-

• "''
•
THE """"" ""
TEMPERAT\JRB wmn"'AS"""''~
DECREASES WB MOYE~• '""'"''""'
AWAY FROM EQUATOR. .,= "'" ""'"' ''"""'"''"°' ~•
THE DECCAN PENINSULA MODl!RATB AS NEAR THE Sl!A AND NEAR THB EQUATOR B\TT THE TEMP DECREASES IN
!NOIA FROM NORTH TO SOUTH.
Q7·WH&T LS SVRCONTININT AND WHY JS INPIA CAI I EQ ASURCONTJNINI 7
l
• A SUBCONTINENT IS THE PART 01' THB CONTINENT SEPERATED PRON THI! REST OF THE CONTINENT BY NATURAL
FEATURES SUCH AS MOUNTAINS AND RIVl!RS .IT HAS ITS OWN SPECIFIC CLIMATIC FEATURES AND A DISTINCT
CULTURAL IDENTITY.
• COUNTRIES CONSTtTITING THE INOIAN SUBCONTINENT ARE INOIA,PAKISTAN .BANGLADESH
.AFGHANISTAN.NEPAL.BHUTAN.MYANMAR.SRI LANKA ANO MALDIVES.
• INDIA IS SEPERATliO FROM WHOLE OF 'fHB ASIA BY HIMALYAS AND SORROUNDED BY T
SIDES GIVING IT UNIQUE FEATURES AND A DISTINCT CLIMATIC CONDITTONS AND A
FAUNA.
QR•OlffJiBJiNCE BETWEEN l.OCAl. TIME AND $TANDART TIME
• LOCALTJME -LOCAL TIME IS THE TIME Of A LONGITUDE .
• LOCAL TIME VARIES IN A COUNTRY FROM ONE LONGITUDE TO OTHER.
• LOCAL TIME OF !NOIA FROM WESTERNMOST ANO EASTERNMOST TIP V E
• $TANDARD TJME•THE LOCAL TIME OF A CENTRAL LONGITUDE OF A OUNTRY O BE. ME FOR
WHOLE COUNTRY.
• STANDARD TIME REMAINS SAME FOR THE WHOLE COUNTRY.
• TH£ LOCALTIME 82'30" EIS TAKEN AS STANDARD TIME FOR
Q9:Q1$CUSs ABOUT INQIA'SNlUGHBQQRS,
• IT HAS 29 STATES AND 7 UNION TERRITORIES.
• INDIA HAS COMMON LANO BOUNDARY W ISTAN,AF 1ST THE NORTHWEST.
CHINA,TIBET.NEPAL,BHUTAN IN THE NORTH.MYANMA AND B LADESH t ~~AST.
• !NOIA SOUTHERN NEIGHBOURS ARE TWO ISLA S THEY ARE SRI KA AND M,m\1£S.
QJO-lNDlA as NEITHER AGlANT QR AP)'GMY, EXPLAIN,
• INOIA HAS TOTAL LAND AREA OF 2.4% OT THE TO ~t, E GRAPHICAL F THE WORLD.
• INDIA COMES TO z•• PLACE IN REGARD TO THE POPll Tl ITTR CHIN THI! WORLD.
• IT IS SIX TIMES BIGGER THAN FRANC D INE TIM B C AN GE MANY.
• TOTAL AREA OF 1ND1A IS 3.28 MIL N SQ KILOM ES W · S NOT TOO SMALL AS COMPARED Tl) WHOLl

• MAINLANDO ITU DES ANO 68'r E AND 97'25" E LONGITUDES.

• IN ADDITION AL EXTENT - 6'N TO 14' N ANO LONGITUTDNAL EXTENT - 92'
TO 94' E} LI
• 1.AKSHADW • N AND LONGITUTNAL EXTENT- 71' N TO 74' N) LIES IN Tl
ARABIAN Sc
• 1'HE SOU NT 6'45" N. INDIRA POINT GOT SUBMERGED UNDER WATl!R

THE LATITUDES ANO TIIE LONGITUDES AS THE LATITUDES ARE PARAL

IOISTANT EVERYWHERE WHILE THE DISTANCE REDUCES IN THE LONGITU
UATOR TO THE POLES.
MAXIMUM DISTANCE AT THE EQUATOR AS IT IS THE MOST WIDEST PART OF
THE POLES AS THE EARTH CURVES.
ENT OF INDIA IS 3214 KMS ANO THE LONGITUDNAL EXTENT OF INDIA IS 2933 KMS.

