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Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 56(1), 39-46, 2021

Potential of Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui grown in Nuniachara,

Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

A. Aziz1, 3, A. Hassan1, S. K. Roy1, M. Z. Haque2, B. K. Saha2, S. Ahmed2, M. Rahman2, L. C. Mohanta2 and O. F. Mashuk3

1
Department of Botany, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
2
Institute of Food Science and Technology, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research,Kudrat-E-Khoda Road, Dhaka 1205,
Bangladesh
3
Adaptive Trials on Seaweed Cultivation along Bangladesh Coast Project, On-Farm Research Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research
Institute, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

Abstract

During selection of Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui (red seaweed) growing naturally at Nuniachara
sand-flat south-east of Moheshkhali channel, Cox’s Bazar local fishermen informed that Rakhaine
and Chakma tribes of Cox’s Bazar and Bandarbon consume the seaweed. To ascertain the quality of
the organism as “Seafood” analysis of its nutritional status was carried out using three replicates in
many cases. Percentage composition of total crude protein, crude fiber, crude lipid, carbohydrates,
ash and moisture were 25.55 ± 0.18, 5.65 ± 0.13, 0.16 ± 0.03, 45.93 ± 1.53, 10.61 ± 0.69 and 12.10
± 0.25%, respectively. Mineral contents such as phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron and copper
were 596.90 ± 10.4, 132.75 ± 3.4, 3.90 ± 1.2, 80.13 ± 2.45 and3.99 ± 1.2mg/100gdry wt.,
respectively. Heavy metals such as Pb, As, Cr and Cd were 0.031, 0.01, 0.06 and 0.02 mg/kg dry wt.
respectively, which are below tolerance level. The seaweed contained 9.03% nine essential amino
acids and 7.52% five non-essential amino acids. The quantity of total energy, β-carotene and vitamin
C were 294.56 kcal/100g, 11.54 ± 1.20 and 2.5 mg/100g, respectively. Presence of high crude
Received: 24 June 2020
protein, amino acid profiles, β-carotene, phosphorus and low crude lipid and heavy metals made
Revised: 12 August 2020 Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui to be considered as a good human food supplement.
Accepted: 16 March 2021
Keywords: Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui; Red Seaweed; Nutritional composition;
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v56i1.52694 Food supplement; Cox’s Bazar; Bangladesh

Introduction

Seaweeds of family Gracilariaceae (Rhodophytceae) are
economically very important for valuable sources such as
agar-agar (Santos 1990; Kumar and Fotedar 2009; Sousa et
al., 2008), protein, fiber, fatty acids, vitamins, macro and
trace elements as well as important bioactive compounds
(Darcy-Vrillon 1993; Mabeau and Fleurence 1993; Fleurence
1999; Ortiz et al., 2006). Consumption of edible seaweeds has
a positive effect on human health reducing blood lipid levels,
obesity, and risk of coronary heart diseases (Critchley et al.,
2006; Benjama and Masniyom, 2011). In the Philippines
Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui is consumed as a sea
vegetable, and intensively cultivated in China and Taiwan for
food (Haglund and Pedersen, 1993; Tseng and Xia, 1999). In
Malaysia, several species e.g. G. changii and G.
tenuistipitata are used as salads and for agar extraction
(Phang, 2006). Agar is extensively used in the production of
Jam and jelly, cosmetics, etc. and pharmaceutical industries,
as well as in microbiological researches.

