Hindawi

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

Volume 2023, Article ID 3461751, 12 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/3461751

Research Article
Triple Band-Notch UWB Antenna Embedded with Slot and
EBG Structures

P. Raveendra Babu ,1 D. Ramakrishna ,2 and Ginbar Ensermu 3

1
Department of ECE, University College of Engineering, Osmania University, Hyderabad & Department of ECE, CMR College of
Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad, India
2
Department of ECE, University College of Engineering, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
3
Wollega University, Electrical & Computer Engineering Department, Nekemte, Oromia, Ethiopia

Correspondence should be addressed to Ginbar Ensermu; ginbalem@gmail.com

Received 22 October 2022; Revised 22 February 2023; Accepted 3 March 2023; Published 11 April 2023

Academic Editor: Sreenath Reddy Thummaluru

Copyright © 2023 P. Raveendra Babu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.

In this paper, a planar, compact pentagonal shaped ultrawideband antenna of microstrip line fed offering triple band-notched
characteristics response is proposed and investigated. Triple band-notch response can be achieved by creating two inverted U-
shaped slots of different size in pentagonal patch, and also electromagnetic band gap structure of hexagonal shape is created
near the feed line of UWB antenna. To implement the proposed antenna, RT/DUROID 5880 substrate of 1.6 mm thickness is
used. The designed antenna was successfully simulated, developed, and manufactured. The dimension of the suggested antenna
is 36 mm × 33 mm × 1:6 mm and has a bandwidth of 3.1–10.6 GHz with a magnitude of S11 < −10 dB, the maximum pass band
gain of 4.6 dB and with the exception of the 4.0–4.4 GHz (C-band satellite communication), 5.2–5.8 GHz (WLAN), and 8.0–
8.25 GHz (X-band) frequency bands. The suggested antenna has a good return loss, a virtually omnidirectional radiation
pattern, and a constant gain throughout operation.

1. Introduction an antenna, basic concepts of UWB antenna, and the effect

In wireless and mobile communication, ultrawideband tech-
nology has been extensive incentive from academia and
industry with a frequency band of 3.1–10.6 GHz for market-
able wireless communication applications, and monopole
antennas are more important in such applications. However,
these structures are not planar; they are difficult to combine
with microwave integrated circuits. As a result, printed
monopole design variations are preferred. Rectangular,
circular, triangular, sectoral, arc, and their modified forms
are the most popular radiating patch shapes in UWB
antenna design. Other narrow band services like WiMAX,
IEEE802.16 (3.3–3.7) GHz, 3.7 to 4.2 GHz (C-band satellite
communication), IEEE 802.11a, WLAN, HIPERLAN/2 with
5.15–5.825 GHz, and ITU with 8.02–8.4 GHz bands exist
over the specified range of UWB spectrum 3.1–10.6 GHz.
The fundamental concepts of microstrip patch antenna,
antenna parameters, the range of best suited values to design
of material used in the antenna on antenna parameters are
explained in the paper [1]. Filters are used in some UWB
antenna applications to reduce these frequency regions. Fil-
ters, on the other hand, add to the complexity and cost of
an antenna design. As a result, UWB antenna with elimi-
nated frequency bands is required to diminish the likelihood
of interference. In the UWB band, a variety of structures
such as slots/EBG structures have been described for notch
frequency response [2]. One of the traditional methods is
cutting of slot(s) with various shapes on the radiating patch
including a feeder-embedded slot line resonator, embedding
stub(s) along with radiating patch, using split ring resona-
tors (SRRs), and embedding slots in the ground plane inte-
grating electromagnetic band gap structures (EBG) [3, 4].
Zhu et al. have developed an antenna size of 26 mm × 35
mm by placing two flexuous slots and a C-shaped slot on
the patch and the antenna ground plane, respectively, to
achieve 3.5/5.5 GHz twin band-notched characteristics [5].
2 Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

L
0 200

–10 150
TM11
S

|S11| in dB
–20 TM21 100
W

Ground plane

Lg –30 50
Wg

Y y
–40 0
X z x 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Z Wf h
Frequency (GHz)

