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 TEST BANK
Chapter 6

MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. What term is used to describe the phenomena where black officers must deal with the
expectation that they will give members of their own race a break, while at the same time they
experience overt racism from their police colleagues?
a. The black curtain
b. Double marginality
c. Inherent role conflict
d. Toxic race relations

ANS: B REF: p. 118 OBJ: 01

2. Over the years, minority officers seem to be as self assured as white officers, regardless of
feeling ________rates of job related stress and strain stemming from general police stressors
a. Lower
b. Higher
c. Similar
d. Non-Existent

ANS: C REF: p. 118 OBJ: 01

3. What city was the first to hire and award the title of police officer to a woman in 1910?
a. Chicago
b. Boston
c. Los Angeles
d. New York City

ANS: C REF: p. 119 OBJ: 01

4. Surveys of male officers show that ______ (of) officers tend to view policing as a masculine
profession and do not think women can handle the physical requirements of the job.
a. Just a few
b. Many
c. Some
d. The majority

ANS: B REF: p. 119 OBJ: 01

5. Which of the following is false regarding education and the police?

a. Educated officers are better able to communicate with the public.
b. Administrators believe that educated officers generate fewer citizen complaints.

132
 Chapter 6: Issues in Policing: Professional, Social and Legal

c. Educated officers have greater disciplinary problems due to job boredom.

d. Higher educated officer have greater self-confidence and assurance.

ANS: C REF: p. 120 OBJ: 02

6. The blue curtain is a term used to describe:

a. police reluctance to express personal feelings with each other.
b. the police practice of shrouding the windows and doors of the briefing room when
confidential information is disseminated at roll call.
c. the secrecy and insulation from others in society that is a consequence of the police
subculture.
d. the sheet used to drape the coffins of slain police officers.

ANS: C REF: p. 122 OBJ: 03

7. Which of the following is not one of the six core beliefs at the heart of the police culture?
a. Loyalty to colleagues counts above all else.
b. The war against crime cannot be won without bending the rules.
c. No one else understands the nature of police work.
d. All of the above are core beliefs in the police culture.

ANS: D REF: p. 122 OBJ: 03

8. Which of the following traits is said to be found on all levels of policing?

a. Anger
b. Racism
c. Dogmatism
d. Cynicism

ANS: D REF: p. 123 OBJ: 03

9. An officer approaches a group of teenagers drinking beer, she checks everyone's ID and arrests
all who are underage. This example best typifies which officer style?
a. Crime fighter
b. Social agent
c. Law enforcer
d. Watchman

ANS: C REF: p. 123-124 OBJ: 04

10. An officer approaches a group of teenagers standing in a parking lot, drinking beer. She checks
them for gang symbols and calls into the station to ascertain if any of them have active warrants.
This officer typifies which officer style?
a. Crime fighter
b. Social agent
c. Law enforcer

133
 Test Bank

d. Watchman

ANS: A REF: p.123-124 OBJ: 04

11. Which officer's style involves acting as problem solvers and is therefore well suited for
community policing?
a. Crime fighter
b. Social agent
c. Law enforcer
d. Watchman

ANS: B REF: p. 123-124 OBJ: 04

12. Which style of policing prefers to ignore or treat informally issues of concern, unless the social
or political order is being jeopardized?
a. Crime fighter
b. Social agent
c. Law enforcer
d. Watchman

ANS: D REF: p. 124 OBJ: 04

13. Which policing style utilizes the least amount of discretion?

a. Crime fighter
b. Social agent
c. Law enforcer
d. Watchman

ANS: C REF: p. 124 OBJ: 04

14. Which of the following factors bests fits under the heading of extralegal discretionary factors?
a. Peer pressure in policing
b. Racial profiling
c. Offender demeanor
d. The working and living environment

ANS: B REF: p. 126 OBJ: 05

15. Defined as the ability to monitor one’s own and others feelings and emotions, to discriminate
among them and to use this information to guide ones thinking and actions is the concept of?
a. Miranda Protections
b. Demeanor
c. Department politics
d. Emotional Intelligence

ANS: D REF: p. 125 OBJ: 06

134
 Chapter 6: Issues in Policing: Professional, Social and Legal

16. Stress reduction programs may include which of the following?

a. Diet information
b. Biofeedback
c. Meditation
d. All the above

ANS: D REF: p. 128 OBJ: 06

17. Court decisions that limit police discretion are an example of a(n):
a. external stressor.
b. organizational stressor.
c. duty stressor.
d. individual stressor.

