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Project Report on 4G Wireless

Table of contents

1. Introduction…………………………………………………04
1.1. Who Invented 4G Technology…………………...……...…04
1.2. What is 4G?…………………………………………...…...….04
2. Background / History…………………………………......05
2.1. Evolution of Mobile technologies………………………...06
2.1.1. Zero Generation-(0G)………………………………………..06
2.1.2. First Generation-(1G)………………………………………..06
2.1.3. Second Generation-(2G)…………………………………….07
2.1.3.1. 2.5 GPRS………………………………………07
2.1.3.2. 2.75 GPRS…………………………………….08
2.1.4. Third generation-(3G)……………………………………….08
 3.5 GPRS………………………………………………09
 3.75 GPRS…………………………………………….10
3. Basics of Project Report…………………………………10
3.1. Fourth Generation-(4G)……………………………………..10
 Why 4G?…………………………………………………..10
3.1.1. Long Term Evolution-(LTE)………………………..13
3.1.2. WiMAX…………………………………………………14
3.2. Key Component & Technologies of 4G………………….15
 MIMO-OFDM………………………………………………15
 Smart Antennas.…………………………………………17
 Adhoc Networks………………………………………….17
 Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)…………….18
 Adaptive Hybrid ARQ……………………………………18
 Improved Modulation……………………………………18
 Software Defined Radio-(SDR)…………………………19

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Project Report on 4G Wireless

3.3. 3G vs 4G……………………………………………………….19
3.4. 4G Systems…………………………………………………...20
 Wireless MAN-Advanced……………………………20
 4G LTE (Long Term Evolution) Advanced……….20
 Moving Beyond 4G…………………………………..21
4. Future Work………………………………………………..21
4.1. Double Speed 4G…………………………………………....21
4.2. LTE Advanced………………………………………………..22
4.3. 4G Roaming………………………………………………..…23
5. Advantages & Disadvantages…………………………...23
 Advantages……………………………………………….……....23
 Disadvantages……………………………………………………24

6. Conclusion…………………………………………….…...24

7. References…………………………………………….……25

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Project Report on 4G Wireless

1. Introduction:

1.1. Who Invented 4G Technology?

 Prof. Dr. Khoirul Anwar

1.2 . What is 4G?

A new Mobile generation has appeared approximately every ten year

since 1G. 4G standardized in 2012. 4G, short for fourth generation, is the
fourth generation of mobile telecommunications technology succeeding
3G. A 4G system, in addition to usual voice and other services of 3G
system, provides mobile ultra-broadband Internet access, for example to
laptops with USB wireless modems, to smart phones, and to other mobile
devices. Even though 4G is a successor technology of 3G, there can be
signification issues on 3G network to upgrade to 4G as many of them
were not built on forward compatibility. Conceivable applications include
amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-
definition mobile TV, video conferencing, 3D television, and cloud
computing.

Two 4G candidate systems are commercially deployed: the Mobile

WiMAX standard (first used in South Korea in 2006), and the first-release
Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard (in Oslo, Norway and Stockholm,
Sweden since 2009). It has however been debated if these first-release
versions should be considered to be 4G or not, as discussed in the
technical definition section below. In the United States, Sprint (previously
Clear wire) has deployed Mobile WiMAX networks since 2008, and Metro
PCS was the first operator to offer LTE service in 2010. USB wireless
modems have been available since the start, while WiMAX smart phones
have been available since 2010 and LTE smart phones since
2011.Equipment made for different continents is not always compatible,
because of different frequency bands. Mobile WiMAX is currently (April
2012) not available for the European market.

