JV Global Services LLP (Naxeva Group) – Student handout

NUMBER SYSTEM
Rules of Divisibility
When any number N is divided by a divisor d with no remainder, it is completely divisible by d. (or 0
remainder). In other words, d completely divides N.
In this section, we only cover the most pertinent one, which is asked in all competitive exams on a regular
basis.
Divisibility by 3
A number whose digital root or sum of all digits is divisible by 3 is divisible by 3.
Divisibility by 4
A number who’s last two digits are divisible by 4, is divisible by 4.
Divisibility by 6
As 6 = 3 x 2 Numbers divisible by 3 and 2 are divisible by 6. In other words, all even numbers which are
divisible by 3 are divisible by 6.
Divisibility by 7
Progressively subtract double the last digit from the remaining number. If the result is divisible by 7, then
the number is divisible by 7 as well.
Divisibility by 8
A number who’s last three digits are divisible by 8 is divisible by 8.
For example, 83864 is divisible by 8 as 864 is divisible by 8.
Divisibility by 9
A number whose digital root or sum of all digits is divisible by 9 is divisible by 9.
Divisibility by 11
The difference between the sums of alternate digits of the number must be divisible by 11 to search for
divisibility by 11
TRAILING ZERO
In the representation of a number, a trailing zero is a zero digit that has no non-zero digits that are less
meaningful than the zero digit. To put it another way, it's a zero digit with no non-zero digits to its right.
How many trailing zeros do these numbers have?
• 25 ∗ 54 : 24 ∗ 54 can be combines to make 104 there are 4 trailing zeros.
• 23 ∗ 31 ∗ 72 ∗ 54 : 23 & 53 And can be combined to make103 . There are 3 trailing zeros.
Factorials in Base Ten
In light of the above theorem, the strategy for finding the trailing zeros of a factorial will revolve around
the prime factorization of the factorial.
For example:
10! = 10 x 9 x 8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1
21 x 51 x 32 x 23 x 71 x 21 x 31 x 51 x 22 x 31 x 21,
Which can be rewritten as
10! = 28 x 34 x 52 x 71
The minimum power between 28 & 52 is 2. Therefore 10! Has 2 trailing zeros.
HCF AND LCM
1. HCF (Highest common factor):
The number which is largest common factor of all the given number. When this largest number divides
the given number remainder will be zero. This is also called as Greatest common divisor (GCD).
2. LCM (Least common multiple):
The least number which is exactly divisible by each of the given number is called LCM.
JV Global Services LLP (Naxeva Group) – Student handout

HCF and LCM formula:

Product of two numbers = Product of HCF and LCM
For two numbers a and b
a × b = HCF (a, b) × LCM (a, b)

UNIT DIGIT
Unit digit
The digit in the one's position of a number is called the unit digit. It is, in other words, the number's
rightmost digit.
For example, the unit digit of 576, is 6, while the unit digit of 78 is 8.
However, what is the unit digit of large numbers such as 23 to the power of 46 or 2021 to the power of
2021? Calculating the unit’s digit of these numbers is not easy in this case. So, let's take a look at how to
find the units digit of a large number.
Table 1. The following table will give the clear picture of the unit digit and there Cyclicity.

Numbers Unit digit Cyclicity

1 1 1
2 2, 4, 8, 6 4
3 3, 9, 7, 1 4
4 4, 6 2
5 5 1
6 6 1
7 7, 9, 3, 1 4
8 8, 4, 2, 6 4
9 9, 1 2

FACTORS
Every composite number can be written as a product of some prime numbers, as we all know. For
instance, we can write 90 as 2 × 32 × 5 This is known as prime factorization, and it is the first step in
resolving any factor related problems.
Total Number of factors
If we want to find the number of factors of any number, say X, we should do the following:
Step 1: Prime factorize X= Pa × Qb × Rc
Step 2: Then total number of factors of X: N = (a+1) (b+1) (c+1)
Sum of factors
To find the sum of all the factors of a number (say X), we should do the following:
Step 1: Prime factorize X= Pa × Qb × Rc
Pa+1 –1 Qb+1 –1 Rc+1 –1
Step 2: Sum of factors = ( p–1
) ( Q–1
) ( Q–1
)
Product of Factors
JV Global Services LLP (Naxeva Group) – Student handout

To find the product of all the factors of a number (say X), we should do the following:
Step 1: Prime factorize X= Pa × Qb × Rc
N
Step 2: Product of factors =X 2
Odd Factors
Odd factors = Pa+1 ∗ Qb+1 ∗ Rc+1
Since P is always 2 i.e. Even number So if we eliminate P terms remaining (b+1) * (c+1)
Even factors
Difference between the total factors – Odd factors
Exercise problems:
1. If the number 51783*4 is completely divisible by 8, then the smallest whole number in the place
of * will be?
a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 0
65 59
2. What is the unit digit in the product (2 x 7 )?
a. 4 b. 5 c. 8 d. 6
3. How many trailing zeroes (zeroes at the end of the number) does 120! have?
a. 24 b. 25 c. 28 d. 26
4. A number when divided by 403 leaves 39 as remainder. When the same number is divided by 14,
the remainder will be.
a. 09 b. 10 c. 11 d. 12
5. If one-third of one-fourth of a number is 17, then five-tenth of that number is
a. 51 b. 102 c. 204 d. 122
6. Find the least five-digit number which is divisible by 15, 25, 40 and 75 is:
a. 10220 b. 10200 c. 11200 d. 12200
7. Find the total number of factors of 130
a. 6 b. 7 c. 8 d. 10
8. How many of the following numbers are divisible by 66?
264, 396, 462, 792, 968, 2178, 5184, 6336
a. 6 b. 7 c. 8 d. 5
65 85 59
9. Find the unit digit of the sum of the unit digit in (7 , 3 , 6 )?
a. 4 b. 5 c. 2 d. 6
10. How many trailing zeroes (5 x 10 x 15 x 50 x……….500) does have?
a. 124 b. 197 c. 112 d. 24
11. Six bells commence tolling together and toll at intervals of 2,4,6,8,10 and 12 seconds respectively.
In 30 minutes, how many times do they toll together?
a. 14 b. 15 c. 16 d. 18
12. In a large school auditorium, the students are made to sit to watch the programmes. If the
teachers make a row of students of 16 each, there will be 12 students left. If they make rows of
24 each, then there will be 20 students left, if they make rows of 25 each, there will be 21 students
left and if they make rows of 30 each, there will be 26 students left. What is the minimum number
of students present in the school?
a. 1216 b. 1784 c. 1196 d. 2396
JV Global Services LLP (Naxeva Group) – Student handout

13. The difference between a two-digit number and the number obtained by interchanging the digits
is 36. What is the difference between the sum and the difference of the digits of the number if
the ratio between the digits of the number is 1 : 2 ?
a. 4 b. 8 c. 16 d. None of these
5 6 2
14. How many factors of 2 * 3 * 5 are perfect squares?
a. 18 b. 24 c. 36 d. 8