Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ebook Nanotechnology in Medicine Toxicity and Safety 1St Edition Mahendra Rai Editor Mrunali Patel Editor Rashmin Patel Editor Online PDF All Chapter
Ebook Nanotechnology in Medicine Toxicity and Safety 1St Edition Mahendra Rai Editor Mrunali Patel Editor Rashmin Patel Editor Online PDF All Chapter
Ebook Nanotechnology in Medicine Toxicity and Safety 1St Edition Mahendra Rai Editor Mrunali Patel Editor Rashmin Patel Editor Online PDF All Chapter
https://ebookmeta.com/product/nanomaterials-recycling-micro-and-
nano-technologies-1st-edition-mahendra-rai-editor/
https://ebookmeta.com/product/mycosynthesis-of-nanomaterials-
perspectives-and-challenges-1st-edition-mahendra-rai-editor/
https://ebookmeta.com/product/nanotechnology-in-modern-medicine-
sanjeeva-witharana-editor/
https://ebookmeta.com/product/the-writing-of-natural-disaster-in-
europe-1500-1826-events-in-excess-1st-edition-sandhya-patel-
editor/
https://ebookmeta.com/product/nanotechnology-in-space-1st-
edition-maria-letizia-terranova-editor-emanuela-tamburri-editor/
https://ebookmeta.com/product/bioenergy-engineering-1st-edition-
mahendra-s-seveda-editor/
https://ebookmeta.com/product/pharmaceuticals-in-aquatic-
environments-toxicity-monitoring-and-remediation-
technologies-1st-edition-vinod-kumar-garg-editor/
Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
List of Contributors
List of Abbreviations
Part I: Nanomedicine
1 Nanomedicines
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Nanomedicine's Revolution
1.3 Potential Applications of Nanomedicine
1.4 Clinical Translation of Nanomedicine
1.5 Nanotoxicological Challenges
1.6 Safety Issues and Regulations
1.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
2 Microbial Biopolymers and Their Derivatives as
Nanotechnological Tools for Medicine
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Natural Polymers: Conceptualization, Classifications,
and Physicochemical Characteristics
2.3 Applications of Biopolymers in Nanoparticles,
Nanofibers, and Drug Delivery Systems of Therapeutic
Importance
2.4 Safety of Microbial Biopolymers Used in Nanoscale‐
Systems for Therapeutic Applications
2.5 Conclusions
References
Part II: Nanoparticles
3 Selenium Nanoparticles
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Selenium Forms
3.3 Toxicity of Selenium Nanoparticles
3.4 Toxicity Mechanisms
3.5 Conclusion
References
4 Impact of Nanoparticles on Protozoa
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Nanosystems
4.3 Nanosystems with Effect on Human Parasitic
Protozoa
4.4 Nanosystems with Effect on Veterinary Parasitic
Protozoa
4.5 Nanomaterial Toxicity on Beneficial Protozoa
4.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
5 Toxicity of Metallic Nanoparticles
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Toxicity of Metal Nanoparticles and Influence of
Physicochemical Properties
5.3 Accumulation and Toxicity of Metal‐Based
Nanoparticles in Various Organs
5.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
6 Toxicity, Safety, and Biodistribution of Multifunctional
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Bioapplicability of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
6.3 Biodistribution, Toxicity, and Safety of MSN
6.4 Safety Evaluation of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
6.5 Conclusion and Future Directions
References
7 Safety and Toxicity Issues of Polymeric Nanoparticles
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Application of Nanomaterials
7.3 Classification of Nanoparticles (NPs)
7.4 Nanotoxicology
7.5 Safety Assessment of Nanomedicines by
Methodological Considerations
7.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
8 Green Synthesis of Copper and Copper‐Based Nanoparticles
for Their Use in Medicine
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Green Synthesis Methods of Copper and Copper‐
Based Nanoparticles
8.3 Purification of Copper and Copper‐Based
Nanoparticles
8.4 Characterization of Green Synthesized Copper and
Copper‐Based Nanoparticles
8.5 Copper and Copper‐Based Nanoparticles as
Nanomedicines
8.6 Copper and Copper‐Based Nanoparticles and Their
Toxicity
8.7 Safety Implications of Copper and Copper‐Based
Nanoparticles
8.8 Future Perspectives
8.9 Conclusion
References
Part III: Nanotoxicology and Drug Delivery
9 Gene Delivery Using Nanocarriers
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Nanocarrier Types
9.3 Target Diseases and Routes of Administration
9.4 Learnings from Clinical Trials
9.5 Mechanisms of Toxicity of Gene Delivery Nanocarriers
9.6 Overcoming Toxicity Issues with Nanocarrier‐
Mediated Gene Therapy
9.7 Future Perspectives and Conclusion
References
10 Toxicity and Safety Evaluation of Lipid‐Based
Nanoparticles for Brain Delivery
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Barriers Across Brain Delivery
10.3 Role of Lipid Nanoparticles in Brain Delivery
10.4 Transport Mechanisms Involved for Brain Delivery
10.5 Toxicity of Lipid Nanoparticles
10.6 Safety of Lipid Nanoparticles
10.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
11 Risk Assessment of Injectable Nanoparticles Used as
Nanomedicine
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles, and Nanoformulation
11.3 Injectable Nanoparticles Toxicity
11.4 Safety of Nanoparticles in Acute and Chronic Studies
11.5 Future Perspectives and Conclusion
References
12 Dermatological Delivery of Nanodrugs
12.1 Introduction
12.2 An Overview of Dermatology and Nanodrugs
12.3 Nanomaterials for Dermatologically Active