The two candidate technologies for 4G are the Advanced Long Term
Evolution (Advanced LTE) which is based on the 3GPP standards and the
WiMAX 2.0 based on the IEEE 802.16 family of standards. The common
feature of both technologies is that they will provide All-IP connectivity with
flexible bit rates and quality of service guarantees for multiple classes of

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Project Report on 4G Wireless

services including voice, mainly using voice over IP, data and video
services.
The two technologies, WiMAX and LTE, are competing while having much
in common. Some salient features of are the following: Both are "all-IP", all
packet technology with a packet network core which makes it best for
burst data traffic with good VoIP support. Both are uses of OFDMA,
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access, a multiple access
technology. Other features are the use AMC, Adaptive coding and
modulation, HARQ, Hybrid ARQ, technique for error detection and
embracing multiple antennas (Higher order MIMO in LTE-advanced and
WiMax2.0) and resort to femto cells and relay nodes to improve coverage
or to further augment performance and data rates.

2. Background / History:

Wireless technology has transformed our lives in many ways. Until very recently,
we needed a computer wired to a port, to get online. Even wired telephones are
becoming a thing of past. Nowadays, we use our mobile phones for banking, to
check ticket availability at a Cinema Hall, and many more. Wireless
communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of
enhanced electrical conductors or "wires”. And, Wireless networking refers to any
kind of networking that does not involve cables. It helps in saving the cost of
cables for networking in addition to providing the mobility.

There are different types of wireless networks defined on the basis of their size,
range and data transfer rate.

 Wireless PAN - Personal area network Wireless

 Wireless LAN - Local Area Network
 Wireless MAN - Metropolitan Area Networks
 Wireless WAN- Wide Area Networks
 Mobile devices networks

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Project Report on 4G Wireless

Mobile networks have evolved tremendously in last 3 decades. Cellular concept

was introduced with 1G (‘G’ stands Foruth generation) networks. Today, 4G
technology is getting ready to storm the markets. Not only that, research on 5G
technology has already begun.

2.1 Evolution of Mobile Technologies:

2.1.1. Zero Generation Technology (0G):
0G refers to pre-cell phone mobile telephony. Being the
predecessors of the first generation of cellular telephones, these
systems are called 0G (zero generation) systems. Usually vehicle
mounted, they had the transceivers mounted in the vehicle trunk
and dials & display mounted near the driver seat.
Technologies used in 0G systems included PTT (Push to Talk),
MTS (Mobile Telephone System), IMTS (Improved Mobile
Telephone Service), and AMTS (Advanced Mobile Telephone
System).

2.1.2 First Generation Technology (1G):

1G was introduced in 1981.1G refers to the first generation of

wireless telecommunication technology, more popularly known as
cell phones. In 1G, Narrow band analogue wireless network is
used; with this we can have the voice calls. These services are
provided with circuit switching. Through 1G, a voice call gets
modulated to a higher frequency of about 150MHz and up as it is
transmitted between radio towers using a technique called
Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA).

Different 1G standard prevalent were AMPS (Advanced Mobile

Phone System) in the United States, TACS (Total Access
Communications System) in the United Kingdom, NMT (Nordic
Mobile Telephone), used in Nordic countries, Eastern Europe and
Russia, etc.

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Project Report on 4G Wireless

2.1.3 Second Generation Technology 2G:

2G started to roll out in the 1992. 2G first appeared around late

1980’s; 2G system digitized the voice signal, as well as the control
link. It provided the facility of short message service (SMS) unlike
1G that had its prime focus on verbal communication. Depending
on the type of multiplexing used 2G technologies can be divided into
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) based and Code Division
Multiple Access (CDMA). 2G system offered better quality and much
more capacity. 2G cell phone units were generally smaller than 1G
unit, since they emitted less radio power.

Based on TDMA, Global System for Mobile communications (GSM)

is the first European standard & the first commercial network for use
by the public for 2nd generation mobile (2G) telephony. A typical 2G
G.S.M network service uses 800/900MHz or 1800/1900 frequency
spectrum. Typical average data rate of GSM is 9.6 kbps. 2G CDMA
(IS-95A) uses BPSK and offers data rate up to 14.4 kbps. The
bandwidth of 2G is 30-200 KHz.

