student to measure the distance s fallen
by the ball.
(a) Use Newton’s second law of motion to show that the acceleration of the ball is
independent of its mass.
(1)
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(b) (i) State the equation that the student should use to calculate the value of g.
(1)
AREA
.............................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................. .
.............................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................. .
(ii) A value for g was obtained and was greater than expected.
Explain one possible source of error that would have produced a greater than
expected value.
(2)
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AREA
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8
*P46951A0824*
13 Brass is an alloy made from copper and zinc. The ultimate tensile strength and hardness
of brass increase as the zinc content increases.
(a) (i) State what is meant by the term strength.
(1)
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.............................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................. .
(ii) State what is meant by the term hardness.

AREA
(1)
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.............................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................. .
(b) The stress-strain graph for a sample of brass is shown.

Stress / MPa
500
AREA
Strain
0
The typical stress when turning a key in a lock is about 10 MPa.
Use information from the graph to suggest why brass is a suitable material for use in keys.
(4)
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AREA
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9
*14 The designer of a new lorry trailer claims it will save 10% on the amount of fuel used
compared to a traditional trailer.
AREA
The photographs show the airflow around a traditional trailer and around the new trailer.
Traditional trailer
New trailer
AREA
Using information from the photographs, explain why the new trailer would use less fuel
compared to the traditional trailer.
(4)
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AREA
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10
*P46951A01024*
15 (a) Show that a unit for the Young modulus is N m–2.
(2)
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(b) A foam cube of side 7.0 cm is compressed.

AREA
The cube is compressed with a force of 50 N and the vertical sides are reduced to
5.0 cm in length.
50 N
7.0 cm
5.1 cm
7.0 cm
7.0 cm
(i) Calculate the Young modulus of the foam. Assume that the other dimensions of
the foam do not change.
(3)
AREA
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Young modulus = ........................................................................................... .

(ii) The assumption in (i) is incorrect.
Explain how this would affect the calculated value of the Young modulus.
(2)
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AREA
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11
16 The toy aeroplane in the photograph has a spring mechanism connected to the wheels.
When the aeroplane is pulled backwards, the wheels rotate backwards and a spring
is compressed. When the aeroplane is released, the force from the spring propels the
AREA
aeroplane forwards.
The aeroplane is pulled backwards, released and then moves forward in a straight line
along a flat surface. The simplified acceleration-time graph for the forward motion of the
aeroplane is shown.
3.0
AREA
2.0
Acceleration / m s–2
1.0
0 Time / s
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
–1.0
AREA
–2.0
(a) Show that the maximum velocity of the aeroplane is about 3 m s–1.
(2)
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12
*P46951A01224*
(b) On the axes below draw the corresponding velocity-time graph for the aeroplane.
(3)
AREA
Velocity / m s–
Time / s
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
AREA
(c) Calculate the total distance travelled by the aeroplane after release.
(3)
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AREA
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Total distance travelled = ........................................................................................... .

13
(d) (i) Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the aeroplane.
mass of aeroplane = 0.12 kg
AREA
(2)
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Maximum kinetic energy = ........................................................................................... .
(ii) Calculate the mean power developed by the spring mechanism during the period
of acceleration.
(2)
AREA
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Mean power developed = ........................................................................................... .
AREA
14
*P46951A01424*
15
17 (a) A lorry gradually accelerates from rest. There is a box of mass 200 kg on the back of
the lorry. The box is not tied to the lorry.
AREA
(i) The lorry accelerates from rest to a speed of 15 m s–1 over a distance of 39 m.
Show that the acceleration of the lorry is about 3 m s–2.

(2)
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AREA
(ii) The maximum frictional force between the lorry and the box is 630 N.
Explain why this limits the maximum acceleration that the lorry can have without
the box falling off. Your answer should include a calculation.
(3)
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AREA
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20
*P46951A02024*
(b) Once the lorry has reached its destination, the back of the lorry is tilted at an angle e
to the horizontal.
Three forces act on the box: the weight W, the normal contact force R and the
frictional force F.
AREA
W
(i) State expressions for the components of the weight of the box parallel to the back
of the lorry and perpendicular to the back of the lorry.
(2)
W parallel = ............................................................................................................................. . ................................................................... .
W perpendicular = ............................................................................................................................. . ........................................................... .

AREA
(ii) The angle e is increased until the box is just about to slide.
Given that F = 0.32R, calculate the value of e at which the box is just about to
slide.
(4)
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e = ........................................................................................... .
AREA
21
List of data, formulae and relationships
AREA
Acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 m s–2 (close to Earth’s surface)
Electron charge e = –1.60 × 10–19 C
Electron mass me = 9.11 × 10–31 kg
Electronvolt 1 eV = 1.60 × 10–19 J
Gravitational field strength g = 9.81 N kg–1 (close to Earth’s surface)
Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10–34 J s
Speed of light in a vacuum c = 3.00 × 108 m s–1
Unit 1
Mechanics
Kinematic equations of motion v = u + at
s = ut + ½at2
v 2 = u2 + 2as
Forces 'LF = ma
AREA
g = F/m
W = mg
Work and energy LiW = FLis
Ek = ½mv 2
LiE = mgLih
grav
Materials
Stokes’ law F = 6mvrv
Hooke’s law F = kLix
Density p = m/V
Pressure p = F/A
Young modulus E = ()/c where
Stress () = F/A
Strain c = Lix/x
AREA
Elastic strain energy Eel = ½FLix
22
*P46951A02224*
AREA
1 A small drop of dye was injected into the centre of the flow of a liquid moving freely through
a pipe. This was repeated for a pipe with a smaller diameter. The dye was seen to take the
following paths.
dye
direction of liquid flow
direction of liquid flow
(a) Describe the differences between the flow of the liquid through the large diameter
pipe and the smaller diameter pipe.
AREA
(3)
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(b) Suggest a possible reason, other than the diameter, for the difference in the flow
between the two pipes.
(1)
AREA
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8
*P50707A0828*
2 A water fountain in a lake is operated by an electric pump. The pump pushes water to a
height of 5.5 m.
AREA
The manufacturers of the pump claim that the pump can move a mass of 22 000 kg
of water per hour.
(a) Calculate the minimum power output of the pump.
(3)
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AREA
.............................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................. .
Minimum power output = ............................................................................................................ .
(b) Explain why the power output calculated in (a) is a minimum value.
(2)
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AREA
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9
3 The aim of a high jump event is to jump over a horizontal bar at the greatest possible
height without knocking the bar off. The Fosbury flop and Straddle jump are two styles
of jump that can be used by athletes in high jump events.
AREA
Fosbury flop Straddle jump