(a) (b) (c) Max. Current –7.32 (A/m)

0 dB Max.
–2 dB
–4 dB
–6 dB
–8 dB
–10 dB
–12 dB
–14 dB
–16 dB
–18 dB
–20 dB
–22 dB
–24 dB
–26 dB
–28 dB
–30 dB
–32 dB
–34 dB
–36 dB
–38 dB
–40 dB Min.
(d) fTM11 = 2.6 GHz (e) fTM21 = 4.64 GHz

Figure 1: UWB antenna: (a) front view, (b) side view, (c) plots of resonance and S11, (d) fTM11 mode current distribution, and (e) fTM21
mode current distribution plot.

Thomas et al. have implemented planar ultrawideband bev- with novel V-shaped holes and hexagonal cut EBG struc-
elled UWB with CPW fed with size of 8 × 30 mm2 an imped- tures beside the feedline for dual band elimination of 3.7–
ance transformer along the feed line and the design has on 4.6 GHz for C-band and 5.16–6.08 GHz for WLAN bands
FR4 substrate (ɛr of 4.4 and thickness of 1.6 mm), and this over the spectrum of 2.7–10.6 GHz having S11 is less than
design shows a bandwidth of 8.4 GHz, i.e., from 3.0 to -10 dB and VSWR ≤ 2 [13]. Yadav et al. implemented an
11.4 GHz, gain of 1.85 dBi, and radiation efficiency is greater antenna with a size of 26 × 30 mm2 by placing SRR, S-
than 81% [6]. Haraz Ahmed and Sebak have explained about shaped, and inverted modified U-shaped slots on a radiating
the antenna with a slit ring resonator (SRR) to notch band of patch to eliminate the bands of WiMAX from 3.3 to
830 MHz, i.e., 5.0–5.83 GHz for WLAN from the frequency 3.6 GHz, C-band of 3.8–4.2 GHz, and WLAN of 5.1–
range from 3 GHz to 13 GHz [7]. A UWB antenna with dual 5.8 GHz bands over 3 to 11 GHz with antenna parameters
band elimination characteristics was achieved by placing U- of VSWR < 2 apart from notched bands [14]. Guichi et al.
shaped slot [8] and also embedding both C-shaped and U- have implemented new V-shaped radiating element with a
shaped slots [9] with improved in the gain. Mandal and staircase flaw with a 50 Ω transmission line as a feed for dual
Das have investigated on dual band-notch UWB antenna notch frequency spectrum of WiMAX of 3.17–3.85 GHz and
by introducing EBG structures in place of slots and achieved ITU of 7.9–9.1 GHz within UWB frequency range [15]. Jose
dual band notching with in UWB frequency range, and this et al. have implemented a new type of double-elliptical-
design has improved the gain [10]. shaped MSA UWB antenna using HFSS Software [16]. Lv
The authors Kumar and Masa-Campos have imple- et al. have implemented an antenna with 35 × 30 mm2 of
mented a dual polarized UWB antenna [11]. Jaglan et al. 3.0 ~ 11 GHz using split-ring resonators (CSRRs), J type hole
have designed an antenna using EBG structures of mush- on the bottom side plate, the spiral type slot is loaded to cre-
room type and uniplanar to create band notching in for ate a band notching of 3.22 to 3.97 GHz, 4.94 to 5.84 GHz,
WiMAX band of 3.3 GHz–3.8 GHz, WLAN band of and 7.25 to 7.86 GHz bands are accomplished [17]. Ghahre-
5.15 GHz–5.825 GHz, and 7.1 GHz–7.9 GHz for X-Band mani et al. have implemented an UWB antenna by inserting
downlink satellite communication band within UWB band slitted EBG structure and a defected ground structure (DGS)
spectrum [12]. Deshmukh and Mohadikar have invented for dual band notching of WLAN/WiMAX [18]. Trimukhe
antenna size with 35 × 33 × 1:6 mm3 of pentagonal patch and Hogade have developed an antenna by inserting fractal
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 3

Table 1: Proposed triple band-notch antenna parameters.

