SOIL COMPOSITION

V Us Vw (m + M2)
+ + VA
(vi)
=
-

S =
(100) -

(Pw) lo
(Mz)

V = Vs + V
Wt of displaced
S Sor
mercury
a
Umercury
.

S : ; =

13 6
.

W =
Ww + Ws sor-specific gravity of water at
t emperature of test
sos =
specific gravity of soil grains

V
e
e
e
=

; Pw :
1000kg/m3 or
1g/cm3
VT Liquid Limit = 25 blows or to mm

Avr =
n(t S) -

;
Avr = e -
was
1 + 2

Atterberg Limit Tests:

VW
S : Se-w
;

Pi = LL -

PL
w =

W Li = W -
PL
i
Lico-brittle
0 < Lic1-plastic
LL-PL
Li >
1- liquid
GS8w 0-plastic limit
We Li
Sary a
=
=
; Gary :
limit
Li = 1
liquid
-

M2
SR
GsSw(1
+ w) =

Sm :
; Sm Gary (=
V2P w
↑
Gs -

1 -
S
Es Sur 100
Szav = SP
1 + wGS
Plasticity index
tonghness index =

Flow Index
; flow index = (Wc W ]
+

Sat =
(Gs + e) Su Cu = Doo log (i)
1 + wGs Dis

2 =
(Dg0)"

8sub =
(Gs-1) Su Doo X Do
1 +e So : Das

D25

& m = (Gs + Se) Sw 0 -

10 : excellent
1
SN
7350) "2
=
1
good
.
+ 10.20 :
i
+

1 +e 2
(P20) (Dio) 20-30 : fair
Poor
I
↑ 30 -
50 :

Dr =
Samin sa 8d = e Sary : 50 : Unsuitable
; Samin - emax (loosest]
1 ↑
Samax (densest) G Su
Solmin Samax = emin
Gary :

1 + GW

(1 Umax) (nmax n) S
Y
- -

Dr =
2max -
e
; Iv
7 = Sm =

emax -
e min
(nmax- Umin)(1-n)
Sear = Sur sw
Gs-Samax
Emin = S
Su
R( % ) 8d(field)
Salmaxa
=
,
* 100

8d(max lab) -

emax GS-Samin Sd(field) -

Sa(min) Salmax)
=
Dr =
Su
8d(max) -
Jd(min) falfield)

Samina
,
 R = Ro Jasmin) K = CD , 02 - Hazen

pr)iRo
=

1 + Dr(p -

8d(max) ~ constant

Wy = combined weight of jar + cone + sand K = 1 .

4eK0 85 -
Casagrande
WF W
.

i
We-weight of the moist soil excavated
a > & 0 85 void
. ratio

e)
Wa of the soil
=
dry weight K =
(2)) <
Kozeny-Carmans
,
W4 = combined weight of jar , cone and

W5
remaining soil
of sand to fill the hole
K : (C3)(
, 33) +
Samarasinghe Huang , ,
Arnevich
=
weight
and cone
HORIZONTAL HC (Parallel
Szav =
GsSu
1 + wGs kit + + k2Hz + k3Hz
Hn(eq) =

V = WS -
We
Hy + Hz +
Hz
8d(sand) Kitti
8d kH(eq) =

w
=
H

Sd(field)= , we VERTICAL HC (Perpendicular)

fa(field)

nice
R( %) =
x100
Sd(max)
= Chydraulic gradient) =
- lossof head oSew
V /discharge velocity) =
Kj
~
hydraulic conductivity
coefficient of permeability - Unconfined
Q =
KjA
#
(h2 -
h ,)
cross-sectional area of sand
~

Q AV K
:
=

ni = H 2+
continent
-

j
V (seepage velocity) :

Vn- hz =
H -

2
porosity
Qin(t)
coefficient
Le(coefficient of leakage) = K of permeability T =

b thickness 2π(2 + + 22)

a ( retardation coefficient) = 1
K Ground Surface

bi

b(leakage factor) = kb ha Sory Ground water

↳
table

hz Ssat
coefficient of permeability
Hydraulic Conductivity
9 cm
Type of Soil
Isat (Gs-e) Su
sea
=

1 -
100 clean
gravel 1 + e
sand
0 01-1 0
. .
coarse
Ssub = (Gs-1) Su
0 001 -
0 01 fine sand
1 + e
.
.

0 0007
-
0 001
silty clay Sat-Sur
Ssub
.
.
=

0 . 0000 + clay
Ja Sary (h , ) + Ssat(hz)
=

K = KH -Viscosity of water

Effective Stress
= Total Stress Pore water
Sur -

pressure
Pore water neutral stress
> Absolute
permeability pressure :

T = kb u =
fw(hz)
>
transmissivity of soil stratum
Valeffs =
&d (h ) + Ssat (hz)
,
-
Sw(hz)
k kj
Q) jQ kjAjV
= = = /
constant
# ht Q :
AV Head
water
Test
44
i = h
I
l
xt Ssat
= 0

ha
In () 2300
:
; K =

I
a Vu
It Total stress & A
=
:

(h h) 0x :
Sw (n ) + frat (n2]
,

hy he Jeff = Sw (h)+ Ssat (n) 8w(h + hz)

i
-

=
-
,

L Op =
Sw (n, + hi)
 Ground Surface
↑ Y////V/ I /

On
·
Ov Ss(n) =

On =
Ko Qu

Capillary Rise :

hmm
eSpid)
=

Range of Soil Type

Rise
Capillary
-0 . 1 - 0 2 m .
Coarse Sand

0 3-1 2m
. . Fine Sand

. 3-7 5m
1
.
Silt

7 5 .
-
23m
Clay
u =
s(8w) (n)
decimal form
Ground Surface

Gare
A
( ·

B Ground water table

⑧

nc Ssat
C
/ ·

Jeff =
Sary (n ) .
-

S&w(n)
&A
Jeff =
Gary (n ) + h(f) +

&B

Off =
Gary (h) + h(d) +fsatfw

Q KHNf
(isotropic
:
soils]
Nd

rate of
seepage
Q =
kxkz(H Nf) .

(Non-isotropic Soils) :

Nd
kx =
kz
k =
kxkz
Q = KANf
- flows
Nd

Q= KL + an sin G

↓
Ko (rest) ; Ka 1- sin
= - sint =
(Active)
↑+ Sin G

Kp = Sin(Passive
ko' = Ko OCR

Ko (t-sin) : +
( -
1)5 5 .

P =
Ss(h)(k)
~ Soil (unit weight)
P =
ko(q +
fs(n))
Ka =
tan"
(45-E)
1) For a
given soil , the
following are known
,

6s = 2 74 .

, Sm =
KN/m3
20 6 .

,
and w = 16 6 %.
.

Determine the
following :

a) Dry unit
weight
Sm =
Sary (1 + w)

Sary = Sm
↑ +w
=
20 6 .

↑ + 0 166 .

Sary = 17 667 KN . m3
b) void ratio
OS Su
Sary =

1 + 2

17 667 .
= 2 .
74(9 81) .

↑ + e

e = 0 521
.

c) Porosity
n = 2
1 +e

= 0 521
.

1 + 0 521 .

n = 0 342 .

d) Degree of Saturation

S = 65
=
16 .
6(2 74) .

e 0 521
.

S = 87 301 .
%
2) Weight of water to be added
(6s + e) Su
Ssat =

1 + e

= (2 . 74 + 0 .
521)(9 81) .

1 + 0 521 .

Ssat = 21 .
032kN/m3
Wadd =
Ssat-Smoist = 21 032
.
-
20 6 .

Wadd = 0 432
.
kN/m3