*Corresponding author e-mail: dr.aziz.botany@gmail.com

40 Potential of Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui
Due to the combined impacts of climate change, current
cropping and consumption patterns, the seemingly
plentiful and cheap resources are becoming limited and
has been estimated that an equivalent of more than two
Earths will be needed by 2050 to support the rapidly
growing global population (Tiwari and Troy, 2015).
Bangladesh is affected by population boom and frequent
tidal bore along its 710 km coast against Bay of Bengal.
Once crop fields are flooded with saline water about 7
years needed to produce land crops. Under the
circumstances Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute
coordinated by BARC took a project on “Capacity
building for conducting Adaptive Trials on Seaweed
Cultivation in Coastal Areas” to provide nutritious
seaweeds as food supplement (Anonymous, 2019; Aziz,
2015; Ito and Hori 1989). In fact the G. tenuistipitata var.
liui growing on the sand-flat of Nuniachara beside
Moshekhali Channel, Cox’s Bazaris is being consumed by
Rakhaine and Chakma tribes. Therefore, nutritional
analysis of the seaweed grown in large scale at
Nuniachara has been carried out.
Materials and methods
Samples collection
Sundried sample of G. tenuistipitata var. liui (which on
thorough study has been found to be a new record for
Bangladesh (Aziz, 2020)) grown at Nuniachara sand-flat
southeast of Moheshkhali Channel, Cox’s Bazar under the
Project “Adaptive Trials on Seaweed Cultivation in Coastal
Areas”, implemented by Bangladesh Agricultural Research
Institute, Gazipur, Coordinated by Bangladesh Agricultural
Research Council, Farm Gate, Dhaka was supplied in
zip-lock polybags for nutritional analysis.
Chemical analysis
Determination of crude protein
Crude protein content was determined by Micro-Kjeldahl
method (Guebel et al., 1991). Powdered 0.5g sample was
mixed in 10 ml of concentrated H2SO4 and 1:1 g digestion
mixture (sodium sulphate and mercuric oxide) and heated for
6 h. It was diluted up to 100 ml with distilled water 10 ml of
which was transferred in a micro-Kjeldahl distillation
apparatus and distilled for 10 min. The distillate was
collected in excess of 2% boric acid solutions with indicator
and was titrated by 0.02 N HCl. It was compared with a
similar blank digestion.
56(1) 2021
Determination of crude lipid
Crude lipid content of seaweed was determined by following
Mehlenbacher (1960). Powdered 10 g sample was mixed
with 150 ml n-Hexane and petroleum benzine solvents at
90:60 ratio. Crude lipid was extracted using Soxlet
apparatus. Powdered 10 g extract was kept in the extraction
thimble for eight hours and weighed again. Deference in the
weight represented crude lipid content.
Determination of crude fiber
Crude fiber content was measured following AOAC (2000).
In the moisture and fat free 5.0 g sample 200 ml of 0.255 N
sulphuric acid was added and boiled for 30 min and after that
200 ml of 0.313 N (1.25%) NaOH solution was added to the
solution and boiled for another 30 min. The filtrate was dried
at room temperature and weighed. The sample was then kept
in muffle furnace at 650 ºC for 2-3 h, cooled and weighed
again. The deference in weight represents the amount of
crude fiber.
Determination of moisture
One gram-powdered sample at 25 °C was taken onto the tray
of automatic moisture determination machine, Model Chyo,
IB-30 for 10-15 min and moisture content was recorded.
Determination of ash
Ash content was determined by following AOAC (2000).
The residue of crude lipid determination described earlier
was considered as ash content.
Determination of carbohydrate
Total carbohydrate percentage was determined following
Edeogu et al. (2007) using following formula- [Percentage of
total carbohydrate content = 100 – (moisture + protein +
lipid+ minerals)]
Determination of available energy
Available energy was calculated using the formula [available
energy = (9.3 × fat) + (4.1 × carbohydrates) + (4.1 × protein)]
described by Eneche (1991), Chinma and Igyor (2007) and
Nwabueze (2007). The proportion of protein, fat, and
carbohydrate was multiplied by their physiological fuel
values of 4.1, 9.3, and 4.1 kcal, respectively, and the sum of
the values was considered as available energy.
Determination of amino acids
Amino acid analysis was conducted by following the Amino
Acid Analysis System Instruction Manual (Anonymous
 Aziz, Hassan, Roy, Haque, Saha, Ahmed, Rahman, Mohanta and Mashuk 41

