Solar Inverter

HYBRID INVERTER WITH SOLAR BATTERY
CHARGER
Ishika K.-38
Kamal Jyothi K-40.
Keerthana Sreekumar-41
Madhav M. G.-42
Guided by
Prof Deepa M. U.
Department of Electrical Engineering

College of Engineering Trivandrum
April 18, 2024
Group 10 HYBRID INVERTER WITH SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER

April 18, 2024 1 / 48
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Literature Review
3 Objective
4 Social Relevance + Applications
5 Proposed System-Block Diagram & Circuit Diagram
6 System Description
7 Methodology
8 Simulation
9 Hardware Requirements
10 Hardware Requirements
11 Block Diagram
12 Hardware
13 Project Work Plan
14 References
April 18, 2024 2 / 48
Introduction
An intelligent hybrid inverter or smart grid inverter uses both
electrical as well as solar energy to charge the storage battery.
It can be used to generate electricity in the absence of either or both
of energy sources.
Electricity from solar panels is generated only during the day, with
peak production around midday.
This electricity is fluctuating and not synchronized with the electric
consumption of the household.
To overcome this gap, it is necessary to store energy for later use and
manage energy storage and consumption in an intelligent way.
To meet this requirement we use a hybrid inverter, as the use of solar
energy increases efficiency while reducing costs.

April 18, 2024 3 / 48
Literature Review
Sl No TITLE YEAR REMARKS
1 V. Gupta, A. Kumar, R. 2020 This paper aims to address the issue of inverter
K. Jadon, and S. Prajap- shutdown due to heavy load appliances by im-
ati, “Hybrid inverter,” Int. plementing a Hybrid Inverter with Solar Battery
J. Emerg. Technol. Adv. Charging System. It utilizes a 12V battery charged
Eng., vol. 10, no. 2, 2020. from both solar and mains power supplies, ensuring
uninterrupted power for extended periods, making
it highly reliable for users.
2 V. Kalandhar, A. V. Reddy, 2023 Highlights the critical dependence of communities
G. Y. Tejasree, G. Udith, R. on electricity for daily activities and the potential
G. Charan and N. A, ”Anal- economic and social impacts of sudden power loss.
ysis of Hybrid Inverter with It proposes a solution in the form of a hybrid in-
Solar Battery Charging Sys- verter with solar battery charging to provide unin-
tem,” terrupted power supply.

April 18, 2024 4 / 48
Literature Review Contd...
Sl No TITLE YEAR REMARKS
3 D. Venkatramanan; Vinod 2019 In this article, a detailed small-signal model is pro-
John, “Dynamic Mod- posed for a single-stage PV-fed buck converter
eling and Analysis of that acts as a battery charge-controller. The ef-
Buck Converter Based fects of parasitic storage elements present in the
Solar PV Charge Con- PV source as well as the interconnecting cable
troller for Improved MPPT from rooftop are discussed in detail, along with
Performance,” in IEEE the impact of series-parallel connection of the PV
Transactions on Industry modules for power scaling.
Applications ( Volume: 55,
Issue: 6, Nov.-Dec. 2019).
4 Pamela G. Horkos, Emile 2015 This paper is a review on different charging tech-
Yammine and Nabil Karami, niques of lead acid batteries.The traditional charg-
”Review on Different Charg- ing techniques such as Constant Voltage (CV),
ing Techniques of Lead Constant Current (CC), the two-step (CCCV), and
Acid Batteries,” in: 2015 the pulse method are mentioned.
Third International Confer-
ence on Technological Ad-
vances in Electrical, Elec-
tronics and Computer Engi-
neering (TAEECE).

April 18, 2024 5 / 48
Research Gap
One of the main problems in Solar Inverter System is the inefficient

charging of battery during cloudy weather conditions. So, a Hybrid
Solar Charger circuit was designed to overcome this issue.
When output of solar power is between 16-22V, the voltage needs to
be reduced and maintained at 13.8V to charge the battery. To
overcome this, a buck converter circuit is used.
A switch or relay is required to switch between solar power and power
from the mains supply in order to maintain steady supply even during
solar energy fluctuations.