 2.5G – GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) - 2.5G:

Which stands for "second and a half generation," is a cellular

wireless technology developed in between its predecessor, 2G, and
its successor, 3G. The term "second and a half generation" is used
to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet switched
domain in addition to the circuit switched domain.
‘2.5G’ is an informal term, invented solely for marketing purposes,
unlike "2G" or "3G" which are officially defined standards based on
those defined by the International Telecommunication (ITU).
GPRS (CS1 to CS4) uses GMSK modulation with symbol rate (&
modulation rate) of 270 ksym/s. Typical data rate of GPRS is ~115
kbps. It can be used for services such as Wireless Application
Protocol (WAP) access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) and
for accessing internet.

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Project Report on 4G Wireless

IS-95B or cdmaOne is the evolved version of IS-95A and is also

designated as 2.5G with theoretical data rates of up to 115 kbps,
with generally experienced rates of 64 kbps.

 2.75 – EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution):

EDGE (EGPRS) is an abbreviation for Enhanced Data rates for

GSM Evolution, is a digital mobile phone technology, invented by
AT&T. EDGE technology is an extended version of GSM & works in
GSM networks. EDGE is add-on to GPRS and can function on any
network with GPRS deployed on it, provided the carrier implements
the necessary upgrades. It allows the clear and fast transmission of
data. One need not install any additional hardware and software in
order to make use of EDGE Technology. Also, there are no
additional charges for utilizing this technology.

Uses 9 Modulation coding schemes (MCS1-9). MCS (1-4) uses

GMSK, while MCS (5-9) uses 8PSK modulation. 8PSK Increases
throughput by 3x (8-PSK – 3 bits/symbol v/s GMSK 1 bit/symbol).
Modulation bit rate is 810 kbps. It offers data rates of 384kbps,
theoretically up to 473.6kbps.
2.1.4. Third Generation Technology (3G):

3G was first appeared in 2001. 3G systems promise faster

communications services, entailing voice, and fax and Internet data
transfer capabilities. The aim of 3G is to provide these services
anytime, anywhere throughout the globe, with seamless roaming
between standards. ITU’s IMT-2000 is a, global standard for 3G.

3G networks are wide area cellular telephone networks which have

evolved to incorporate high-speed internet access and video
telephony. It offers large capacity and broadband capabilities. It has
greater network capacity through improved spectrum
efficiency. Technology supports around 144 Kbps, with high speed
movement, i.e. in a vehicle, 384 Kbps locally, and up to 2Mbps for
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Project Report on 4G Wireless

fixed stations, i.e. in a building. 3G technologies use CDMA, TDMA

and FDMA. The data are sent through Packet Switching. Voice
calls are interpreted through Circuit Switching. It is a highly
sophisticated form of communication that has come up in the last
decade.

3G has the following enhancements over 2.5G and previous

networks:

 Enhanced audio and video streaming;

 Several Times higher data speed;
 Video-conferencing support;
 Web and WAP browsing at higher speeds;
 IPTV (TV through the Internet) support.
 Global Roaming

There are many 3G technologies as W-CDMA, CDMA2000.

UMTS, DECT, WiMAX.

 3.5G – HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access):

High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is a mobile

telephony protocol, also called 3.5G. It is an enhanced version and
the next intermediate generation of 3G UMTS allowing for higher
data transfer speeds.
HSDPA is a packet-based data service in W-CDMA downlink with
data transmission up to 8-10 Mbps (and 20 Mbps for MIMO
systems) over a 5MHz bandwidth in WCDMA downlink. This high
data rate is enabled by use of adaptive modulation can coding
(AMC), hybrid automatic repeat-request (HARQ), and fast packet
scheduling at the access point.

 3.75G – HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access):

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Project Report on 4G Wireless

High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) is a UMTS /WCDMA

uplink evolution technology. The HSUPA mobile
telecommunications technology is directly related to HSDPA and
the two are complimentary to one another.
HSUPA will enhance advanced person-to-person data applications
with higher and symmetric data rates, like mobile e-mail and real-
time person- to person gaming.