• A LANDM S~URROUNDEO BY WATER BODIES ON THE THREE SIDES 1S CALLEO A PENINSULA Eg DE1
PLATEAU T
CflNISH)
 ·BESID ES CARING FOR F/\ MILY r-RENCII WOMAN HAD TO COO K FETCH WATER QUEUE UP FOR BR EAD LO KK
AFTER CHI LD REN etc. , . ,
-WO MEN OF THE THIRD ESTATE WORK ED FOR THE LIVING AND DID WORKS LIKE SELLI NG FRUIT S, FLOWERS,
VEGETABLES ,WORKED AS MAI DS AN D SE RVANTS.
-T HE IN COMES OF WOMEN WERE LOWER THAN MAN.
PROTEST AND DEMANDS OF WOMEN
-CONSTITUTION OF 1791 MADE THEM PASSIVE CITIZENS SO THEY WERE DISAPPOINTED.
·THEY DEMAND ED RIGHT TO VOTE AND WANTED TO ENJOY EQUAL POLITICAL RIG HTS AS MEN.
-WO MEN STARTED THEIR OWN POLITICAL CLUBS AND NEWSPA PERS.
-THE SOCIETY OF REVOLUTIONARY AND REPUBLICAN WOM EN WAS ONE OF THE MOST FAMOU S CLUB.
LAWS MADE FOR WOMEN
-SC HOOLING WAS MADE NECESSARY FOR GIRLS.
-NOW WOMEN COULD MARRY BY WILL AND COULD NOT BE FORCED BY FATHE R.
·MARRIAGE WAS MADE A LEGAL CONTRACT AND REGITERED UNDER CIVIL LAW.
· DIVORCE WAS MADE LEGAL AND COULD BE APPLIED BY BOTH MAN AND WOMAN .~
-WOMEN COULD TRAIN FOR JOBS AND COULD START SMALL BUSINESSES
(FI NAL LY WOMEN GOT RIGHT TO VOTE IN 1946 IN FRANCE)
TRIANGULAR SLAVE TRADE l
-FRE NCH COLONIES LIKE SAN DOMINGO, GAUD ELOPE AND MARTl~!~UE ~ E IM POR1'~~T SUPPLIERS OF
COMMODITIES LIKE TOBACCO, INDIGO, COFFEE etc. , ~, '-' ).
-EUROPEANS WERE UNWILLING TO WORK ON DISTANT LANDS so TH E~~ wSA~ 1;J a RT AGE OF LABOU R.
-SO THERE STARTED A SLAVE TRADE BETWEEN AMERIC,,rj;aoPE AND i \ i ~ ~
-THE SLAVES WERE BROUGHT FROM AFRICA BY THE ME:A.N'S OF ;CQCAL CHf 'S INS AND SOLD.
-THE SLAVES WERE BRANDED.SHACKLED AND PA~ C D FOR THELd~G )OUR r~QFTHREE MONTHS.
-AFTER THREE MONTHS JOURNEY THEY WERE TA , .O CARRIBIEN~l,A ND Affi} SOLD TO PLANTATI ON
OWN ERS AND THEY GROW DIFFERENT COMMODITI S\. .. ~
ABOLITION OF SLAVERY \\, " " ' ~
-THE NATIONAL CONVENTION AFTER LO~ < . BATES
r P4,~SED~ •bl\:W~JN 1794 THAT DECLARED SLAVERY
ILLEGAL. /, ~ Y/ ""v
·BUT NAPOLEAN REINTRODUCED S1,;iVER -\ 0 P ~~ SE PLANTATION OWNERS.
-THE SLAVES WERE KNOWN AS NEG6~S. ~ \\
-FINALLY SLAVERY WAS ABOL~ S ED 1~]$.48 ~ ~ GijJOLONIES.
ROLE OF PRESS IN OLD AN • j ME ~,
-IN OLD REGIME ALL BOO K1~ ONG , ' Y~ RE CH~ED BY THE CENSOR BOARD OF THE KING.
-THEREWASCENSORS Pl
-WITH ABOLITION q~ ~§:~ I
EDI RANC •
RANCE~ 789 AND DECLARATION OF RIGHTS OF MAN ANO CITIZEN

-NEWSPAPERS N O~U.M §;
FREEDOM OF SPEEO~~~~ EXPR-.~ S~N BECAME MAIN RIGHT.
pLJ, OED MARKET OF FRANCE.
-ALL WERE EX~ S INCltOPIN~
-FREEDO¾.QF P. R
-PLAYS, SQ/i~A
s~~~
b~
!
NABLEDV O
(VE PRO
· ~ ~ATTERS HAPPENING IN FRANCE.
G oF OPINIONS AN D couNTER OPINIONS.
SIONS ATTRACTED LARGE NUMBER OF PEOPLE.
ABOUT NA'R(?D;
-IN 18~ AP0 t N CR p
HIMSELF EMPEROR OF FRANCE.
-HE SAW.. I SE ~ S MOD RNISER OF EUROPE.
-HE ABOL s[Ep PR~l kEGES BASED ON BIRTH, GIVE RIGHT TO PRIVATE PROPERTY AND A UNIFORM SYSTEM
OF WEIGHTS ~~R -~-~AsURES.
-CARRIED REVOll~IONARY IDEAS TO OTHER PARTS OF EU ROPE BUT ARMIES SEEMED TO BE THE INVADING
FORCE.
-HE WAS FINALLY DEFEATED IN BATTLE OF WATERLOO IN 1815.
LEGACY OF FRENCH REVOLUTION
-IT TOLD THE WORLD ABOUT THI! IDEAS OP LIBERTY , EQUALITY AND FRATERNITY.
-THE ABOLITION OP THE FEUDAL SYSTEM IN MANY PARTS OF THE WORLD.
-THE LIST OF THE DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS IT PROVIDED TILL NOW HOLD THE WORLD.
-IT INSPIRED A LOT OF REVOLUTIONS ROUND THE WORLD.
TIPU SULTAN AND RAJA RAM MOHAN ROY GOT THE INSPIRATION FROM THE FRENCH REVOLUTI ON
:THE REVOLUTION PROVED A LANDMARK IN THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD. ·
(FINISH)
 -FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF THE PUBLIC FORCE AND FOR THE EXPENSES OF THE ADMIN ISTRATIO
IN PROPORTION TO
NA
THE
-~
COMMON TAX IS NECESSARY, IT MUST BE ASSESSED EQUALLY ON ALL CITIZENS .
MEANS.
HY
CONDITION OF FRANCE AFTER REVOLUTION/ REACTION OF KING AFTER CONSTITUTIONAL MONARC
-LOl}IS XVI SIGNED THE CONSTITUTION BUT ENTERED INTO SECRlff NEGOTIATION WITH KING OF PRUSSIA.
FRANCE AND
RULERS OF NEIGHBOURING COUNTRI ES OF FRANCE WERE WORRIED ABOUT DEVELOP MENTS IN
TRIED TO HELP LOUIS XVI.
-BUT NATIONAL ASSEMBLY DECLARED WAR AGAINST PRUSSIA AND AUSTRIA IN 1792.
KINGS
-PEOPLE JOINED THE REVOLUTI ON AND BECAME HIGHLY PATRIOTIC AND CO NSIDERED WAR AGAINST
AND ARISTOCRATS.