ANS: A REF: p. 127 OBJ: 05

18. The inconvenience and physical strains that come from rotating shift work are examples of:
a. external stressors.
b. organizational stressors.
c. duty stressors.
d. individual stressors.

ANS: C REF: p. 127 OBJ: 06

19. What pattern does research reveal regarding officers' involvement in use-of-force incidents?
a. There is little evidence that use-of-force incidents are racially motivated.
b. A small portion of officers account for a sizable portion of the abuses.
c. Problem officers tend to be young and inexperienced members of the force.
d. All of the above are correct.

ANS: D REF: p. 129-130 OBJ: 07

20. The greatest factor in controlling the use of unwarranted police brutality is/are?
a. Labeling officers “Meat Eaters”
b. Threat of civil judgments against police chiefs that condone violent behavior
c. Suicide by Cop
d. Threat of civil judgment against individual officers

ANS: D REF: p. 129 OBJ: 07

21. Justification of the use of deadly force via the "fleeing felon" rule can be traced to:
a. English Common Law.
b. the landmark Tennessee v. Garner case.
c. the landmark Graham v. Conner case.
d. the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) guidelines.

ANS: A REF: p. 132 OBJ: 07

135
 Test Bank

22. Which of the following is not commonly identified as a factor related to police shootings?
a. Firearms availability in the community
b. Administrative policies
c. Social conflict
d. Poverty levels

ANS: D REF: p. 132-133 OBJ: 07

23. What U.S. Supreme Court case deemed the use of deadly force against an unarmed and non-
dangerous fleeing felon an illegal seizure under the Fourth Amendment?
a. Tennessee v. Garner
b. Graham v. Conner
c. Gregg v. Georgia
d. U.S. v. Weeks

ANS: A REF: p. 133 OBJ: 08

24. What U.S. Supreme Court decision set forth the "reasonable officer" standard for police use of
deadly force?
a. Williams v. New York
b. Graham v. Connor
c. Sherman v. California
d. Tennessee v. Garner

ANS: B REF: p. 134 OBJ: 08

25. What is the lowest level of reasonable officer response mapped out in the Federal Law
Enforcement Training Center's use-of-force model?
a. Contact controls
b. Verbal commands
c. Compliance techniques
d. Defensive tactics

ANS: B REF: p. 134 OBJ: 08

26. What was the name of the famous commission that investigated corruption in New York City in
the 1970s?
a. Warren Commission
b. Knapp Commission
c. Christopher Commission
d. Mollen Commission

ANS: B REF: p. 130 OBJ: 06

136
 Chapter 6: Issues in Policing: Professional, Social and Legal

27. What is the term used to describe those that aggressively misuse police power for personal gain
by demanding bribes, threatening legal action, or cooperating with criminals?
a. Grass eaters
b. Meat eaters
c. Active criminality
d. Selective enforcement or non-enforcement

ANS: B REF: p. 131 OBJ: 06

28. What is the term used to describe those police officers that accept payoffs when their everyday
duties place them in a position to be solicited by the public?
a. Grass eaters
b. Meat eaters
c. Passive criminality
d. Selective enforcement or non-enforcement

ANS: A REF: p. 131 OBJ: 06

29. When police routinely use excessive force against suspects, it is considered:
a. Mooching
b. Abuse of power
c. Chiseling
d. Grappling

ANS: B REF: p. 131 OBJ: 07

30. The Mollen Commission is an example of what type of effort to control police corruption?
a. Outside review board or special prosecution
b. Civil litigation
c. Citizen review board
d. Internal review board

ANS: A REF: p. 131 OBJ: 06

TRUE/FALSE
1. The higher the percentage of black officers on the police force, the higher the arrest rates for
crimes such as assault.