Nanodrugs
12.4 Nanoformulations for Topical and Transdermal
Delivery
12.5 Applications of Dermatological Nanodrugs and Its
Delivery Mechanisms
12.6 Toxicity Evaluation of Dermatologically Active
Nanodrugs
12.7 Safety Considerations
12.8 Limitations and Risk
12.9 Conclusion
References
13 Nanonutraceuticals
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Novel Carrier‐Based Drug Delivery Systems
13.3 Safety and Toxicity Assessment of Nanoparticles
13.4 Approaches for Biodegradable Nanoparticles
13.5 Modified Nanocarriers (Nanosponges)
13.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
14 Current Challenges and Future Needs for Nanotoxicity and
Nanosafety Assessment
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Nanomaterials: Risk Assessment
14.3 The Hurdles in Toxicity Evaluation of Nanomaterials
14.4 Nanosafety Assessment Tools
14.5 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
Part IV: Nanotechnology, Ethics, and Regulatory Framework
15 Safety Regulations for the Use of Nanotechnological
Products for Biomedical Applications
15.1 Introduction
15.2 The State‐of‐the‐art of Biomedical Applications of
Nano‐Products
15.3 The Scientific Perspective on Nano‐products for
Biomedical Applications, Risks, and Regulations
15.4 Using RRI as a Methodological Pathway Toward
Communication Between the Science System and the Law
System
15.5 Final Considerations and New Propositions
References
16 Nanoethics and Nanotechnology
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Nanoethics
16.3 Conclusion
References
17 Current Regulatory Framework in Nanotechnology and
Medicine
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Quality Attributes and Regulatory Concerns of
Nanomaterials
17.3 Quality Assessment of Nanomedicines
17.4 Current Regulatory Framework over Nanomaterials
17.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 An overview of the classification of nanomaterials
based on vario...
Table 1.2 Diverse nanotoxicological concerns of
nanomaterials.
Chapter 2
Table 2.1 Microbial biopolymers of industrial relevance.
Table 2.2 Antitumoral nanoparticles (NPs), nanofibers and
nanofilms/antimic...
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 List of selected most important protozoan diseases
in humans.
Table 4.2 Examples of protozoan diseases in animals.
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Increase in cellular levels ofO2−, NADPH, and MDA
for diffe...
Table 5.2 Factors affecting the toxicity of metallic
nanoparticles.
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Safety evaluation tests for mesoporous silica
nanoparticles (MSNs...
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Summary ofin vivo evaluations of nanoparticle
toxicity based on o...
Table 7.2 Review of toxicity study of polymeric nanoparticles.
Chapter 8
Table 8.1 Antibacterial activity studies of chitosan–metal
nanoparticle com...
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 Clinically evaluated gene delivery nanocarriers and
their toxicit...
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Tests for accessing toxicity of nanoparticles.
Chapter 11
Table 11.1 Current marketed formulations with polymeric and
lipidic nanopar...
Chapter 12
Table 12.1 List of different nanomaterials and their respective
drug nanoen...
Chapter 13
Table 13.1 Applications of nanocarriers for drug delivery.
Table 13.2 Applications of nanosponges in targeted delivery.
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 Various applications of nanomaterials in a different
segment.
Table 14.2 Probable risks associated with nanoparticles in the
human body.
Table 14.3 In vitro, in vivo, and in silico approaches for the
assessment of tox...
Table 14.4 Objective/application of nanosafety assessment
tools.
Chapter 15
Table 15.1 The studies mentioning the risks of biomedical
nano‐products pub...
Table 15.2 Studies mentioning the regulation of biomedical
nano‐products pu...
Table 15.3 Overview of problems and consequences of the
regulation (or lack...
Chapter 16
Table 16.1 Widely accepted definitions of nanotechnology.
Table 16.2 Applications of nanotechnology.
Chapter 17
Table 17.1 Nanotechnology Products Database (NPD)
indicating status of nano...
Table 17.2 In vitro systems for nanotoxicology.
Table 17.3 General rules and regulation applicable in various
regions havin...
Table 17.4 Various international standards given by NCL in the
field of nan...
Table 17.5 Various international standards given by ASTM in
the field of na...
Table 17.6 Some of the international standards and
documents given by TNSC ...
Table 17.7 Classification of nanomaterials as per Indian
guideline.
Table 17.8 Summary of WHO recommendations to protect
workers from the poten...
Table 17.9 Various testing methods and report on safety of
manufactured nan...
Table 17.10 Various international standards and guidance
given by ISO in th...
Table 17.11 Various technical reports and specifications given
by ISO in th...
Table 17.12 Timeline of various initiatives, strategies,
milestones, resear...
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Nanoscale properties and allied benefits of
nanomaterials in nano...
Figure 1.2 Nanomaterial applications in tissue engineering
and regenerative ...
Figure 1.3 Consequences of environmental contact of
nanoparticles.
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Scheme of the productive chain of fossil‐based
polymers.
Figure 2.2 Biopolymers and building blocks obtained by
fermentation.
Figure 2.3 Chemical structure of (a) poly(ε‐caprolactone)
(PCL), (b) poly(la...