I
NATIONAL
-PEOPLE SUNG 'FHE SONG MARSEILLAISE COMPOSE D BY ROGET DEL ISLE WHICH LATE\_B~CAME
ANTHEM OF FRANCE. ~
FORMATION OF JACOBIAN CLUBS AND CHARACTERSTICS , ~~
-POLITICAL CLUBS BECAME POPULAR IN FRANCE AND THE MOST FAMOUS OF TH E~ B~ ~ ~,THE
~ ,
JACOBIAN CLUBS.
• ~
-IT GOT THE NAME FROM CONVENT OF ST JACOB IN PARIS.
-THE MEMBERS OF JACOBIAN CLUB INCLUDED SHOPKEEPERS, WATCH ERS, A :l §~NS~e c AND TifEY
BELONG TO LESS PROSPEROUS SECTIONS OF THE SOCIETY.
-THEIR LEADER WAS MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE. &.
-THEY WERE CALLED SANS CULOTTES WHICH LITERALL Y MEA iw~or ((.7 EE BRE ~ ES.
-THEY WORE CLOTHES LOOSE AND COMFORTABLE WANT T PO Wl~Di_D B~ ARERS OF KNEEE
~
BREECHES.
-THEY WANTED TO SHOW THEMSELVES APART FROM F S 10 ~ E C TI "l_~QF THE SOCIETY.
FORMATION OF REPUBLIC ~
-ON 10TH AUGUST 1792 THE JACOBIANS STORMED -; P. LACE OF RIES As-THERE WAS EXTREME
SHORTAGE OF FOOD AND PRICES OF FOOD BECAME lp H
-THEY KILLED KING GUARDS AND HELD THE KING HO , G OURS D LATER VOTED TO IMPRISO N THE
ROYAL FAMILY. ·
-ELECTIONS WERE HELD AND ALL MEN HE RIGHT TO VOTE IRRESPECTIVE OF
WEALTH .
-THE NEWLY ELECTED ASSEMBLY · CA..,~~:> "•~-~ BOLISHED MONARCHY ON 21ST SEPTEMBER
1792 AND DECLARED FRANCE A RE IC.
-LOUIS XVI WAS SENTENC E H CH ! \ i lOF TR ASON AND ON 21ST JANUARY 1793 HE WAS
EXECUTED PUBLICLY ATP EDE O 6 DE A~ THE SAME HAPPENED WITH THE QUEEN.
REIG~ OF TERROR
-THE PERIOD FROM O1 :l OF TERROR AS ROBESPIERRE FOLLOWED THE POLICY OF
SEVERE CONTROL PUNISHM

OR THE OTHER E :REST-f RI Y TRIBUNAL AND THEN GULLTIONED.

OTHER ~ ~ I M CEILl~:QN WAGES AND PRICES.

-GOVT p
-MEa'f AN a 'A 5 10iro.
£.R~R£iT
-NO BO CO ~ S READ ALL HAD TO USE WHOLE WHEAT ~READ.
-CHUR WE LOSED MAKE BARRACKS AND OPPICES. .
-PEASAN o'T .:J'&ANSPORT GRAINS TO MARKET AND TO SELL AT PRICES FIXED BY GOVT.
-INSTEAD O ND~ADAM ALL MEN AND WOMEN WERE REFERRED AS CITOYEN AND CITOYENNE.
DIRECTORY T ULED FRANCE
-AFTER f ALL OF J OBIAN GOVf WEALTHIBR MIDDLE CLASS SIEZBD POWER.
-NEW CONSTITUTION DENIED RIGHT TO VOTE TO NON PROPERTIED MAN.
-OIRCTORY WAS MADE IT WAS AN EXECUTIVE MADE UP OP PIVE MEMBERS.
-JT WAS DONE SO THAT POWER DID NOT REMAIN IN ONE HAND AND REMAIN DISPERSED.
THEM.
-BUT DIRECTORS OFTEN CLASHED WITH LEGI SLATIVE COUNCILS AND SOUGHT TO DISMISS
S POLITICAL INSTABILITY PAVED THE WAY POR NAPOLEAN. ,
-THI Of WOMEN IN THE FRENCH SOCIETY IN VERY BEGINNING
I ~':;Cr DAUGHTERS Of NOBLES AND WEALTHIER MIDDLE CLASS STUDIED IN A CONVENT BUT LATER THEY
I WERE MARRIED.
-
THREE ESTATES SENT THEIR REPRESENTATIVES.
-ESTATEGENERAL WAS APOLITICAL BODY TO WHICH ALL
300 MEMBERS CAME FROM FIRST ESTATE 300 FROMSECOND ESTATE AND THIRD ESTATESENT 600 .
. ORE PROSPEROUS SECTI ONS OF THE SOCIETY.
KING ALSO DISC.ARD EDTHEIR PROPOSAL THAT
MEMllERS BELONG~~~;~A~E w·ERE NOT GIVEN SEATS AND .
-MEMBERS OF THI TONE VOTE AS IN THE PAST EVER YESTATE HAD ONE VOTE
MBLY AND GATHERED IN TENNIS COU RT OF
EVERY MEMBEROSFHTOHUELDTHGIERD ESTATE BOYCOTTED THE ASSE
-THE MEMBERS
VERSAILLIES.
NAL ASSEMBLY AND SWORE NOT TO DISPERSE TILL
~~::~ sE~~:~~~~HESTATE CALLED THEMSELVES NATIO
R OF THE MONARCH.
, MADE THE CONSTITUTION TO LIMIT THE POWEBOTH
DERS WERE MIRABEAU AND ABBE SIEVES KNOWN FOR GOOD SOCJAL~ USE
-THE)
AND HE BROlfGij'J:.A JOURNAL AND
:~~~~~ WAS OF NOBLE FAMILY BUT DISCARDED FEUDAL PRIVILEGES "\:
DELIVERED POWERFUL SPEECHES. TE AN INFLU ENTIA L PAMP HLET ~ -~ T ~HE THIRD
-ABBE SIEYES WAS ORIGINALLY APRIEST, WRO
,,,-.. .._ ~
ESTATE'. [.-- ... "-..
ATTACKS ON BAKERY SHOPS OF THE FMNCE SEE'.(!i.fD T,.HTURM IL.
-NATIONAL ASSEMBLY WAS MAKING CONSTITUION BUT REST
BAKERS EX"' ' ITED TH ~ \ UA rlbt1 AND
-BAD HARVEST LEAD TO INCREASE IN PRICES OF BREAD SO
HOARDEDSUPPLIES.
~ .~ _,_\ '\)