3. Basics of the Project Report:

3.1 Fourth Generation-(4G):

 Why 4G?

3G may not be sufficient to meet needs of future high-performance

applications like multi-media, full-motion video, wireless

teleconferencing. Multiple standards for 3G make it difficult to roam

and interoperate across networks. Requirement of a single

broadband network with high data rates which integrates wireless

LANs, Bluetooth, cellular networks, etc

4G - Also known as "Beyond 3G", 4G refers to the fourth

generation of wireless communications. The deployment of 4G

networks should be in the 2010-2015 timeframe and will enable

another leap in wireless data-rate and spectral efficiency. ITU has

specified IMT-A (IMT-Advanced) for 4G standards. 4G is all about

convergence; convergence of wired and wireless networks,

wireless technologies including GSM, wireless LAN, and Bluetooth

as well as computers, consumer electronics, communication

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Project Report on 4G Wireless

technology and several others. 4G is a Mobile multimedia, anytime

anywhere, Global mobility support, integrated wireless solution, and

customized personal service network system.

4G wireless technologies is also referred to by “MAGIC” which stands for Mobile

multimedia, Any-where, Global mobility solutions over, integrated wireless and
Customized services.

4G is an all IP-based integrated system will be capable to provide

100 Mbps for high mobility and 1 Gbps for low mobility , with end-
to-end QoS and high security, and will offering various services at
any time as per user requirements, anywhere with seamless
interoperability, at affordable cost. The user services include IP
telephony, ultra-broadband Internet access, gaming services and
High Definition Television (HDTV) streamed multimedia.

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Project Report on 4G Wireless

4G Requirements - As per ITU's IMT-A

 All-IP packet switched network.

 Data rates up to 100 Mbps for high mobility and up to

1 Gbps for low mobility.

 Seamless connectivity and global roaming

 Interoperability with existing wireless standards

 Smooth handovers.

 High QoS.

There are a number of standards and technologies pertaining

to each wireless generation -- GSM, cdmaOne, GPRS, EDGE,
CDMA2000, UMTS (also marketed as 3GSM), HSDPA,
among others. For practical reasons, we won't be dwelling on
the technicalities of each term and instead will move onto the
ones that involve our topic of interest here: 4G.
Although no set of standards have been established as of yet
by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the
authority on such things, two competing technologies have
been proposed: LTE and WiMAX. Many service providers
often use the term 4G mobile broadband to describe the
technologies they are offering based on their own, sometimes
distorted definitions. However, current implementations are
largely considered pre-4G, as they don't fully comply with the
planned requirements of 1Gbit/s for stationary reception and
100Mbit/s for mobile.
Besides speed, several other guidelines have been traced for
wireless communication standards to qualify as 4G. In a
nutshell, and utilize the network resources to support more
simultaneous users per cell, have smooth handovers across
heterogeneous networks, offer high quality of service for next
generation multimedia support, and should be based on an all-
IP packet switched network.

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Project Report on 4G Wireless

3.1.1 Long-Term Evolution-(LTE):

Short for Long-Term Evolution, LTE is considered by many to be

the natural successor to current-generation 3G technologies, in part
because it updates UMTS networks to provide significantly faster
data rates for both uploading and downloading. The specification
calls for downlink peak rates of at least 100Mb/s and an uplink of
50Mb/s, but going by real world tests its transfer speeds will more
likely range from 5-12Mb/s for downloads and 2-5Mb/s for uploads.
LTE is being developed by a group of telecommunications
associations known as the 3rd Generation Partnership Project, or
3GPP, as an eight release of what has been evolving since 1992
from the GSM family of standards.

There are two fundamental aspects of LTE. The first is that the
technology finally leaves behind the circuit switched network of its
GSM roots and moves to an all-IP flat networking architecture. This
is a significant shift which in very simple terms means that LTE will
treat everything it transmits, even voice, as data. The other big
change relates to the use of MIMO technology, or multiple
antennas at both the transmitter and receiver end to improve
communication performance. This setup can either be used to
increase the throughput data rates or to reduce interference.