Figure 2.4 Main pathways of the metabolism of benzene and
its derivatives in...
Figure 2.5 Aerobic biodegradation pathways of aromatic
compounds conducted b...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Methods for the synthesis of selenium
nanoparticles.
Figure 3.2 Toxic effects of selenium nanoparticles.
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Scheme of AgNPs’ biosynthesis and stabilization
using linden leav...
Figure 4.2 Drug delivery systems based on nanomaterials
which were tested to...
Figure 4.3 (a, b) TEM micrographs of AgNPs biosynthesized
from 10 and 5 ml o...
Figure 4.4 SEM images of Tetrahymena sp. trophozoites, after
60 minutes of e...
Figure 4.5 Morphology of P. marinus hypnospores before and
after interaction...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Copper nanoparticles induced cellular apoptosis
via mitochondrial...
Figure 5.2 Important physicochemical factors affecting AuNP
toxicity. Decrea...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Bioapplicability of mesoporous silica nanoparticles
(MSNs).
Figure 6.2 Safety evaluation parameters of mesoporous silica
nanoparticles (...
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Dialysis method.
Figure 7.2 Solvent evaporation method.
Figure 7.3 Nanoprecipitation method.
Figure 7.4 Application of polymeric nanoparticles.
Figure 7.5 Safety concern of polymeric nanoparticles.
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 A schematic illustration of iodinated CS‐Cu NP
composite synthesi...
Figure 8.2 A schematic illustration of the proposed
mechanism of antibacteri...
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 (a and b) represent different configurations of
solid‐core lipid ...
Figure 9.2 Toxicity mechanisms of components of gene
delivery nanocarriers. ...
Figure 9.3 Structures of cationic lipids and ionizable cationic
lipids evalu...
Figure 9.4 Structures of a few cationic polymers
evaluated/being evaluated i...
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Types of lipid nanoparticles.
Figure 10.2 Toxicity due to nanoparticles.
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Illustrations of carriers nanoparticulated and
surface’s functio...
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Illustration of different layers of the skin and
various routes ...
Figure 12.2 Schematics of different types of nanoformulations
used in topica...
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 Nanostructured drug delivery systems.
Figure 13.2 Nanonutraceuticals – considerations for toxicity
and safety asse...
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 Nanomaterial's exposure pathways.
Figure 14.2 In silico analysis: a computational method for the
evaluation of...
Figure 14.3 Nanosafety strategy.
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 The number of studies on the regulation of
biomedical nano‐produ...
Figure 15.2 The number of studies on the regulation of
biomedical nano‐produ...
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1 Types of nanotechnology.
Figure 16.2 Applications of nanotechnology.
Chapter 17
Figure 17.1 Assessment of physicochemical attributes of
nanomaterials using ...
Figure 17.2 Components of safety and health programme.
Figure 17.3 Overview of regulatory control over
nanotechnology.
Figure 17.4 Various regulatory agencies providing guidance
on regulation of ...
Nanotechnology in Medicine
Edited by
Mahendra Rai
Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University Maharashtra, India
Mrunali Patel
Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science
and Technology Changa, Gujarat, India
Rashmin Patel
Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science
and Technology Changa, Gujarat, India
This edition first published 2022
© 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law.
Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at
http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of Mahendra Rai, Mrunali Patel, and Rashmin Patel, to be identified as the
authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with
law.
Registered Offices
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19
8SQ, UK
Editorial Office
9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK
For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information
about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐
demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not
be available in other formats.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty
The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research,
understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied
upon as recommending or promoting scientific method, diagnosis, or treatment by
physicians for any particular patient. In view of ongoing research, equipment
modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of
information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is
urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or
instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any
changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and
precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in
preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the
accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all
warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability
or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales
representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The
fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation
and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and
authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product
may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the
understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services.
The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation.
You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be
aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between
when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors
shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but
not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Rai, Mahendra, editor. | Patel, Mrunali Rashmin, 1981– editor. | Patel,
Rashmin Bharatbhai, 1979– editor.
Title: Nanotechnology in medicine : toxicity and safety / edited by Mahendra Kumar
Rai, SGB Amravati University, Maharashtra, India, Mrunali Rashmin Patel, Charotar
University of Science and Technology, Gujarat, India, Rashmin Bharatbhai Patel,
Charotar University of Science and Technology, Gujarat, India.
Description: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley–Blackwell, 2022. | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021031539 (print) | LCCN 2021031540 (ebook) | ISBN
9781119769866 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119769873 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119769880
(epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Nanotechnology. | Medical technology.
Classification: LCC R857.N34 N3617 2022 (print) | LCC R857.N34 (ebook) | DDC
610.285–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021031539
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021031540
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: © KATERYNA KON/Getty
Preface
Currently, an exceptional growth in research, innovation, and
applications have been realized in the area of nanoscience and
nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is beheld as a transformative
technology. It offers ample possibilities to address the key societal
challenges essential to encounter global healthcare problems. It
presents engineered nanomaterials, smart innovative products
incorporating these materials, and nanoenabled processes having
magnificent growth potential for a large number of industrial sectors.