(a) The diagrams below show the positions of the athletes as they pass over the bar. The
approximate position of the centre of gravity of the athlete using the Fosbury flop has
been drawn.
Mark the approximate position of the centre of gravity of the athlete using the Straddle jump.
(1)
centre of
gravity
*(b) Suggest, with an explanation, why most athletes prefer to use the Fosbury flop.
AREA
(3)
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AREA
13
4 The diagram shows the apparatus that can be used to determine the weight of a given
body using vector addition.
AREA
Three pieces of string are tied together at point O. Two of the strings pass over
frictionless pulleys and weights of 3.0 N, 5.0 N and an unknown weight W are attached
as shown, so that the system is in equilibrium.
pulley pulley
5.0 N
3.0 N 34° 60°
O
AREA
(a) Draw a scaled vector diagram, on the grid below, of the forces acting on point O.
Use your diagram to determine the magnitude of the unknown weight W.
(4)
AREA
Magnitude of W = ................................................................................ .
14
*P50707A01428*
(b) The angles are determined by marking the positions of the strings on a sheet of paper
behind the strings. To improve accuracy, a mirror is placed behind each string.
mark on paper
string
mirror
Explain how the use of the mirror improves the accuracy of this experiment.
AREA
(2)
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AREA
AREA
15
5 An escape lane is an emergency area placed next to a steep, downhill section of a road.
It allows vehicles with brake failure to slow down and stop away from the other traffic.
AREA
One type of escape lane uses a gravity ramp. These are built with an upwards gradient to
slow the vehicle.
escape lane
original
direction of
direction of vehicle
vehicle
using escape lane
(a) Explain how using the ramp enables a vehicle to stop.

(2)
AREA
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(b) An escape lane consists of a ramp at an angle of 10° to the horizontal and is 180 m in length.
A lorry of mass 2.8 × 103 kg enters the escape lane due to brake failure.
Wp
10°
(i) Show that the component of the weight of the lorry parallel to the ramp is about 5 × 103 N.
AREA
(3)
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16
*P50707A01628*
(ii) The lorry uses the full length of the ramp while stopping and the frictional force
of the road surface can be assumed to be negligible.
Calculate the maximum work done on the lorry bringing it to rest.
(2)
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AREA
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Maximum work done on the lorry = ....................................................................................... .
(iii) Calculate the maximum speed of the lorry so that it could be stopped by the ramp.
(2)
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Maximum speed of the lorry = ....................................................................................... .

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17
(c) Another type of escape lane uses a mechanical-arrestor system. This uses a series of
steel nets set up along an escape lane to stop a vehicle. The nets are connected to the
barriers at the sides of the escape lane using long steel strips that extend beyond their
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elastic limit as the vehicle slows down.
nets
barriers
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(i) State one advantage of building a mechanical-arrestor escape ramp compared to a
gravity ramp.
(1)
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(ii) Suggest why it is necessary for the steel strips to extend beyond their elastic limit.
(2)
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18
*P50707A01828*
6 A student investigated the motion of a small rectangular panel. The panel was held
above the floor next to a measuring tape.
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The panel was released and, using a video camera on a smartphone, its motion as it fell
to the floor was recorded. Using the position of the panel at regular time intervals the
velocity of the panel was obtained.
rectangular panel
Diagram not to scale
smartphone
measuring
tape
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The velocity-time graph shows the motion of the panel until it reaches the floor.
5–
4–
Velocity / m
3–
2–
s–1
1–
0–
–
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

Time /
s
(a) Show that the panel was dropped from a height of approximately 5 m.
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(3)
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22
*P50707A02228*
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23
(b) (i) Use the graph to calculate the maximum acceleration of the panel.
(3)
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Maximum acceleration = .......................................................................... .
(i) Without further calculation sketch an acceleration-time graph for the panel on the
axes below.
(4)
Acceleration / m s–
2
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

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Time / s
(c) Explain how the student can check the reliability of these results.
(2)
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24
*P50707A02228*
7 A contact lens is a thin plastic lens placed directly onto the eye to correct vision. Contact
lenses are commonly made from a silicone hydrogel material.
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The Young modulus of the material used in a contact lens can determine how well the
lens fits the eye and how well the lens functions at correcting vision.
(a) State the meaning of the term Young modulus.
(1)
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(b) Suggest how the fit of a lens and its function are affected when it is made from a
material with a high Young modulus.
(2)
Fit .............................................................................................................................. . .......................................................................................................... .
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Function .............................................................................................................................. . ............................................................................................. .
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24
*P50707A02428*
(c) To investigate the properties of a contact lens, a lens manufacturer placed a rectangular sample
of a silicone hydrogel material in a tensile testing machine and a tensile force was exerted on
the sample.
The resulting stress-strain graph for the sample is shown.
0.08 –
0.07 –
0.06 –
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0.05 –
Stress / MPa
0.04 –
0.03 –
0.02 –
0.01 –
0.00 –
–
–
–
0.0 2. 4. 6. 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0

0 0 0
Strain / %
(i) Show that the Young modulus of the silicone hydrogel is about 0.6 MPa.
(2)
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25
(ii) When a force of 0.101 N is applied across the sample, a strain of 8 % is
produced.
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Determine the thickness of the sample.
width of sample = 5.5 × 10−3 m (4)
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Thickness of the sample = ..................................................................... .
*(iii) The thickness of a lens is not uniform. An actual lens is placed in the tensile
testing machine.
Explain why the extension produced is greater where the thickness of the lens is smaller.
(3)
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26
*P50707A02628*
6
*P48360A0624*
5 A wind turbine is used to generate electricity. When the wind speed is 10 m s−1, the power input
into the wind turbine is 3.2 kW.
Calculate the mass of air per second turning the turbine.