Parameter Size (mm) Parameter Size (mm)

L 36 Lf 21
W 33 Wf 2.6
H 1.6 Rf 2.92
Lg 18 R 0.18
Wg 33 H -1.6
Hg -1.6 A 4
S 9.92 Er 2.2

–10
S11 in dB

–20

–30

2 4 6 8 10
Frequency in GHz

(a) (b)
Slot gain

0
Gain (dB)

–2

–4

–6
2 4 6 8 10
Frequency (GHz)
(c)

Figure 2: Pentagonal-shaped antenna loaded with inverted U-shaped slots: (a) antenna design, (b) return loss S11, and (c) gain.

EBG and Two Via Edge Located (TVEL) EBG structures
beside feed of antenna for creating a notching bands of
WiMAX of 3.3 to 4.0 GHz, WLAN of 5.1–5.8 GHz and 7.2
to 7.8 GHz for satellite downlink communication of antenna
size of 24 × 24 × 1:6 mm3 using FR4 substrate to VSWR is
less than 2 in the band from 2.9 GHz to 11.2 GHz apart from
notched bands [19]. Kadam et al. have designed an UWB
antenna on FR-4 substrate with the size of 35 × 33 × 1:6 m
m3 with the frequency spectrum of 2.7 GHz–10.6 GHz, the
parameter values such as S11 less than 10 dB (VSWR ≤2),
4 Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

Y M 14
Air line Air line
12

10

Frequency (GHz)
Γ
8
SY a X
1st Band gap 5.25 to 6.05 GHz
6
Y M
4

2 Г X

SX 0
Γ X M Y Г

Wave vector
Mode 1
Mode 2
(a) (b)

C1
Port 1

Port 2

C2 L

(c)

Figure 3: (a) Structure of EBG unit cell, (b) dispersion diagram, and (c) LC equivalent resonant circuit for unit EBG cell.

with the exception of 3.7–4.6 GHz (satellite C-band) and
5.16–6.08 GHz (WLAN) frequency bands [20]. The authors
of this paper have designed fractal antenna of 5th iteration
for UWB applications for better gain [21]. Din et al. have
explained the gain improvement techniques in UWB antenna
for GPR applications [22]. Kumar and Masa-Campos have
designed dual polarized UWB antenna for WLAN band
notching [23], and the Wang et al. investigated UWB antenna
for the elimination of Bluetooth/WIFI-7 and satellite commu-
nication bands in UWB frequency range [24].
In this paper, a modified novel inverted U-shaped slots
with two different dimensions are inserted on the
pentagonal-shaped UWB antenna, and hexagon-shaped
EBG structure is placed close to the microstrip feed of
UWB antenna. Primarily, a UWB antenna with pentagonal
structure UWB is investigated for the frequency spectrum
from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz and antenna parameters such as
return loss ðS11Þ ≤ −10 dB have being measured explained
in Section 2. In Section 3, the UWB antennas with novel
inverted U-shaped slots are created on the patch for dual
band notched response at 4–4.4 GHz (C-band) and 5.2–
5.8 GHz (WLAN). In Section 4, dealt with hexagonal shaped
EBG structure characteristics and its applications such as
band notching at 8.0–8.25 GHz (X-band) and improvement
of gain due to EBG are explained. Section 5 explained about
designed UWB antenna performance with and without EBG.
Section 6 discussed about group delay parameter which indi-
cates the performance of the UWB antenna and presented
fabricated antenna performance by comparing the designed
antenna. Section 7 explained the conclusion of the proposed
work. In this article, the band-notch features are obtained in
the lower frequency band by varying the length of modified
inverted U-shaped slots. The proposed antenna is designed
and fabricated on a low cost RT/DUROID 5880 substrate
by using high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) soft-
ware. The tunable notch frequency band helps to reduce
the intrusion with instantaneous applications such as Blue-
tooth, Wi-Fi, and Wi-MAX.
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 5

–10

S11 in dB
–20

–30
2 4 6 8 10
Frequency (GHz)
(a) (b)
2

0
Gain in dB

–2

–4
2 4 6 8 10
Frequency (GHz)
(c)

Figure 4: UWB antenna with EBG cell: (a) antenna with EBG, (b) S11, and (c) gain.