Formulation scientists have extensively used nanoparticles for
entrapment of drugs with intention of enhanced delivery to, or uptake
by, target cells and/or a reduction in the toxicity of the free drug to
nontarget organs. There is collective optimism that nanotechnology, as
applied to medicine, has and will further lead to noteworthy
developments in therapeutics, tissue engineering, active implants,
nano‐robotic biosensors, molecular diagnostics and imaging, bone
grafting, tiny vehicles for drug delivery, nutraceuticals, genomics, and
proteomics. Nanomedicine, incorporating prospective drug delivery
nanocarriers, hails great promises to combat complex illnesses like
cancer, neurological diseases, infectious or inflammatory diseases, and
malaria due to novel physicochemical properties. However, this may
damage and exert toxicological effects due to detrimental interfaces
with living systems and the environment. Thus, the smart and
sustainable development of these nanomaterials has created concerns
about their possible undesirable effects on human health and safety as
well as an environmental burden. Additionally, these necessitate
contemplating its characteristic features, exposure effects, hazard
mechanisms, risk assessment and management.
This book focuses on current trends to deliver therapeutic agents into
targeted specific cells, cellular compartments, tissues, and organs by
using nanoparticulate carriers; applications of nanotechnology in
medicine with a special focus on neurodegenerative diseases, cancer,
diagnostics, nano‐nutraceuticals, dermatology, gene therapy, etc.;
nanotoxicology with focus on nanomedicine, landscapes of in vitro and
in vivo toxicological testing; regulatory framework in nanotechnology
and medicine; future aspects in toxicity and safety assessment of
nanotechnology, etc. Also, the book identifies the knowledge gaps
related to nanomaterials’ safety which tends to be the greatest hurdle
in obtaining benefits of nanomedicine in healthcare. Now that we are
entering a new phase from academic development to proven clinical
value, it is very important for specialists in the field to find all the
information on these aspects together in a book, to see what the
current stage is, what the problems are and what viable solutions are
being proposed for the future in this field.
This book contains valuable chapters written by professionals and
experts on the diverse aspects of nanotechnology in medicine with
insights into the toxicological and safety issues owing to interaction
with biological systems and the environment. The chapters have been
divided into four different parts. Part I: Nanomedicine:
Nanotoxicological Insights – aims to enrich the understandings of
nanotoxicological features of nanomedicine. It provides an introductory
overview of nanomedicine and nanotoxicology progressing further
toward recent advances in research and development dealing with
microbial biopolymers and their derivatives as nanotechnological
instruments for medicine. Part II deals with Nanoparticles: Toxicity and
Safety. The recent technological and manufacturing innovations have
led to the enhanced use of nanoparticles for diverse applications.
However, this has also preceded the risks allied with its exposure. This
part imparts the perceptions of toxicity and safety aspects of selenium
nanoparticles, the impact of nanoparticles on protozoa, moving ahead
in the direction of toxicity and safety facets of metallic, polymeric, and
mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Part III is focused on Nanotoxicology
and Drug delivery. Augmenting the mechanistic insights for risk
assessment of employing nanomaterials in drug delivery is the need of
the hour. Consequently, this part targets the toxicity and safety aspects
of incorporating nanocarriers for gene delivery, brain delivery,
parenteral delivery, dermatological delivery, etc. Lastly, it encompasses
the current scenario and future road map for nanotoxicity and
nanosafety assessment of nanocarriers. The last part (Part IV:
Nanotechnology, Ethics and Regulatory Framework) emphasizes
harmonizing the procedures for safety evaluation globally and
ascertaining unambiguous regulations as well as standard protocols.
The part thus delivers the perceptions of nanoethics and the regulatory
framework of nanotechnology in medicine.
This book has been planned, authored, and structured for the wide
spectrum of multisectoral audiences of scholars, students,
practitioners, and policymakers with adequate coverage. It is intended
to be a reference resource that will meet the needs of academicians,
clinicians, as well as graduate and postgraduate students from nearly
every field of science and engineering – toxicology, biotechnology,
chemistry, physics, genetics, medical science, material science and
engineering, environmental science and environmental engineering.
For researchers working in the fields of nanotechnology, nanomaterials
and nanocarriers, nanoengineering, nanobiotechnologies,
nanomedicine and biopharmaceuticals, and other similar fields, it
would be very useful.
We are highly thankful to the authors for their excellent work in
providing cutting‐edge information on the subject of their respective
chapters. Their efforts will certainly enhance and update the readers'
knowledge of the toxicity and safety aspects of nanomedicine. Further,
we would like to express our sincere thanks to the publishers and
authors of the chapters whose research work has been mentioned in
the book. We are also thankful to Dr. Julia Squarr, Sarah Mellor, Rosie
Hayden, Tom Marriott, and the Wiley team for their substantial
cooperation and efforts in producing this book.
Last but not the least, we believe that this edited book would inspire
engagement and intervention by concerted and collaborative action by
appropriate bodies to shape the nanoworld and deliver innovative
solutions to address daunting medical challenges.