(3)
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Mass of air per second turning the turbine = ............................................................... .
6 Under certain conditions, many materials obey Hooke’s law.
(a) State Hooke’s law and describe the conditions under which it is valid.
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(2)
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(b) Describe the behaviour of a spring when it is stretched beyond the region where
Hooke’s law is obeyed.
(2)
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7
7 A ball is dropped and reaches the ground after 0.42 s. The ball bounces and is caught at
the same height from which it was dropped.
AREA
Draw, on the graph paper below, the velocity-time graph for the motion of the ball. You
may assume that the time the collision with the ground takes and all frictional forces are
negligible. Show your working in the space provided.
(5)
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Velocity / m s–
Time / s
1
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8
*P48360A0824*
8 The manufacture of glassware requires high temperatures.
(a) Hot glass can be drawn into thin strands to be used in optical fibres.
Explain, in terms of the properties of glass, why this technique requires high temperatures.
(3)
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(b) The technique of glass blowing allows hot glass to be manipulated into a variety of shapes.
The graph shows the variation of viscosity with temperature for glass.
Viscosity
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0 500 1000 1500 2000

Temperature / °C
Explain why high temperatures are required for this technique.

(2)
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9
9 A skydiver jumped out of a plane and fell for 50 s before opening his parachute.
The graph shows how the skydiver’s velocity varied with time over the first 50 s of his jump.
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60 –
50 –
40 –
Velocity / m s–
30 –
20 –
1
10 –
0–
–
–
–
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time / s
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*(a) Explain the shape of the graph.
(4)
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(b) Sketch, on the graph above, the motion of the skydiver after he opens his parachute.
(2)
10
*P48360A01024*
(c) (i) Explain the effect of the mass of the skydiver on the terminal velocity reached
before he opened his parachute.
(2)
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(ii) Explain how the skydiver could decrease this terminal velocity as he falls.
(2)
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(d) The skydiver’s jump was being filmed by another skydiver. Both skydivers jumped
out of the plane at the same time. During the period of filming only the skydiver
who was being recorded opened his parachute.
When viewing the recording after the jump, it appeared as though the skydiver being
filmed moved upwards as he opened his parachute.
AREA
Explain this apparent movement.

(2)
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11
16 A man pulls a box towards him at a constant speed by pulling on a handle as shown.
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The free-body force diagrams for the box and the man are shown.
normal contact force of normal contact force of

ground on box ground on man
pull of man
on box
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friction friction
pull of box
on man
weight weight
free-body force diagram free-body force diagram

for the box for the man
(a) (i) Identify the pair of forces that have the same magnitude due to Newton’s third law.
(1)
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(ii) State one difference and one similarity, other than their magnitude, between these
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two forces.
(2)
Difference .............................................................................................................................. . ......................................................................................... .
Similarity.............................................................................................................................. . ........................................................................................... .
12
*P48360A01224*
(b) The angle between the pull of the man on the box and the horizontal is 35°. The mass
of the box is 85.0 kg.
(i) Show that the pull of the man on the box is about 400
N. normal contact force of the ground on the box = 620

(4)
N
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(ii) The box moves at a constant speed towards the man.
Calculate the frictional force between the box and the ground.
(3)
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Frictional force between the box and the ground = ................................................................................................ .

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13
(iii) The man increases his pull on the box. The man and the box start to move
together in the same direction with an acceleration of 0.200 m
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s−2. Calculate the frictional force between the ground and the
man. mass of man = 90.0 kg
(4)
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Frictional force between the ground and the man = ................................................................... .
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14
*P48360A01424*
17 A student carried out an experiment to determine the Young modulus of a material in the form
of a wire. The wire was suspended from a rigid support and weights were added to the free
end. The corresponding extensions Δl were determined.
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The diagram shows how an optical lever was used to measure the extension of the wire. The
light from a laser was reflected by the mirror and moved upwards a distance Δy along a vertical
scale as the wire extended. The distance D from the mirror to the scale and the length d of the
pivoted arm were measured.
vertical wire
scale
laser Δy
mirror pivoted arm
D
Δl
d
weights
The following formula was used to determine a precise value for the extension of the
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wire Δl.
dΔy
Δl =
2D
Before the weights were added to the wire, the student measured the diameter and the
original length of the wire.
(a) Describe the measurements that would be taken, and how they would be used, to accurately
determine the diameter of the wire.
(2)
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(b) Explain why the optical lever was required to measure the extension of the wire.
(2)
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16
*P48360A01624*
(c) The student plotted the following graph of weight W against the distance moved by the
reflected light Δy.
70 –
60 –
50 –
40 –
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W/
N
30 –
20 –
10 –
0–
–
–
–
0.0 1.5 0.5 2.0 2.5 1.0 3.0

Δy /
dΔy
m
(i) Given that Δl = , use the graph to determine the extension Δl of the wire and hence
2D
obtain a value for the Young modulus of the material of the wire.
D = 7.0 m
d = 0.055 m
cross-sectional area of wire = 2.0 × 10−7 m2
original length of wire = 0.65 m
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(5)
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Young modulus = ....................................................................... .
(ii) The student measured the distance moved by the reflected light Δy for the
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unloading of the wire.