2. Pentagonal-Shaped UWB Antenna constant, i.e., re = 1:15, is due to the compensated ground
plane of monopole antennas. Equation (3) is used to calcu-
Figures 1(a) and 1(b) illustrate a typical pentagonal shape late two model frequencies for knm of 1.84118 and
UWB antenna developed on a low-cost RT DUROID 5880 3.05424. In equation (3), the word “c” signifies the free space
substrate height, i.e., h = 1:6. The basic TM11 mode of the velocity of the light.
pentagonal shaped patch with side length } s} = 9:92 mm is The proposed formulation yields a near prediction of 2-
around 2.7 GHz, whereas the lower band of frequency is mode frequency such as TM11 and TM21 with a percent of
2.92 GHz. The width of a microstrip fed is 2.6 mm of 50 error < 5%.
ohm impedance has been chosen, supported by a ground
plane with } Lg} = 18 mm and } Wg} = 33 mm. The horizon-
Rc = 0:74s, ð1Þ
tal gap in between the ground plane (p) and patch is set by
3 mm, resulting in the best bandwidth. The detailed dimen-
sions of proposed antenna are as mentioned in Table 1.  π
Figure 1 shows the simulated results of resonance and return Req = A ∗ Rc ∗ + p + Lg , ð2Þ
loss (S11) characteristics for the frequency ranging from 2 to 2
11 GHz shown in Figure 1(c). Figures 1(d) and 1(e) illustrate
the distributions of average surface current for the basic 2 knm :c
modes of TM11 and TM21 of a pentagonal-shaped mono- f nm = pffiffiffiffiffiffi : ð3Þ
pole antenna. The RT/DUROID 5880 substrate dielectric 2 ∗ π ∗ Req ∗ ϵ re
6 Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

Return loss

–5

–10

–15

S11 (dB)
–20

–25

–30

–35
0 2 4 6 8 10
Frequency (GHz)
(a) (b)
Gain vs frequency 0
–30 30
4
–2.00
2
0 –60 –9.00
60
–2 –16.00
Gain (dB)

–4 –23.00
–6 –90 90
–8
–10
–12 –120 120
2 4 6 8 10 12
Frequency (GHz)
–150 150
–180
(c) (d)
0 0
–30 30 –30 30
–2.00 –1.00

–9.00 –60 –7.00

–60 60 60
–16.00 –13.00

–23.00 –19.00

–90 90
–90 90

–120 120
–120 120

–150 150
–150 150
–180
–180
(e) (f)

Figure 5: Continued.
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 7

0 Gain with & without EBG

–30 30 5
–2.00

–60 –9.00 0
60

Gain (dB)
–16.00

–23.00 -5

–90 90
-10

–120 2 4 6 8 10 12
120
Frequency (GHz)

–150 150 With EBG

–100 Without EBG
(g) (h)

Figure 5: UWB antenna with both slots and EBG: (a) antenna design, (b) S11, (c) gain figure, (d) radiation pattern at 3.5 GHz, (e) radiation
pattern at 4.5 GHz, (f) radiation pattern at 5 GHz, (g) radiation pattern at 8 GHz, and (h) antenna gain with and without EBG.