25 April 2021
Mahendra Rai
Amravati, MH, India
Mrunali Patel
Anand, GJ, India
Rashmin Patel
Anand, GJ, India
List of Contributors
Nayelen Sayuri Aizawa
Department of Biotechnology
Engineering School of Lorena (EEL)
Sã o Paulo University (USP)
Lorena, Sã o Paulo, Brazil
Amit Alexander
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER
GUWAHATI)
Department of Pharmaceuticals Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers
Near Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Regional Govt. Film & Television Institute
Sila Village, Nizsundarighopa
Changsari, Kamrup (R)
Guwahati, Assam, India
Thais Francine Ribeiro Alves
Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology (LaBNUS)
University of Sorocaba
Sorocaba, Brazil
Sorocaba Technology Park, Innovation Agency
Sorocaba, Brazil
Mansi Athalye
Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology
L. M. College of Pharmacy
Ahmedabad, GJ, India
Fernando Batain
Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology (LaBNUS)
University of Sorocaba
Sorocaba, Brazil
Bappaditya Chatterjee
Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology
Management (SPPSPTM)
NMIMS University
Mumbai, MH, India
Marco Vinícius Chaud
Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology (LaBNUS)
University of Sorocaba
Sorocaba, Brazil
Sorocaba Technology Park, Innovation Agency
Sorocaba, Brazil
Iti Chauhan
Department of Pharmaceutics
I.T.S College of Pharmacy, Muradnagar
Ghaziabad, UP, India
Namdev Dhas
Department of Pharmaceutics
Institute of Pharmacy
Nirma University
Ahmedabad, GJ, India
Nataliya N. Dremina
Irkutsk Scientific Center of Surgery and Traumatology
Irkutsk, Russia
Nidhi Dubey
School of pharmacy
Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya
Indore, MP, India
Nitin Dubey
IPS Academy College of Pharmacy
Indore, MP, India
Wilson Engelmann
Graduate Program in Public Law
University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos – UNISINOS
Sã o Leopoldo, Brazil
Corporate Law and Business
University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos – UNISINOS
Sã o Leopoldo, Brazil
Anuradha Ketan Gajjar
L. M. College of Pharmacy
Ahmedabad, GJ, India
Fernanda Gonçalves
Department of Biotechnology
Engineering School of Lorena (EEL)
Sã o Paulo University (USP)
Lorena, Sã o Paulo, Brazil
Kartik Hariharan
Department of Pharmaceutics
Institute of Pharmacy
Nirma University
Ahmedabad, GJ, India
Raquel Von Hohendorff
Graduate Program in Public Law
University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos – UNISINOS
Sã o Leopoldo, Brazil
Josef Jampílek
Department of Analytical Chemistry
Faculty of Natural Sciences
Comenius University
Bratislava, Slovakia
Institute of Neuroimmunology Slovak Academy of Sciences
Bratislava, Slovakia
Nirav Khatri
Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd., Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Talita Martins Lacerda
Department of Biotechnology
Engineering School of Lorena (EEL)
Sã o Paulo University (USP)
Lorena, Sã o Paulo, Brazil
Daniele Weber S. Leal
CAPES fellow at the Graduate Program in Public Law
University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos – UNISINOS
Sã o Leopoldo, Brazil
Sadhucharan Mallick
Department of Chemistry
Indira Gandhi National Tribal University (Central University)
Amarkantak, MP, India
Paulo Ricardo Franco Marcelino
Department of Biotechnology
Engineering School of Lorena (EEL)
Sã o Paulo University (USP)
Lorena, Sã o Paulo, Brazil
Tejal Mehta
Department of Pharmaceutics
Institute of Pharmacy
Nirma University
Ahmedabad, GJ, India
Dhaivat Parikh
Department of Pharmaceutics
Institute of Pharmacy
Nirma University
Ahmedabad, GJ, India
Mitali Patel
Maliba Pharmacy College
Uka Tarsadia University
Bardoli, GJ, India
Mrunali Patel
Department of Pharmacy
Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy
Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT)
CHARUSAT Campus
Changa, GJ, India
Priya Patel
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Saurashtra University
Rajkot, GJ, India
Priyanshi Patel
Maliba Pharmacy College
Uka Tarsadia University
Bardoli, GJ, India
Rashmin Patel
Department of Pharmacy
Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy
Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT
Changa, GJ, India
Ravish J. Patel
Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy Charotar University of Science
and Technology (CHARUSAT)
CHARUSAT campus Changa, India
Viral Patel
Department of Pharmaceutics
Institute of Pharmacy
Nirma University
Ahmedabad, GJ, India
Henrique Paiva Pereira
Department of Biotechnology
Engineering School of Lorena (EEL)
Sã o Paulo University (USP)
Lorena, Sã o Paulo, Brazil
Daniela Plachá
Nanotechnology Centre, Energy and Environmental Technology Centre
VŠ B‐Technical University of Ostrava
Ostrava‐Poruba, Czech Republic
ENET Centre, Energy and Environmental Technology Centre
VŠ B‐Technical University of Ostrava
Ostrava‐Poruba, Czech Republic
Anu Puri
RNA Structure and Design Section, RNA Biology Laboratory (RBL)
Center for Cancer Research, NCI‐Frederick, NIH
Frederick, MD, USA
Mahendra Rai
Department of Biotechnology
Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University
Amravati, MH, India
Department of Microbiology
Nicolaus Copernicus University
Lwowska, Torun, Poland
Mihir Raval
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Saurashtra University
Rajkot, GJ, India
Piyali Sabui
Department of Zoology
The University of Burdwan Golapbag, Bardhaman, WB, India
Amaresh Kumar Sahoo
Department of Applied Sciences
Indian Institute of Information Technology
Allahabad, UP, India
Patrícia Severino
Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology Laboratory
University of Tiradentes
Aracaju, Brazil
Shah Esha Bhavin
Babaria Institute of Pharmacy
Vadodara, GJ, India
Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy
Charotar University of Science and Technology
Changa, GJ, India
Saurabh Shivalkar
Department of Applied Sciences
Indian Institute of Information Technology
Allahabad, UP, India
Michael G. Shurygin
Irkutsk Scientific Center of Surgery and Traumatology
Irkutsk, Russia
Irina A. Shurygina
Irkutsk Scientific Center of Surgery and Traumatology
Irkutsk, Russia
Silvio Silvério da Silva
Department of Biotechnology
Engineering School of Lorena (EEL)
Sã o Paulo University (USP)
Lorena, Sã o Paulo, Brazil
Vishal Singh
Department of Applied Sciences
Indian Institute of Information Technology
Allahabad, UP, India
Eliana Barbosa Souto
Faculty of Pharmacy
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
University of Coimbra
Coimbra, Portugal
Irina S. Trukhan
Irkutsk Scientific Center of Surgery and Traumatology
Irkutsk, Russia
Arushi Verma
Department of Applied Sciences
Indian Institute of Information Technology
Allahabad, UP, India
Madhu Verma
Department of Pharmaceutics
I.T.S College of Pharmacy, Muradnagar
Ghaziabad, UP, India
Imran Vhora
Formulation R&D Consultant, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
Naimish Vyas
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Saurashtra University
Rajkot, GJ, India
Mohd Yasir
Department of Pharmacy
College of Health Sciences
Arsi University
Asella, Oromia Region, Ethiopia
Aleksandra Zielińska
Institute of Human Genetics
Polish Academy of Sciences
Poznań , Poland
List of Abbreviations
AFNOR
Association Française de Normalisation
AgNP
Silver nanoparticle
AIHA
American Industrial Hygiene Association
ALP
alkaline phosphatase
ALT
alanine transaminase
ANSI
American National Standards Institute, USA
AO
Acridine orange
AST
aspartate transaminase
ASTM
ASTM International
ATF4
activating transcription factor 4
AuNC
Gold nanocube
AuNP
Gold nanoparticle
AuNR
Gold nanorod
BAD2
Bcl‐2 associated agonist of cell death
BALF
Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
Bcl‐xL
B‐cell lymphoma‐extra large
Bcl‐2
B‐cell lymphoma 2
BSI
British Standards Institution
CDC
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA
Cdk1
cyclin‐dependent kinase 1
CEN
European Committee for Standardization
CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
CeONP
Cerium oxide nanoparticle
CEPA
Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999
CFR
Code of Federal Regulations
CLP
Classification, Labeling, and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures
CNST
Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, USA
COSHH
The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations, 2002,
USA
CQA
critical quality attributes
CTAB
Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide
CuNP
Copper nanoparticle
CuONP
Copper oxide nanoparticle
DAPI
4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole
DCFH‐DA
2′7′‐dichlorofluorescin diacetate
DHHS
Department of Health and Human Services, USA
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
DOC
Office of the Director, USA
DSL
Domestic Substance List, Canada
ECHA
European Chemical Agency
ED
Ethidium bromide
ELISA
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
ELSA
ethical, legal, and social aspects
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
Erα
estrogen receptor alpha
ETSI
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
Fas
fatty acid synthase
FIFRA
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
Fpg
Formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase
GB
Guobiao Standards
GDG
Guideline Development Group
GHS
Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of
Chemicals
GSSG
Glutathione disulfide
IL
interleukin
IL‐2
Interleukin 2
IONP
Iron oxide nanoparticle
IOMC
Inter‐Organization Programme for the Sound Management of
Chemicals
ISIRI
Institute of Standards & Industrial Research of Iran
ISO
International Organization for Standardization
HepG2
hepatoma G2
HepG2
human hepatoma cell
HSP70
70 kilodalton heat shock proteins
Ki‐67
antigen Ki‐67
LC50
median lethal concentration
LD50
median lethal dose
LPS
lipopolysaccharide
MAPK
mitogen‐activated protein kinase
MCF‐7
breast cancer cell line. The acronym of Michigan Cancer
Foundation‐7
Mcl‐1
Myeloid cell leukemia 1
MDA
Malondialdehyde
MDA‐MB‐231
human breast cancer cells
MFDS
Ministry of Food and Drug Safety of the Republic of Korea
MMP‐9
matrix metallopeptidase 9
MNPs
Metallic nanoparticles
mRNA
messenger RNA
mtTFA
mitochondrial transcription factor A
NCI
U.S. National Cancer Institute, USA
NEHI
Nanotechnology Environmental and Health Implications Working
Group
NF‐κB
nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells
NIH
National Institute of Health, USA
NIOSH
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, USA
NIST
National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA
NMBP
The Advisory Group for Nanotechnologies, Advanced Materials,
Biotechnology, and Advanced Manufacturing and Processing
NMPA
National Medical Products Administration, China
NNCO
National Nanotechnology Coordination Office, USA
NNI
National Nanotechnology Initiative, USA
NNIN
National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network, USA
NOAEL
No observable adverse effect level
NPs
nanoparticles
NRC
Canada National Research Council of Canada
NSET
The Nanoscale Science, Engineering, and Technology Subcommittee,
USA
NSNR
New Substances Notification Regulations, Canada
NSRC
Nanoscale Science Research Centers, USA
NSTC
The National Science and Technology Council, USA
NTP
National Toxicology Program
OECD
Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development
OEL
occupational exposure limit
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, USA
OSTP
The Office of Science and Technology Policy, USA
p53
tumor protein p53
PARP
poly(ADP‐ribose)polymerase
PBMC
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
PBT
persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic
PCR