Sketch, onto the axes above, a possible graph for the unloading of the wire.
(2)
17
18 In a competition, ski jumpers ski down an inrun and then take off from a platform. They aim to
land as far as possible along a downhill slope. The scoring is based on the distance travelled by
the ski jumper beyond the k-point, which is positioned 120 m along the downhill slope.
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inrun take-
off platform
downhill slope
k-point
*(a) Before the competition begins, the ski jumpers have practice runs. If any ski jumper
lands too far beyond the k-point, the initial start point on the inrun for the competition
will be at a lower position.
AREA
Explain, in terms of the initial energy of the ski jumper, why starting at a lower
position will result in a safer landing.
(4)
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18
*P48360A01824*
(b) A ski jumper leaves the take-off platform horizontally with a velocity of 28 m s−1 and
lands 4.0 s later.
(i) Calculate the angle to the horizontal at which she is moving just before she lands.
(4)
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Angle of ski jumper to horizontal before landing = .......................................................... .

(ii) The ski jumper receives 60 points if she lands at the k-point and then 1.8 points
for every additional metre along the slope beyond the k-point.
The downhill slope has a constant gradient at 35° to the horizontal.

Determine the total points scored for the jump.
(4)
take-off Not to
platform scale
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120 trajectory of
m ski jumper
k-point
35° landing position

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Total points scored for the jump = ................................................ .
19
(c) The calculations in (b) assumed that the only force acting on the ski jumper was the
gravitational force.
AREA
State one other force that acts on the ski jumper and discuss how this force might
affect the distance travelled by the ski jumper.
(4)
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20
*P48360A02024*
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1 The rate of flow of blood through arteries in the human body depends on the viscosity of
the blood.
(a) Sketch, on the axes below, a possible graph to show how the rate of flow of blood
varies with viscosity.
(1)
Rate of
flow
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Viscosity
(b) When the temperature of the body is reduced, the heart has to do more work in order
to pump blood through the arteries.
In terms of viscosity, explain why.
(3)
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8
*P48421A0824*
2 A simple catapult consists of a rubber strip connected to two fixed points as shown. It is
used to launch a ball of mass m. When pulled back, the rubber strip extends by Δx and
has a tension T. When launched, the ball is given a velocity v.
fixed point
rubber strip
ball
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fixed point
(a) Describe, in terms of work done and energy transfers, what happens immediately
after the rubber strip is released to launch the ball.
(4)
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(b) When the tension in the rubber strip is 3.5 N, the energy stored is 0.11
J.
Calculate the extension of the rubber strip. (2)

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Extension = ........................................................................................ .
9
*13 A student has two magnets, A and B. Magnet A is smaller and weaker than magnet B.
The weight of magnet A is determined using a digital spring balance and the weight of
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magnet B is determined using a top pan balance as shown.
digital spring
balance
magnet B
top pan
magnet A balance
When magnet A is moved to a position just above magnet B there is an attractive force
between the two magnets and the readings on the two balances change.
magnet A
AREA
magnet B
Explain how the readings on the two balances will change.

(4)
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10
*P48421A01024*
11
14 (a) A student investigated the motion of a small sphere falling through oil.
The sphere was released at the top of a cylinder containing oil and measurements
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were taken to enable the terminal velocity of the sphere to be determined.
Describe the apparatus the student should use and the measurements to be taken.
The student does not have access to a motion sensor or a data logger. You may
include a labelled diagram in your answer.
(5)
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14
*P48421A01424*
*(b) A teacher demonstrated the motion of a small sphere falling through a vacuum and
through oil.
The teacher used a motion sensor and data logger connected to a computer.
The computer plotted graphs of velocity against time for the sphere as shown.
velocity
vacuum
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oi
l
time
Explain the differences between the shapes of the graphs.

(6)
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15
15 (a) Forces of 19 N and 16 N act on a box at angles to the horizontal of 7 ° and 74 ° respectively,
as shown.
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16 N
74°
19 N
7°
Construct a scaled vector diagram on the graph paper to determine the resultant of the
two forces.
(4)
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Magnitude of resultant force = ...................................................... .
Direction of resultant force to the horizontal = ...................................................... .
16
*P48421A01624*
(b) A force of 45 N is applied to the box at an angle of 30° to the ground as shown.
45 N
30°
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(i) Complete the free-body force diagram for the box. Assume the surface of the
ground is not smooth.
(2)
normal contact force

45 N
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(ii) Determine the normal contact force of the ground on the box.
mass of box = 4.0 kg
(4)
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Normal contact force = .............................................................................................. .
17
17 A bicycle frame consists of hollow tubes made from an aluminium alloy.
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frame
(a) To produce the tubes, the aluminium alloy is pushed through a template as shown.
template
applied force aluminium
hollow aluminium alloy tube
alloy
State and describe the property of the aluminium alloy that allows it to undergo this process.
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(2)
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(b) A bicycle manufacturer gives the following data for the mechanical properties of an
aluminium alloy used in their frames.
Yield point 276 MPa

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Tensile strength 310 MPa
Strain on fracture 0.12
18
*P48421A01824*
(i) State what is meant by
(3)
yield point .............................................................................................................................. . ....................................................................................... .
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tensile strength
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(ii) A tube made from this alloy has an original length of 80 cm.
Calculate the length of the tube at fracture.

(3)
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Length of tube = .............................................................................................. .
(c) Bicycle frames can also be made from an alloy of steel. The density of the steel alloy
is greater than the density of the aluminium alloy.
Explain why a bicycle with an aluminium alloy frame is better for racing.
(3)
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19
18 In an investigation of the jump of fleas, measurements were taken from a high speed video.
The body of a flea can provide a maximum power of 660 watts per kilogram.
AREA
(a) A flea of mass 0.70 mg takes 0.85 ms to take-off from rest.
(i) Show that the maximum velocity of the flea is about 1 m s−1.
(4)
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(ii) Calculate the average acceleration of the flea at take-off.