Many big-name global operators and mobile communications

companies are backing LTE in the race for 4G mobile broadband,
including Vodafone, Orange, T-Mobile, LG Electronics, Ericsson,
Nokia, Siemens, NTT DoMoCo, and others. In the U.S., Verizon
Wireless has said it is going commercial with its LTE network in the
fourth quarter, with 25 to 30 markets up and ready at launch. AT&T
and T-Mobile claim they will begin to deploy LTE in 2011, but in the
meantime both networks have moved to HSPA 7.2 and the latter
plans to roll out HSPA+ beginning this year. Theoretically these can
support speeds of up to 7.2 and 21 Mbps, respectively, but in real
world scenarios they are only marginally faster than most 3G data
services.

The reason behind LTE’s strong industry support lies in the relative
ease of upgrading from current 3G networks worldwide over to LTE

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Project Report on 4G Wireless

mobile broadband, compared to the significant infrastructure build

out that WiMAX has taken thus far. Fewer cell sites have to be built
and penetration into buildings is better at the 700 MHz spectrum
LTE uses. However, WiMAX deployments are already up and
running while LTE's formal debut is still a few months out.

3.1.2 WiMAX:

WiMAX is a wireless broadband access standard developed and

maintained by the IEEE under the 802.16 designation. As its name
suggest, WiMAX can be thought of as an extension of Wi-Fi
designed to enable pervasive, high-speed mobile Internet access
on a wide range of devices, from laptops to smart phones. The
current implementation is based on the 802.16e specification which
offers theoretical downlink rates upwards of 70Mbps and up to 30-
mile ranges.

Again, "theoretical" is the keyword here as WiMAX, like all wireless

technologies, can either operate at higher bitrates or over longer
distances but not both. Production networks being operated in the
United States are seeing average speeds go from 3 to 6Mb/s, with
bursts up to 10Mb/s. Like LTE -- and Wi-Fi 802.11n for that matter
-- WiMAX supports MIMO technology, which means that additional
antennas can increase the potential throughput.

There is no uniform global licensed spectrum for WiMAX, but three

have been listed: 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz. In the U.S., the
biggest segment available is around 2.5 GHz and is already
assigned primarily to Clear wire, a wireless internet service provider
in which Sprint Nextel holds a majority stake.
In terms of total available 4G spectrum to deploy their services,
Clear wire has several times more than its competitors, which have
smaller portions of the 700 MHz band. However, Verizon and AT&T
are not too worried about this as they can re-utilize spectrum being
used right now for 2G and 3G services by upgrading these to LTE
when the demand is there.
Furthermore, as mentioned earlier, the 700 MHz band that both
Verizon and AT&T plan to use has enormously better range and
penetration of buildings than the same power of signal at 2.5 GHz.
Some experts have said that 700MHz will require as few as one-
quarter as many base stations to offer identical coverage to 2.5
GHz.

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Project Report on 4G Wireless

As you might have guessed, the industry players behind these 4G

technologies reflect the history of each standard. Whereas LTE
biggest supporters are, in general, telecommunication service
companies and handset manufacturers, WiMAX counts the likes of
Intel, Cisco and Google among its most important backers. It
should be noted though that many companies like Nokia or
Motorola are members of both industry groups, with different levels
of involvement.

3.2 Key Components & Technologies in 4G:

 MIMO – OFDM:

MIMO, in contrast to traditional communication systems, takes

advantage of multipath propagation to increase throughput,

range/coverage, and reliability. MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple

Output) systems use spatial multiplexing, wherein multiple

transmitting antennas and multiple receiving antennas are used. It

permits parallel streams to be transmitted simultaneously by those

antennas. Because MIMO transmits multiple signals across the

communications channel,
Data rate in MIMO systems gets multiplied by the number of antennas used.

