SQL Queries

Create database school;

Use school;

create table stud (adm char(4) , rno int(2) , fname varchar(20) , dob date ) ;

1 insert into stud (adm,rno,fname,dob) values('D101',10,'Avnish','2004-10-10');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

2 insert into stud (adm,rno,fname,dob) values("D102",11,"Aaradhya","2004-11-10");

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

3 insert into stud (adm,rno,fname,dob) values("D103",12,"Bhanu",'2003-11-10');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

4 insert into stud values("D104",13,"Divya",'2004-12-22');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

5 Describe stud;

6 Select * from stud;

SELECT rno,adm FROM stud WHERE fname=’Aaradhya’;

SELECT adm FROM stud WHERE rno>11 ORDER BY rno DESC;

7 DELETE FROM stud where adm=’D101’;

8 ALTER TABLE stud ADD marks integer;

9 UPDATE stud SET rno=15 WHERE adm=’D101’;

10 DROP TABLE stud;

DROP DATABASE school;

1
CREATE TABLE employee ( ECODE integer ,
ENAME varchar(20) ,
GENDER char(1) ,
GRADE char(2) ,
GROSS integer ) ;

INSERT INTO employee (ECODE , ENAME , GENDER , GRADE , GROSS) VALUES(1001 , ‘Ravi’ , ‘M’ , ‘E4’ , 50000);
INSERT INTO employee VALUES(1002 , ‘Akash’ , ‘M’ , ‘A1’ , 35000);
SELECT ECODE , ENAME FROM EMPLOYEE ;
SELECT ENAME , GRADE , GROSS FROM EMPLOYEE ;
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE GENDER = ‘F’ ;
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE GROSS > 48000 ;

DESCRIBE EMPLOYEE ; OR DESC EMPLOYEE ;

USING COLUMN ALIASES

SELECT ECODE AS “EMPLOYEE_CODE” FROM EMPLOYEE ;
CONDITION BASED ON A RANGE
SELECT ECODE , ENAME ,GRADE FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE GROSS BETWEEN 40000 AND 50000 ;
CONDITION BASED ON A LIST
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE GRADE IN (‘A1’ , ‘A2’);
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE GRADE NOT IN (‘A1’ , ‘A2’);
CONDITION BASED ON PATTERN MATCHES
SELECT ENAME FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘R%’ ;
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘_e%’ ;
SEARCHING FOR NULL
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE GROSS IS NULL ;
SELECT Name FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE Marks IS NULL ;

SORTING RESULTS
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE ORDER BY ENAME ;
SELECT ENAME FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE GROSS > 40000 ORDER BY ENAME desc ;

MODIFYING DATA IN TABLES

UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET GROSS = 55000 WHERE ECODE = 1009 ;
UPDATING MORE THAN ONE COLUMNS
UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET GROSS = 58000, GRADE=’B2’ WHERE ECODE = 1009 ;
UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET GROSS = GROSS +100 ;
UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET GROSS = GROSS * 2 ; WHERE GRADE=’A1’ OR GRADE=’A2’ ;
UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET GRADE=’A2’ WHERE ECODE=1004 AND GRADE=’NEELA’ ;

DELETING DATA FROM TABLES

DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE GRADE =’A1’ ;
DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE ;
So if we do not specify any condition with WHERE clause, then all the rows of the table will be deleted.
Thus above line will delete all rows from employee table

DROP TABLE employee ;

2
ALTER TABLE COMMAND
The ALTER TABLE command is used to change definitions of existing tables.(adding columns,deleting
columns etc.). The ALTER TABLE command is used for :
1. adding columns to a table
2. Modifying column-definitions of a table.
3. Deleting columns of a table.
4. Adding constraints to table.
5. Enabling/Disabling constraints.

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE ADD ADDRESS VARCHAR(50);

(i) ALTER TABLE testt ADD col3 INT ;
(ii) ALTER TABLE testt ADD col4 INT NOT NULL ;
(iii) ALTER TABLE testt ADD col5 CHAR(3) NOT NULL ;
(iv) ALTER TABLE testt ADD col6 VARCHAR(3);

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE CHANGE GROSS SALARY INTEGER;

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE CHANGE ENAME EM_NAME VARCHAR(30);

DELETING COLUMNS
ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE DROP GRADE ;

ADDING/REMOVING CONSTRAINTS TO A TABLE

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE ADD PRIMARY KEY (ECODE) ;

REMOVING CONSTRAINTS
Alter table drop primary key;

INTEGRITY CONSTRAINTS/CONSTRAINTS

CREATE TABLE Customer ( SID integer NOT NULL , Last_Name varchar(30) First_Name varchar(30)
NOT NULL ) ;
INSERT INTO Customer VALUES (NULL , ‘Kumar’ , ‘Ajay’);

PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT

A primary key is used to identify each row in a table. A primary key can consist of one or more
fields(column) on a table. When multiple fields are used as a primary key, they are called a composite
key

CREATE TABLE Customer ( SID integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, Last_Name varchar(30) , First_Name
varchar(30) ) ;

CREATE TABLE Customer ( SID integer, Last_Name varchar(30) , First_Name varchar(30), PRIMARY KEY
(SID) ) ;