(2)
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Average acceleration = .............................................................................................. .
21
(b) The measurements were repeated with many fleas. The average initial velocity of the
fleas at take-off was 1.2 m s−1 at 39° to the horizontal.
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Calculate the average horizontal distance that a flea would travel.
(4)
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Average horizontal distance =………………………………………………… .
(c) When a flea jumps, some of the energy comes from the leg muscles and some from
compressible pads behind the back legs. The pads are made from a protein called
resilin.
Before jumping the pads are compressed. On take-off the pads expand rapidly,
transferring energy to the back legs of the flea.
You can assume that each pad is a cube of sides 60 μm which fully compresses until
the depth of the pad is negligible.
applied force
60 μm
60 μm
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60 μm
60 μm 60 μm
22
*P48421A02224*
(i) For a particular jump, the total energy transferred from the pads and the leg muscles
was 0.80 μJ.
Calculate the percentage of the energy for the jump that comes from the 2 pads.
Young modulus of resilin = 1.8 × 106 Pa

strain = 1.0
(5)
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Percentage of energy = ............................................................................................... .
(ii) Suggest two properties of resilin that make it suitable to assist with the jump.
(2)
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23
1/1/1/1/1/
Turn over
22
*P48421A02224*
1 The ‘lead’ in a pencil consists of a graphite and clay mixture. The greater the quantity
of clay in the mixture, the greater the hardness of the pencil.
(a) State what is meant by the term hardness.
(1)
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(b) Some paint manufacturers use pencils to test the hardness of paints using the equipment shown.
A pencil of known hardness is placed into a pencil tester and the tester is pushed
across a surface coated in the paint under test.
pencil
pencil tester direction of movement
surface coated in
thin layer of paint pencil ‘lead’
This is repeated using pencils of increasing hardness until the paint becomes scratched.
AREA
(i) State what can be deduced about the hardness of the pencil when the paint
becomes scratched.
(1)
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(ii) Suggest two reasons why this method may not produce reliable results.
(2)
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25
2 Treadmills may be used in a gym. To increase the difficulty of the training, the
gradient of the treadmill can be increased.
AREA
(a) A person on a treadmill warms up by running at a constant speed of 2.5 m s-1 with the
treadmill horizontal. He then sets the treadmill to an angle of 3.0° to the horizontal and
continues to run at the same speed.
Calculate the additional power that his legs would have to supply when running for
10 minutes with the treadmill at this angle.
(4)
mass of athlete = 80.0

kg
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Additional power = ...................................................... .
(b) Suggest why running on a treadmill is easier than running on a running track.
(1)
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9
10
*P51629A01024*
IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
3 A train moves between two stations.
(a) A simplified velocity-time graph for the motion of the train is shown.
30
25
20
Velocity / m
15
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10
s-1
0
0 100 200 300 400
Time / s
Draw a corresponding acceleration-time graph for the motion of the train. Show all
working in the space below.

(6)
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-
Acceleration / m s
Time / s
–
0 100 200 300 400

2
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13
(b) While the train is moving at a constant speed, a passenger throws a ball horizontally
out of a window, as shown in Figure 1.
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View from above
direction ball thrown
direction of
travel of train
Figure 1
(i) The path of the ball when viewed from above is shown in Figure 2. Any effects
of the air have been ignored.
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Figure 2
Explain the shape of this path.
(2)
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14
*P51629A01424*
(ii) The path of the ball when viewed from the side is shown in Figure 3. The effect
of air resistance has been ignored.
Figure 3
Explain the shape of this path.
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(2)
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(iii) Figures 2 and 3 are shown again below. Add to these figures the path of the
ball
if the effect of air resistance is not ignored. (2)
AREA
Figure 2 Figure 3
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15
4 In 1865, in his book 'From the Earth to the Moon', the writer Jules Verne wrote about
sending men to the Moon. In order to escape the Earth’s gravitational field, Verne proposed
firing a capsule from a cannon of length 220 m, as shown in this illustration from the book.
AREA
AREA
(a) The velocity of the capsule at the end of the cannon was estimated to be 11 km s-
1
.
(i) Calculate the acceleration of the capsule through the cannon. (3)
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Acceleration = ...................................................... .
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16
*P51629A01624*
(ii) It can be assumed that only 50% of the energy supplied by the gunpowder in the
cannon would have been transferred to the capsule.
Determine the mass of gunpowder that would have been required to obtain a
maximum speed of 11 km s-1.

(4)
mass of capsule = 1500 kg
energy released from gunpowder = 3 MJ kg-1
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Mass of gunpowder = .............................................................. . .................. .

*(b) In order to land safely on the surface of the Moon, Verne suggested that gases could
be ejected from the capsule to reduce its speed.
Explain how ejecting gases from the capsule could reduce its speed. Your answer
should include reference to Newton's laws of motion.
(5)
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17
5 A student suspended a spring from a retort stand and hung a mass from the free end
of the spring.
AREA
(a) Show that the extension of the spring was about 0.05 m.
(2)
weight of mass on spring = 0.88 N
spring constant of spring = 18 N m-
1
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(b) The mass on the spring was placed in a measuring cylinder of water and the mass
moved upwards a distance y, as shown, then remained stationary.
AREA
y
water
The free-body force diagram for the mass in water is shown.
upthrust tension in the spring
weight
(i) Explain why the stationary position of the mass was higher in water than in
AREA
air. (3)
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18
*P51629A01824*
(ii) Determine y. You may assume that the extension of the spring when the
mass
was in air was 0.050 m. (4)
density of water = 1.0 x 103 kg m-

3
spring constant of spring = 18 N
m-1 volume of mass = 3.4 x 10-5
m3 weight of mass on spring =
0.88 N
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y = .............................................................. . .................. .
AREA
*(c) The student replaced the water in the measuring cylinder with oil. The value of y decreased.
Explain why y decreased.

(3)
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19
6 After breaking a leg, a girl was given crutches.
AREA
(a) The free-body force diagram for the girl when standing with the crutches is shown.
AREA
R
F1 F2 Diagram not
to scale
Half of the girl’s weight W is supported by the reaction force R of the ground on her leg.
Half of her weight is supported by F1 and F2, the forces of the crutches on her body.
F1 and F2 are at the same angle to the vertical.
(i) Show that the magnitudes of F and F2 are equal.