1993). The amino acid analyzer uses the system of a
column (Amino-Na) packed with a strongly acidic cation
exchange resin for separation. Amino acids injected and
separated using a binary gradient eluting method and
detected by post-column derivation detection and
fluorescence detector of each amino acid at high sensitivity
and 120 kg/cm2 pressure.
Determination of vitamins
β-carotene content was determined by column
chromatography and quantification by visible spectroscopy
as described in AOAC (1990). Vitamin C was measured by
HPLC method (Lakshanasomya 1998; Knelfel and Sommer,
1985).
Determination of minerals
The mineral contents (Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, and P) were
determined following the methods described in the Manual
of Laboratory Techniques (Anonymous, 2006; Boltz, 1958;
Rupérez, 2002).
Determination of heavy metals
Heavy metals were analyzed using Atomic Absorption
Spectrometer (AAS). The quantities of chemical elements
present were determined by measuring the absorbed radiation
of the chemical element of interest. This was done by reading
the spectra produced when the sample is excited by radiation
(García and Báez, 2012).
Table I. Nutrient contents (% dry wt.) of G. tenuistipitata var. liui, comparison with species reported by others and
Spirulina platensis (used as natural vitamins)
Results and discussion
Nutrient composition
Utilization of seaweeds as plant protein, vitamins, etc.
sources is becoming more popular in the food industry in
developing countries (Fleurence, 1999; Wong and Cheung,
2000) and also in developed countries like USA where every
super shop displays seaweed food item (Prof. Charles Yarish,
Connecticut University, pers. Communication).
The crude protein content in G. tenuistipitata var. liui was
25.55 ± 0.18%, higher than G. cervicornis, G. changgi and G.
cornea but significantly lower than Spirulina platensis
(58.42 ± 1.07%), a cyanobacterium known as super food
(Table 1). Crude fiber 5.65 ± 0.13% was similar to G.
cervicornis and G. cornea and slightly lower than S. platensis
(7.83 ± 0.26%) (Table 1). Crude lipid in the present seaweed
was much lowe 0.16 ± 0.03% than G. cervicornis and G
changgi also significantly lower than S. platensis (12.25 ±
0.39%) (Table 1). Ash content in G. tenuistipitata var. liui
was 10.61 ± 0.69% similar to G. cervicornis, higher than
S.platensis (8.51 ± 0.42%), but lower than G. changgi and G.
cornea (Table 1). Moisture content in G. tenuistipitata var.
liui was 12.10 ± 0.25% significantly lower than G.
cervicornis and higher than S.platensis (8.83 ± 0.26%) (Table
1). However, moisture content usually depends on the drying
process. Carbohydrate content in G. tenuistipitata var. liui
was 45.93 ± 1.53%, which is significantlylower than G.
cervicornis, but higher than G. cornea (Table1). The energy

Seaweed Crude Crude Crude Moisture Ash Carbohydrate Available Energy Reference
protein lipid fiber (kcal/100g)
G. tenuistipitata 25.55 0.16 ± 5.65 12.10 10.61 45.93 294.56 Present
var. liui ± 0.18 0.03 ± 0.13 ± 0.25 ± 0.69 ± 1.53 research

G. cervicornis 19.70 0.43 5.69 14.33 10.51 63.13 356.84 Marinho -

± 2.7 ± 0.06 ± 0.74 ± 1.78 ± 1.56 ± 3.5 Soriano
et al. (2006)
G. changgi 6.90 3.30 24.7 - 22.70 - - Norziah and
± 0.10 ± 0.2 ± 0.7 ± 0.6 Ching (2000)