ANS: T REF: p. 118 OBJ: 01

2. The watchman style of policing is characterized by officers devoted to the profession of police
work and who are most likely to aspire to achieve prestige, status, and rank.

ANS: F REF: p. 123-124 OBJ: 04

137
 Test Bank

3. Factors such as the living and working environment of the officer often affect their discretion.

ANS: T REF: p. 125 OBJ: 05

4. More than 50 percent of citizens who experience force at the hands of the police report an injury.

ANS: F REF: p. 132 OBJ: 07

5. The Supreme Court has ruled that under certain circumstances, a valid search may be conducted
without a search warrant.

ANS: T REF: p. 138 OBJ: 08

6. In the landmark case Tennessee v. Garner, the U.S. Supreme court outlawed deadly use of force
by police.

ANS: F REF: p. 133 OBJ: 08

\7. The Knapp Commission concluded that the vast majority of police officers involved in police
corruption are meat eaters.

ANS: F REF: p. 130 OBJ: 06

8. In a consent search, individuals waive their constitutional rights.

ANS: T REF: p. 139 OBJ: 10

9. In 1914, in Weeks v. United States, the Court established the exclusionary rule.

ANS: T REF: p. 139 OBJ: 10

10. The Supreme Court has created a “good faith exception” to the exclusionary rule which indicates
that evidence is admissible in court if the police officers acted in good faith by first obtaining
court approval for their search, even if the warrant they received was deficient or faulty.

ANS: T REF: p. 140 OBJ: 10

COMPLETION
1. In his classic 1969 book, African Americans in Blue, Nicholas Alex pointed out that African
American officers of the time suffered from what he called ____________________.

ANS: double marginality REF: p. 118 OBJ: 01

138
 Chapter 6: Issues in Policing: Professional, Social and Legal

2. The ____________________ style of policing is characterized by an emphasis on maintaining

public order.

ANS: watchman REF: p. 124 OBJ: 04

3. ____________________enforcement/policing occurs when police abuse or exploit their

discretion.

ANS: Selective or Non-enforcement REF: p. 131 OBJ: 04

4. ____________________ includes practices in which law enforcement roles are exploited

specifically to raise money.

ANS: Bribery and Extortion REF: p. 131 OBJ: 04

5. Racial profiling would be considered an ____________________ decision-making factor.

ANS: extra-legal REF: p. 126 OBJ: 05

6. The ____________________ rule is the oldest deadly use of force standard, dating back to
English Common Law times.

ANS: fleeing felon REF: p. 132 OBJ: 07

7. In the case Florida v. Powell, an updated interpretation of the __________ stated that it does not
require that the suspect be advised that they have the right to have an attorney present during
questioning.

ANS: Miranda warnings REF: p. 137 OBJ: 08

8. The Court created a reasonableness standard for the use of force in the case of
____________________.

ANS: Graham v. Connor REF: p. 134 OBJ: 08

9. In the case of ____________________, the Supreme Court created objective standards for
questioning by police after a defendant has been taken into custody.

ANS: Miranda v. Arizona REF: p. 135 OBJ: 10

10. The most controversial issue revolving around the Court's control of police behavior is
commonly known as the ____________________.

ANS: exclusionary rule REF: p. 139 OBJ: 10

139
 Test Bank

ESSAY
1. Describe how the role of police is of concern to the public.

ANS: The experiences of becoming a police officer and the nature of the job cause most officers
to band together in a police subculture, characterized by cynicism, clannishness, secrecy, and
insulation from others in society. This is the so-called “blue curtain.” Membership in police
culture helps recruits adjust to rigors of police work and provides the emotional support needed
for survival. The police subculture has developed in response to the insulated, dangerous lifestyle
of police officers. Despite the subculture and the “blue curtain” a heterogeneous police force can
be instrumental in gaining the confidence of the community by helping dispel the view that
police departments are generally bigoted or biased organizations.