1
(2)
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20
*P51629A02024*
(ii) Calculate the magnitude of F .
1
(3)
W = 650 N
angle of F1 to the vertical = 10°
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Magnitude of F = .............................................................. . .................. .

1
(b) The diagram below shows the forces acting on one of the crutches. The crutch is at
an angle 8 to the vertical. The weight of the crutch has been ignored.
reaction force of the

ground on the crutch
frictional force of
the ground on the
crutch
8
AREA
force exerted by
the body on the
crutch
There is a maximum frictional force that the ground can exert on the crutch.
Explain what will happen if the girl moves the base of the crutch too far from her foot.
(3)
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21
(c) The crutch is made from an aluminium alloy. The table shows properties of the
alloy at room temperature.
AREA
strain at fracture 17%
ultimate tensile stress 310 MPa
stress at the yield point 280 MPa
Young modulus 65 GPa
(i) Explain what is meant by strain at fracture of 17%.

(2)
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(ii) Show that the strain at the yield point is about 0.4%. You may assume that
stress
is directly proportional to strain up to the yield point. (2)
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22
*P51629A02224*
(iii) Use data from the table to sketch the stress-strain graph for the aluminium
alloy.
Scales are not required, but you should mark significant values on the axes. (4)
AREA
Stress /
MPa
Strain
WRITE
WRITE
NOT IN THIS
IN THIS
AREA
NOT
DODO
AREA
6
*P51632A0624*
7 A small stone is released at the surface of a lake. Immediately after it is released

the resultant downward force on the stone is 1.0 × 10-5 N. The stone initially
accelerates through the water and then reaches a steady downwards speed v as
shown.
stone
AREA
v
water
(a) Calculate v.
(2)
diameter of stone = 1.1 × 10-3 m
viscosity of water = 9.0 × 10-4 Pa

s
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v = ..................................................... .
(b) State one assumption made when calculating the answer to part (a).
(1)
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7
8 A boat heads across a river towards X at a speed of 1.1 m s-1 as shown. The speed of
the river from west to east is 0.55 m s-1.
AREA
north riverbank N
W E
75 m 1.1 m s-1 0.55 m s- S

1
Diagram not
south riverbank to scale
X Y
The boat reaches the south riverbank at

Y. Determine the distance XY. (3)
width of river = 75 m
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XY = ...................................................... .
8
*P51632A0824*
9 A ball bearing moves across a horizontal bench towards a magnet as shown.
ball bearing magnet
The velocity-time graph for the horizontal motion of the ball bearing up to the point of
contact with the magnet is shown.
0.50
AREA
0.40
Velocity / m s-
0.30
0.20
1
0.10
0.00
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Time / s
(a) Explain the shape of the graph.

(3)
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(b) Calculate the maximum acceleration of the ball bearing.

(3)
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Maximum acceleration = ...................................................... .
9
10
*P51632A01024*
10 In a game of cricket, a player hits the ball, which takes path P.
Air resistance acted on the ball as it travelled through the air. If there was no air resistance,
AREA
the ball would have followed path Q.
path Q
X
path P
(a) (i) Draw a free-body force diagram for the ball when at the position marked X on
path P.
(2)
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*(ii) Explain the differences between path P and path Q.
(4)
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12
*P51632A01224*
(b) The ball was given an initial velocity of 35 m s-1 at an angle of 25° to the
horizontal.
The horizontal distance from the player to the ‘boundary’ is 85 m. The player
scores six ‘runs’ if the ball lands beyond the ‘boundary’ before it bounces.
Determine whether six ‘runs’ will be scored. Ignore the effects of air resistance. (4)
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13
11 (a) A student states Newton’s first law of motion as
If there is no external force, there will be no motion.
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Criticise this statement.
(3)
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14
*P51632A01424*
*(b) The diagrams show a person pushing a trolley and pulling a trolley.
The angle e between the arms of the person and the horizontal is the same for both
pushing and pulling. Corresponding diagrams showing the forces on the trolley for
pushing and pulling are also shown.
pushing pulling
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normal contact force normal contact force

force of person
on trolley F 'm
friction friction
force of person
on trolley Fm
weight weight
It can be assumed that the frictional force between the trolley and the ground is
proportional to the normal contact force of the ground on the trolley.
Explain why pulling the trolley a certain distance requires the person to do less work
than pushing the trolley the same distance.
(5)
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15
12 A student determined the Young modulus of a material, in the form of a wire, using
the equipment shown. A control wire, with a constant load, was used as a comparison
for measuring the extension of the wire under test.
AREA
control wire wire under test
spirit level
micrometer
constant load
applied load
AREA
Every time a known weight was added to the applied load the micrometer was adjusted
until the spirit level was horizontal. The movement of the applied load was the same as
the movement of the micrometer.
(a) List any additional measurements that are required for the student to determine a
value for the Young modulus of the material.
(2)
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(b) The student plotted a graph of the applied load against the extension of the wire.
(i) Sketch the graph that you would expect the student to obtain.
(1)
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Applied load
Extension
16
*P51632A01624*
(ii) Explain how the student can use the graph to determine the Young modulus of the material.
(2)
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(c) A simpler method to determine the Young modulus of a material in the form of a
wire is shown.
The position of a marker along a metre rule is recorded each time the applied load is increased.
G clamp
wire under test
marker applied load