April 18, 2024 6 / 48
Objectives
To implement a rectifier circuit
To design and implement a Solar Charger using Buck-Converter
To design and implement an inverter circuit.
To implement an automatic battery charging by two way switch

which provide an uninterrupted power supply.

April 18, 2024 7 / 48
Social Relevance + Applications
Due to depletion of non-renewable resources as well as the increasing

pollution caused by these resources, there is an increasing need to use
clean resources, which are renewable in nature.
Solar energy is a non-polluting source of energy, which does not get
depleted and can harnessed with the right technology.
It gives high efficiency at low costs.
It is used in conjunction with solar PV systems to allow the use of
both grid-tied and off-grid configurations.
They are also used in microgrids, which are small-scale electrical grids
that can operate either independently or in conjunction with larger
power grids.

April 18, 2024 8 / 48
Proposed System-Block Diagram
Figure 1: Hybrid Inverter Block Diagram Representation

April 18, 2024 9 / 48
Proposed System-Circuit Diagram
Figure 2: Hybrid Inverter Circuit Diagram Representation

April 18, 2024 10 / 48
System Description
The system is set such that the solar panel provides power to charge
the battery whenever the voltage becomes greater than 16V
Otherwise the switch to the DC grid gets active and battery charges
from the grid
At the output side of solar panel/DC GRID, a buck circuit is provided
to change the voltage to a suitable voltage for charging battery(13.8V
here)
The battery is a enabled with a constant voltage charging technique
The output of the battery is connected to an inverter circuit, which is
in turn connected to the load .

April 18, 2024 11 / 48
System Description
An ideal switch is placed before the inverter which becomes active

only after the voltage across the battery becomes greater than a
predefined value.
The system’s load side is always supplied with a direct AC supply, and
power shutdowns are the only time when this power-usage system
activates.

April 18, 2024 12 / 48
Methodology
Theoretical analysis for implementation at load centre
Designing a charging circuit
Designing an inverter circuit
Conducting a study on control circuits
Battery Management System
Simulation
Hardware implementation

April 18, 2024 13 / 48
Design
Panel Features and DC-DC Buck Converter Design
Pw = 55W
VOC = 23.41V
Imp = 1.4A
Vi = 16V-23V
Vo = 13.8V
Current Ripple=10% of Io =0.39855A
Voltage Ripple=1% of Vo =0.138V
V o (V i − V o )
L= = 2.84mH (1)
f s I ripp V in
I ripp
C= = 72.2uF (2)
8f s V ripp

April 18, 2024 14 / 48
Design Contd...
Inductor Design
Inductance,L=3mH
Avg Inductor Current,I L =4.2A
Current Ripple,∆i L ≈ 10% = 0.45A
Output Power,Po =55W
Switching frequency,fs =5KHz
Current Density,Jm =3×106 A/m2
Operating flux Density,Bm =0.15 T
Window Utilisation factor,Ku =0.4
Peak Current:
iL
I Lpk = I l + (3)
2
=4.425A
Energy:
1
W m = × L × I Lpk 2 (4)
2
=2.937 ×10−2 W
April 18, 2024 15 / 48
Design Contd...
Inductor Design Contd...
Area Product:
2w m
Ap = (5)
K uB mJ m
=326333.3mm4
Torroidal Ferrite core: 0 46326(R type)

Aw = 11.3 cm2 = 1130 mm2
Ac = 3 cm2 = 300 mm2
Ap =339000 mm4
Wire selection: q
RMS Current, IL rms = I 2 + (∆IL )2 /2
√ L
= 17.74125 = 4.212A

April 18, 2024 16 / 48
Design Contd...
Base wire cross sectional area,
Aw = IL rms/Jm = 4.212/3x106 = 1.404mm2
Selectedwire, SWG 17
Diameterwithenamel = 1.501mm
Areaofbareconductor = 1.589mm2
Therefore, numberofturns, N = Ku wa /Aw = 0.4x1130x10−6 /1.589x10−6