REF: p. 122-123 OBJ: 03

2. Explain the changes that have occurred in the hiring of minority and female officers. What are
some of the problems experienced by these two groups of officers?

ANS: Experiences of African American officers have not been easy because they suffer from
double marginality.
Minority police officers now seem more aggressive and self-assured, and less willing to
accept any discriminatory practices by the police department. For more than half a century,
females endured separate criteria for selection, were assigned menial tasks, and were denied the
opportunity for advancement. Studies show that women are still struggling for acceptance and
believe they do not receive credit for their job performance. Despite these issues, the future of
women in policing continues to grow bright

REF: p. 118-119 OBJ: 01

3. Using a juvenile assault as an example, compare and contrast the four major styles of police
work. Explain how these styles influence police discretion.
ANS: To the Crime Fighter the most important aspects of police work are to investigate and
apprehend criminals, therefore he/she would focus on ensuring that the perpetrator of the
juvenile assault is found and arrested. The Social Agent views his style within the police
department as a community problem solver and may encourage the perpetrator and the victim of
the juvenile assault to come to an understanding of why the crime occurred and work to ensure
that the actions aren’t repeated in the future. The Law Enforcer attempts to “play it by the book”
where they practice generalized law enforcement. In regard to a juvenile assault, the law enforcer
would prefer not to deal with a small scale altercation between two youths as they seek prestige
and status in enforcing all statutes, laws and ordinances.

REF: p. 124 OBJ: 04

4. Identify and describe the different factors that commonly influence an officer's use of discretion.

ANS: Factors that commonly influence discretion include:

140
 Chapter 6: Issues in Policing: Professional, Social and Legal

• Legal factors when discretion is inversely related to the severity of the offense
• Environmental factors including the degree of discretion an officer will exercise being at
least partially defined by the officer’s living and working environment.

REF: p. 124-126 OBJ: 05

5. Identify and describe the distinct categories of stressors that impact police officers.

ANS: There are several stressors that impact police officers. They include; 24 hour duty, poor
training, and department politics as well as job dissatisfaction, substandard equipment,
inadequate pay, lack of opportunity, role conflict, exposure to brutality, and fears about
incompetence, success, and safety.

REF: p. 118 OBJ: 06

6. Identify and describe the factors that have been related to police shootings.

ANS: Factors related to police shootings include: exposure to violence, national crime rates,
community threat levels, and administrative factors. Internal review and policymaking by police
administrative review boards attempts to control police shootings

REF: p. 132-134 OBJ: 07

7. Compare and contrast the "fleeing felon" and Tennessee v. Garner rules as they relate to police
use of deadly force.

ANS: In the case of Tennessee v. Garner, the Court ruled that use of deadly force against
apparently unarmed and non-dangerous fleeing felons is an illegal seizure of their person under
the Fourth Amendment. Deadly force may not be used unless it is necessary to prevent the
escape and the officer has probable cause to believe the suspect poses a significant threat of
death or serious injury to the officer or others.

REF: p. 133 OBJ: 08

8. Discuss the various types of police corruption. What causes such behavior? How can it be
controlled?

ANS: There are various forms of abuse of power. The Knapp Commission has classified abusers
into Meat Eaters who aggressively seek out opportunities to abuse their power and Grass Eater
who accept pay-off’s when their duties put them in a compromising position. One view attempts
to explain corruption and abuse of power from a financial standpoint as many police seek to and
cannot achieve the coveted middle-class lifestyle. Additional views explain the propensity
through the wide discretion that police enjoy as well as societies ambivalence toward many
forms of vice-related criminal behavior that police officer are sworn to control. One approach to
controlling misconduct is to strengthen the internal administrative review process as well as a
more stringent accountability system.

REF: p. 130-131 OBJ: 06

141
Test Bank for Essentials of Criminal Justice 9th Edition Larry J Siegel Download

Test Bank

9. The Supreme Court has used case law to define the boundaries of the Miranda warning since its
inception. Discuss recent case law which appears to have narrowed the scope of Miranda.