BAKERY SHOPS.
ORDERS OF THE KING
-KJNG ORDERED THE TROOPS TO MOVE IN PARIS.
-THE PEOPLE FORMED PEOPLE MILITIA AND PICKED UP
-THEY ATTACKED ON GOVT BUILDINGS TO SEARCH$kM~N
-PEOPLE ATTACKED ON BASTILLE AND OTHE R GO\IT I
,.~BU ~
l
HOES , P T, i ORKS P~ IGHT.
D WEA
GS.
THAT MANO RS D I ~ ANDO RIGANDS AND THEY WOULD
-RUMOURS SPREAD IN COUNTRYSIDE . .
DESTROY RIPE CROPS OF THE PEOPLE. ~
-THIS ALSO FORCED PEOPLE TO ATIAC QNT Hl\Gf>VT B~
"!J NGS.
Docu~ l T CONTAINING MANORIAL ouEs.
-PEASANTS LOOTED HOARDED GRA NS ~-:lu~
FRANCE AS CONSTITUTIONAL MO CH yW" .;
H TING SUBJECTS FINALLY GAVE RECOGNlTlON
-KING LOUIS XVI WAS FACED WITH T ROWE ~
TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMB
ISP RS LAL E CHECKED BY THE CONSTITUTION.
-KING ALSO ACCEPTED TH
-ONAUGUST4,1789 F NC SED LAW BO ISHINGFEUDALSYSTEMOFOBLIGATIONSANTTAXES.
-MEMBERS OP CLER RE A"'IM,,,.~,CED TO E AWAY ALL PRIVlLEGES.
·TITHES WERE ABO I HED AND L OWNED BY THE CHURCH TAKEN AWAY AND GOVT ACQUIRED ASSETS
WORTH 2 BILL L S.-- -.

"-lONARC~, S MADE BY NATIONAL ASSEMBLY

YSTEM N~ Rf O Sl'.ITUTJON ~}tONARCHY AND LAW
THE [POWER WAS GIVEN TO THREE ORGANS OF
Sl EAD ~!W8_RB{l~G..C NCE~TRATED IN ONE HAND
OVT'f.HfiY A ~EGtSw\X_UR~. EXECUTIVE AND JUDICIARY.
r~~s.
·MEN Wf{p WE ~ ~VE 2s-¥EARS GOT RIGHT TO VOTE
FORM oF
.
WHO PAID AT ~EAST 3 DAY OF LOBOURER'SWAGE IN r ·,
BELONG TO HIGHESTCATEGOP': I
·TO QUAL/F~ ~· N b CTOR THEN MEMBER OF THE ASSEMBLY A MAN MUST ....J
OF TAX PAYER . _
LE TO VOTE AND REST ALL WOMEN ,MEN AND
·FROM ABOUT 28 ILLION ABOUT 4 MILLION WERE LIAB
CHILDREN WERE PASSIVE CITIZENS. ..
OF THE RIGHTS OF THE MAN AND THE CITIZEN.
· THE CONSTITUTION BEGAN WITH THE DECLARATION ..
THE DECLARATION OF RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN 2-J
IN RIGHTS.
·MEN ARE BORN FREE AND REMAIN FREE AND EQUAL :__J
INJURIOUS TO OTHERS.
-LIBERTY CONSISTS OF POWER TO DO WHATEVER JS NOT
1

ONS THAT ARE INJURIOUS TO THE SOCIETY. •

· THE LAW HAS RIGHT TO FORBID THOS~ ACTI . -

EXPECT IN CASES DETERMINED BY THE LAWS

I •NO MAN CAN BE ACCUSED , ARRESTED OR DETAINED 1

LY BUT HE MUST TAKE THE RESP ONSIBILITY FOR TH£~ .

-EVREY CITIZEN MAY SPEAK.WRITE AND PRIN T FREE
ABUSE OF SUCH LrBERTY IN CASES DfTERMINED BY THE
LAWS. J
 ICC MAKES T HP. WA I
I
lll)'"'t'\ltl~ ,u,\l:l'li~ •l
~"T\lttM\Nti Of I\A~, IL\,li
-RLIML)trn~ ~r RM ll IN FRANCS n1A1
. . . .
.,
OPEN FIRE ON TH E PEOPLE AII D n,r,;,1.t. '.t:·
, KINGWAS GOINGTO
IE TOWN HALL AND DECID ED TO ATTACK,,,, TffF; r1,1
TERRIFIS\1. l' i"' I\ II.\' i gsq) • GAn l ERED AROUND n .
-$OMii ; Ol)O MliN ,\NO WOMhN NS TO CARRY TH EIR FI GHT AGAINST YI •{(~
I
Blll LOINGS. HEARMS AND THE WEAPO ND RELEASED TH E SEVEN PRISmlER.S W ,TH "7:!~
THEY WERESEARCHINGFORT FORT OF VERSAll,LIES A
~THEY ATTACKED ONTHE PRISi~ITION. RCH AND SHOWED HIS TYRANNY.
HOPE TO FIND HO.ARDE,~:::spoTIC poWER OF TH~~~~:WERW SOLD IN THE MARK BT AS PEOPLE 'II}.~~: ,
BASTILLE SIGNIFIED T FORT AND STONE FRAG
~PEOPLE DEMO~~E:H~EREVOLUTION. AT FURTHER BROUGHT FRENCH ij.EVOLUTION.
-TO KEEPTOKE TO SERIES OF EVENTS TH '
THE INCIDENT LEAD ~ " ,:-_
. . OF KING IN REVOLUTION OF zo YEARS AND MARRIED TO /Mt\RlE~NTOft
, ~ AIID llc;
ROLE
LOU IS XVI SET
ON THE THRONE AT AGE ~ r.i;:n "'
~ELONGEDTO BOURBON FAMILY. y EMPTY WHEN HE SET ON THE THRqN SO OBLI_""\ TO.l!iCREASE T}..lZ.:
-THE TREASURY WAS COMPLETEL
-HE.WAS EXTRAVAGANT AND : ~~~7NG D FRANCE IN WORTHLESS WARS\
HUGE PALACES AND MAl)~H
-HE SPENT ALOT OF MONEY~ COLONIES IN GETTING FREE FR \TR~ OM ~ ENEMY rT Al~f.
~
MENSE PA E OP"VE? SiSJ...i....2-':