G. cornea 5.47 - 5.21 - 29.06 36.29 201.25 Robledo and

± 0.44 ± 0.12 ± 0.50 ± 0.44 Freile -P elegrin
(1997)
Spirulina 58.42 12.25 7.83 8.83 8.51 Nd Nd Toyub
platensis ± 1.07 ± 0.39 ± 0.26 ± 0.26 ± 0.42 et al. 2011
(n = 3, Mean ± SE)
42 Potential of Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui 56(1) 2021

content of G. tenuistipitata var. liui was good enough (294.52
kcal/100g) and higher than G. cornea but lower than other G.
cervicornis (356.84 kcal/100g) (Table I).
Amino acid profile
G. tenuistipitata var. liui contained higher amount of crude
protein and thus amino acid profile was determined. As many
as 15 amino acids were found of which eleven were essential
amino acids (EAA), lysine percentage was highest and
histidine was lowest, and four were non-EAA of which
glutamate was highest. Total Amino acids were 16.55% of
which total EAA was 9.03% (Table II). Total non-EAA was
7.52% of which glutamic acid was highest followed by
aspartic acid (Table II). G. tenuistipitata var. liui had
significantly higher total amino acids than G. corticata but
much lower than G. changgi (Table II).
Vitamins
Vitamin C was approximately 2.5 mg/100g in G.
tenuistipitata var. liui lower than G. lemaneiformis (3.4
mg/100g) (Fig. 1). The lower value may be due to the fact
that vitamin C contentvaries depending on heating time and
drying processes (Igwemmar et al., 2013; Santos and Silva,
2008). β-carotene content was found to be significantly
higher(11.54 ± 1.20 mg/100g) than G. changgi (5.02 ± 0.40
mg/100g) and other species (G. birdiae, G. caudate, G.
domingiensis and G. ferox) (Fig. 2).
Minerals
Among the minerals P content (596.90 ± 10.4mg/100g) was
similar to S. platensis (600.0 mg/100g), and was much higher
than other species reported by others (Table III). Other
minerals determined in G. tenuistipitata var. liui was
compared with different species of Gracilaria: Ca was
132.75 ± 3.4 mg/100g significantly lower than S. platensis
(700.0 mg/100g), much lower than other compared species
such as G. changgi (651 ± 5.2 mg/100g), G. gracilis (429.11
mg/100g) and G. lemaniformis (139.13mg/100g); Fe was
(80.13 ± 2.45 mg/100g) significantly lower than G. changgi
(95.6 ± 3.7 mg/100g) and S. platensis (150.0 mg/100g), but
far more higher than G. lemaniformis (26.09 mg/100g) and
G. gracilis (15.20 mg/100g); Cu was (3.99 ± 1.2 mg/100g)
significantly higher than G. changgi (0.8 ± 0.1 mg/100g), G.
lemaniformis (0.28 mg/100g), and S. platensis (1.20
mg/100g), (Table III).

Table II. Amino acid (% dry wt.) profile of G. tenuistipitata var .liui and comparison with species reported by others

Sl no. Amino acids G. tenuistipitata G. corticata G. changgi

var.liui (Kumar and (Norziah and Ching,
(Present Research) Kaladharan, 2007) 2000)
1. Arginine 1.62 0.89 3.55
2. Histidine 0.50 0.33 1.91
3. Iso-Leucine 0.84 0.63 2.94
4. Leucine 1.54 1.06 3.66
5. Lysine 1.66 0.86 1.66
6. Methionine 0.66 0.15 2.0
7. Threonine 0.69 1.23 3.98
8. Tyrosine 0.63 0.44 0.94
9. Valine 0.89 0.90 3.17
Total EAA 9.03 6.49 23.81
10. Alanine 1.42 0.81 6.33
11. Aspartate 1.64 1.99 4.01
12. Glutamate 2.63 1.85 6.36
13. Glycine 0.89 1.03 0.71
14. Serine 0.94 1.12 Not determined
Total Non-EAA 7.52 6. 8 17.41
 Rahman, Nandi and Goswami 43

40
35

Vit. C (mg/100 g)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
G. tenuistipitata var. liui G. lemaneiformis
Fig. 1. Vitamin C in G. tenuistipitata var. liui and comparison with G. lemaneiformis

14
12
β-Carotene (mg/100g)

10
8
6
4
2
0
G. G. changgi G. birdiae G. caudate G. G. ferox
tenuistipitata domingiensis
var. liui
Fig. 2. β-carotene content in G. tenuistipitata var. liui (mg/kg) and comparison with species
reported by others