ANS: The Miranda warning is a requirement that police officers inform suspects subjected to
custodial interrogation that they have a constitutional right to remain silent. If the defendant is
not given the Miranda warning before investigation, the evidence obtained from the interrogation
cannot be admitted at trial.
In Berguis v. Thompkins 2010 unless a suspect asserts his/her Miranda rights, any
subsequent voluntary statements given after the warnings are admissible in court.
In Florida v. Powell 2010 The Miranda warnings do not require that the suspect be
advised that he or she has the right to have an attorney present during questioning.
In Maryland v. Shatzer 2010 Miranda protections do not apply if a suspect is released
from police custody for at least 14 days and then questioned.

REF: p. 137 OBJ: 10

10. The most controversial issue revolving around the Court's control of police behavior is what is
commonly known as the exclusionary rule. Summarize the basics of this rule and discuss its
current status and controversy.

ANS: The exclusionary rule provides that evidence obtained by unreasonable searches and
seizures is inadmissible in criminal trials and also excludes use of illegal confessions under the
Fifth Amendment. This rule was established in 1914 by the US Supreme court in Weeks v. US.
Currently, when the rule applies, valuable evidence may not be usable at trial because police
made an error or failed to obtain a proper warrant. It may also result in excessive court delays
and negatively affect plea-bargaining.

REF: p. 139 OBJ: 10

142

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dymas, Melitæa, 86

edwardsi, Thecla 152

elathea, Terias, 183
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eurymedon, Papilio, 191
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fabricii, Grapta, 93
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progne, 96;
silenus, 95
grunus, Thecla, 152
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tritonia, 134

halesus, Thecla, 149

harrisi, Melitæa, 85
hayhursti, Pholisora, 204
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Heliconius charithonius, 67
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henrici, Thecla, 157
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centaureæ, 203;
tessellata, 202;
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lorquini, Basilarchia, 113
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manitoba, Erynnis, 211
marcellus, Papilio, 187
marcia, Phyciodes, 87
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marina, Lycæna, 169
martialis, Thanaos, 207
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napi, Pieris, 173
Nathalis, genus, 175;
iole, 175
neglecta, Lycæna, 165
Neominois, genus, 134;
dionysius, 135;
ridingsi, 134
Neonympha, genus, 127;
eurytus, 129;
gemma, 128;
phocion, 128;
rubricata, 130;
sosybius, 129
nephele, Satyrus, 137
nicippe, Terias, 182
nigra, Lycæna, 165
niphon, Thecla, 156
numitor, Ancyloxypha, 210
nycteis, Phyciodes, 87
Nymphalidæ, Family, 15, 16, 36, 58, 59
Nymphalinæ, Subfamily, 61, 68

Oarisma, genus, 209;

garita, 209;
powesheik, 210
ochracea, Cœnonympha, 131
ocola, Prenes, 216
odius, Aganisthos, 119
Œneis, genus, 140;
jutta, 141;
katahdin, 141;
macouni, 142;
semidea, 141
oleracea, Pieris, 173
otho, Thymelicus, 213

