UNIVE UNIVERSAL EDUCATION

CAIE GRADE 6
SUBJECT: SST

Chapter 6-Early States (History)

A. Choose the correct option.
1. Tribe
2. Produce surplus food grains
3. forty janapadas
4. larger states
5. an assembly

B .Fill in the blanks.

1. Urban centres emerged from the banks of Ganges.

2. The invention of iron ploughshare helped in tilling heavy soil.
3. During this period a new caste emerged, which was of the Chandalas, who were
considered to be outside the four-fold varna system.
4. While Magadha had a monarchical form of government, Vajji had a confederacy
government.
5. Monarchies had a centralised form of governance.

C. Answer the following questions very briefly.

1. The head of families of a clan or class headed the assemblies.
2. The sabha was responsible for the assessment and collection of revenue.
3. Two major developments in agriculture were made during the period which had
far reaching impact. First was the use of iron ploughshare which facilitated
agricultural operations in a big way. The second was the wet rice cultivation and
the technique of paddy transplantation.
 4. In the Jataka Tales the Buddha in his various births is reborn as an ascetic, a
carpenter, a farmer, a trader, a king and even a chandala or even a low born. This
tells us that the caste system was not rigid.
5. Iron was the preferred metal of weaponry.

D.Answer the following questions briefly.

1. There was an increase in the rise of population in the Gangetic Plains as food
production had increased, which in turn led to new occupations coming up. This
resulted in more people settling down in this region.
2. Farmer, carpenter, ascetic, soldier, merchant, metal smith
3. Primary source: Buddhist literature; secondary source: archaeological remains
4. Hastinapura, Magadha, Sravasti, Vaishali
5. Magadha had a monarchical government with the king as the central authority.

E.Answer the following questions in detail.

1. The archaeologists also contribute to our understanding of this period. They have
dug out places like Hastinapur, Kasambi, Ujjaini, Sravasti, and Vaishali which are
mentioned in the tests of this period. The remains of houses, buildings, towns and
objects used by people have been discovered. Findings also indicate the use of the
Northern Black Polish Ware and a number of iron tools and implements.
2. Permanent settlement in one geographical area gave a geographical identity to a
jana or a clan or confederacy of clans. Subsequently, this identity took a concrete
shape when the clan claimed a particular territory to be its own, and started
naming the area after the ruling clan. This led to the rise of janapadas, the earliest
kingdoms.
3. Towns grew out of earlier agro-pastoral settlements. The origin of towns was not
uniform. Some grew out of administrative centres and were the hubs of political
powers such as Hastinapura, Magadha and Sravasti. Other towns emerged out of
markets. They catered to villages. Such towns were usually located where there
was an agricultural surplus which could result into barter-nexus. Towns also
 grew out of pilgrim sites, such as Vaishali. A large congregation of people and the
scope for variety of occupations and products led to the rise of towns.
4. Population in the Ganges Plain started expanding gradually. At the outset people
stayed close to the banks of rivers. Gradually they moved into interiors where they
cleared land for cultivation. This migration was probably to escape the foods.
These settlements saw the cultivation of high yielding rice. Through sedentary
cultivation dominated, however communities of hunter-gatherers, pastoralists and
shifting-cultivators also co-existed.
5. Magadha was all along ruled by a dynasty, and it came into prominence during
the Haryanka dynasty. Unlike Magadha, Vajji was a confederacy of the eight clans
(atthakula) of whom the Vajjis, the Lichchavis, the Jnatrikass and the Videhas
were the most important.

Chapter 4 –Features of a Democratic Government

A. Fill in the blanks.

1. Apartheid means apartness in Afrikaans.
2. Racial segregation is another term used for apartheid.
3. Participation of people is important in a democratic government.
4. Participation ensures that people are aware of their decisions and their rights.
5. Justice and equality are the key elements of a democratic government.

B. State whether the following sentences are true or false.

1. Apartheid is a system of bringing people together. False
2. Right to vote is a form of participation. True
3. People cannot express their opinion once a government policy is passed. False
4. When people express their opinion they remind the government of their
accountability. True
5. Government must ensure equality of people. True

C. Answer the following questions briefly.

1. Nelson Mandela spent 27 years in prison.
 2. Nelson Mandela was the first Non-European President of South Africa.
3. Voting ensures that people are choosing their representative in full awareness.
4. Government resolves conflicts between states.
5. Through elections and public opinions.

D. Answer the following questions very briefly.

1. Equality and justice are the two most important lessons of a democratic
government.
2. A person can participate in the functioning of the government through the right to
vote and the right to opinion.
3. The two pioneering works of our government towards ensuring equality are the
abolishment of untouchability and women suffrage.
4. A democratic government is a government which is by people of the country.
5. Conflicts arise when people are involved in serious disagreement.

E. Answer the following questions in detail.

1. Apartheid was a policy of racial segregation practiced in South Africa which
denied the non-European groups of any right and privileges.
2. Participation happens in the following ways:
a. Right to vote

● Voting ensures the right candidate is elected.

● It ensures that people are aware of their political rights.

● It also gives the people the right to change their representatives if they

are not satisfied.

b. Right to opinion

● People have the right to express themselves if they are not happy with

the way things are functioning.

 ● Opinions are expressed through media, newspaper, television, the

Internet or radio.

● Can be expressed through rallies, protest march, etc.

3. The situation in which people are involved in serious disagreement is called

conflict. In India, the main reasons for conflict are diversity.
4. Yes.

● Without justice to all equality is meaningless.

● If equality does not exist then justice is being denied.

5. Key elements of a democratic government are:

Participation

● A democratic government ensures participation of people in the government

process.

● People participation can be through elections and public opinion.

Conflict Resolution

● Amicable resolution of conflicts is very important to maintain democratic order

in the country.

● The courts and the government play an important role in resolving

disagreements.

Equality and justice

● A democratic government should ensure equality and justice to the people

at every level.

● Justice and equality are inseparable ideas.