3. Pentagonal-Shaped UWB Antenna with bandgap of presented EBG of hexagonal shaped can be seen
Inverted U-Shaped Slots in the dispersion diagram of Figure 3(b), such as between
mode-1 and mode-2 is a band gap (gray section) centered at
A new pentagonal shaped ultrawideband antenna design fc = 5:65 GHz, lower cutoff frequency is fL = 5:25 GHz &
with modified inverted U-shaped slots loaded on a radiating upper cutoff frequency is f h = 6:05 GHz. To describe the pro-
patch is chosen based on the surface current distribution in cess of the EBG connected to microstrip, a resonant equivalent
TM21 mode for band elimination application is shown in circuit model of LC resonator was shown in Figure 3(c).
Figure 2(a). The position of slots will be disturbing imped- The equations of (4) to (6) as mentioned below are used
ance and also frequency range to attain reduced smaller to calculate the cut-off frequency of the band gap created by
notch band response. The impact of altered inverted U- the EBG cell. A hexagonal-shaped EBG structure is incorpo-
shaped slots is first studied by examining the antenna’s rated near to the feed line of the antenna as shown in
resonance curve plot without a hexagonal EBG structure. Figure 4(a) to create a band-notch response, and a cylinder
The horizontal slot length is “Lh,” while the inclined slot is placed inside the hexagonal rings for notching and it acts
length is “Lv” in the modified Inverted U-shaped slot. Lh as inductor in LC circuit.
+ 2 × Lv = Ls where Ls is the total slot length.
As a result of the proposed design of UWB antenna with 1
novel inverted U-shaped slots without EBG, dual notched fc = pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi , ð4Þ
2 ∗ π8 LðC 1 + C 2 Þ
response is achieved at the frequency bands at 4–4.4GHz
(C-band) and 5.2–5.8GHz (WLAN), respectively, and the      
h h
return loss S11 of <-10 dB in UWB frequency range except L = 2 × 10−7 h ln + 0:5 − 0:75 , ð5Þ
notch bands is achieved as shown in Figure 2(b). The gain d d
of the antenna in UWB range is as explained in  
wε ð1 + εr Þ w+g
Figure 2(c), and the gain is about 2 dB in the UWB fre- C= o cos h−1 : ð6Þ
quency band except band-notching regions, i.e., at notching π g
bands, zone negative gain was exhibits.
Figures 4(b) and 4(c) explained about the return loss
S11 versus frequency and gain versus frequency of the
4. Hexagonal-Shaped EBG Structure and UWB antenna with EBG structure, respectively, the S11
Its Characteristics is < -10 dB over the UWB band range except notch fre-
quency band of 5.25 to 6.05 GHz, and it is observed that
To reduce the interference further in the UWB band, the gain is negative at the notch band range.
hexagon-shaped EBG is embedded in the near the feed line
of the antenna structure. The designed EBG unit cell struc- 5. An UWB Antenna Design with Both Slots
ture is shown in Figure 3(a). The dielectric constant of
and EBG
substrate “ r” = 2:2, height of substrate “ h” = 1:6 mm, side
dimension of EBG cell of “ a” = 4 mm, and diameter of each A novel pentagonal-shaped UWB antenna loaded with two
via “ d ” = 0:18 are the unit cell parameters. The rejected inverted U-shaped slots and EBG structure for triple band-
8 Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

(a) (b)

–5

–10

–15
S11 (dB)

–20

–25

–30

–35
2 4 6 8 10 12
Frequency (GHz)
(c)

1
Group delay (ns)

–1

–2

–3

2 4 6 8 10 12
Frequency (GHz)
(d) (e)

Figure 6: Continued.
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 9

–5 0 5
–15 –10 10 15
–20 20
–25 25
–30 30
–35 35
–40 40
–45 45
–50 50
–55 55
–60 60
–65 65
–70 70
–75 75
–80 80

–85 85

–90 90
–75 –70 –65 –60 –55 –50 –45 –40 –35
–95 95

–100 100

–105 105
–110 110
–115 115
–120 120
–125 125
–130 130
–135 135
–140 140
–145 145
–150 150
–155 155
–160 160
–165
–170 –175 –180 175 170 165

(f)

Figure 6: Continued.
10 Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

–5 0 5
–15 –10 10 15
–20 20
–25 25
–30 30
–35 35
–40 40
–45 45
–50 50
–55 55
–60 60
–65 65
–70 70
–75 75
–80 80