palamedes, Papilio, 193

palatka, Limochores, 218
pallida, Pieris, 173
palmeri, Apodemia, 145
Pamphila, genus, 209;
mandan, 209
Pamphilinæ, Subfamily, 208
Papilio, genus, 10, 20, 187;
ajax, 187;
aliaska, 195;
asterias, 195;
asterius, 195;
brevicauda, 195;
cresphontes, 192;
daunus, 191;
eurymedon, 191;
glaucus, 188;
indra, 196;
machaon, 195;
marcellus, 187;
palamedes, 193;
philenor, 30, 36, 197;
pilumnus, 192;
polydamas, 197;
polyxenes, 193;
rutulus, 191;
troilus, 193;
turnus, 10, 188;
walshi, 187;
zelicaon, 196;
zolicaon, 197
Papilionidæ, Family, 58, 170
Papilioninæ, Subfamily, 186
Paramecera, genus, 139;
xicaque, 139
Parnassiinæ, Subfamily, 185
Parnassius, genus, 20, 186;
smintheus, 186
paulus, Satyrus, 137
peckius, Polites, 215
pegala, Satyrus, 136
perse, Melitæa, 85
petronius, Thanaos, 206
phaëton, Melitæa, 83
philenor, Papilio, 30, 36, 197
philodice, Colias, 180
phocion, Neonympha, 128
Pholisora, genus, 203;
alpheus, 204;
catullus, 203;
hayhursti, 204;
libya, 204
Phycanassa, genus, 219;
aaroni, 220;
viator, 219
Phyciodes, genus, 86;
batesi, 88;
camillus, 88;
marcia, 87;
nycteis, 87;
picta, 89;
pratensis, 88;
tharos, 87
phylæus, Hylephila, 215
picta, Phyciodes, 89
Pierinæ, Subfamily, 170
Pieris, genus, 171;
bryoniæ, 173;
monuste, 172;
napi, 173;
oleracea, 173;
pallida, 173;
protodice, 172;
rapæ, 173
pilumnus, Papilio, 192
plexippus, Anosia, 10, 20, 30, 36, 63
Poanes, genus, 219;
massasoit, 219
pocohontas, Atrytone, 221
Polites, genus, 215;
peckius, 215
polydamas, Papilio, 197
Polystigma, genus, 146;
nais, 146
polyxenes, Papilio, 193
pontiac, Limochores, 217
portlandia, Debis, 126
powesheik, Oarisma, 210
pratensis, Phyciodes, 88
Prenes, genus, 216;
ocola, 216
procris, Copœodes, 211
progne, Grapta, 96
proterpia, Terias, 185
proteus, Eudamus, 200
protodice, Pieris, 172
pseudargiolus, Lycæna, 165
pylades, Thorybes, 201
Pyrameis, genus, 99;
atalanta, 100;
cardui, 102;
huntera, 100
Pyrrhanæa, genus, 120;
andria, 121;
morrisoni, 121
Pyrrhopyge, genus, 199;
araxes, 199
Pyrrhopyginæ, Subfamily, 199

rapæ, Pieris, 173

rhodope, Argynnis, 80
Rhopalocera, Suborder, 12, 13
ridingsi, Neominois, 134
rosa, Euchloë, 177
rubricata, Neonympha, 130
rutulus, Papilio, 191

samoset, Amblyscirtes, 209

sara, Euchloë, 177
sassacus, Erynnis, 212
Satyrinæ, Subfamily, 60, 61, 124
Satyrodes, genus, 126;
canthus, 127
Satyrus, genus, 135;
alope, 137;
 charon, 138;
meadi, 138;
nephele, 137;
paulus, 137;
pegala, 136;
sthenele, 139
scudderi, Lycæna, 164
semidea, Œneis, 141
silenus, Grapta, 95
simæthis, Thecla, 155
smintheus, Parnassius, 186
Smyrna, genus, 20, 118;
karwinskii, 118
sosybius, Neonympha, 129
steneles, Victorina, 124
sthenele, Satyrus, 139
Synchloë, genus, 91;
janais, 91

Tachyris, genus, 171;