= 285 turns

April 18, 2024 17 / 48
Design Contd...
µ0 Ac N 2 lc 4π·300x10−6 ·2852 152x10−3

Air gap, lg = L − µr c = 3x10−3
− 2300 = 1.014cm
µ0 N(∆IL /2) 4π·10−7 ·285·(0.45/2)

Bm = lg +lc /µr c = 0.01014+(152x10−3 /2300)
= 7.89x10−3 T
µ0 N(I0 +∆IL /2)

Bp k = lg +lc /µr c = 0.15527T

April 18, 2024 18 / 48
Simulation
Simulation Model
Figure 3: Simulink Model of the proposed system

April 18, 2024 19 / 48
ALGORITHM
FOR MPPT
Figure 4: MPPT ALGORITHM

April 18, 2024 20 / 48
Simulation
Simulation Results for 1000 irradiation
Figure 5: Solar Irradiation
Figure 6: Solar Output

April 18, 2024 21 / 48
Simulation
Simulation Results for 1000 irradiation Contd...
Figure 7: Output Voltage of Buck Converter
Figure 8: Duty Ratio Variation in Buck-Converter

April 18, 2024 22 / 48
Simulation
Simulation Results for 100 irradiation
Figure 9: Solar Irradiation
Figure 10: Solar Output

April 18, 2024 23 / 48
Simulation
Simulation Results for 100 irradiation Contd...
Figure 11: Output voltage of Buck-Converter
Figure 12: Duty ratio variation in Buck-Converter

April 18, 2024 24 / 48
Simulation
Simulation Results Contd...
Figure 13: SoC of Battery
Figure 14: Output Voltage of Battery

April 18, 2024 25 / 48
Simulation
Figure 15: Rectifier Output

April 18, 2024 26 / 48
Simulation
Figure 16: Inductor Voltage and Current

April 18, 2024 27 / 48
Simulation
Figure 17: Inverter Output(Unfiltered)
Figure 18: Inverter Output

April 18, 2024 28 / 48
Hardware Requirements and Approximated Budget
SL Component Specifications Cost
No.
1. Solar Panel 12V 55 Watt 2750/-
2. Rechargeable Lead Acid 12 Volt, 7.2 Ah 1300/-

(Sealed) Battery
3. Relay Electromagnetic 500/-
4. Transformer Step-down(240V to 14V),(240V 2000/-

to 15V), Step-up(12v to 240v)
5. Microcontroller ATMEGA16 1200/-
6. Diode 10A10G 80/-
7. MOSFETs IRFP250N, IRFP460 800/-
8. Driver Circuit TLP250, Voltage regula- 650/-

tor(L7815)
April 18, 2024 29 / 48
Hardware Requirements and Approximated Budget
SL Component Specifications Cost

No.
9. Sensors Current sensor(ACS712), Volt- 400/-
age sensor(2SV)
10. Others Resistors, capacitors, Inductor 500/-
etc.
Total budget = 10180/- Rs.

April 18, 2024 30 / 48
Results of Phase-1
The simulation of hybrid solar inverter has been completed.

In battery charging mode, we achieved a consistent output voltage
within the 11.8V to 13.5V range.
The inverter delivered a stable AC voltage with a peak output of 12V.

April 18, 2024 31 / 48
Expected Result
The expected result by the end of 8th semester:
Design and testing of a hardware prototype of the Hybrid Inverter

with Solar Battery Charging System.

April 18, 2024 32 / 48
Summary of Phase I
Simulation results show consistent output with the help of both solar
and AC mains supply to charge a battery.
Future scope includes applications in off-grid and remote areas for
stable power supply.
Inverter’s efficient AC voltage output (12V peak) holds promise for
residential and commercial sectors.
Potential to address social relevance by providing reliable power
solutions in areas with intermittent electricity access.
Contributes to global push for sustainable and equitable energy
practices.