·HE ALSO HELPED AMEGRAICNAD WENT UPTO TWO BILLION L ~ AND H~ S ~CfilLJ'O fVE A LOT C/F
-THE DEBT WAS RJSIN
MONEY IN PAYING INTEREST.
-TO MEET REGULAR EXPANSES THE STATE WAS FORCED O IN SE TAX .
DIVISON Of THE FRENCH SOCIETY ~
-THE FRENCH SOCIETY WAS DIVIDED IN THREE EST~SJN CLERGY, ~ILITY AND PEASANTS. AR'ilS.S..'l..'i ~L

-MEMBERS OF THE THIRD ESTATE HAD TOP YALL T fEs

-FIRST AND SECOND ESTATE ENJOYED PJ I L E BY
n~T
-PEASANTS MADE 90% OF THE POPULATION AND O;¾EMNLYSMALL: 8,f( OF LAND.
r ANA
•
AN ifSECOND EST ATE PAID ~O 7,t~

-MEMBERSOFTHIRDESTATEHADTO TITH {TAX ~~ I DBYC URCHCOMPRISING ONEIDi""IBG:7~

AGRICULTURALPRODUCE)ANDTAJ~ E PAj iDJRECT TOTHESTATE).
-THIRP ESTATE HAD TO PAY TAXE~ ~E 01v tTEMSJJR SALT AND TOBACCO.
SUBSISTENCE CRJSIS ~ " ~ .
-POPULATION OF FRANCE !iOV°KA(~L ~ QM 3J,1lLLION IN 1715 TO 28 MILLION IN 1789 BUTTirn=.~ -.~
NOT MUCH INCREASE IN Plt~~CTIOiF F0Q~RAlt}S.
-THE PRICE OF BREA - E S1'4f!D OF Eb ~Of E ROSE RAPIDLY BUT WORKERS HAD FIXED \'IAG3
-GAP BETWEEN RIC POOR JO NED LEAD"li'1GTO MANY HARDSHIPS.
-SITUATION BECAM ORSE AS D ~ T AND HAILS REDUCED THE HARVEST.
ROLE OF MID c~Bl~A
-IN 18Tll CENTU ER MER G , UP OF MIDDLE CLASS AND THEY HAD BECOME RJCH BY EXPANSIZ'
i.. OF OVE TRA ND BY MAN CTURJNG OF GOODS LIKE WOLLEEN AND SLIK TEXTILES.
-IN ADDI M ANT UFACTURERS IT INCLUDED LAWYERS.ADMINISTRATIVE
o;:E -n-:R~~ti"11rt.i DB- VEDTHAT NO GROUP OF SOCIETY SHOULD BE BENEFITTED 8" BIRTH.
. VISA: --~QJbljlJASED ON EQUAL LAWS AND FREEDOM TO ALL AS THEY HAD READ IDEAS Or
GREAT P SP .
ROLEOFP ~SP
.THERE WERE>\Oli E N IGHTED PHILOSPHRES AND THEY GAVE NEW DIRECTION FOR PEOPLE TO THINK.
1~~~~f;tUWTRO'ij THE BOOK'TWOTREATIES OF THE GOVERNMENT' AND HE WAS AGAINST THE DMNE
E POWERS OF THE MONARCH
~gAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU WROTE 'THE SOC.lAL CONTRACT' AND PROPOSED·A GOVT BASED ON SOCIAL
-M~!~~T BETWEEN PEOPLE AND REPERESENTATIVES.
ORGANS ~U~~~ WROTE 'THE SPIRIT OF THE LAWS' AND PROPOSED THE SEPERATION OF GOVT POWERS IN
THE IDEAS O ISLATURE, EXECUTIVE AND JUDICIARY.
MAGAZINES ~~~OSPHERS WERE DISCUSSED WIDELY AT COFFEE HOUSES ,SALOONS.IN BOOKS AND
THE MEETING OF T~EE PEOPLE MORE EAGER FOR THE CHANGE.
·KlNG LOUIS THREE ESTATES
SUCH MEETINXVJG CALLED THE MEETING OF THE THREE ESTATES IN ORDER TO INCREASE THE TAXES THOUGH
WAS CALLED IN 1614. ·
 t JYi
-
=.::~:-: :------- - ----- -, H
MULTirt.E CROPPING -CROWING MORE THAN ONE CROP ONA PARTICULA R PIECE OP LANO DURING A YEAR . •
ELIMINATES A LOT OF RISK AS IF ONE C
SUPPORTS TliE SOIL AS THE SAME NUTRl~islS ~ESTROYED FARMl'!R CAN SURVIVE BY THE OTHER ANO IT ALSO
CONSUMED IN BULK .
1CROP ROTATION - IT MEANS TO GROW R A E NOT I
NoT GROWN AGAIN AND AGAIN . ONE CR~Poiss ~~tOTATION ON THE SAME PIECE OF LAND AS A SI NGLE CROP
THAN IT WILL BE FOLLOWED BY p . LOWED BY THE OTHER CROP FOR eg FlRSTLY RICE IS GROWN
SOIL AS SOIL DOES NOT BECOME DE~~~~iNl;ITNIOIANT YEAR · IT IS A GOOD WAY TO MANTAIN THE FERTILITY OP TliEI
E NUTRIENT CONTINOUSLY
WUYABE WOMEN PAID LOW 1 .
·THEY ARE CONSIDERED PHYSICALLY WEAK
·SOME WORKS ARE NOT CONSIDER ED SUITABLE FOR THEM
·A WHOLE LOT OF THEM ARE UNSKILLED, UNEDUCATED ANO NOT AWARE OF THEIR RIGH
·SOCIETY HAS BEEN MALE DOMINATED OR PATRIARCHAL RIGHT FROM THE VERY PAST I~ I
· NOT CONSIDERED TO WORK IN FAR FLUNG AREAS .
WHAT ARE THE NON FARM ACTMTIES IN PALAMPUR? EXPLAIN.
DAIRY: DAIRY IS A COMMON ACTIVITY IN MANY FAMILIES OF PALAMPUR. PI.IPLE FEE .EIR~FA
LOS ONI
VARIOUS KJNDS OF GRASS AND THE JOWAR AND BA/RA THAT GROW ~ u NG UIE RAINY ~soi<. THE MILK IS]
SOLD IN RAIGANJ, THE NEARBY LARGE VILLAGE.
N T BIG FACTORIES IN 1
SMAU. SCALE MANUFACTURING: UNLIKE THE MANUFACTURJNG TH 'A p
THE TOWNS AND CITIES, MANUFACTURING IN PALAMPUR INVOLV , RY l~~ ~O N METHODS AND
ARE DONE ON A SMALL SCALE. THEY ARE CARRIED OUT MOSTLY OME OR '. E FIELDS WITH THE HELP 0
