Phonology Lecture (1)

Third Year (Faculty of Education) Dr. Enas Elshiekh

Date: 24/10/2022

 Humans have the ability to produce a wide range of sounds with

great speed. Yet, as they chatter away, humans do not simply
produce a random selection of these sounds. Only certain sounds
are selected on a regular basis as significant communicative
activity.
 In order to identify and describe those sounds, we have to slow
down the chatter of everyday talk and focus on each

individual sound segment within the stream of

speech.

Dr. MahMoud IbraHim 01275212051-01018206472

 Phonology Lecture (1)
Third Year (Faculty of Education) Dr. Enas Elshiekh
Date: 24/10/2022

 There is an already established analytic framework for the study

of speech segments that has been developed and refined for over a
hundred years and is known as the International
Phonetic Alphabet, or IPA
 Phonetics is the first term used to describe the oral form of
language as this science is considered a sub-branch of linguistics
which concerned with the following:

 First, the production of speech sounds through some human

organs named human organs or apparatus.
 Second, phonetics learn how to perceive sounds through the
hearing system (Ears) and how to interpret the sounds we hear
through brain.

Dr. MahMoud IbraHim 01275212051-01018206472

 Phonology Lecture (1)
Third Year (Faculty of Education) Dr. Enas Elshiekh
Date: 24/10/2022
 Third, it determines the different phonetic qualities which
distinguish one sound from another
 The term Phonetics is a general term which applied to all
languages.
 English language has 44 sounds which is divided into 24

consonant sounds and 20 vowels

 Consonants are sounds in which during pronunciation there is an

obstruction (Constriction) of the air stream either complete or
partial. The complete obstruction is the complete blockage of the
air stream (air flaw). The partial obstruction is the partial blockage
of the air stream.

Dr. MahMoud IbraHim 01275212051-01018206472

 Phonology Lecture (1)
Third Year (Faculty of Education) Dr. Enas Elshiekh
Date: 24/10/2022

 Place of articulation
 Manner of articulation
 Voicing
 Nasality
 Voicing in consonant sounds means the vibration of the

vocal cords either strong or weak. The vibration of the

vocal cords depends on the amount of air which

enters the vocal cords

 When the amount of air is big, the vocal cords vibrate strong, we

call he sound voiced such as /b, d, g, v, z, m , n, l, r,

w, ŋ /

Dr. MahMoud IbraHim 01275212051-01018206472

 Phonology Lecture (1)
Third Year (Faculty of Education) Dr. Enas Elshiekh
Date: 24/10/2022
 When the amount of air is weak, the vocal cords vibrate weak or

do not vibrate, we call the sound voiceless or devoiced

sound. Such as /p, t, k, s, f, h, ʃ, ʧ, θ/

*Voiced and voiceless

sounds*

 To make a consonant sound, we start with the air pushed out by

the lungs up through the trachea (or windpipe) to the larynx. Inside
the larynx are your vocal folds (or vocal cords, which are two
horizontal folds of elastic tissue) which takes two positions:
 When the vocal folds are spread apart, the air from the lungs
passes between them with no obstruction, producing voiceless
sounds.

Dr. MahMoud IbraHim 01275212051-01018206472

 Phonology Lecture (1)
Third Year (Faculty of Education) Dr. Enas Elshiekh
Date: 24/10/2022
 When the vocal folds are drawn together, the air from the lungs
repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through with a vibration
effect, producing voiced sounds.

*Place of Articulation*
 Place of articulation means organs of speech which are used in
pronouncing different consonant sounds.
 Place of Articulation is, the location inside the mouth at which
the constriction takes place.
 We will be able to see those parts of the oral cavity that

are crucially involved in speech production, in

addition to lips and teeth, a number of other

physical features are identified. To describe the

Dr. MahMoud IbraHim 01275212051-01018206472

 Phonology Lecture (1)
Third Year (Faculty of Education) Dr. Enas Elshiekh
Date: 24/10/2022
place of articulation of most consonant sounds, we

can start at the front of the mouth and work back

 We can also keep the voiced–voiceless distinction in mind and
begin using the symbols of the IPA for specific

sounds. These symbols will be enclosed within

square brackets [ ]

 Most Consonant sounds are produced through the tongue

which is considered the most active articulators

Where lips come close together as in /p-b-m/

Dr. MahMoud IbraHim 01275212051-01018206472

 Phonology Lecture (1)
Third Year (Faculty of Education) Dr. Enas Elshiekh
Date: 24/10/2022

-Where lower lip and the upper teeth come together as in /f, v/

Where tip of the tongue meets the upper and lower teeth as in / θ,
ð/

Where tongue tip touches alveolar ridge as in /t, d, n, l/

Dr. MahMoud IbraHim 01275212051-01018206472

 Phonology Lecture (1)
Third Year (Faculty of Education) Dr. Enas Elshiekh
Date: 24/10/2022
When the center of the tongue touches the hard palate as in / r, w,
J, ʃ, ʒ, d ʒ, ʧ/

Where back of the tongue touches the soft palate, such as /k, g, ŋ/

The air is released directly from the space between the vocal cords
called Glottis such as /h/

Dr. MahMoud IbraHim 01275212051-01018206472