April 18, 2024 33 / 48
SECOND PHASE

April 18, 2024 34 / 48
Block Diagram
Figure 19: Complete block diagram of the system

April 18, 2024 35 / 48
Components and specifications
SL Component Specifications
No.
1. Relay Electromagnetic
(JQC3F-05VDC-C)
2. Voltage Sensor 25V
3. Current Sensor ACS712 30A
4. Resistors 1k ohm,10k ohm,5k ohm
5. Capacitors 0.1uF,100UF

April 18, 2024 36 / 48
Hardware Testing
Buck-Converter Circuit
Figure 20: Buck-Converter Circuit and Output Waveform

April 18, 2024 37 / 48
Hardware Testing
Buck-Converter Circuit Contd...
Figure 21: Duty Cycle of Buck-Converter

April 18, 2024 38 / 48
Hardware Testing Contd...
Rectifier Circuit
Figure 22: Rectifier Circuit and Output Waveform

April 18, 2024 39 / 48
Inverter Circuit
Figure 23: Inverter Circuit and Output Waveform

April 18, 2024 40 / 48
Inverter Circuit Contd...
Figure 24: Gate signals given to the MOSFETs of the H-Bridge Inverter

April 18, 2024 41 / 48
Modes of Working
MODE BUCK OPERATION RECTIFIER INVERTER

00 YES NO NO
01 NO YES NO
11 NO NO YES
Table 1: Different switching mode Operation

April 18, 2024 42 / 48
System Description
A rectifier circuit was designed and implemented. 230V AC supply

voltage was stepped down using a transformer and rectified to get
14.4V output on the DSO.
This circuit is used to charge the battery in the absence/insufficient
supply of solar power from the panel.
The battery is enabled with a constant voltage charging technique .
Driver circuit was tested.
A relay is used to switch between solar power and AC supply to
charge the battery. The testing of the relay was done and the relay
switched to AC supply when the output voltage of the solar panel was
less than 13.8V.

April 18, 2024 43 / 48
Current Status
COMPLETED
Design and implementation of rectifier circuit
Design of Inverter circuit and Buck converter circuit
Testing of the driver circuit
Relay Testing
Implementation of Buck converter circuit
Implementation of Inverter circuit
Integration of components and conducting tests

April 18, 2024 44 / 48
Project Work Plan
SL Task Period Status

No.
1. Literature review and field study. Aug-Sept Completed
2. Design of Solar Panel October Completed
3. Simulation and Testing Nov-Dec Completed
4. Prototype design and purchasing Jan-Feb Completed

components
5. Hardware realisation and testing Feb-March Completed

April 18, 2024 45 / 48
References
[1] V. Gupta, A. Kumar, R. K. Jadon, and S. Prajapati, “Hybrid
inverter,” Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Adv. Eng., vol. 10, no. 2, 2020.
[2] Farah Shabila Dhinniyah,Wahidin Wahab , Muhammad Alif,
“Simulation of Buck-Boost Converter for Solar Panels using PID
Controller,” Alternative and Renewable Energy Quest, AREQ 2017,
1-3 February 2017 ,Elsivier
[3] V. Kalandhar, A. V. Reddy, G. Y. Tejasree, G. Udith, R. G. Charan
and N. A, ”Analysis of Hybrid Inverter with Solar Battery Charging
System,”
[4] D. Venkatramanan; Vinod John, “Dynamic Modeling and Analysis of
Buck Converter Based Solar PV Charge Controller for Improved
MPPT Performance,” in IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications
( Volume: 55, Issue: 6, Nov.-Dec. 2019).
[5] Pamela G. Horkos, Emile Yammine and Nabil Karami, ”Review on
Different Charging Techniques of Lead Acid Batteries,” in: 2015
Third International Conference on Technological Advances in
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (TAEECE).
April 18, 2024 46 / 48
References Contd...
[6] J. D. Mondol, Y. G. Yohanis, and B. Norton, “Optimal sizing of array
and inverter for grid-connected photovoltaic systems,” Sol. Energy,
vol. 80, no. 12, 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2006.01.006.
[7] A. Radovan, V. Šunde, D. Kučak, and Ž. Ban, “Solar irradiance
forecast based on cloud movement prediction,” Energies, vol. 14, no.
13, 2021, doi: 10.3390/en14133775.
[8] M. I. Hlal, V. K. Ramachandaramurthy, A. Sarhan, A. Pouryekta, and
U. Subramaniam, “Optimum battery depth of discharge for off-grid
solar PV/battery system,” J. Energy Storage, vol. 26, 2019, doi:
10.1016/j.est.2019.100999.
[9] R. Battula and V. Bathina, “A Comprehensive Survey on Modeling
and Optimization of Hybrid Renewable Energy Sources in Power
System,” Inst. Eng., 2021.
[10] T. Güney, “Renewable energy, non-renewable energy and sustainable
development,” Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol., vol. 26, no. 5,
2019, doi: 10.1080/13504509.2019.1595214.
April 18, 2024 47 / 48
Thank You