Polymerase chain reaction
PEG
Polyethylene glycol
PMN
premanufacture notices
PPE
personal protective equipment
PS20
Polysorbate 20
PS80
Polysorbate 80
PtD
prevention through design
REACH
Regulation for the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and
Restriction of Chemicals
REL
recommended exposure limit
RITC
rhodamine B isothiocyanate
ROS
reactive oxygen species
SAC
Standardization Administration of China
SDO
standards developing organizations
SDS
safety data sheet
SDS
Sodium dodecyl sulphate
SOD
Superoxide dismutase
SOD2
superoxide dismutase 2
SeNPs
selenium nanoparticles
SNUR
significant new use rules
SVHC
substance of very high concern
TBARs
Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
TGF‐β
Transforming growth factor‐β
TiO2NP
Titanium dioxide nanoparticle
TLV
threshold limit value
TMAT
NNN‐trimethylammonium ethanethiol
TNF‐α
tumor necrosis factor alpha
TNSC
Taiwan Nanotechnology Standards Council
TSCA
Toxic Substances Control Act
TUNEL
terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling
UNCED
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
UNMZ
Czech Office for Standards, Metrology, and Testing
UNP
unbound engineered nanoparticles
USFDA
Food and Drug Administration, USA
USPTO
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, USA
VAMAS
Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards
vPvB
very persistent, very bioaccumulative
VEGF
vascular endothelial growth factor
WEL
workplace exposure limit
WPMN
OECD Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials
WPMN
Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials
ZnONP
Zinc oxide nanoparticle
Part I
Nanomedicine:
Nanotoxicological Insights
1
Nanomedicines: Applications and
Toxicological Concerns
Mrunali Patel1, Rashmin Patel1, and Mahendra Rai2,3
1 Department of Pharmacy, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar
University of Science and Technology, (CHARUSAT), CHARUSAT Campus,
Changa, GJ, India
2 Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University,
Amravati, MH, India
3 Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska,
Torun, Poland
1.1 Introduction
Nanotechnology is an evolving technology that has been researched for
numerous uses, from material science to life science. A widely used
description by National Nanotechnology Initiative, USA, defines
nanotechnology as the designing, synthesis, and characterization of materials
and structures smaller than 100 nanometers (nm in size or output limit), by
controlling the shapes and sizes at the nanoscale (Parappurath et al. 2018;
Bayda et al. 2020). The size of 100 nm, however, is not a rigid boundary; it
varies depending on the application (McDonald et al. 2015). Recently, the
design and manufacture of nanotechnology have risen, including nanoscience,
nanomaterials, nanoparticles, nanomedicine, and nanotoxicology. The branch
of science dedicated to the study of the peculiar properties of matter at the
nanoscale is known as nanoscience (Bayda et al. 2020). The structures made
up of aggregated or unbound nanoparticles apply to nanomaterials. As per the
International Organization of Standardization, nanoparticles (NPs) are
particles whose sizes in one, two, or three dimensions are within the range
from 1 to 100 nm (Jeevanandam et al. 2018). Their measurements are
equivalent to those of biomolecules such as proteins, DNA, hemoglobin,
viruses, and cell membranes. Some of the significant and special
characteristics of NPs are higher surface‐to‐mass ratios than the bulk
material, altered quantum properties, and their ability to adsorb and hold
other substances such as drugs, probes and proteins. They are both present in
nature and can be produced by traditional industrial processes and
techniques of nanomanufacturing (Shubhika 2013). The nanomaterials are
classified based on diverse parameters such as dimensionality, morphology,
composition, uniformity, agglomeration rate, and origin (Buzea and Pacheco
2017; Jeevanandam et al. 2018; Trotta and Mele 2019; Khan 2020) as
tabulated in Table 1.1.
Nanotechnology employs novel, specific, and selective medicinal products at
the nanoscale in the healthcare sector to develop nanomedicines.
Nanomedicine is an emerging subdivision of nanotechnology that plays an
important role in disease detection, surveillance, prevention, and
remediation. The term nano means minuscule, extremely small; so,
nanomedicine is concerned with drug formulations in the nano range of sizes
(nanoformulations). The nanoformulations can be utilized for delivery of an
impressive range of therapeutic drugs by encapsulation or attachment on the
surface for a targeted, sustained, and controlled release to almost any
tissue/organ/area of the body (Mukherjee et al. 2014; Krukemeyer et al.
2015; Ventola 2017; Fadeel and Alexiou 2020). Possible applications include:
nanorobots, nanoscale medicines and targeted delivery of medicines,
nanocarriers for drug delivery such as nanocrystal, polymeric NPs, magnetic
NPs, mesoporous silica NPs, liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, quantum dots,
iron oxide, carbon nanotubes, antimicrobial medical dressings, in vivo imaging
techniques, bone and dental prostheses, tissue regeneration, etc.
Nanotechnology also enables better identification and understanding of
biomarkers. Further, benefits achieved are analysis of the disease stage, three‐
dimensional (3D) nanomaterials for injury site, immobilized stem cells, blood
glucose metering, delivery of insulin, guided implantation, etc. The financial
implications of the use of nanotechnology in medicine were projected to rise
to $528 billion by 2019 and will continue to grow dramatically in the coming
years, according to recent industry forecasts. Further development in this
field enables technology for patient‐specific, targeted, and regenerative
medicine (Farjadian et al. 2019).