FAMILY LABOUR. RARELY ARE LABOURERS HIRED.
SHOP-KEEPING: PEOPLE INVOLVED IN TRADE (EXCHANGE GOO ARE N T MANY LN PALAMPUR. THE!
TRADERS OF PALAMPUR ARE SHOPKEEPERS WHO BUY VARIOUS GOO QM WHOLESALE MARKETS IN THE,
CITIES AND SELL THEM INTHEVILLAGE. .
TRANSPORT: THERE IS VARIETY OF VEHICLES O DAD CONNECTING PALAMPUR TO RAIGANI.I
RJCJ<SHAWALLAHS, TONGAWALLAHS, JEEP, TRACTOR, T C RI VERS AND PEOPLE DRIVJNG TffE1
TRADITIONAL BULLOCK CART AND BOGRE~A OPLE IN · TRA ORT SERVICES. THEY FERRY PEOPLE AND
GOODS FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER, AN URN GE PAID FOR IT. THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE INVOLVED!
IN TRANSPORT HAS GROWN OVER THE · SEV L YEARI
TE OF INTEREST SO THAT EVEN PEOPLE WJTHOUTI
...-- ---- -- -- --
SAVINGS CAN STARTSO
-ANOTHER THING WHICH IS ES F~PA N~ OF NON-FARM ACTIVITIES IS TO HAVE MARKETS WHEREI
THE GOODS AND SERVICES CA S )fo. IN PALAMPUR. WE SAW THE NEIGHBOURI NG VILLAGES,
!
TOWNS AND CITIES PROVI 1' , ETS FO ILK, JAGGERY, WHEAT, ETC.
-AS MORE VILLAG ES~ON ED TO OWNS AND CITIES THROUGH GOOD ROADS, TRANSPORT AND
TELEPHONE, IT IS SSIB E TH HE OPPORTUNITIES FOR NON-FARM ACTIVITIES PRODUCTION IN THE
VILLAGE WOULD I C W!:I_IN · RS.
CAN
-EDUCATION OE YTYP-&IP'IM~Ail'fE CAN MAKE WAY FOR THE LOT OF THE JOBS SO SKILL AND EDUCATION
WORK WONDERS. NISH )
I) Human c ~ is tire stock of skill and productive knowledge embodied In people of a countrY,
Ii) Population mes human capital when there Is Investment made In the form of education. training and medical
care. Iii) Whe e existing 'human resource' Is further developed by becoming more educated and healthy, we call it
'human capital formation' that adds to the productive power of the count.I}' just like 'physical capital formation'.
2, What do you undeatand by 'people as acesource'Z . th . .
l)'People a< Resource' Is a way of ,eferrlng to a coontry's woridng ,.,,1, In 1e,msofthoO •""'"' P"''"""' '""" "''
abilities, Looking at the popWation from tb" prod•cti" "P"' empba<I"' I~ abilllY to ronrrib•te " • '"'"'" ofthe
Gross National Product.
., ~~
 - -r,.••'r
Ike ot he , =o
po pu la tio n th at u, ce s populatto n also Is a •e so u"
lh e Is of ' -
po pu la tion W ith te
fo n
odov o, lo ok a 'h um ,. "s ou
, ed uc atied
onWanhednacwce, lo ok only at the
ss no
",'. This b th , positt,e
of •
to he alt h facilit ga
ies. 11,. sid e, <On,ldeMng only th , problem lo'lle_.e .
Ill) W he n th e eXist1n s of pn,,tdmg
g 'hu m an " so un c,•
.
ca pi tal fo rm au on ' th
at ad ds to th e Prod um Is ru nh e,· de,elop<d by boro
,. po w mlng m ot t educated ao
e, of th , co uo try Ills\
ln v< like 'phy,IQ) capital dfoh""thy, w, <all it 'bum.a
ca~w. sb n, nt ; nn,Uon',
m ug " uca on, ,a
n n& m
Th is ca n b, se en
th e b, tt e, traineddlpero cU y In th e form of
U ke in ._ nt ln phy,\
QI .
rs on s, as well as thhl gho, In comes ,a n, ed
, hi gh ., p,oducttvtty ofbecaus, of hi gh ,, pN
h" lt hl " people, >ductMty of tho ""'
l is in one w ay -- .. ~, "" ,u m n" r re so urces nKe 1ana an<1 phys
ical capltal:.h·
A large population ne
ed
of
\
example, by spending not be a liability. It can be turned Into a prod
of m od em te ch no lo
resources on ed uc ati on an d he
uctive asset by .
gy , us eful sc ien tific re searches analt h for all, training of lndu '
~ria1
~· What ls the or d so on).
th eEd
G ecuconation adrodsleto thedeucquation \n human capital fonnatu
om al ity
y. of la bo
t'
ur . Th is enhances total produr
ii) Investment ov!lY
in hu m an re so ur ce (v {
investment on people ati
ia educ on and medica
l care
is the same as investm
iii ) It m ak es a pe rs ent in lan d and ca pit al .
on aw are about the rights an rn In the future. This
iv) Education he lp s d the duties to de ve
in di lop
v) Education and sk vidual to make better use of the e c ~ ~ rt a goo