April 18, 2024 48 / 48

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HYBRID INVERTER WITH SOLAR BATTERY

Department of Electrical Engineering

April 18, 2024

Group 10 HYBRID INVERTER WITH SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER

Group 10 HYBRID INVERTER WITH SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER

Group 10 HYBRID INVERTER WITH SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER

Group 10 HYBRID INVERTER WITH SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER

One of the main problems in Solar Inverter System is the inefficient

Group 10 HYBRID INVERTER WITH SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER

To implement a rectifier circuit

To design and implement a Solar Charger using Buck-Converter

To design and implement an inverter circuit.

To implement an automatic battery charging by two way switch

Group 10 HYBRID INVERTER WITH SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER

Due to depletion of non-renewable resources as well as the increasing

Group 10 HYBRID INVERTER WITH SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER

Figure 1: Hybrid Inverter Block Diagram Representation

Group 10 HYBRID INVERTER WITH SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER

Figure 2: Hybrid Inverter Circuit Diagram Representation

Group 10 HYBRID INVERTER WITH SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER

Group 10 HYBRID INVERTER WITH SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER

An ideal switch is placed before the inverter which becomes active

Group 10 HYBRID INVERTER WITH SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER

Designing a charging circuit

Designing an inverter circuit

Conducting a study on control circuits

Battery Management System

Group 10 HYBRID INVERTER WITH SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER

Group 10 HYBRID INVERTER WITH SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER

Torroidal Ferrite core: 0 46326(R type)

Group 10 HYBRID INVERTER WITH SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER

Base wire cross sectional area,

Aw = IL rms/Jm = 4.212/3x106 = 1.404mm2

Therefore, numberofturns, N = Ku wa /Aw = 0.4x1130x10−6 /1.589x10−6

Group 10 HYBRID INVERTER WITH SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER

µ0 Ac N 2 lc 4π·300x10−6 ·2852 152x10−3

µ0 N(∆IL /2) 4π·10−7 ·285·(0.45/2)

µ0 N(I0 +∆IL /2)

Group 10 HYBRID INVERTER WITH SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER

Figure 3: Simulink Model of the proposed system

Group 10 HYBRID INVERTER WITH SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER

Figure 4: MPPT ALGORITHM

Figure 5: Solar Irradiation

Figure 6: Solar Output

Figure 7: Output Voltage of Buck Converter

Figure 8: Duty Ratio Variation in Buck-Converter

Group 10 HYBRID INVERTER WITH SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER

Figure 9: Solar Irradiation

Figure 10: Solar Output

Figure 11: Output voltage of Buck-Converter

Figure 12: Duty ratio variation in Buck-Converter

Group 10 HYBRID INVERTER WITH SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER

Figure 13: SoC of Battery

Figure 14: Output Voltage of Battery

Group 10 HYBRID INVERTER WITH SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER

Figure 15: Rectifier Output

Group 10 HYBRID INVERTER WITH SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER

Figure 16: Inductor Voltage and Current

Group 10 HYBRID INVERTER WITH SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER

Figure 17: Inverter Output(Unfiltered)

Figure 18: Inverter Output

2. Rechargeable Lead Acid 12 Volt, 7.2 Ah 1300/-

4. Transformer Step-down(240V to 14V),(240V 2000/-