Table III. Minerals (mg/100g dry wt.) in G. tenuistipitata var. liui and comparison with species reported by others and
Spirulina platensis (used as natural vitamins)
Seaweeds Ca Mg Fe Cu P Reference

G. tenuistipitata var. 132.75 3.90 80.13 3.99 596.90 Present

liui (present sample) ± 3.4 ± 1.2 ± 2.45 ± 1.2 ± 10.4 research
G. changgi 651 Nd 95.6 0.8 Nd Norziah and
± 5.2 ± 3.7 ± 0.1 Ching, 2000
G. gracilis 429.11 Nd 15.20 Nd 57.01 Rasyid et
al., 2019
G. lemaniformis 139.13 Nd 26.09 0.28 189.97 Wen et al.,
2006
Spirulina platensis 700.0 400.0 150.0 1.2 600.0 Jung et al.,
2019
44 Potential of Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui
Heavy Metals
Heavy metals determined in G. tenuistipitata var. liui was
compared with the Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake (PTDI)
recommended by Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on
Food Additives (JECFA), Food Safety Authority of Ireland
(Anonymous, 2009), and G. foliifere: the determined
amount of heavy metals in the present organism were, Pb
0.031 mg/kg (tolerable limit is 0.1-0.3 mg/kg) lower than G.
foliifere; total As was 0.01 mg/kg (tolerable limit is 0.12
mg/day for a 60kg adult), lower than total As of G. foliifere
(0.033 mg/kg); Cr content in present sample was 0.06 mg/kg
(tolerable limitis 0.1 mg/kg) and higher than G. foliifere
(0.007 mg/kg); Cd was 0.02 mg/kg (tolerable limitis 0.2
mg/kg) significantly lower than G. foliifere (0.055 mg/kg)
(Table IV). All the four heavy metals determined for G.
tenuistipitata var. liui were lower than the permissible limit
and G. foliifere in most cases.
Table IV. Heavy metals (mg/kg dry wt.) found in G. tenuistipitata var. liui and comparison with species
reported by others
Seaweeds Pb As
G. tenuistipitata var .liui 0.031 0.01
(present sample)
G. foliifere 0.091 0.033
From the above analytical results and discussions, it can be
concluded that the red seaweed can be used as enriched
health seafood like Spirulina platensis in Bangladesh (Table
I and III) (Toyub et al., 2011; Jung et al., 2019).
Conclusion
G. tenuistipitata var. liui (red seaweed) growing/grown at
Nuniachara sand-flat, Moheshkhali Channel, Cox’s Bazar
is a rich sources of protein, β-carotene and mineral content,
a moderate quantity of crude fiber, ash, moisture,
carbohydrate, and total energy; low fats and heavy metals,
and balanced amino acid profile made it a nutritionally rich
and healthy sea vegetable. In the wake of global warming,
Bangladesh’s coastal areas being more prone to natural
disasters that affect crop-field soil by increased salinity,
selection of crops and cropping patterns should be changed
and seaweed crop appears to be a suitable candidate,
adapting to the changing coastal environment, ensuring
food security.
56(1) 2021
Acknowledgment
Results presented are a part of MS thesis, during 2016-17
session, Department of Botany, University of Dhaka
funded by the National Science and Technology
Fellowship 2017, Govt. of the People’s Republic of
Bangladesh. Seaweed samples were provided by Mr.
Mostak Ahmed, Senior Scientific Officer, On Farm
Research Division at Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh Agricultural
Research Institute, Gazipur, and in charge of the Seaweed
Cultivation Project at Coxes Bazar titled “Adaptive Trails
on Seaweed Cultivation in Coastal Areas”, coordinated by
Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Farm Gate,
Dhaka and technical support for nutritional analysis by
different laboratories of Bangladesh Council of Scientific
and Industrial Research are gratefully acknowledged.
Cr Cd Reference
0.06 0.02 Present research
0.007 0.055 Nabil et al. 2008
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