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Project Report on 4G Wireless

2G and 3G systems used TDMA, FDMA and CDMA as channel

access schemes. However, 4G uses OFDMA and other new

technologies (Single Carrier FDMA, Interleaved FDMA, and Multi-

carrier CDMA) instead of CDMA, which is used by all 3G system.

In OFDM, digital signal itself is split into different narrowband

frequencies, modulated by data and then re-multiplexed to create

the OFDM carrier. The main benefit of OFDM is high spectral

efficiency, high immunity to RF interference, and lower multi-path

distortion. Another key advantage of OFDM is that it dramatically

reduces equalization complexity by enabling equalization in the

frequency domain.

OFDM can be implemented efficiently by using Fast Fourier

transforms (FFT) at the transmitter and receiver. FFT provides the

channel response for each frequency. With MIMO, the channel

response becomes a matrix and hence, MIMO-OFDM signals can

be processed using relatively straightforward matrix algebra. Since

complexity involved with space-time equalizers for MIMO-OFDM

systems is less, they are preferred. Also, MIMO uses multipath

propagation to its advantage.

IPv6 - IPv4 address exhaustion is likely to be in its final stages by

the time of deployment of IPv6. Hence, for 4G technology, IPv6 has

evolved to support a large number of devices. The packet structure

for IPv6 is shown below.

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Project Report on 4G Wireless

IPv4 uses 32 bits and hence it is able to address 4294967269

possible addressable devices, whereas IPv4 uses 128 bits and is

able to 3.4 X 1038 possible addressable devices

With IPv6, each device will have its own IP. Even if access point is
changed, IP will remain same. IP based backbone or IP Core will
allow everything to talk to each other, provided they follow the
same protocol.

 Smart Antennas:

Smart or Intelligent antennas is also a multi-antenna concept which

allows the radio beam to follow the user. This is done through beam

forming which temporarily improve gain. They are also used to

provide transmit and/or receive diversity.

 Adhoc Networks:

Adhoc networks refer to spontaneous self organization of network

of devices, not necessarily connected to internet. 4G will create

hybrid wireless networks using adhoc networks. Intelligent routing

to determine shortest path with least powers are used, i.e., data

packets are sent through paths with minimal power requirements.

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Project Report on 4G Wireless

 Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC):

Adaptive modulation and coding mechanism reacts to

instantaneous variations in channel conditions and accordingly
modify the modulation & coding formats. Based on feedback from
the receiver, response of the channel is estimated and depending
upon the channel conditions, AMC allows different data rates to be
assigned to different users. Channel statistics aid the transmitter
and receiver to optimize system parameters such as modulation,
coding, bandwidth, channel estimation filters, and automatic gain
control.

 Adaptive Hybrid ARQ:

Efficient and reliable Medium access control (MAC) layer

performance is extremely important for reliable link performance

over the loose wireless channel. TO achieve this, an automatic

retransmission and fragmentation mechanism called automatic

Repeat Request (ARQ) is used, wherein the transmitter breaks up

packets received from higher layers into smaller sub packets, which

are transmitted sequentially. If a sub packet is received incorrectly,

the transmitter is requested to retransmit it. This mechanism

introduces time diversity into the system due to its capability to

recover from noise, interference, and fades.

 Improved Modulation

Previous standards used Phase-shift keying, more spectrally

efficient modulation schemes such as 64-QAM (Quadrature

Amplitude Modulation) is being used for 4G systems.

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Project Report on 4G Wireless

 Software Defined Radio (SDR):

SDR is the key to 4G systems. Software Defined Radio allows

some of the functional modules of radio equipment like

modulation/demodulation, signal generation, coding and link-layer

protocols, that used to be traditionally implemented in special

purpose hardware to be implemented in modifiable software or

firmware operating on programmable processing

technologies. Since 4G is all about convergence of diverse wireless

standards, this can be efficiently realized using SDR technology.