metre rule
Explain two advantages of using the first method, rather than the second method, to
determine the Young modulus.
(4)
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17
13 The flow of the blood around the body is mostly laminar. The speed of the blood in
the body is greatest on leaving the heart and at this point turbulent flow can occur.
AREA
(a) Add to the diagrams to show laminar flow and turbulent flow.
(2)
Laminar flow Turbulent flow
(b) A student wishes to estimate the power output P of the heart. He argues that the heart
has to pump out blood at a speed v and raise it to a height h above the heart.
He proposes the following equation for P.
AREA
P= pQv2 + pQgh
2
where Q is the volume of blood passing a point per second and p is the density of the blood.
(i) Derive this equation for P using the principle of conservation of energy.
(4)
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18
*P51632A01824*
(ii) Calculate the power output P of the heart when pumping blood to a height of 0.40
m above the heart. Assume that the speed of the blood has not changed since
leaving the heart.
(3)
p = 1100 kg m-
3
Q = 95 cm3 s-1
v = 0.45 m s-1
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P = ...................................................... .
(iii) Suggest why, in practice, P will have to be greater than the value calculated in (b)
(ii).
(2)
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19
14 An underwater system for detecting earthquakes is placed on the seabed. The system
includes a pressure sensor and 10 glass spheres. The system is connected to a detachable
anchor. Regular signals are sent, via satellite, to a central control station.
AREA
connecting glass sphere
chain
pressure sensor
anchor
seabed
(a) The system and anchor are released just below the surface of the sea. They accelerate
for a few seconds and then fall to the seabed at a constant velocity.
(i) Calculate the initial acceleration of the system and anchor.
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(3)
total upthrust acting on the system and anchor = 2500

N
total mass of system and anchor = 470 kg
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Initial acceleration = ...................................................... .
(ii) Explain why, after a few seconds, the system and anchor fall to the seabed at
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a constant velocity.
(2)
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20
*P51632A02024*
(iii) Calculate the drag force acting on the system and anchor as they fall at a constant velocity.
(1)
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Drag force = ...................................................... .
(b) The system is re-floated every two years so that the batteries can be replaced.
To re-float the system, the anchor is detached from the system and the glass
AREA
spheres cause the system to rise to the surface of the water, leaving the anchor
behind.
The total upthrust on the system due to the 10 glass spheres is 2500 N. It can be
assumed that the upthrust on the rest of the system is negligible.
Calculate the diameter of one glass sphere.

(5)
density of sea water = 1030 kg m-

3
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Diameter of one glass sphere = ...................................................... .

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21
(c) When selecting the material for the connecting chain, all the forces that act on the
chain are considered.
AREA
(i) Explain why the connecting chain should be made of a high strength material.
(2)
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(ii) Suggest what causes an additional force on the connecting chain when the system
is on the seabed.
(1)
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22
*P51632A02224*
23
1 (a) State what is meant by
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(i) gravitational field strength
(1)
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(ii) centre of
gravity. (1)
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(b) The gravitational field strength on Earth is 9.81 N kg–1.
Show that this results in an acceleration of free fall of 9.81 m s–

2
. (2)
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8
*P55448A0824*
9
2 A crane is used to remove an object from the bottom of a lake.
The object is a cylinder of height h and the depth of the lake is D, as shown in Figure 1.
AREA
The cylinder is moved vertically through the water at a slow and steady speed. The cylinder
comes to rest in a position where it is completely above the surface of the water, as shown in
Figure 2.
The diagrams are not to scale.
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h
Figure 1 Figure 2
The graph shows how the tension in the cable varies with distance as the cylinder is lifted
from the bottom of the lake to its position in Figure 2.
Tension in
the cable
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Distance moved
by the cylinder
P Q
(a) State expressions for the distances P and Q.

(2)
Distance P = ............................................................. . .............................................................. . .............................................................. . ..................... .
Distance Q = ............................................................. . .............................................................. . .............................................................. . .................... .
10
*P55448A01024*
*(b) Explain the shape of the graph.
(5)
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11
3 Soyuz spacecraft are used to carry crew and supplies to the International Space Station.
The spacecraft consists of rockets, fuel tanks and a capsule to carry crew and supplies.
AREA
capsule
rockets
Nostalgia for Infinity/Shutterstock©
(a) During take-off combustion produces hot gases at very high pressure. The gases expand
and move downwards out of the rocket.
Explain how this enables the spacecraft to accelerate away from the ground.
(2)
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(b) As the spacecraft takes off, the apparent weight of a crew member is 3700
N. Determine the acceleration of the spacecraft.
mass of crew member = 81 kg
(4)
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Acceleration = .............................................................. . ......................... .
12
*P55448A01224*
(c) As each fuel tank becomes empty, the tank and its associated rocket are
detached from the spacecraft and fall back towards the Earth.
Explain why this is done.
(2)
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(d) When the capsule returns from the International Space Station, parachutes are used to
reduce the speed of the capsule as it nears the surface of the Earth.
Explain how the parachutes reduce the speed of the capsule.
(3)
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13
4 Two projectiles, A and B, are launched from position O at the same time. At time t,
both projectiles have travelled a horizontal distance OP as shown.
AREA
Diagram not
A to scale
uA
uB B
45°
O P
Projectile A is launched with a velocity u at an angle of e to the horizontal and

projectile B is launched with a velocity uA
B
at 45° to the horizontal.
(a) (i) Show that uA may be expressed in terms of uB as
0.707u B
AREA
uA =
cos θ
(3)
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(ii) Explain why, for the paths of the two projectiles to be as shown, u > uB
A
. (2)
AREA
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14
*P55448A01424*
(b) On the axes below sketch labelled graphs for the vertical component of velocity
against time for the motion of projectile A and projectile B between O and P.
You may ignore the effects of air resistance.
(4)
AREA
Vertical component of
0 Time
t
velocity
AREA
AREA
15
*16 (a) Rain consists of droplets of water of different sizes.
Explain why larger droplets of rain reach the ground more quickly. You may
AREA
assume that the upthrust acting on a rain droplet is negligible.
(4)
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16
*P55448A01624*
(b) Rain is falling vertically through the air with a velocity of 8.5 m s–1. Due to the
wind, the air is moving horizontally at a speed of 12.0 m s–1, moving the rain with it.
(i) Draw a scaled and labelled vector diagram for a raindrop.
(3)
AREA
AREA
(ii) Hence determine the resultant velocity of the rain.