ill ar e th e m ajor u ~ i~ e s s~nse.
7. What ls the role de te nn in an ts of the ear
I-
i) or he al th ln hu m an ca lnd ivt du ilab\e before him.
H ea lth ad ds to th- e qual··ity ot- •lat'>our pi ta l Co nn attonJ in the market
economy. · . 'T'1 m:
\.! -:. an 'h- ,,n r
" o<, tnl
ill investment in m ed ic . Total productivity adds
to the growth of the
investment in land an al care can give hi gh
d capi tal. re. Th is
ill ) It makes a person Inve stment on people is the
to realize his ful\,p , same as
lv) lt definitely impr
oves the pe rs on ~t y
,: __ -- -· - -.,1 o
realised th e
rdingly lo ok . They are also consdo us
eir child. This is because
on at of proper nutrition and hygie they
case . school an d good he alth. Avirtuous cycle is thu ne.They
ous cycle: s created in
.ed by disadvantaged pa
rents who, themselves un
sadvantaged state. educated and
shortaae of natural re sources?
~)They '8ti '.!t! Sff
·" .... __
..
)l E r a i n::wurce. ·rney :e.- -• L - _ _..,.. , •""'
-.L. \.- .. - ... 1m pon \m : 11c llu 141 - • •• •• L-.;
11~ "-~ ~¥ •-'-
...... · ,,. Pl 1eso~!
.nedally In th e f\eld of education and healt
!:~ n ....11 .. tl In thl 'lr coun
trv.
of other resour ce like lan h.
d an d ca pit al. Efficiency and the tec
I hnol ogy evolved
.,.n In lh l' nr lm
ar v sector, seco nQ i)[Y se qu • 11
011 » ,,.,
animal husbaQiltY, ies ag riculture, forestry ,
se ct or {l n th is se ct or
nshlng. poultry farmin
som e value Is added tog.thMeining. Quarrying and manufacturing Is inc ed In the secondary
pr\mary produc ts m an lud -- .
exampl ua lly or me ch an ically).
Tr ad e, e
traofns sepoco nd ar y se ct Te xti le indus try is an
rt. co m m or.
tertlal}'( this sector unlcatlon. banking. ,d uc at lo n, health, tourism 1 th
only
provides the se ,v lc es , m vt m . tosu,ance etc. '"
) sector. Th
e ac tlv ttt • ;,d, do ?
-- ,s lo this sector result lo
semce::. . ncroh; acttyltil}SJ Or Ql of th••'°""t "'"
at are •be two parts of st\PK »ls h bftw et rwar ke
cco !ed ao4 non macketcd
1arttY!Qe;a..
 ·THOSE W HO BE LO
.THEM TAKl NG TO THE MIDDLE CL
LOANS ASS HAVE SOME
COLLATERALNG FR OM INFO RM
). AL OR FORM.AL SAVINGS OF THEIR OWN AND THE RE
SECTORS (T HE
·PO O R LIVE IN W OR Y EASILY GET
ST IS ARRANGED 1
ST CO ND IT LO ANS AS THEY HABY
RATE OF INTEREST
ANO TERMS
IONS AS THEY HA
VE TO TAKE LOAN VEi
TH ER E AR E VERY S FROM M ON EY
TOUGH . LE NDERS ,LANDLOR
DS AT AHIGH
--450 OF THE TOTA DISTRIBUTION OF
L FA M ILIE S AR E TH
LAND IN
· 150 FA M ILIE S AR ERE RESIDING INPALAMPUR
-240 FAMILIES
E TH ERE WHO ARE BE PALA
ARE THER LONGING TO LOW MPUR.
·6 0 FAMILIES E W HO HA VE LA ER
ND LESSTHAN2 HECLASSES ANO HAVE NO LANO OFT
HECTARES.
ARE THERE BELO
NGING TO M CTARES.
A FE W AM ON G TH ED IU M AN D LA
EM HAVE LAND RGE FARMERS AN
D HA'
IT REFERS TO TH GREEN UYOLUTIO MORE THAN 10 HECTARES.
E TREM EN DO US
N ITS POSITIVE ,5 AN D NE
LA TE 19 60 BY
THE USE OF FERT INCREASE IN THE PR ODUCTION OFGATIVES
SE LF SU FFIC IENC
ILIZ FO
Y IN PRODUCTION ERS ,INSECTICIDES ,HYV SEEDS ,M OD GRAl~ ~EQ B~ ~ IA N GO
NEGATIV ES OF FO OD GR AI NS OD ER N TO LS AN VT INI
. D l~e.D EME TO ATTAIN
-EXCESSIVE US E O F FE RT ILIZ ERS HAS MADE TH '\\
-WATER TA BL E HA E SOIL
S IN
CROPS FOOD LIKE GONE DOWN DUE TO EXCESSIVE FERTILE.
RI US
-FARMERS HAVE ST CE AND WHEAT AND HAVE INDSTA E OF WATE
OPP ED GR OW ING
LLED TUB
CROPS. PO OR MAN FOOD ie
RAGI JPW~l3A IR A
-IT RAS INCREASE AND R4 Y£
D TH E GA P BE TW
SHIFTED TO CO MM
ERCIAL!
POSITIVES EEN RICH AND PO
OR FARMERS.
-INDIA HAS BECOM
-WE HAVE EVEN STE SELF SUrFlClENT IN PRODUCTION
ARTED TO EXPO O 0· ~ 1, 1~
-FARMERS HA VE RT FOOD GRAI
ST A RT ED DOlNG COMME NS EARNI G F ~ ~
pCHANGE.
-IT HAS ALSO RA
IS RCIA~CULT U
ED TH E LM N G S OF
T A N D A R ~ F ARME SUBSISTENCE AGRI
CULTURE.
:i:1~
-THE TUBEWEL l
-IT IS ALSO USED
TO DO TH
-IT HAS IMPROV
ED THE L1