3.3 3G vs 4G:

Parameters 3G 4G

Network cell-based Integration of various

Architecture wireless technologies

Speeds 384 Kbps to 2 Mbps 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps

Frequency Band Dependent on Higher frequency

country or continent bands (2-8 GHz)

(1800-2400 MHz)

Bandwidth 5-20 MHz 100 MHz (or more)

Switching Circuit and Packet Packet

Scheme

Access W-CDMA, 1xRTT, OFDM and MC-CDMA

Technologies Edge

IP No. of air link All IP (IP6.0)

protocols

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3.4 4G Systems:

 Wireless MAN-Advanced:

 IMT-A compliant version of WiMAX or WiMAX 2 based on IEEE

802.16m.

 WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is

an IP based, wireless broadband access technology.

 Wireless MAN is under development.

 Present implementation of WiMAX does not comply with 4G

specifications.

 Uses OFDM in uplink and downlink.

 Mobile WiMAX, IEEE 802.16e standard offers peak data rates

of 128 Mbit/s downlink and 56 Mbit/s uplink over 20 MHz wide

channel.

 4G LTE (Long Term Evolution) Advanced:

 IMT-A complaint version of LTE, also referred to as E-UTRA

(Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access) or E-UTRAN (Evolved

UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network).

 UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) was introduced in 3GPP

Release 8 which supports data rates of up to 300 Mbps (4x4

MIMO) and up to 150 Mbps (2x2 MIMO) in the downlink and up

to 75 Mbps in the uplink. Release 10 of LTE is likely to approach

IMT-A, download up to 1 Gbps and upload up to 500 Mbps.

 Uses OFDMA for downlink & Uses Single Carrier Frequency

Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for uplink.

 Uses 64QAM modulation.

 Uses MIMO and beam forming with up to 4 antennas.

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 All IP Network.

 Moving Beyond 4G:

4G is not the end of all. "5G Technology" is already in research

arena and is bound to up the data rate further.5G is going to alter

the way of our usage of our cell phones; may replace our Desktop

PCs/laptops. Coupled with innovations being done in the field of

smart sensors, 5G mobile phones with extremely high data rates,

IP core, and world-wide coverage will offer features which have not

imagined so far.

Currently 5G is not a term officially used for any particular

specification, however, it is being used in research papers and

standardization bodies for the future wireless standards.

4 Future Work:

4.1 Double Speed 4G:

Even though the technology is still in its infancy, it's already being
dramatically improved. On the 4th July 2013 EE launched double-speed
4G in 12 cities, although it plans to roll the service out over its entire
network. As the name says, it doubles the speeds of the network, so that
users move from an average of around 12Mbit/s download speeds to 24-
to-40Mbit/s - a theoretical peak is 150Mbit/s. That's a big increase and a
lot faster than many people's fixed-line broadband.

Of course, there are technical issues to deal with in order to get double-
speed working. Surprisingly, these have less to do with 4G than they do
with the old 2G network. When EE launched it used spare capacity on its
1,800MHz network, which was used for 2G, for the new service. Getting
faster speeds means the company has to free up even more spectrum.

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"To get to double speed, we doubled the amount of spectrum," said Ceely,
explaining that EE had to "refarm" spectrum assigned to its 2G network.

This change means that the 2G network had to be upgraded, offering

better service along the way. From the 4G equipment point of view, the
upgrade was much more straightforward. In fact, most of the work had to
be done in the backhaul, where 4G meets a traditional wired network that
hooks into the internet: with double the speed of 4G, EE needed to make
sure that it didn't have a bottleneck.

4.2 LTE Advanced:

While double-speed is an impressive step forwards, it's not the end of the
technology. With carrier aggregation, also known as LTE Advanced, it's
possible to join together spectrum on different frequencies, increasing
speeds even further.

"We're running a [carrier aggregation] trial in London using the 2600 and
1800 spectrum," said Ceely.

He then went on to explain that the technology as it stands would allow for
a theoretical peak of 300Mbit/s, although "in real life you get to 200Mbit/s".