(2)
AREA
Magnitude of the resultant velocity of the rain = ............................................................. . .............................................................. . ... .
Direction of the rain = ............................................................. . .............................................................. . .............................................................. .
17
17 A guitar produces sound by making a series of strings vibrate. To produce the correct
frequency of sound, the tension in each string must first be adjusted by turning a tuning
peg attached to a rotating cylinder.
AREA
tuning peg
rotating
cylinder
strings
AREA
(a) A new string is attached to the guitar and wound around the rotating cylinder until
the string just begins to tighten.
(i) The original length of the string is 0.60 m. The rotating cylinder is turned
by adjusting the tuning peg, until the tension in the string is 190 N.
Show that the string will extend by about 8 mm.
(4)
diameter of string = 3.3 × 10 –4 m
Young modulus of material of the string = 170 GPa
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18
*P55448A01824*
(ii) The rotating cylinder has a diameter of 9.2 × 10 –3 m.
Calculate the number of turns of the rotating cylinder that are required to produce
this extension.
(2)
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AREA
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Number of turns of the rotating cylinder = .............................................................. . ......................... .
(b) It is important that guitar strings have a high elastic limit.
(i) State what is meant by the term elastic limit.

(1)
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(ii) Explain why the guitar strings should have a high elastic limit.
(3)
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19
18 In the sport of pole vaulting, a long flexible pole is used to lift the athlete up over a
crossbar, as shown in the diagram.
AREA
crossbar
pole
runway
vault box
The athlete runs down the runway at high speed and places the end of the pole in
the vault box. The pole bends then straightens, moving the athlete upwards. At the
maximum height the athlete lets go of the pole.
AREA
(a) Explain how using the pole enables the athlete to reach a greater height than by jumping.
Your answer should be in terms of the energy transfers involved.

(3)
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.............................................................. . .............................................................. . .............................................................. . .................................................... .
.............................................................. . .............................................................. . .............................................................. . .................................................... .

AREA
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.............................................................. . .............................................................. . .............................................................. . .................................................... .
20
*P55448A02024*
(b) An athlete reaches a maximum speed of 9.4 m s–1 before placing the pole in the vault
box.
You may neglect frictional forces, and any work done by the athlete’s muscles after the
pole enters the vault box.
(i) The athlete has a horizontal velocity of 1.1 m s–1 at the maximum height.
Calculate the maximum possible change in height of the athlete’s centre of gravity.
(4)
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.
AREA
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.
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.
.............................................................. . .............................................................. . .............................................................. . ....................................................

.
.............................................................. . .............................................................. . .............................................................. . ....................................................

.
Maximum change in height = .............................................................. . ......................... .

(ii) Consider the pole to behave as a spring of stiffness 850 N m–1. The distance
between the two ends of the pole decreases by a maximum of 2.1 m during the
jump.
Calculate the maximum proportion of the initial kinetic energy stored in the pole.
(5)
mass of athlete = 78
kg
AREA
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.............................................................. . .............................................................. . .............................................................. . .................................................... .

AREA
Maximum proportion of initial kinetic energy = .............................................................. . ......................... .

21
(c) State and explain two properties that should be considered when selecting a material
for the pole.
(4)
AREA
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AREA
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AREA
22
*P55448A02224*

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2014 May

ball thrown ball caught

The free-body force diagram for magnet X is shown below.

(a) Show that T is about 0.2 N.

Power developed = ......................................................

The reservoir contains fresh water.

density of fresh water = 997 kg m–3

(ii) On average the water will drop through a height of 185 m.

Electrical energy = ............................................................. .

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

(i) Calculate the Young modulus of the steel.

Young modulus = ............................................................

(a) (i) On the diagram draw the path of the arrow.

Height above ground = ..................................................... .

(a) (i) Identify which of the materials A, B or C is

a ductile material .................................................................... .

the strongest material ........................................................... .

the least stiff material .......................................................... .

(ii) The three materials are copper, glass and steel.

Tug boat 30° Iceberg

Work done = ..................................................... .

There is a water current of 0.9 km hour –1 due south.

Resultant velocity = ............................................................................................................................. .

Stage of jump Energy transfer

free fall jump gravitational potential energy --- kinetic energy

upwards motion as the

Magnitude of the actual velocity of the rain = ....................................................................................... .

Angle of the rain to the vertical = ....................................................................................... .

ring of the net

initial velocity of ball on release = 4.5 m s-1

Vertical displacement = ....................................................................................... .

Comment ............................................................................................................................. . ........................................................................................... .

A velocity-time graph was plotted for both glides.

p = density of the water

A = cross-sectional area of the swimmer

v = velocity of the swimmer.

(ii) Explain why the oil drop reaches a terminal velocity.

Suggest a reason for each of the following observations:

(a) the vertical lines are evenly spaced,

(b) the horizontal lines become closer together.

Steel ball shortly after Steel ball at terminal

(a) Identify forces X, Y and Z.

(b) A student uses Stokes’ law to calculate force Y.

elastic deformation ............................................................................................................................. . ..................................................................... .

plastic deformation ............................................................................................................................. . ..................................................................... .

Magnitude of actual velocity = ................................................................................. .

Work done = ....................................................................................................................... .

(ii) Calculate the acceleration of the object in diagram 1 when e = 35°.

Time taken = ........................................................................................... .

A student is asked to calculate the energy transfer as the height is increased.

LiW = FLis or LiE grav =

(b) Calculate the increase in gravitational potential energy of the box.

Increase in gravitational potential energy = ........................................................................................... .

(ii) State what is meant by the term hardness.

(b) The stress-strain graph for a sample of brass is shown.

(b) A foam cube of side 7.0 cm is compressed.

Young modulus = ........................................................................................... .

(ii) The assumption in (i) is incorrect.

Total distance travelled = ........................................................................................... .