ilaire, 171
tarquinius, Feniseca, 34, 160
Terias, genus, 181;
delia, 183;
elathea, 183;
jucunda, 184;
lisa, 183;
mexicana, 183;
nicippe, 182;
proterpia, 185
terissa, Kricogonia, 178
tessellata, Hesperia, 202
texana, Eresia, 90
textor, Amblyscirtes, 209
Thanaos, genus, 205;
brizo, 205;
funeralis, 207;
horatius, 207;
icelus, 205;
juvenalis, 206;
lucilius, 205;
martialis, 207;
petronius, 206
tharos, Phyciodes, 87
thaumas, Limochores, 217
Thecla, genus, 20, 22, 148;
acadica, 153;
augustus, 155;
autolycus, 151;
behri, 158;
calanus, 153;
clytie, 159;
crysalus, 150;
damon, 154;
discoidalis, 155;
dumetorum, 158;
edwardsi, 152;
favonius, 150;
grunus, 152;
halesus, 149;
henrici, 157;
irus, 156;
læta, 157;
liparops, 154;
m-album, 149;
 melinus, 151;
niphon, 156;
simæthis, 155;
titus, 158;
wittfeldi, 151
theona, Lycæna, 167
thoë, Chrysophanus, 161
Thorybes, genus, 201;
bathyllus, 201;
pylades, 201
Thymelicus, genus, 213;
brettus, 213;
mystic, 214;
otho, 213
Timetes, genus, 107;
coresia, 108
titus, Thecla, 158
tityrus, Epargyreus, 200
tritonia, Gyrocheilus, 134
troilus, Papilio, 193
turnus, Papilio, 20, 188

uncas, Erynnis, 213

Vanessa, genus, 96;

antiopa, 97;
j-album, 98;
milberti, 98
vanillæ, Dione, 70
verna, Euphyes, 218
vialis, Amblyscirtes, 208
viator, Phycanassa, 219
Victorina, genus, 123;
steneles, 124
vitellius, Atrytone, 220

walshi, Papilio, 187

weidemeyeri, Basilarchia, 112
wittfeldi, Thecla, 151
wrighti, Copœodes, 211

xanthoides, Chrysophanus, 160

xanthus, Hesperia, 203
xicaque, Paramecera, 139

yuccæ, Megathymus, 223

zabulon, Atrytone, 221

zelicaon, Papilio, 196
zolicaon, Papilio, 197
 THE BUTTERFLY BOOK
By Dr. W. J. HOLLAND

T his book on American butterflies, by Dr. W. J.

Holland, has introduced thousands of readers
to the delightful study of butterflies and their
development. Its 48 color plates are the best which
have been produced by the three-color process. In
these and the text cuts are shown more than five
hundred different species. Dr. Holland’s collection of
these insects is the best in the United States, barring
none, and he has throughout used his own
specimens in preparing the plates. Chapters showing
how to collect and preserve butterflies add greatly to
the value of the book. It contains 382 text pages, 10
pages of index.

Attractively bound in green cloth, decorated in

gold. Size of volume 7 × 10.
Price, $3.00 net; $3.30 postpaid
 THE MOTH BOOK
By Dr. W. J. HOLLAND

T his book serves as an introduction to the study of

moths, but the student who has fully mastered
the contents is as far advanced in his studies as are
many men who were a few years ago regarded as
eminent specialists. It is the standard reference book
of North America on the subject.
Dr. Holland, Director of the Carnegie Museum,
Pittsburgh, is one of the leading entomologists of the
country and has had more experience in mounting
and artistically posing moths and butterflies than any
other living man.
There are 1,500 figures in the color plates and 300
text cuts illustrating 1,800 species of the moths of
North America. This volume is the most complete on
the subject which has thus far appeared, and
contains 479 pages. Size 7 × 10.
Price, $4.00 net; $4.40 postpaid
 THE BIRD BOOK
By CHESTER A. REED, B. S.

M r. Reed’s new bird book is the most complete

guide he has yet made. Unlike the pocket
guides which though ideal for field work, cannot
because of their size give all the details the student
wishes, this book is a whole reference library about
birds and their haunts. It contains illustrations in
colors of more than seven hundred birds of all
varieties from all parts of the country which show the
birds more than an inch in height so that every detail
of real life is faithfully reproduced. In addition to these
illustrations in color there are many hundreds more
showing the eggs in life size, and numerous unusual
photographs of birds in flight and in their natural
haunts.
More than 700 illustrations in color and
many unusual Bird Photographs. Net, $3.00

THE TREE GUIDE

By JULIA ELLEN ROGERS Author of “The Tree Book”

T he Tree Guide is uniform in style and size with the

well known pocket Bird Guides which have
become so universally popular. It contains