-SMALL SCALE tN
DUSTRIEI
-FANS ,PRESS
-THESE LABOU LESS OR HAVE VERY
-THEY ARE PAI UTILE LAND .
A<;ES FIXED BY TH
-THEY DO E GOVT.
YEAR.
-THEY HA' c.i o
d~
-THE AREi
.e~ ~ '()f!W ➔
;J.l~ J lo n ~
-EX °" "" .L U ,& .~
L, l.. 1. J~ ~i 4 Ge,~ ri.o..
OUS SE~U .r ..£ U
-T H ATE OF FERTQIL IZERS ',Q ltu l,I .U L~ 1
.INSECT
•T H BL EDOWN BECAUSE ICIDES et c HAS MADE THE
OF MING HA OF CONTtN OU
SOIL INFERTILE.
S RISEN BE CA USE OF FERTILIZERSORAWING OF WATER FROM IT.
SM
-A ER
S ,HYV SEED S et c W HICH
S
O F P DODISUCLEE. M AK ES IT DIFFICULT FO
Fi WITHOUT CULT
IVATION EVER R!
Y YE AR OR IS us i::
'TWOO o ONLY TWO OR THRE
RS .
W ff)'. E TIMES IN
ASS ClAiED W JS QAJRY IMPORTANT IN PALA
li M
-AS IT IS1lS FEOED H AG RI CUL iU PUR1
CO W AN D BU PP
RE AND OSi PEOP
ALOES JOWAll ,BM LE DE
•f ARME OL D IN
AIRA ,STRAW ANPEND ON IT THERE.
D GR AS S
BIG C lilES ,T O W N Tl!A T GR
-MILK IS S S AN D VILLAGES NEAR OW DURING RAINY
SEASON.
tMALS IS AL
SO USED AS MANUR BY.
-DUN G OF AN n~A E AND FUEL .
TIVE LJ\fE LI HOOD FO
-IT IS AN At.TE~• R THEM.
 APTER-1
THE STORY OF VILLAGE PALAMPUR
ICC MAKES THE WAY
1-IT HAS FAIRLY DEVELo~1bA~~~EBSJICS OF VILLAGE PALAMPUB
Y!.LLAGE RAIGANI BY ALL SEASON RO~~SRT SYSTEM AS IT IS CONNECTED TO THE NEARBY TOWN SHAHPUR ANO!
2-MANY KlNOS OF TRANSPORT ARE V .
,TRACTORS ANO TRUCKS. !SIBLE THERE LIKE BULLOCK CART ,TONGAS ,BOGEVS,MOTORCYCLE,JEEPSI
3-FOR EDUCATION IT HAS TWO PRIMARY SCHOOLS AND ONE HIGH SCHOOL ~
~A~~il~.IS ONE PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRE RUN BY GOVT AND ONE PRIVATE DISPENSARY FOR iR~ c HEALTH
S-ABOUT 450 FAMILIES RESIDE THERE AND 80 UPPER CASTE FAMILIES HOLD MOST OF Tli~ ~
~
6-0NE THIRD
1
MADE OF MUD POPULATION
AND STRAW. CONSIST OF THE DALITS ANO LIVE IN ONE CORNER OF THE Vil: GE WITH HQUSES
7-FARMING. IS THE MAIN ACTIVITY OF PEOPLE OUT THERE AND SMALL SCAL g CTIV11'I AR2 tD,,Q,NE ON THE
SMALL SCALE. ~ ' f
FACTORS OF PRODUCTION ~~
1-LAND- IT IS THE UPPERMOST LAYER OF THE EARTH CRUST THAT IS!~Q._ Fo' A LTHE J ONOM!C AND NON
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES. , '
·IT IS PASSIVE FACTOR OF PRODUCTION AS IT CANNOT DO ANYTH . ON ITS O~ FFORTS ARE NEEDED TO GET
OUTPUT FROM IT. -
- IT IS FIXED AS IT CANNOT BE INCREASED OR DECREASED.
-IT IS IMMOBILE AS IT CANNOT BE TAKEN FROM ONE P Cl_TO ANOTHER.
Z-LAB. OUR-ANY PHYSICAL OR MENTA~ EXERTION DONE ,~ li-..t HE MOTIVF.l)F REWARD IN THE FORM OF MONEYI
.NAME .FAME OR TO SHOW LOVE ,DEVOTION etc ~""
-IT IS ACTIVE FACTOR OF PRODUCTION AS IT IS THE ONE W · ' ES i\1'"EFFORT.
-IT IS NOT FIXED AS IT BE INCREASED OR DEC , · · El).
-QUALITY OF LABOUR CAN BE IMPROVED B . ROV ~ GNECE ,.~ YSKILL ,EDUCATION AND TRAINING.
•f'ffS MOBILE FACTOR OF PRODUCTliO. ~N. BalAKEN
~ F~0M ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER.
- - · -™AL-IT IS THE INVESTMENT D ON F ~ RS1©~0DUCTION.
-IT IS PASSIVE FACTOR OF PRODUCT! ~
-CAN BE EASILY INCREASED OR DE§: l;;ASfft~
-ITS QUALITY CAN BE IMPRO . ' · ~ ' ti ~ oJ
0
~=.:~-~~~~NE \!l!s'e · RGANISiJ"'ALL TH~~~E~ FACTORS OF PRODUCTION TO START TH~
PRODUCTION ACTIVI~ • ~~ !l~ THE SELF CONSUMPTION OR FOR SELLING THE MARKET TO GET SOME
PROFIT.
-IT IS ACTIVE F~ OR , 0 ' ~ ON
-IT JS MOBILE RO RODUctlON.
-ITS QUALITY CAN B PR ED. o
-
U . ,PESTICIDES,INSECTICIDES etc.
Te
0 l ND IMPLE ENTS CAN DONE THE TRIC~.AND MIXED CROPPING CAN BE HIGH LY BENEFICIAL,
~ PIN CHNIQUES LIKE MULTIPLE CROPPIN T
- YV HI ELDI f6"'ARIETIES) ARE THE MAJOR TOOL FOR I .
:~y rlwvm Ttli!"em;,:r;:G~~~w~~PALAMPUR l
~~~~~~~PI~~~~g:~~;~:o~~~:~:~HE ~~~:;i °JNTDHg6NooR:~:tE ANY AWARENESS.
0
-MOST OF THE WORKERS ARE UNSKILLE~E •~~i FOL.LOWED THERE.
-THE GOVT RULES AND REGUrc~~~~ ARRANGED IN PALAMPU~~DITURE) OVER THE TIME AND USE IT TO
HOW I AVJNGS (INCOME-EXP
-THOSE WHO ARE RICH ACCUMULAT; c!TTI..E OR IMPLEMENTS.
GENERATE CAPITAL TO BUY MACHINER ,
EJ