–85 85

–90 90
–75 –70 –65 –60 –55 –50 –45 –40 –35
–95 95

–100 100

–105 105
–110 110
–115 115
–120 120
–125 125
–130 130
–135 135
–140 140
–145 145
–150 150
–155 155
–160 160
–165
–170 –175 –180 175 170 165

(g)

Figure 6: Fabricated antenna: (a) front view, (b) back view, (c) comparison of S11 with simulated, (d) comparison of group delay of
simulated and measured values, (e) radiation pattern measurement setup, (f) radiation pattern at 3.5 GHz, and (g) radiation pattern at
5 GHz.

notch response was designed using HFSS software as shown
in Figure 5(a). Due to upper inverted U-shaped slot, the notch
frequency band range of 4 GHz to 4.4 GHz, which is a C-
satellite band was achieved. The lower inverted U-shaped slot
helps to create a notch frequency band range of 8 GHz to
8.25 GHz which is an X-band. The hexagonal shaped EBG
structure helps to create a notch frequency band with a fre-
quency range of 5.2 GHz to 5.8 GHz i.e., WLAN (wireless local
area network), and also EBG suppresses the surface wave and
due to that there was an improvement noted in the parameters
of S11 and gain of the antenna.
The antenna parameters such as return loss S11 of
<-10 dB entire UWB spectrum except triple notch bands
were explained in Figure 5(b), the gain versus frequency of
triple band-notch antenna was explained in Figure 5(c),
the radiation pattern of UWB antenna at pass bands of
3.5 GHz, 4.5 GHz, 5 GHz, and 8 GHz was explained in
Figures 5(d)–5(g), and the peak gain in the pass band was
achieved around 2.58 dB.
Radiation pattern of the antenna is shown at pass band
of Figures 5(d) 3.5 GHz, 5(e) 4.5 GHz, 5(f) 5 GHz, and 5(g)
8 GHz shows omnidirectional antenna properties where in
Phi = 0, it is termed as E-field that shows the shape of “cir-
cle,” and in Phi = 90, it is termed as H-field that shows shape
of “eight.”
Figure 5(h) shows the comparison of antenna gain with
and without EBG structure, the black color graph indicates
the gain with EBG, and the red color graph indicates the gain
without EBG. The gain of an antenna is improved about
2.58 dB. Thus, the gain is increased due to placing of EBG
structure near the feed line of the antenna design.
6. Performance Comparison of Fabricated
Antenna with Designed Antenna
The proposed UWB antenna for triple band-notch response
was fabricate on RTDUROID 5880 with 1.6 mm thickness as
presented in Figures 6(a) and 6(b).
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
The result comparison with respect to S11 and group
delay less than 2 ns were presented in Figures 6(c) and
6(d), respectively, and it is found that there was a good cor-
relation results between designed antenna and fabricated
antenna. The radiation pattern measurement setup is shown
in Figure 6(e). The radiation pattern measurement of fabri-
cated antenna at 3.5 GHz and 5 GHz was measured with
help anechoic chamber as presented in Figures 6(f) and 6(g).
7. Conclusion
The proposed pentagonal-shaped UWB antenna yields
bandwidth from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz. The triple band-
notch antenna with modified inverted U-shaped slots and
EBG structure is designed and simulated, and physical
antenna has been fabricated and tested for UWB band spec-
trum with band-notching characteristics. The antenna has
successfully been able to eliminate the interferences bands
of C band (4.0 to 4.4 GHz), WLAN (5.2 to 5.8 GHz), and X
band (8.0 to 8.25 GHz) frequencies. The proposed antenna
achieved a peak gain of 4.6 dB at 5 GHz. The proposed
antenna exhibit omnidirectional properties. The experimen-
tally measured results of designed triple band-notch antenna
have shown a satisfactory agreement and consistent with the
simulated results.
Data Availability
Data available and supported for finding this work. Data
collected from various sources and research centers in the
area of triple band-notch UWB antenna with slot and EBG
structures.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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