Table 1.1 An overview of the classification of nanomaterials based on various
parameters with a few examples and applications.
Sources: Based on Buzea and Pacheco (2017), Jeevanandam et al. (2018), Trotta and Mele
(2019) and Khan (2020).
Le 15. — Mon Dieu, mon Dieu, quel jour ! le jour de son mariage.
A pareille heure, un an passé, nous étions à l’Abbaye-aux-Bois, lui,
vous, moi, moi à côté de lui. Je viens d’une église aussi, et d’auprès
de lui sur sa tombe.
Le 16. — Plus rien mis hier après ces lignes. Il est des
sentiments qui dépassent toute expression. Dieu sait dans quel
abîme j’étais plongée et accablée des souvenances de noces.
C’était lui et sa belle fiancée agenouillés devant l’autel, le Père
Buquet les bénissant et leur parlant d’avenir, la foule assistante, le
chant de l’orgue, cette quête pour les pauvres où j’avais quelque
embarras, la signature à la sacristie, tant de témoins de ce brillant
contrat avec la mort. — La rencontre dehors d’un char funèbre ; le
déjeuner à côté de vous où vous me disiez : « Que votre frère est
beau ! » où nous parlâmes tant de sa vie ; — la soirée, le bal où je
dansai pour la première et dernière fois. Je dois à Maurice des
choses uniques. Le plaisir de lui voir l’air content, d’être à sa fête, et
au fond de cette joie des serrements de cœur, et cette horrible vision
des cercueils autour du salon, — posés sur ces tabourets longs et
drapés à franges d’argent. Oh ! que je fus glacée au sortir de leur
chambre, en toilette avec des fleurs pour le bal, que cela me vînt !
J’en fermai les yeux. Journée, soirée si diversement mémorables,
date de tant de douleurs, je n’en puis ôter mon âme. Je m’enfonce
en toutes ces choses, et quand je songe à tout ce que j’avais mis de
bonheur dans un être qui n’est plus maintenant qu’en souvenir, j’en
éprouve une inénarrable tristesse, et j’en apprends à ne faire fond
sur aucune vie ni sur rien. Il y a un cercueil entre le monde et moi ;
c’est fini du peu qui m’y pouvait plaire. J’ai des liens de cœur, plus
aucun de bonheur, de fête. Maurice et moi nous nous tenions
intérieurement par des rubans roses. Tout m’était riant en lui, tout me
plaisait, jusqu’aux peines : mon Dieu ! mon Dieu ! avoir perdu cela !
que voulez-vous que j’aime à présent ?
Le 28. — C’est étonnant le beau ciel que nous avons cet hiver !
J’en jouis en me promenant, en respirant au soleil un air qui fait
ouvrir les fleurs. Les amandiers bourgeonnent, mon lilas de la
terrasse est tout couvert de boutons. Tant de printemps fait bien
plaisir en hiver ; mais tout en m’y plaisant, j’y trouve une tristesse, un
regret de n’avoir pas eu cette douceur de temps l’an dernier pour
notre pauvre malade. Peut-être il aurait vécu davantage, se serait
guéri dans cette douce chaleur, car l’air fait la vie. L’air de Paris l’a
tué, je le crois, je le savais et je ne pouvais pas le tirer de là. Ç’a été
une de mes plus profondes souffrances de ce passé dont j’ai tant
souffert. Pauvre frère, tout m’est pente pour tomber à lui, tout m’y
ramène. Voyez, je voulais parler du soleil, mais le voilà bien éclipsé
de noir. Ainsi tout tourne au deuil quoi que je touche, même votre
souvenir si fort lié à une tombe. C’est ce qui me le rend si différent
de tout ce qui me va au cœur ; il prend quelque chose des reliques.
Vous êtes à part en moi. Quand je considère notre liaison et ce qui
l’a amenée, tant d’événements, tant de choses pour me sortir du
désert, et notre rencontre en Babylone, dans ce Paris dont j’étais si
loin ; quand je m’y vois si étrangère et sitôt connue, sitôt comprise et
sœur de vous, homme du monde, de vous prenant sœur à vos
antipodes, trouvant amie de choix, lien de vie dans la vie la plus
opposée à la vôtre : oh ! je dis qu’il y a merveilleuse chose en cela,
mystère de providence dans cet attachement qui ne ressemble à
aucun. Je tiens à vous par quelque chose du ciel, par prédestination,
comme vous avez dit. Dieu sait pourquoi et dans quel dessein il
nous a unis d’amitié. Oh ! que je veux votre bonheur, à commencer
par celui du ciel. Je doute d’y pouvoir grand’chose, car je vous crois
difficile en bonheur. Et que peut être pour vous une pauvre femme
mi-sortie de ce monde, mi-morte, qui ne sent plus rien que par le
côté religieux ? Vous ne l’êtes pas, mon ami. Cette différence qui
m’afflige pourrait bien vous ennuyer, dans nos rapports, et alors les
voilà changés, délaissés. Peut-être je vous juge mal.
Trouvé dans le bois une fleur que j’ai prise et mise ici en souvenir
du printemps de décembre. C’est une marguerite des bois, qui
plaisait à ma mère et que j’aime pour cela. Nos affections naissent
l’une de l’autre.