Having multiple frequencies also gives you more capacity, so at busy

points you can have different handsets using different spectrum, again
avoiding the problem of contention. The ability to use 2,600MHz is already
there with a lot of handsets ready for that frequency.

"All of our launch devices supported 2,600MHz except the I-Phone 5,

which was 1,800MHz only," said Ceely.

That's only half the story, as even handsets that support the necessary
frequencies can't use carrier aggregation. For even faster 4G speed we're
going to have to wait until the next generation of handsets.

"To get the high speeds you will need new devices," confirmed Ceely.

In addition, the existing range of devices typically have limitations on

speed, only supporting throughputs of up to 100Mbit/s; this is fine for

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today's networks, but would prove to be a bottleneck for carrier

aggregation networks.

4.3 4G Roaming:
One of the big issues with 4G has been the lack of roaming available: you
buy a fast handset, but go abroad and you're knocked back to 3G speeds.
This is something that is being looked into now.

"We don't have a roaming set up, we're looking to do that quite soon," said
Ceely. "We're testing things, but I can't tell you which operators yet."

All we were told is that there will be something "next year". Largely, 4G
roaming isn't down to a lack of companies wanting to do it, more that the
way the technology works means it's rather complex worldwide. In
particular, different countries have used different spectrum, so a handset
that works in place won't work in another.

"LTE is good as you can use all kinds of spectrum," explained Ceely,
pointing out that the "US is quite different and the LTE I-Phone 5 US
version is different to the UK version".

Global standardization in technologies and the spectrum that phones

support is required before roaming can really take off. At the moment, EE
is looking at countries it "has a lot of roaming to and from, and aligns that
where we have networks and spectrum".

 Work on 5G has started and it will be launch in 2020

5 Advantages and Disadvantages:

 Advantages:

 It has a lot of space but may be a lot more than you need

 Good for business

 Higher bandwidth

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Project Report on 4G Wireless

 Better response time

 10 times better than 3G

 Works at 2.6 GHz frequency which means better coverage even

though it uses the same tower where the receiver and transmitter

for 3G is

 Less time to build 4G because it uses the same tower and fiber cables

as 3Gs, the only have to upgrade the towers with 4G components

 Disadvantages:

 New technology which makes it more expensive than 3G

 As a result to the network upgrades, users need to buy new cell

 5G Technologies are also being planned upon. This Technology will

be intelligent and will interconnect the entire world without limits

(Jarrett,2006)

 Equipment cost is too high

6 Conclusion:

Wireless and Internet technologies continue to evolve at a fast pace

adopting global computing strategies. It is evident that 4G technologies will

expand on web-based communications around the world. 4G technology will

allow for improved applications such as telemedicine that may save lives. It is a

fully IP-based network and will improve data transfer dramatically. Signal

disruptions will be minimal and downloads will be done in a matter of seconds,

faster than ever before. The 4G LTE technology is nothing less than ground

breaking. The advancements that have been made from 3G to 4G LTE alone are

mind blowing. With the data processing speed being increased to at least 100

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Project Report on 4G Wireless

Mbit/sec the possibilities are limitless in the wireless communication world.

Everything with this new technology has been brought to a new standard. The

security, with the complete IP-based solutions allows the user to use the full

capability of the phone as well as feel completely secure at the same time, this is

one of the most vital aspects that has been upgraded from the previous wireless

communication technologies. Even though the hardware and coverage areas

aren’t up to par yet though, isn’t that big of a setback. The technology is still

considered brand new and will only be improved in the coming years. In the near

future, a 5G cell phone will be created along with a 5G network based on 4G

technologies allowing for the world to connect limitlessly

7 References:

 http://www.techspot.com/guides/272-everything-about-4g/
 http://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/4G-technology
 http://cellphones.about.com/od/frequentlyaskedquestions/f/wh
at-is-4g-wireless.htm
 http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2399984,00.asp
 http://www.mobileburn.com/definition.jsp?term=4G
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4g_wireless

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